USES Ability in the present (puedo, s) ABILITY Ability in the past (podia, saba) Ability in other tenses (sabr,

he sabido) Permission in the present and future (puedo, me dejan, podr, me dejarn) Permission in other tenses (he podido, me han dejado) Certainty or affirmative deduction in the present (debe de) Possibility in the present (puede que, quizs) Impossibility or negative deduction in the present (no puede, es imposible que) Certainty or negative deduction in the past (debe de haber ) Possibility in the past (puede que haya) Impossibility in the past (es imposible que haya ) Obligation in the present (debo, tengo que) Obligation in other tenses (tuve, tendr que, he tenido que) Prohibition in the present (no debo, no puedo) PROHIBITION Prohibition in other tenses (estaba/estar prohibido/ no tena /no tendr permiso para ) Absence of obligation (no tengo que, no es necesario que ) Absence of obligation in other tenses (no tuve que/no fue /no ha sido necesario que) Advice in the present (debera /no debera)

MODAL VERB Can / cant I can / cant play the guitar Could / couldnt I could/couldnt drive 10 years ago

PERMISSION

Can /may / I can / may go out at night.

PROBABILITY

OBLIGATION

Must She must be very intelligent. Can /may / could / might It may rain. Cant It cant rain. Must have + past participle He must have won. Can /may /could /might have + past participle He may have won. Cant have + past participle He cant have won. Must You must stop at the red light. Mustnt / cant /may not You mustnt cross the yellow line. Neednt I neednt get up early on Sundays. Neednt have She neednt have told me because I knew it. Should / shouldnt / ought to / oughtnt to You should / ought to study hard this year. You shouldnt /oughtnt to tell lies. Should / shouldnt have to Ought / oughtnt to have to You should/ought to have studied harder for yesterdays exam.

ALTERNATIVE EXPRESSION Am/am not able to // know how to Im able to / I know how to play the guitar Was/wasnt able to // knew how to I was able to / knew how to drive 10 years ago. I will be able to / have been able to // will know how to / have known how to play the guitar. Am allowed to / will be allowed to I am allowed to go out at night. I will be allowed to go out at night. have been allowed to I have been allowed to go out at night since I was 15. Present simple (facts) She is very intelligent. Is likely to // will probably Its likely that it rains / It will probably rain Is unlikely to // wont probably Its unlikely that it rains / It wont probably rain

NO OBLIGATION

ADVICE Advice in other tenses (debera haber / no debera haber )

Its compulsory //Have to Its compulsory / You have to stop at the red light. Had to / will have to / have had to He had to/will have to/has had to stop at the red light. Its forbidden // am not allowed to Its forbidden to cross / You arent allowed to cross It was / will be /has been forbidden /banned/prohibited Wasnt / wont be / havent been allowed to Dont / doesnt have to I dont have to get up early on Sundays. Didnt have to / wont have to / havent had to She didnt have to/ wont have to/ hasnt had to tell me. Had better + root of the verb Youd better study hard this year. Youd better not tell lies.