ACIDS, BASES AND SALTS

Acids

Introduction
Substances

Compounds

Mixtures of elements Salts

Can be acidic/ basic

Acids

Bases

Bases are oxides of metals. Soluble bases are called Alkalis

Common household acids and bases

Bases
1. 2. 3. 4. Milk Detergent Toothpaste Caffeine

Acids

1.CoCa Cola 2. Vinegar 3. Lemon

Acids
WS P1

Acid is a compound which produces hydrogen ions as the only positive ions when dissolved in water.

(A) Organic acids (naturally occurring)

(B) Mineral acids

(A) Organic acids:

1) Citric acid

2) Lactic acid

3) Acetic acid

4) Formic acid

Acids
WS P1 Can be prepared from minerals or inorganic matter.

B) Mineral acids

(1) Sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

(2) Nitric acid____(HNO3)

(3) Hydrochloric acid_(HCl)

Are you able to write the ions When acids dissolve in water?

(4) Carbonic acid___ (H2CO3)

(5) Phosphoric acid__ (H3PO4)

Examples of Acids
Chemical Formula H+ ; ClH+ ; NO32H+ ; SO4 2Ions produced

Name of Acid (physical state)

Hydrochloric acid (l) HCl HNO3 H2SO4

Strong acids

Nitric acid (l)

Sulphuric acid (l)

Ethanoic acid (l)

Weak acids

CH3COOH H+ ; CH3COOC6H8O7 H+ ; C6H7O7

Citric acid (s)

Properties of Acids

Dilute acids have a sour taste.

Acids turn moist blue litmus paper red.

The concentrated forms of strong acids like HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4 are corrosive.

Acids form hydrogen ions in solution, they are ionic and hence conduct electricity. Therefore acids are electrolytes.

Not all substances that contain hydrogen are acids. (e.g. NH3 is not an acid).

Acids in Solution Checkpoint

**WS P2 H+ + + + + + + CO32CH3COOPO4-3 NO3SO42H+ 2H+ 3H+ 2H+ H+ Cl-

HCl

HNO3

H2SO4

H3PO4

H2CO3

Weak Acids

CH3COOH

The hydrogen ions may then be replaced by usually metallic ions during chemical reactions.

Common formulas you must know: sulphate anion: SO42-

carbonate anion: CO32-

chloride anion: ClNitrate anion: NO3-

Chemical properties of acid

OH-

Ca2+
OH-

Acids reacts with: 1. Fairly reactive metals 2. Bases (metals oxides & hydroxides) eg. CaO & Ca(OH)2 3. Metal carbonates Ca2+ (eg. CaCO3) 2CO3

OH-

Ca2+
CO32-

+2 +1

-2

(A) Acid reaction with metals

WS P2

1. Acids react with metals above hydrogen in the reactivity series to produce hydrogen gas

What is the formula of hydrogen gas? Is it same as hydrogen atoms? Salt + hydrogen

Metal + Acid

Magnesium + hydrochloric acid Magnesium chloride + hydrogen

Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

+2

+3

-2

-1

Metals

Na

Ca

Mg

Metals are arranged in the reactivity series from the most reactive to the least reactive.

Al

Zn

Fe

Increasing Reactivity

Sn

Pb

Cu

Hg

Ag

Au

No reaction with eg. HCl (aq) hydrochloric acid

(A) Acid reaction with metals

Most dilute acids react with many metals (except Cu, Ag, Hg & Au) to form a salt and hydrogen gas. Salt + hydrogen

Metal + Acid

hydrochloric acid + zinc zinc chloride + hydrogen ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Zn2+

2HCl(aq) + Zn(s)

hydrochloric acid + zinc zinc chloride + hydrogen

(A) Acid reaction with metals

Observed that a gas is evolved.(effervescence)

Test for hydrogen gas When a lighted splint is placed at the mouth of the test-tube, a pop sound is heard and the flame is extinguished.

Worksheet Practice

Do question 1

Clip on test for hydrogen gas

(B) Reaction of Acid & Insoluble Bases

WS P3

Acids react with insoluble bases (metal oxides) e.g. CuO & PbO, to form salt and water as the only products.

This process is also called neutralization.

salt + water

Acid + Base

sulfuric acid + copper(II) oxide copper sulphate + water

H2SO4(aq)+ CuO(s) CuSO4(aq) + H2O(l)

(B) Reaction of Acid & Alkalis

salt + water

WS P3

Acid + soluble Base

hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water

HCl (aq)+ NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

Checkpoint2 Reaction of acid and metal oxide

Write the word and chemical equation for reactions: a) Calcium oxide + dilute hydrochloric acid Calcium chloride + Water 2HCl(aq) + CaO(s) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

b) Magnesium hydroxide + dilute sulfuric acid Magnesium sulfate + water Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) MgSO4 (aq) + 2H2O(l)

Practice

Checkpoint: Do Q8, 9 of worksheet

(C ) Reaction of Acid & Carbonates

WS P3

Acids react with all metal carbonates to form salt, water and carbon dioxide.
salt + water + carbon dioxide

Acid + Carbonates

calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

CaCO3(s) + HCl (aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(C ) Reaction of Acid & Carbonates

hydrochloric acid + sodium carbonate sodium chloride + water + carbon dioxide

2HCl(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

(C ) Reaction of Acid & Carbonates

White precipitate forms

Carbon dioxide gas reacts with limewater to form

a white precipitate.

Everyday example- Redoxon

What do you see?

Effervescence, vigorous bubbling?

What gas is it?

Ingredients:

Ascorbic acid

Sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)

Acid + Carbonates

salt + water + carbon dioxide

Ascorbic acid + sodium bicarbonate sodium ascorbate + water + carbon dioxide

Practice

Checkpoint: Do Q11

Chemical properties of acid

OH-

Ca2+
OH-

Acids reacts with: 1. Fairly reactive metals 2. Bases (metals oxides & hydroxides) eg. CaO & Ca(OH)2 3. Metal carbonates Ca2+ (eg. CaCO3) 2CO3

OH-

Ca2+
CO32-

Uses of Acids
Fertilizers

Nitric acid

Hydrochloric acid Preservation of food (vinegar) Fruit juices

Car battery, rust removal

Ethanoic acid

Citric acid

Applications:

1. Acidity in Soils: If soils are too acidic

Add bases - calcium oxide - slaked lime (calcium hydroxide)

2. Digestive System

To treat gastric problems

Take tablets which contain alkalis & carbonates to neutralize the excessive stomach juices.

Homework

Worksheet (after acids lesson) Questions 1, 2, 4 to 5, 7 to12

(Q 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12)

Bases
WS2 P1

Compounds which react with acids to form a salt and water only are called bases. In general, bases are the oxides or hydroxides of metals.

They contain O2- (for oxides) or OH- ions (for hydroxides).

Examples of bases: (1) Sodium oxide (Na2O)

(2) Lead(II) oxide (PbO)

(3) Copper(II) oxide (CuO)

Bases WS2 P1 Alkalis

Alkali

An alkali is a compound which produces hydroxide ions (OH- ) as the only negative ions, when dissolved in water.

An alkali is a soluble base

The four common alkalis are:

OHOHOHOH-

(1) Potassium hydroxide (KOH)

(2) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) (NH3)

(3) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

(4) Ammonia

Name of Common Alkali

Constituent Ions WS2 P1

(1) Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) OH- ; Na+

(2) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) OH- ; K+

(3) Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

2 OH- ; Ca2+

(4) Ammonia (NH3)

OH- ; NH4+

NH3 (g) + H2O (l) NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Physical properties of Alkali

WS2 P2

Have a bitter taste.

Soapy to the touch.

Turn red litmus blue .

Concentrated forms of the 2 caustic alkalis, NaOH and KOH, are corrosive.

Chemical properties - Bases, alkalis (A) Reaction with Acids

WS2 P1

All bases react with acids to form salt and water only. This reaction is called neutralisation . The neutralisation reaction of an acid with an alkali is given by H2O (l)
From Alkali

Alkali + Acid Salt + Water Ionic equation: H+(aq) + OH- (aq)

From Acid

Chemical properties - Bases, alkalis (A) Reaction with Acids - Neutralisation

WS2 P2

Eg.1 Zinc oxide + sulfuric acid zinc sulfate + water

ZnO (s) + H2SO4 (aq) ZnSO4 (aq) + H2O (l)

(metal oxide)

Eg.2 zinc hydroxide + nitric acid --> zinc nitrate + water

Zn(OH)2 (s) + 2HNO3 (aq) Zn(NO3)2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) H+

(metal hydroxide)

NO3H+ OH-

OH-

Zn2+ OHH+

NO3-

H+

OH-

Chemical properties - Bases, alkalis (B) Reaction with Ammonium salts

WS2 P2

Alkali + Ammonium salt Salt + Water + Ammonia

Calcium hydroxide + Ammonium chloride Calcium chloride + water + ammonia gas

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + 2 NH4Cl (s) CaCl2 (aq) + 2H2O (l) + 2NH3 (g)

Bases react with Ammonium salt: salt + water + ammonia

Metal ion, Ca2+ replaces ammonium ion, NH4+

Practice

Worksheet as homework

Bases react with Ammonium salt: salt + water + ammonia

Ammonia 1) Has no colour. 2) Has a characteristic pungent smell. 3) Will turn moist red litmus paper blue,

Metal ion, eg. Ca2+ replaces ammonium ion, NH4+

Do Worksheet : Question 3, p2 Homework: Question 4, p2

Chemical properties - Bases, alkalis (C) Reaction with Metal Salts

Compound obtained when the hydrogen of an acid is partly or completely replaced by a metal or an ammonium ion, NH4+.
Possible Salt formed Chemical formula

What is a salt?

Acid

NaCl ZnSO4

Hydrochloric acid, Sodium chloride HCl Sulfuric acid, Zinc sulfate H2SO4

Chemical properties - Bases, alkalis (C) Reaction with Metal Salts

WS2 P3

Alkalis react with solutions of many metal salts to produce coloured precipitates of metal hydroxides.

These reactions are used as tests to identify metal ions.

Sodium hydroxide + copper (II) sulphate copper (II) hydroxide + sodium sulphate

2NaOH (aq) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu(OH)2 (s) + Na2SO4 (aq) Blue Precipitate

Checkpoint 3
WS2 P3

Name the reactants used to prepare - Ammonium sulfate in the lab. - (NH4)2SO4

Ammonia (aq) + sulfuric acid(aq) Ammonium sulfate + water

2NH4OH + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2H2O

Measurement of Acidity and Alkalinity WS2 P3 - (A) The pH scale

substance with a pH of 7 is neutral.

solution is acidic if the pH is less than 7. The smaller the pH value, the more acidic the solution is and the more hydrogen ions it contains.

solution is alkaline if the pH is more than 7. The larger tha pH value, the more alkaline the solution is and the more hydroxide ions it contains

Measurement of Acidity and Alkalinity (A) The pH scale

WS2 P3

The pH of a solution measures the acidity and alkalinity of a solution.

The pH scale is a number running from 1_ to 14 , and is used to describe how acidic or alkaline a solution is.

Measurement of Acidity and Alkalinity (B) Indicators

WS2 P4

Indicators are substances that have different colours in acidic and in alkaline solutions.

Indicator

Litmus Red Colourless violet

Colour in acid Red 3-5 8 - 10 3-5

pH and colour Colour in alkali at transition 5-8 Blue yellow Pink green

Methyl orange

Phenolpthalein

Screened methyl orange

(B) Indicators
WS2 P4

The Universal Indicator, which is a mixture of dyes. It gives a greater range of colour changes. It is therefore the best indicator to use to measure the pH of a solution.

Colours of Universal Indicator

5 6 7 orange Yellow Green 8 Blue 9 Indigo 10 Violet

pH Colour

4 Red

(B) Indicators
WS2 P4

More accurate pH can be measured using a pH meter.

Importance of controlling pH in soil

WS2 P4

The pH of a soil may determine what type of plant grows well in it, or even any plant can grow at all.

Most plants will not grow well in soils that are too acidic or alkaline.

If a soil is too acidic, it can be treated_ by adding powdered calcium oxide (lime) or calcium hydroxide (slaked lime).