CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background All living things reproduce. Reproduction, the process by which organisms make more organisms like themselves, is one of the things that set living things apart from nonliving matter. But even though the reproductive system is essential to keeping a species alive, unlike other body systems, it's not essential to keeping an individual alive. In the human reproductive process, two kinds of sex cells, or gametes, are involved. The male gamete, or sperm, and the female gamete, the egg or ovum, meet in the female's reproductive system to create a new individual. Both the male and female reproductive systems are essential for reproduction. The female needs a male to fertilize her egg, even though it is she who carries offspring through pregnancy and childbirth. Humans, like other organisms, pass certain characteristics of themselves to the next generation through their genes, the special carriers of human traits. The genes that parents pass along to their children are what make children similar to others in their family, but they are also what make each child unique. These genes come from the father's sperm and the mother's egg, which are produced by the male and female reproductive systems. Humans have a complex reproductive system but very interesting to learn. It becomes part of life, so people should definitely know about it. Based on these problem, in this paper we will explain about the female reproductive system. 1.2 The problems 1. What is the female reproductive system? 2. What does the part of the female reproductive system? 3. What happens during the menstrual cycle? 4. How does the fertilization process and pregnancy cycle of the female reproductive system? 5. What is water birth process? 6. What is cervicitis?

1.3 The purpose 1. May know about the female reproductive system. 2. May know the part of the female reproductive system. 3. Give more information about the menstrual cycle. 4. Give more information about the fertilization process and pregnancy cycle of the female reproductive system. 5. May know about the water birth process. 6. May know about cervicitis.

CHAPTER II CONTENTS 2.1 The Female Reproductive System Reproduction is an activity of living things to produce offspring with the aim to preserve species that are not extinct. As the activity of living things, find food, metabolism, divide, and so on, all that basically aims to metabolism. Reproductive process is not easy to think of people, not only the genitals but also the sex glands and hormones, all have their own cycles. In the reproductive system, we can know about contraceptive devices that are part of current reproduction. Most species have two sexes: male and female. Each sex has its own unique reproductive system. They are different in shape and structure, but both are specifically designed to produce, nourish, and transport either the egg or sperm. The female reproductive system is designed to carry out several functions. It produces the female egg cells necessary for reproduction, called the ova or oocytes. The system is designed to transport the ova to the site of fertilization. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The next step for the fertilized egg is to implant into the walls of the uterus, beginning the initial stages of pregnancy. If fertilization and/or implantation does not take place, the system is designed to menstruate (the monthly shedding of the uterine lining). In addition, the female reproductive system produces female sex hormones that maintain the reproductive cycle. During menopause the female reproductive system gradually stops making the female hormones necessary for the reproductive cycle to work. When the body no longer produces these hormones a woman is considered to be menopausal.

2.2 The Parts of the female reproductive system The human female reproductive system performs the following functions: a) Formation of eggs b) Reception of sperms during copulation c) Providing a conducive environment for fertilization d) Providing shelter and nourishment to the growing embryo. The female reproductive system is associated with the formation and maturation of the egg and the feeding and protection of the developing embryo inside the womb. The female reproductive anatomy includes internal and external structures. The function of the external female reproductive structures (the genital) is twofold: To enable sperm to enter the body and to protect the internal genital organs from infectious organisms. The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: 1. Labia majora: The labia majora enclose and protect the other external reproductive organs. Literally translated as "large lips," the labia majora are relatively large and fleshy, and are comparable to the scrotum in males. The labia majora contain sweat and oil-secreting glands. After puberty, the labia majora are covered with hair. 2. Labia minora: Literally translated as "small lips," the labia minora can be very small or up to 2 inches wide. They lie just inside the labia majora, and surround the openings to the vagina (the canal that joins the lower part of the uterus to the outside of the body) and urethra (the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body). 3. Bartholin's glands: These glands are located next to the vaginal opening and produce a fluid (mucus) secretion. 4. Clitoris: The two labia minora meet at the clitoris, a small, sensitive protrusion that is comparable to the penis in males. The clitoris is covered by a fold of skin, called the prepuce, which is similar to the foreskin at the end of the penis. Like the penis, the clitoris is very sensitive to stimulation and can become erect. The internal reproductive organs in the female include:

picture a front view of the female reproductive organs

1. Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal. 2. Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit. 3. Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones. 4. Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus. Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants to the uterine wall. Hormonal control of the female reproductive system 1) The hormones of the anterior pituitary gland namely LH (Leutinising hormone) and FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) control the functioning of the female reproductive system. 2) The LH stimulates ovulation (rupture of the mature follicle to release ovum). 3) The LH also stimulates the secretion of the hormone progesterone. The release of LH by the anterior pituitary is in turn controlled by a hormone of the hypothalamus, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH).

4) Corpus luteum synthesises both estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone has many effects on the body. 5) The FSH, stimulates the secretion of estrogens. The release of FSH by the anterior pituitary is in turn controlled by a hormone, Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) of the hypothalamus. 6) The granulosa cells of the developing ovarian follicles synthesise oestrogen. Oestrogens are responsible for the development of the secondary sexual characteristics in mature women. 7) The levels of progesterone and oestrogen has a negative feedback control on the release of GnRH from the hypothalamus, i.e., a high level of estrogen or progesterone suppresses the release of GnRH and viceversa.

2.3 Menstrual cycle

Menstruation is the shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) accompanied by bleeding. It occurs in approximately monthly cycles throughout a woman's reproductive life, except during pregnancy. Menstruation starts during puberty (at menarche) and stops permanently at menopause. By definition, the menstrual cycle begins with the first day of bleeding, which is counted as day 1. The cycle ends just before the next menstrual period. Menstrual cycles normally range from about 25 to 36 days. Only 10 to 15% of women have cycles that are exactly 28 days. Usually, the cycles vary the most and the intervals between periods are longest in the years immediately after menarche and before menopause. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are produced by the pituitary gland, promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen and progesterone stimulate the uterus and breasts to prepare for possible fertilization. The cycle has three phases: follicular (before release of the egg), ovulatory (egg release), and luteal (after egg release). The menstrual cycle is regulated by the complex interaction of hormones: luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. a. Follicular phase The menstrual cycle begins with menstrual bleeding (menstruation), which marks the first day of the follicular phase. Bleeding occurs after estrogen and progesterone levels decrease at the end of the previous cycle. This decrease causes the top layers of thickened lining of the uterus (endometrium) to break down and be shed. About this time, the follicle-stimulating hormone level increases slightly, stimulating the development of several ovarian follicles. Each follicle contains an egg. Later, as the follicle-stimulating hormone level decreases, only one follicle continues to develop. This follicle produces estrogen. b. Ovulatory phase The ovulatory phase begins with a surge in luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. Luteinizing hormone stimulates egg release (ovulation), which usually occurs 16 to 32 hours after the surge begins. The estrogen level peaks during the surge, and the progesterone level starts to increase.

c. Luteal phase During the luteal phase, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone levels decrease. The ruptured follicle closes after releasing the egg and forms a corpus luteum, which produces progester-one. During most of this phase, the estrogen level is high. Progesterone and estrogen cause the lining of the uterus to thicken more, to prepare for possible fertilization. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates and no longer produces progesterone , the estrogen level decreases, the top layers of the lining break down and are shed, and a new menstrual cycle begins 2.4 Fertilization and Pregnancy Conception is a process of fusion of a sperm and an ovum cells mature. This fertilization process occurs in the channels of the most wide tubes. Poses before conception occurs, there are some processes as follows. Ova that have been signed will be out of the ovary. The process is called ovulation. Ripe ova which will enter into the channel tubes. Millions of sperm have to walk from the vagina into the uterus and into the channel tubes. In that way, most of the sperm was destroyed by mucus (phlegm) up in the uterus and the channel tubes. Among the few sperm cells survive, only one is signed through the membrane of the ovum. After fertilization, the ovum membrane hardens quickly to prevent other sperm cells inside. The results of fertilization is a zygote. Then the growth and development as follows: a. Zygote divides into 2 cells, 4 cells, and so on.
b. In the same time in the uterine lining becomes thick like a sponge, filled with blood

vessels, and ready to accept the zygote.

c. Because of contraction and movement of cilia, zygote going to the uterus and attached

to the wall of the uterus to grow and develop.

d. Placenta formed and the umbilical cord connecting tissue between the embryo and

mother. The function of the placenta and umbilical cord is the flow of oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the embryo.Its other function is the flow metabolism of the embryo to the mother's blood circulation.

e. Embryo surrounded by amniotic fluid that serves to protect the embryo from the danger

of collisions that may occur.

f. Embryos to four weeks have shown a growth of eyes, hands, and feet. g. After the age of six weeks, the embryo is 1.5 cm in size. The brain, eyes, ears, and heart

was developed. Hands and feet, and fingers began to form.

h. After eight weeks, the embryo has appeared as a human with organs complete. Legs,

hands, and finger has developed. This phase until birth, the embryo is called fetus
i.

.After reaching the age of pregnancy of about nine months ten days, the baby was born.

Embryo at 4 weeks after fertilization

Fetus at 8 weeks after Fetus at 18 weeks after Fetus at 38 weeks after fertilization fertilization fertilization

Relative size in 1st month (simplified illustration)

Relative size in 3rd month (simplified illustration)

Relative size in 5th month (simplified illustration)

Relative size in 9th month (simplified illustration)

Picture about growth the fetus

2.5 Water Birth

Water birthing is a way of birth in the warm water. Mothers who gave birth to put in a special maternity pool of warm water and the amount of about 2 meters in diameter. In the pool of labor that's going to be assisted by the medical around the capital. The medical assisting the mother during the birth process from the edge of the pool. Even in some of the events, her husband come into the pool and assist his wife in childbirth. If you want to do delivery water birthing, consult this first with your doctor so that safety of mother and baby are met. Swimming place to give birth should be in sterile conditions. Water is channeled to a warm and sterile, in addition to creating the same environment with the environment in the womb, warm water can also kill bacteria and viruses.Water that flowed normally limited to the breast, it is intended to be keeping an eye doctor during childbirth contractions of the mother. Temperature was also adjusted to body temperature, which is around 370Celsius. The amount of numbers that have the same degree with the amniotic fluid. It is also very good for the baby, so do not feel the extreme temperature difference between the inside with the outside and prevent your baby does not experience hypothermia (body temperature is too low) or hyperthermia (body temperature too high). The water use distilled water. In addition, presented aromatherapy smells and relaxation music.

Warm water can make the skin become elastic so that the vaginal birth process easier and faster. Pool of warm water, giving a sense of comfort, calm, and relaxed. Thus making the process not to push too hard. Warm water is also capable of inhibiting impuls which deliver nerve pain. In addition, the vagina becomes more elastic, and soft. So that the process need not

push too hard. Slowly enough, even if the current does not need stitches genitals. Medical personnel are required to give birth in the water including obstetricians, pediatricians, midwives, assistant midwives, nurse the baby, and the technicians who maintain the stability of the generator if at any time to die. Do not panic when the baby some time in the water and did not cry when he was out of the womb. Babies will continue to breathe during the umbilical cord was still attached to the mother's abdomen. Through the umbilical cord is the baby can still breathe. The umbilical cord will be cut by a doctor after the baby was not in the water. And when the baby is on the surface of the new baby started to breathe and cry. After the baby is born, make sure the mother picked up and holding the baby in order to create contact between mother and baby. And very good for the mother, if the baby is born, you live feed. Advantages:
1. Calm conditions during pregnancy will be recorded by the fetus and influence the

personality and intelligence of babies in the womb.

2. Reduce nausea, vomiting and dizziness. 3. Creating a balanced life so that the growth of the soul becomes more healthy babies. 4. Facilitate the delivery processes and minimize the pain until about 80%. 5. Increasing milk production. 6. Can better control your emotions and feelings. 7. Preventing excessive fatigue during the birth process. 8. Reduce the risk of vaginal tearing or cutting around the vagina to facilitate delivery. 9. Because submerged in water, muscles are working during pregnancy are more relaxed

so that the process would go smoothly, because it feels like after swimming, fresh and not sweating.
10. Babies are cleaner because not much blood comes out.

Qualify:
1. Better is always accompanied by her husband, because her husband very important role

in providing support for the mother and fetus.

2. Exercise regularly performed from early pregnancy. 3. Having diligent practice at home. 4. The success of this method depends on the seriousness of the mother in preparing for

the birth.
5. Can not be done by mothers who have a small pelvis, so that should give birth by

Caesarean.
6. If your baby is breech at risk better avoid doing water birth, due to have an operation

caesar.
7. If the mother has herpes, could be at risk of transmitting the disease through the eyes,

mucous membranes and throat baby, because germs can survive herpes in the water.

2.6 Cervicitis Cervicitis is a condition that may develop as a result of contacting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and can lead to serious complications affecting the female reproductive system such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and female infertility. Cervicitis is characterized by the inflammation of the cervix,the lower,narrow end of the uterus that extends into the vagina canal.When signs of cervicitis are experienced,they can include the following symptoms: 1. Yellow or greyish vaginal discharge with or without an odour. 2. Frequent or painful urination. 3. Painful intercourse. 4. Vaginal bleeding or spotting between periods,after intercourse,or after menopause.

5. Lower back pain. 6. Itching or irritation of external genitalia. One of the functions of the cervix in the female reproductive system is to act as a barrier and protect the uterus from infection. The cervix prevents organism such as bacteria and virus that have come into contact with the vagina from infecting the uterus.However,the same organism that cause vaginitis(the inflammation of the vagina)can cause the inflammation of the cervix, leading to cervicitis. The most common cause leading to the inflammation of the cervix are sexually transmitted disease infections. Other factor that may contribute to the development of cervicitis can include allergic reaction to contraceptive spermicides,latec condoms,or chemicals that have come into contact with the vagina.In addition,cervicitis may be cause by bacterial overgrowth in the vagina, also known as bacterial vaginosis. The best way to prevent the development of cervicitis is by making sure to receive a routine pap smear on a regular basis. A pap test, along with a pelvix exam,is the easiest method of diagnosing servicitis in its early stages. Treatment of cervicitis typically involves treating the initial cause of infection. This is way practicing safe sex,whether through limiting the number of sexual partners or using condoms. If the cause of cervicitis is a sexually transmitted infection(STI),your partner may require prescription medication as well.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING

3.1 CONCLUSION

Reproduction is an activity of living things to produce offspring with the aim to preserve species that are not extinct. As the activity of living things, find food, metabolism, divide, and so on, all that basically aims to metabolism.

The main external structures of the female reproductive system include: 1. Labia majora 2. Clitoris 3. Bartholin's glands 4. Labia minora

The internal reproductive organs in the female include : 1. Vagina 2. Uterus (womb) 3. Ovaries 4. Fallopian tubes

Menstruation is the shedding of the lining of the uterus (endometrium) accompanied by bleeding. Menstruation starts during puberty (at menarche) and stops permanently at menopause. By definition, the menstrual cycle begins with the first day of bleeding, which is counted as day 1. The cycle ends just before the next menstrual period. Menstrual cycles normally range from about 25 to 36 days. Only 10 to 15% of women have cycles that are exactly 28 days. The menstrual cycle is regulated by hormones. Luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, which are produced by the pituitary gland, promote ovulation and stimulate the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone

The cycle has three phases:

1. follicular (before release of the egg), 2. ovulatory (egg release), 3.

luteal (after egg release)

Water birthing is a way of birth in the warm water. Warm water can make the skin become elastic so that the vaginal birth process easier and faster. Pool of warm water, giving a sense of comfort, calm, and relaxed. Cervicitis is a condition that may develop as a result of contacting a sexually transmitted disease (STD), and can lead to serious complications affecting the female reproductive system such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and female infertility.Cervicitis is characterized by the inflammation of the cervix,the lower,narrow end of the uterus that extends into the vagina canal.

3.2 SUGGESTION

REFERENCE