The Adam Hilger Series on Optics and Optoelectronics Series Editors: E R Pike rrs, B E A Saleh and the late W T Welford Frs Other books in the series Laser Damage in Optical Materials R M Wood Waves in Focal Regions JJ Stamnes Laser Analytical Spectrochemistry edited by V S Letokhov Laser Picosecond Spectroscopy and Photochemistry of Biomolecules edited by VS Letokhov Cutting and Polishing Optical and Electronic Materials G W Fynn and WJ A Powell Prism and Lens Making F Twyman The Optical Constaats of Bnik Materials and Films L Ward Infrared Optical Fibers T Katsuyama and H Matsumura Solar Cells and Optics for Photovoltaic Concentration A Luque The Fabry-Perot Interferometer JM Vaughan Interferometry of Fibrons Materials NN Barakat and A A Hamza Physics and Chemistry of Crystalline Lithium Niobate AM Prokhorov and Yu S Kuz’minov Laser Heating of Metals AM Prokhorov, V I Konoy, I Ursu and I N Mihailescu KDP-family Single Crystals LN RashkovichThe Adam Hilger Series on Optics and Optoelectronics Aberrations of Optical Systems W T Welford FRS The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College of Science and Technology, University of London Adam Hilge Adam Hilger Bristol, Philadelphia and New York© IOP Publishing Ltd 1986 Alll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored ina retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior per- mission of the publisher. Multiple copying is only permitted under the terms of the agreement between the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals and the Copyright Licensing Agency. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Welford, W.T. Aberrations of optical systems. 1. Optics, Geometrical 2. Aberration 1. Title 535132 QC381 ISBN 0-85274-564-8 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Welford, W.T. Aberrations of optical systems/W.T. Welford. Pp. cm.—(The Adam Hilger series on optics and optoelectronics) Bibliography: p. Includes indexes. 1. Optical instruments—Design and construction. 2. Aberration. 3. Optics, Geometrical. I. Title. II. Series. QC372.2.D4W43 1989 89-1675 535'.33—de 19 CIP First published 1986 Reprinted with minor corrections 1989 Amended reprint 1991 Published under the Adam Hilger imprint by IOP Publishing Ltd Techno House, Redcliffe Way, Bristol BS1 6NX, England 335 East 45th Street, New York, NY 10017-3483, USA US Editorial Office: 1411 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102 Printed in Great Britain by J W Arrowsmith Ltd, Bristol