SPILLWAY:- it is a structure constructed along the dams. It isused to control the flow of water in the dam.

A good spillway should ensure proper opening n closing of gates. it should also prevent over flowing during floods. It should be hydroulic safe, should prevent eroding and capacity must be sufficient When water flows into a spillway the velocity is reduced and dissipated before releasing the water. it consist of 1)Entrance 2)structure 3)energy dissipator 4)exit ENTRANCE:- It is provided when there are no reserviors STRUCTURE:- It is located at upstream n is used to control the flow ENERGY DISSIPATOR:- It is used to dissipate or reduce the velocity of water by usingverious devices. EXIT:- It is not requires in spillways but provided in case of releasing water downstream. The various types of spillways are :Based on purpose :1)Main spillway :- It is also known as service spillway, it can be used for all types of dams 2)Auxillary spillway:-It is constructed with the main spillway, it comes into use when main spillway fails in controling the flood, the capacity of spillway is given by theformula Q=Qm+Qa Q=desing flood Qm=capacity ofmainspilllway Qa=capacity of auxillary spilway EMERGENCY SPILLWAY:- it is used onlyl in case of emergency such as damage,failure of main spillway etc. Based on control:CONTROLLED SPILLWAY:- It is also known as 'gated spillway'. because it consist ofgates it is used more than uncontrolled spillway because it has more storage . UNCONTROLLED SPILLWAY:-It is also known as 'ungated spillway. anddoes not have any gates it has less storage value than controlled spillway. Based on features:1) Free over fall spillway:- it is also known as straight drop spillway. it is a mostly used in archdams 2) OGEE SPILLWAY:- it is also known as overflow spillway. it used in gravity dams, arch dams etc. 3)SIDE CHANNEL SPILLWAY:- It is used because ogee spillway doesnt have enouygh space the water flows in right angle direction . 4)CHUT SPILLWAY:- It is mostly used in earth gravty damns, rock filled damns, etc.it is mostly used when ogee spillway is not constructed.

5)SIPHON SPILLWAY:- It is used when there is no exit provided, it uses various kind of devices such as steel plates,joggle,baby siphon etc. SPILLWAY GATES:- The various types of gates are 1) roller gates:- It consist of a steel drum between two piers connected with cables 2)Flash boards:- they r made up of wood and placed side by side onthe crest of spillway. it consist of temporary gate and permanent gate, 3) Stop logs:- They are made up of timber and placed horizontally between piers 4)Needles:- They are also made up of wood but are placed in an inclined way. 5) Tantair Gates:- It is made up of steel and is cylindrical in shape it is connected with the help of cables and operated manually. 6)Drum gates:- It is constructed by attaching plates, it is shallow and closed. 7) Bear trap gates:- It is also known as movable drum gate it is made up of steel, mostly used in dams. 8)Vertical gates:- It is made up of steel it can be moved vertically either by man or by machine. Q) WHAT DO YOU MEAN BY "JUMP HEIGHT CURVE" AND "WATER RATING CURVE". ANS:- Jump height curve:- It is also known as jump rating curve. It is a graph plotted between discharge intesity(q) and sequential depth(y). water rating curve:-It is a graph plotted between discharge intensity(q) and tail water depth(y2) HYDROULIC JUMP:- The variation of flow from supercritical state to sub critical state is known as hydroulic jump. the various types of hydraulic jumps are 1) undular jump:- if the froud no is between 1-1.7 then it is known as undular jump. 2) weak jump:- If the froud no is betwen 1.7-2.5 it is known as weak jump.it has a smooth surface. 3)Oscillating jump:- If the froud no is between 2.5-4.5. 4)steady jump:- if the froud no is between 4.5-9. 5) Strong jump:- if the froud no is gretaer than 9, it is known as strong jump. STILLING BASIN:- The device which is used to reduce and dissipate the velocity of water in a spillway is known as a stilling basin. it converts potential energy into kinetic energy. and kinetic energy into heat energy.

it is classified as (refer unit Iv question 9 flow chart.) it is mostly used in hydraulic jump types spillways. USBR STILLING basin (type 1):- it is used in spillways whose froud no. is between 2.5-4.5, it reduces and disipates the velocity of water effectively, it consist of chute blocks, the lenght of the stilling basin depends upon the froud no (refer unit Iv question 12 for diagram) Indian standard type 1 basin:- It is used in spillway whose froud no is less than 4.5 it also consist of chute blocks basin blocks, baffle blocks, etc . it is not used when the velocity of water is more than 15 m/sec. due to basin blocks it is shorter than usbr type 1 basin. (refer page no. 4.8 question 12).