Form 2 revision TCY 2013 5.1 What are the physical characteristic of water?

boiling point = 100 , expands upon freezing, density = 1gcm3 at 4 celsius, poor thermal conductor, poor electrical conductor, odourless,tasteless, colorless, freezing point.= 5.2 water is made of what elements? what is the function of electrolysis? What is released at the cathode and what is released at the anode during the electrolysis? 5.3 What is mean by evaporation? complete the table below: Factors ______________ of the surrounding Surface ________ of water Humidity _________________ of air Explanation The _________ the temperature of the ________________ the __________ the rate of evaporation of water The _________ the surface __________ of water, the _____ the rate of evaporation The ________ the humdity , the _______ the rate of evaporation _________ movement __________ the rate of evaporation

Differences between evaporation and boiling Evaporation A s_____ process Occurs at the _________ of liquid Occurs at ___ temperature ___ the boiling point of liquid Nothing observed Affected by humidity , temperature of surrounding, surface area of water and air movement. Boiling A fast process Occurs throughout liquid Occurs at the boiling point of liquid Air bubbles observed Affected by air pressure , presence of impurities and volume of liquid

what are the similarities between evaporation and boiling involves the change of state from liquid to gas ( steam), both process absorb heat.

solution and solubility Key terms Solution Solute Solvent Dilute solution Concentrated solution Saturated solution Suspension Definition A product forme when a solute dissolves in a solvent A substance which dissolved in a liquid A liquid which dissolves a substance a solution which has very little solute in it A solution which has a lot of solute in it A solution which has maximum amount of solute in it Mixture which certain insoluble substances

what is the difference between a solution and a suspension Solution Contains dissolved substances Homogeneous (uniform in color and transparent appearance) Light can pass through it No residue is formed when filtered Suspension Insoluble Non-homogeneous (opaque or cloudy appearance) Light cannot pass through it Residue is colorless when filtered

solubility meant what? solubility is the maximum amount of a solute in grams what will dissolve in 100g of solvent at certain temperature. what are the factors affecting the solubility of a solute? nature of solute and temperature ( different solutes have different solubility in the same solvent. the solubility of solute varies with temperature. the rate of dissolving means the time taken by a solute to dissolve completely in a liquid. factors affecting the rate of dissolving temperature, rate of steering , size of solute particles. higher/smaller what is know as the universal solvent? why? water. because it can dissolve most substances. what are the organic solvents ? volatile ( evaporate easily), carcinogen (likely to cause cancer), toxic ( poisonous to living cells), flammable (easy to catch on fire)

acid and alkali

what is meant by neutralisation? write the general equation of neutralization. compare and contrast properties of acid and alkali. compare - corrosion contrast turn moist blue litmus paper red. has pH less than 7 tastes sour react with most metal to produce hydrogen gas

water purification Water purification method Filtration Boiling Chlorination Distillation Ultraviolet (UV) purpose To separates solid particles such as clay, sand, and other insoluble particles To kill microorganism with heat energy To kill microorganism with chlorine To remove dissolved substances, particles and to kill microorgannnism To kill microorganism with ultraviolet rays.

water supply system arrange screening-->aeration -->coaguation --> sedimentation --filtration -- chlorination and fluoridation Screening Aeration Coagulation To remove large objects ( fish ..) To dissolve oxygen and to remove unpleasant smell and taste Alum - to make small particles stick together to form larger and heavier lumps - lime - to reduce the acidity of water To settle and remove large lumps To remove the remaining solid particles Chlorine - to kill harmful microorganism Florine- to prevent teeth decay

Sedimentation Filtration Chlorination and fluorination

preservation of water quality causes and effect of water pollution

Slit mud and sand Domestic waste Agridultural waste ( pesticides and fertilizer) Oil spillage Industrial waste (chemical

Water becomes muddy and becomes shallower Contain harmful microorganism which can cause Causes rapid growth of algae and --- reduces oxygen level in water

Kill aquatic life Poison aquatic life and cause skin cancer.

ways to control water pollution