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Section 5.1
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Section 5.1: Area Between Curves Big idea: The integral can be used to compute other geometric quantities besides the area under a curve. It can be used whenever you can break up a problem into the sum of an infinite number of infinitesimally small pieces. 1. If f(x) g(x), then the area between those functions on the interval [a, b] is A = ( f ( x ) g ( x )) dx .
a b
2. To find the area bounded by f(x) and g(x), break the integral into pieces at the intersection points. Big skill: You should be able to look at the graphs of two functions and be able to calculate the area between the functions. Practice: 1. Find the area between y = cos( x) and y = e x on the interval [0, 1].
2. Sketch and find the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves y =
2 and y = x . x +1
2
Section 5.1
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3. Sketch and estimate the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves y = tan( x ) and y= x.
4. Sketch and find the area of the region determined by the intersection of the curves x = y 2 and x = 4 .
Section 5.1
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Power Rule
(provided r -1)
1 x r +1 + c r +1
because
because because
sec csc
xdx = tan x + c
because
xdx = cot x + c
because
because
because
d 1 x r +1 + c dx r + 1 1 ( r + 1) x r +11 + 0 = x r = r +1 d ( cos x + c ) dx = ( sin x) + 0 = sin x d ( sin x + c ) dx = cos x + 0 = cos x d ( tan x + c ) dx = sec 2 x + 0 = sec 2 x d ( cot x + c ) dx = ( csc 2 x) + 0 = csc 2 x d ( sec x + c ) dx = sec x tan x + 0 = sec x tan x d ( csc x + c ) dx = ( csc x cot x) + 0 = csc x cot x
e dx = e + c e dx = e + c
x x x x
Reciprocal Function
x dx = ln x + c
(provided x 0)
Section 5.1
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d 1 1 tan 1 x + c ) = +0= ( 2 dx 1+ x 1 + x2 And because d ( cot 1 x + c ) dx 1 1 = +0= 2 1 + x2 1+ x d 1 1 sin 1 x + c ) = +0= ( 2 dx 1 x 1 x2 And because d ( cos 1 x + c ) dx 1 1 = + 0 = 2 1 x2 1 x d 1 1 because dx ( sec x + c ) = x x2 1 because because because because because because because d 1 sinh 1 x + c ) = ( dx 1 + x2 d 1 cosh 1 x + c ) = ( dx x2 1 d 1 tanh 1 x + c ) = ( dx 1 x2 d 1 sech 1 x + c ) = ( 2 dx x 1 x d ( cosh x + c ) = sinh x dx d ( sinh x + c ) = cosh x dx d ( tanh x + c ) = sech 2 x dx
1+ x
dx = tan 1 x + c = cot 1 x + c
1 1 x
2
dx = sin 1 x + c = cos 1 x + c
x
Inverse Hyperbolic Functions
1 x 1
2
dx = sec 1 x + c
1 1+ x 1
2 2
dx = sinh 1 x + c dx = cosh 1 x + c
x 1 1 1 1 x 2 dx = tanh x + c 1 1 x 1 x 2 dx = sech x + c
xdx = tanh x + c
Section 5.1
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) )
) )
du f ( u ) dx dx = F ( u) + c
because
d ( F ( u ) + c) dx du = F( u) + 0 dx
d 1 F ( ax) + c dx a 1 d = f ( ax ) ( ax ) + 0 a dx 1 = f ( ax ) a = f ( ax) a
f (ax)dx
= 1 F ( ax ) + c a
because
(for a 0)
f ( x ) dx dx
= ln f ( x) + c (provided f(x) 0) Quotient of a derivative and a function
df
because
d ( ln f ( x) + c ) dx 1 df = +0 f ( x ) dx
tan ( x ) dx
= +c because =
tan ( x ) dx = ln sec ( x )
f ( x ) f ( x ) dx 1 = ( f ( x) ) + c 2
2
because
Section 5.1
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