Chapter 31: The Cold War Era and the Emergence of the New Europe

Concept/Event Afghan War

Location (if applicable) Afghanistan

Berlin Airlift/Blockade

Germany

Cuban Missile Crisis Dayton Accords Helsinki Accords

Cuba Croatia and Bosnia Finland

Indochina War

Vietnam

Invasion of Hungary Korean War

Hungary Korea

Prague Spring Strategic ArmsLimitation Agreement Treaty of Rome Warsaw Pact

Prague US and SU

ID/Significance (relevant to time period) Soviet troops invaded Afghanistan to help the Afghan communist government crush anticommunist Muslim guerrillas; anti-communist guerrillas received support from US and GB; USSR withdrew communist party remained in power The effort by the United States and Britain to ship by air 2.3 million tons of supplies to the residents of the Western-controlled sectors of Berlin from June 1948 to May 1949, in response to a Soviet blockade of all land and canal routes to the divided city. US spotted nuclear weapons in Cuba that had the potential of hitting any point in the US Created separate Croatian, Bosnian, and Serbian nations, ends the fighting without our own blood shed The thirty-five nations participating agreed that Europe's existing political frontiers could not be changed by force. They also solemnly accepted numerous provisions guaranteeing the human rights and political freedoms of their citizens. Between North Vietnam and French. French eventually surrendered in Vietnam and Vietnam was now divided in to Communist north and Nationalist South Nagy demanded reforms from Kruschev, which prompted the USSR to invade Hungary in order to tamp down revolutions The result of the political division of Korea by an agreement of the victorious Allies at the conclusion of the Pacific War at the end of World War II Was a period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet Union Treaty between the United States and the Soviet Union to limit the number of nuclear warheads and missiles This agreement in1957, set up the European Economic Community (also known as the Common Market) The alliance of the Eastern European countries behind the Iron Curtain; USSR, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania ID/Significance (relevant to time period) Communist Party Secretary of Czechoslovakia; loosens strict rules; permits criticism of government; assures loyalty to USSR; gets kicked out President of the Russian Republic in 1991. Helped end the USSR and force Gorbachev to resign Chancellor of West Germany during the reunification of East and West Germany Liberal communist reformer installed as Chief by the people of Budapest

Rome SU

Person Alexander Dubcek Boris Yeltsin Helmut Kohl Imre Nagy

Location (if applicable) Czecho slovakia Russia Germany Budapest

Lech Walesa

Poland

A Polish politician, a former trade union and human rights activist, and also a former electrician. He co-founded Solidarity, the Soviet bloc's first

independent trade union, won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983, and served as President of Poland from 1990 to 1995 Leonid Brezhnev Russia Seized power from Nikita Khrushchev and became leader of the Soviet Communist party in 1964. Ordered forces in to Afghanistan and Czechoslovakia. Marshal Tito Yugoslavia Communist leader who hated Stalin. Soviet forces were never allowed to come in and liberate Yugoslavia. He created his own communist authoritarian regime- not part of the Warsaw Pact. Mikhail Gorbachev Russia Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931) Nicolae Ceaescu Romania Was a political communist who led his country from 1965 until his execution in 1989; 1984 his country was one of the two countries within the socialist camp who participated in the Olympic Games in Los Angeles 1984. Moreover, the country was the first Eastern bloc in official relations with the European Community Nikita Khrushchev Russia Leader of the Soviet Union during the building of the Berlin Wall and the Cuban Missile Crisis. He and President Kennedy signed the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 1963, temporarily easing Cold War tensions., Leader of USSR after Stalin died. Worked to De-Stalinize the USSR. Ronald Reagan US Supported freedom fighters and protestors who were fighting against Communism; wanted to actually roll back Communism instead of just containing it Vaclav Havel Czecho Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and slovakia who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936) Yuri Andropov Russia Brezhnev's successor, 1982 and longtime chief of secret police. Andropov tried to invigorate the communist system but little came of his efforts. Worsening economic situation led to emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 IDS: Dont forget to explain their significance to the time period & location/region with which they are associated Brezhnev Doctrine - A playoff of the Truman Doctrine - enabled the Soviets to interfere with other communist countries on their behalf. The objective was to sustain communism and limit liberal and Western influences. Balfour Declaration - Made public the British support of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration led the League of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in 1922. Centralized planning - The popular method of allocating resources and answering the three basic questions of allocation under the communism/socialism economic systems of the Soviet Union, China, and others COMECON - Council of Mutual Assistance - the soviet response to the EU. The organization was bent on integrating the economies of the Soviets in order to become stronger Common Market - Also known as the European Economic Community. Stemmed out of the ECSC and eventually developed into the European Union with the Maastricht Treaty. Dtente - Term for the relaxation of tensions between the United States and its two major Communist rivals, the Soviet Union and China

European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) - Six-nation international organization serving to unify democratic countries of Europe during the Cold War and create the foundation for the modern-day developments of the European Union; the ECSC was the first organization to be based on the principles of supernationalism. European Economic Community (EEC) - This international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members- usually called the Common Market. European Union (EU) - Created from the Treaty of Maastricht, renamed from the EEC, was to be a virtual free-trade zone with no trade barriers or other restrictive trade policies, led to a unified currency called the Euro and the formation of a large central bank. German Democratic Republic Vs. German Federal Republic East and West Germany respectively; the Soviet Union sided with East Germany and the US sided with West Germany. Glasnost - The declared public policy within the Soviet Union of openly and frankly discussing economic and political realities: initiated under Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985. Pan-African Congress - Was organized from an idea that people of African descent around the world should work together for their freedom, Africa deserved independence from European rule/ colonialism Perestroika - The policy of economic and governmental reform instituted by Mikhail Gorbachev in the Soviet Union during the mid-1980s Truman Doctrine - Policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology. Associated with the policy of containment. Politburo - The chief executive and political committee of the Communist Party. Sputnik - The world's first Earth-orbiting artificial satellite. It was launched into a low altitude elliptical orbit by the Soviet Union on 4 October 1957, and was the first in a series of satellites collectively known as the Sputnik program Supreme Soviet - Parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions. Tass - The official news agency of the former Soviet Union, renamed ITAR-Tass in 1992. Vietnamization - The U.S. program of turning over to the South Vietnamese government responsibility for waging the conflict, in order to implement withdrawal of U.S. military personnel.