MAINSKI FAKULTET U SARAJEVU

4. Generic Turbulent Flows and Convective Phenomena

Classification of turbulent flows Generic flows: features and relevance to modelling Turbulent wall boundary layers

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Flow Classification Canonical Turbulent Flows

Most flows of practical interest are in complex geometries. For studying physics, validating models and solution methods, its is instructive to consider simpler, generic or canonical flows dominated by only some phenomena (permits to neglect some terms in governing equations):

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Homogeneous turbulent flows Thin shear flows (parabolic, boundary-layer flows): - Free thin shear flows (jets, mixing layers, far-wakes) - Wall boundary layers Impinging (stagnation) flow regions Separating flow regions Recirculating flows Swirling flows Flows with system rotation Flows dominated by thermal and/or concentration buoyancy ..
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Homogeneous Turbulent Flows

Decay of isotropic grid turbulence Axisymmetric strain and return to isotropy

U = const ; U

k = x

U 1 >0 x1

U 2 U 3 1 U 1 = = x 3 2 x1 x2

Simple (plane) shear

Plane strain
U1 = const;

U1 = const x2

U 2 U = 3 x2 x3

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Thin Free Shear Flows

Free (away from a solid wall) turbulent shear flows fall into category of thin shear flows (Navier-Stokes equations parabolized by Prandtl U1 U1 boundary layer approximations): U1 >> U 2 ; >> ; << L x2 x1 Typical thin free shear flows are plane and round jets, far wakes and mixing layers (shown here in parallel with two thin wall shear layers: flat plate boundary layer and wall jet).

x1

U1

x1

x2
Jet
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Far wake

Mixing layer

Boundary layer

Wall Jet
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Thin Wall Shear Flows

Turbulent thin shear flows along solid walls are the classic wall boundary layers (internal or external, wall attached or separating, 2 or 3-dimensional. Solid wall is a strong source of vorticity and an indirect source of turbulence.
Flat-plate 2-D boundary layer Internal boundary layers (in channels and pipes)

External boundary layer over an airfoil

3-D boundary layers (in corners)

(e.g. rotor-bladeand wing-body junctions) 4/5

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Some more complex generic flows

Back-step flow Flows past bluff bodies Swirl and rotation

D Sharp-edge separation, recirculation, reattachment

L Rotational effect

Curved-wall separation, vortex shedding

Impinging jets

Externally driven cavity flows

Buoyancy-driven flows
Tcold

Thot

Stagnation, radial spreading

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Enclosed recirculation)

Plumes, thermals, convective cells

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Complex flows decomposition

In many complex situations a reasonable insight into the problem can be gained by decomposing the flow domain into zones which correspond to some of the generic flow classes. Such an a priori analysis is also useful before deciding on the appropriate level of mathematical model and computational code to be applied for obtaining the solution.
A Accelerating BL D Decelerating BL FW Far wake I Impingement NW Near wake RO RA C S TS Rotation Reattachment Recirculation Separation Transverse shear

D S RO TS

RA

D S RA RO TS S C NW S

FW 4/7

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Wall-boundary layers
Wall boundary layers are important because many flows of practical relevance are bounded in part or as a whole by solid walls. The significance of boundary layers is especially relevant to deriving approximate methods for treating wall boundary conditions, which are essential in predicting accurately wall-bounded flows, heat and mass transfer. The simplest form is a boundary layer over a flat plate at zero pressure gradient, which can be analyzed using simple similarity arguments. At high Reynolds numbers, after a short transition length, initially laminar flow becomes fully turbulent and independent of the fluid viscosity However, a solid wall suppresses the velocity and its fluctuation ('no-slip conditions'), so that, irrespective of the Re number, there is always a thin viscous sublayer attached to the wall. Between the viscous sublayer and the fully turbulent layer there is a transitional 'buffer' zone where both the viscous and inertial forces are of importance.
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Turbulent wall boundary layers

U
Non-turbulent fluid Outer region

y x
laminar
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(x)x4/5 (wake) (x)x1/2

transition turbulent
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Inner wall region Viscous sublayer

Turbulent wall boundary layers: similarity analysis

Wall boundary layers possess a self-similarity, so that normalised velocity (and other properties) can be expressed as:

U y = f U L
where U and L are the characteristic velocity and length scales respectively For a constant-pressure flat-plate boundary layer, similarity arguments lead to:

U = f ( w , , , y ,..)
Dimensional analysis gives (assume: U = C w , , , y )

U 2

y2 w y 2 w = f = f 2 2

from which the characteristic velocity and length (inner-wall) scales are deduced:

U=
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w = U = friction velocity

L =

= w U

= viscous length
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Turbulent wall boundary layers: similarity analysis

A general non-dimensional similarity expression for fluid velocity can be written now as:

U yU = f U

or

U + = f ( y+ )

It remains now to determine the function f! However, because of a multi-layer structure of a wall boundary layer, we need to consider separately the viscous and the fully turbulent zones In the wall-adjacent viscous sublayer, the viscous force (represented by ) is dominant over the inertial forces (represented by fluid density ); In the fully turbulent layer sufficiently away from a solid wall, it is opposite: inertial forces prevail over viscous forces;

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Turbulent wall boundary layers (WBL): mechanical analogy

A mechanical system consisting of a spiral and a plate spring with stiffness C1 and C2 respectively, illustrate the two-layer composition of in a turbulent WBL Subjected to a constant force F, a change in C1 to C1 (representing fluid viscosity ) affects only the position of the plate spring (velocity magnitude) but not its shape (elastic line) which is governed by stiffness C2 (representing turbulent viscosity) Thus, in the viscous sublayer velocity U and U

dU/dy depend only on (and w), whereas

y
Turbulent layer

In the turbulent zone, dU/dy is independent of ! There is, of course a thin buffer zone in between the two layers
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Buffer layer Viscous sublayer

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Turbulent wall boundary layers (WBL):

Viscous sublayer
The only form of f that ensures that U is independent of is f=1, leading to

U + = y+
which means that the velocity varies linearly with a distance from the wall!

Turbulent wall zone (turbulent inner wall layer)

Here we expect that the shape of the velocity profile is independent of by postulating that for U=U f(y+)

dU f () dy

dU df dy + U2 df = U + = dy dy + dy dy

Thus, df/dy+ must be proportional to and nondimensional!

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Turbulent wall boundary layers (TWBL)

Turbulent wall zone (turbulent inner wall layer), cont.
The only form of df/dy+ that satisfies these conditions (see previous slide) is:

df yU + dy

or

df yU = + dy dU + 1 = + dy y+

1 y+

where is a proportionality constant (known as Von Karman constant), hence

dU U2 1 = dy y+
U+ = 1 ln y + + B = 1

or

The integration gives the well=known (semi) - logarithmic velocity law:

ln( Ey + )

(note: B=1/ ln E)

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Velocity profile in a wall boundary layer, channel or pipe flow

inner wall layer 1.0

U U0

viscous sublayer

U+
logarithmic region
U + = y+
U+ = 1

ln( E y + )

buffer zone

outer wall layer

viscous region

fully turbulent region 1.0

log y+

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Note: in the outer wall layer the effect of wall is minor; thus an external velocity and layer thickness are used for scaling, i.e. n U y = 4/15 U

Turb. Wall boundary layers: Temperature field

Following the same arguments one can derive universal distribution of temperature or any other scalar. e.g.

w , ,..) (T Tw ) = fT ( w , , , y ,.., c p , q
c p (T Tw ) w /
w q y w c p y w / c p = fT , = fT ,
T + = fT ( y + , Pr)
Molecular (conductive) sublayer Turbulent wall zone (logarithmic layer)

T + = Pr y +

T+ =

ln y + + B (Pr) =

ln[ E (Pr) y + ]
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Thermal and hydrodynamic wall boundary layers:

Effect of (molecular) Prandtl number

Highly conductive fluids (liquid metals)

Common fluids (Air: Pr0.7-1.0 Water: Pr7-12)

Low conducting fluids

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Thermal and hydrodynamic wall boundary layers:

Effect of (molecular) Prandtl number

Hot fluid /Cold wall

Cold fluid / Hot wall

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