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= (54)
where accounts for the velocity non-uniformity of the exiting fluid and d
i
is the
internal diameter of the valve exit, or entrance to the expander, whichever is
less. The value for may not be known exactly but assume approximate values
of 0.93 and of 0.85 for globe and rotary valves respectively.
3. Calculate the speed of sound in the downstream fluid, c
2
, using Eqn. (34)
M
T R
c
2
2
= (34)
where is the ratio of specific heats, R is the Universal gas constant, T
2
is the
downstream absolute gas temperature, usually approximately equal to the
upstream temperature, and M is the molecular weight of the gas.
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
4. Calculate the Mach Numbers in the downstream pipe, M
P
, and at the valve exit,
M
R
, using Eqn. (58)
2
c
U
M
P
P
=
2
c
U
M
R
R
= (58)
5. If the calculated value for the pipe Mach Number, M
P
, is greater than 0.8, set it
equal to 0.8 and set U
P
= 0.8 c
2
.
6. If the calculated value for the exit Mach Number,
M
R
, is greater than 1.0, set it
equal to 1.0 and set U
R
= c
2
.
7. Calculate the converted stream power in the expander, W
mR
, using Eqn. (55).
(
(
+
|
|
\
|
= 2 0 1
2
2
2
2 2
.
i
i R
mR
D
d U m
W
&
(55)
8. Calculate the peak frequency, f
pR
, using Eqn. (56).
i
R
pR
d
U
f
2 0.
= (56)
9. Calculate the acoustical efficiency factor,
R
, using Eqn. (57).
( )
3
3
10 1
R R
M x
= (57)
10. Calculate the generated sound power using Eqn. (59).
mR R aR
W W = (59)
11. Calculate the internal sound-pressure level, referenced to P
o
(=2 x 10
-5
Pa),
using Eqn. (60).
( )
(
(
=
2
2 2
9
10
10 2 3
10
i
aR
piR
D
c W x
L
.
log (60)
12. Calculate the pipe ring frequency, f
r
, using Eqn. (38).
i
r
D
f
5000
= (38)
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
13. Calculate the internal pipe coincidence frequency, f
o
, using Eqn. (39).
|
\
|
=
343 4
2
c f
f
r
o
(39)
14. Calculate the external coincidence frequency, f
g
, using Eqn. (40).
( ) 5000
343 3
2
p
g
t
f
) (
= (40)
where t
p
is the downstream pipe wall thickness.
15. Determine the frequency factors, G
x
, and G
y
, using Table 4 but substituting f
pR
in
for f
p
.
f
pR
< f
o
f
pR
f
o
4 3 2
|
|
\
|
|
|
\
|
=
o
pR
r
o
x
f
f
f
f
G
/
r pR
r
pR
x
f f for
f
f
G <
|
|
\
|
=
3 2 /
r pR x
f f for G =1
g o
g
o
y
f f for
f
f
G <
|
|
\
|
=
g o y
f f for G =1
g pR
g
pR
y
f f for
f
f
G <
|
|
\
|
=
g pR y
f f for G =1
Table 1: (Table 4 from IEC 60534-8-3) Frequency factors G
x
and G
y
16. Calculate the transmission loss, TL
R
, using Eqn. (61).
( )
(
(
(
(
(
|
|
\
|
+
|
|
\
|
=
s
a
y
x
pR p
R
p
p
G
c
G
f t
c
x TL
1
415
10 6 7 10
2 2
2
2 7
10
. log (61)
where p
a
is the actual atmospheric pressure at the valve location, and p
s
is the
reference atmospheric pressure.
17. Calculate the Correction for Mach number, L
g
, using Eqn. (41) but substituting
M
P
in for M
2
.
|
|
\
|
=
P
g
M
L
1
1
16
10
log (41)
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
18. Calculate the external noise, generated at the exit, using Eqn. (62).
|
|
\
|
+
+ +
+ + + =
p i
p i
g R piR peR
t D
t D
L TL L L
2
2 2
10 5
10
log (62)
The sound pressure level calculated above, L
peR
, is the predicted sound
pressure level 1 m downstream of the valve and 1 m from the pipe wall
generated at the valve exit in straight pipe in an acoustically free field. The trim
noise, if known, can be added logarithmically using Eqn. (63).
( )
10 10
10
10 10 10
1
/ /
,
log
peR m pAe
L L
pS
L + = (63)
3 Example calculations
Perhaps the best way to see the significance of the exit noise is with some sample
calculations. Detailed exit noise calculations are shown below for a common valve
configuration with common service conditions. The results for another case exactly the
same except with a lower downstream pressure are also given. The magnitude of the
input variables are given in the metric units that should be used without having to make
unit conversions in the equations above. Customary English are also shown in
parentheses.
3.1 Case 1
A sample case was chosen as a standard 2 in low pressure globe valve with air flowing
through it and with a relatively low pressure drop. Detailed specifications of the valve
geometry and service conditions are listed below.
Valve: 2 inch globe
Pressure class: 300
Upstream temperature: 343.15 K (70 F)
Upstream pressure, p
1
: 689476 Pa (100 psia)
Downstream pressure, p
2
: 344738 Pa (50 psia)
Fluid: Air
Molecular weight, M: 28.97
Ratio of specific heats, : 1.4
Compressibility, z: 1.0 (used for calculating the density,
2
)
Flowrate, Q: mdot=1.20301 kg/sec (125000 scfh)
Valve outlet ID, d
i
: 0.0508 m (2 in)
Downstream pipe Size: 3 in
Downstream pipe schedule: 40
Downstream pipe ID, D
i
: 0.0779 m (3.068 in)
Downstream pipe wall thickness (schedule 40), t
p
: 0.00549 m (0.216 in)
Beta, , for globe valve: 0.93
The calculations below were performed using the computer program, Mathcad 2007
Parametric Technology Corporation, which displays the equations and results in a form
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
similar to how they would be written by hand. The equations shown follow the steps
described above.
The following conventions should be noted to aid in understanding the equations.
The term := is an assignment statement meaning the value on the right is
assigned to the variable on the left.
The dot, , between variables midway up from the bottom of the variable names
signifies multiplication.
The if statements are written as if (test statement, value returned if test
statement is true, value returned if test statement is false). The if statements
can be nested, as they are in the calculations below.
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Sample Exit Noise Calculations.xmcdz -- Sample exit noise calculations
Input:
Atmospheric pressure, Pa: p
a
101325 :=
Standard atmospheric pressure, Pa: p
s
101325 :=
Molecular weight: M 28.97 :=
Upstream temperature, K: T
1
294.3 :=
Ratio of specific heats: 1.4 :=
Upstream absolute pressure, Pa: p
1
689476 :=
Downstream absolute pressure, Pa: p
2
344738 :=
Compressibility of fluid at upstream conditions: z 1 :=
Flow rate, kg/sec: mdot 1.20301 :=
Valve exit ID, m: d
i
0.0508 :=
Downstream pipe ID, m: D
i
0.0779 :=
Downstream pipe wall thickness, m: t
p
0.00549 :=
Beta for globe valve: 0.93 :=
Calculations:
Gas constant, J/kmole-K:
(used Rg to designate rather than R)
Rg 8314 :=
Downstream temperature (assume = T
1
): T
2
T
1
:=
Density of fluid at downstream conditions
(gas equation), kg/m
3
:
2
p
2
M
z Rg T
2
:=
2
4.082 =
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Velocity in downstream pipe, m/sec: U
P
4 mdot
2
D
i
2
:=
U
P
61.84 =
Velocity at valve exit, m/sec: U
R
U
P
D
i
2
d
i
2
:=
U
R
156.362 =
Speed of sound in downstream fluid, m/sec: c
2
Rg T
2
M
:=
c
2
343.867 =
Mach number in downstream pipe:
(Limited to 0.8)
M
P
if
U
P
c
2
0.8 <
U
P
c
2
, 0.8 ,
|
\
|
|
:=
M
P
0.18 =
Correct U
P
so not greater than 0.8 c
2
: U
P
M
P
c
2
:=
Mach number at valve exit:
(Limited to 1.0)
M
R
if
U
R
c
2
1.0 <
U
R
c
2
, 1.0 ,
|
\
|
|
:=
M
R
0.455 =
Correct U
R
so not greater than c
2
: U
R
M
R
c
2
:=
Converted stream power, W: W
mR
mdot U
R
2
2
1
d
i
2
D
i
2
\
|
|
|
2
0.2 +
(
(
(
(
:=
W
mR
7.799 10
3
=
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Peak frequency of exit-generated noise, Hz: f
pR
0.2 U
R
d
i
:=
f
pR
615.599 =
Acoustical efficiency factor:
R
1 10
3
( )
M
R
3
:=
R
9.402 10
5
=
Exit generated sound power, W: W
aR
R
W
mR
:=
W
aR
0.733 =
Internal sound pressure level generated at
exit, dB:
L
piR
10 log
3.2 10
9
( )
W
aR
2
c
2
D
i
2
(
(
(
:=
L
piR
147.346 =
Calculate the ring frequency, Hz: f
r
5000
D
i
:= f
r
2.043 10
4
=
Calculate the internal coincidence pipe
frequency, Hz:
f
o
f
r
4
c
2
343
|
\
|
|
:= f
o
5.121 10
3
=
Calculate the external coindidence
frequency, Hz:
f
g
3 343 ( )
2
t
p
5000 ( )
:= f
g
2.363 10
3
=
Calculate the frequency
factor, G
x
:
G
x
if f
pR
f
o
<
f
o
f
r
|
\
|
|
2
3
f
pR
f
o
|
\
|
|
4
, if f
pR
f
r
>
f
pR
f
r
|
\
|
|
2
3
, 1.0 ,
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
:=
G
x
8.304 10
5
=
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
The calculated exit noise predicted, L
peR
, for this case is
71.7 dBA. If the maximum acceptable sound pressure level were 75 dBA, one would not
want to use a valve smaller than 2 in or the exit noise would be too high. (If the exit
noise is approximately 3 dBA lower than the allowed noise, it allows for a trim noise of
equal magnitude without going over the limit since the logarithmic addition of two sound
pressure levels equal in magnitude results in a sound pressure level 3 dBA higher than
the other two. Of course, if the trim noise is higher than the exit noise, the total noise
would be more than 3 dBA higher than the exit noise.)
Calculate the
frequency factor, Gy:
G
y
if f
pR
f
o
< if f
o
f
g
<
f
o
f
g
|
\
|
|
, 1.0 ,
(
(
, if f
pR
f
g
<
f
pR
f
g
|
\
|
|
, 1.0 ,
(
(
(
(
:=
G
y
1 =
Transmission loss,
dB:
TL
R
10 log 7.6 10
7
( )
c
2
t
p
f
pR
\
|
|
G
x
2
c
2
415 G
y
1 +
|
\
|
|
p
a
p
s
|
\
|
|
(
(
(
(
:=
TL
R
68.265 =
Calculate the Correction for Mach
number, L
gR
:
L
g
16 log
1
1 M
P
\
|
|
:=
L
g
1.378 =
Calculate the external exit-
generated noise, dBA:
L
peR
5 L
piR
+ TL
R
+ L
g
+ 10 log
D
i
2 t
p
+ 2 +
D
i
2 t
p
+
|
\
|
|
:=
L
peR
71.747 =
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
3.2 Case 2
Another case was considered, one where the conditions are the same as Case 1 above
except the downstream pressure was only 14.7 psia (or normal atmospheric pressure)
rather than 50 psia. The same calculations used above were used; the resulting
predicted exit noise was
L
PeR
= 99.0 dBA
which is much higher than the value calculated for Case 1 of 71.7 dBA because the exit
velocity is much higher. For this case, a larger valve would have to be used to keep the
noise down to a level of 75 dBA or even down to 85 dBA.
4 Simple Computer Program
A simple program was written to help control valve users calculate the predicted valve
exit noise for a simple control valve. It can be used to help determine the minimum
valve size required to get the exit noise below an acceptable level. The input and output
screens are shown below in Figure 2. The input data is shown in the top part, the output
is shown in the text box in the lower portion of the screen. The data shown is that for
Case 1 discussed above. The calculated exit sound pressure level, L
peR
, is shown on
the second line from the bottom.
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Fig. 2: Input and output data for Case 1.
The second sample case, Case 2, was also calculated and is shown in the screen
below. Again, the predicted exit noise, L
peR
, agrees with the value calculated above.
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
Fig. 3: Input and output data for Case 2 (the same as Case 1 except with p2=14.7 psia
rather than 50 psia).
Note that the calculated exit noise is approximately 27 dBA higher than for Case 1 even
though the upstream conditions and flow rate are the same. This is primarily because
the exit velocity is much higher (the Mach number is1.0 at the exit rather than 0.45) for
Case 1. If the allowable sound pressure level outside the pipe were less than 99 dBA, a
bigger valve would have to be used.
4 Conclusions
The predicted control valve exit noise can easily be calculated according to the
international standard, IEC 60534-8-3, by a control valve user without knowing details of
the valve trim. Since the total sound pressure level outside the downstream piping
cannot be lower than that contributed by the exit-generated noise and since the exit
noise goes down (almost always) with increasing valve size, a control valve user can
determine the minimum valve size that could be used without exceeding the maximum
allowed sound pressure level. In some cases the valve size may need to be even
Originally presented at the Valve World 2008 Conference, Maastricht, the Netherlands
bigger, because of trim noise, but it could not be smaller. This should help the control
valve user and manufacturer come to agreement more quickly on the proper valve for a
given application.
Notes
1. The author thanks the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for
permission to reproduce equations from its International Standard IEC 60534-8-
3. All such extracts are copyright of IEC, Geneva, Switzerland. All rights
reserved. Further information on the IEC is available from www.iec.ch. IEC has
no responsibility for the placement and context in which the extracts and contents
are reproduced by the author; nor is IEC in any way responsible for the other
content or accuracy therein.
5 References
1. IEC 60534-8-3, Industrial-process control valves Part 8-3: Noise
considerations Control valve aerodynamic noise prediction method, 2
nd
Ed.,
2000-07, Geneva, Switzerland