CHAPTER-I INTRODUCTION

1.1 General
The unprecedented growth of personalized vehicles and the unplanned road infrastructure have made the provision for parking an important aspect of transportation planning. Since most of the places are frequented by public and busy with floating population, the demand for parking is very high. On-Street parking is observed on all roads. This has reduced the capacity of the carriageway and endangering pedestrians and motorists alike. The frontage of almost all the roads has been convertedinto commercial land use without taking into account the demand for parking of vehicles. There is no planned parking space available.

1.2 Planning and design concept

The unprecedented design of multi-storey car parking is based on the limit sate design method and involves RCC. The plan of the building is done based on the guidelines given by the Bureau of Indian Standards. The loads are taken from IS 875 and for the design purpose the following codes are used: 1. IS 456-2000 for RCC Design 2. SP 16 Design aids for RCC Design

CHAPTER-II INTRODUCTION
2.1 General:
The multi-storey car parking is planned for parking 256 cars. A place which is near airport having good transport facilities is chosen. The basic provisions for parking area, fire safety, security room, workshop, electric room, toilet and other common areas are provided. The proposed site for construction is near Coimbatore airport. This s 1km from national highway. The site is clear and ready for construction.

2.2 General principles of site selection:

Site selection has a major role in the planning and design of buildings. Natural defects already existing in a site will involve considerable expenditure on construction and maintenance of the building. The following points should be borne in mind while selecting a site for the proposed building: (i) The site should be selected where there is a need for good parking facilities. (ii) The site should be situated in a locality which is already fully developed or which is fast developing. (iii) The site should be constructed where there is a good transportation facility. (iv) The site should be permit unobstructed natural light and air. (v) The site should be clear and away from dumped wastages.

2.3 Site plan:

The site plan is included so as to locate the area within the limits of the building. This plan should be prepared before the construction of the proposed building and should have: (i) Boundary of the plot and shape of building. (ii) Name of existing roads and nearby sites.
(iii)North direction.

2.4 Planning:
The multi-storey car parking is planned for parking 256 cars. The provision for parking area, workshop, electric room, fire safety, security room and other required areas necessary for standard construction are provided. We have planned to provide rooms for drivers working here. In this project we have planned to provide Hydraulic Jack for lifting of cars to different floors. The project is planned to construct in an area for about 1.63 acres, with plot area 2 acres and location is near Coimbatore airport. Here we have planned to provide parking lot of size 5.5m x 2.5m, 2 lift of size 1.83m x 1.83m per each lift, 4 hydraulic jack of size 6m x 5.5m per each jack, a workshop room of sie 6m x 12m, a fire safety room of size 6m x 3m, a electric room of size 6m x 10m, 2 toilet rooms of size 4m x 7m per each room, 2 security rooms of size 3m x 3m per each room, a canteen of size 6m x 6m, a rest room of size 6m x 8m a office room of size 6m x 4m and a store room of size 6m x 7m. The parking area is alone planned to elevate for 3 storeys (ie) G + 3. Others structures are planned to built only in ground floor.

2.5 Detailed Plan:

1. Ground floor plan 2. First floor plan 3.Second floor plan 4.Third floor plan 5. Terrace Plan 6. Elevation

CHAPTER-III DESIGN OF SLAB

3.1 General
Reinforced concrete slabs constitute the most common type of structural elements used to cover floor and roofs of buildings. A reinforcement concrete slab is a broad, flat plate usually horizontal, with top and bottom surfaces parallel or nearly so. It may support by reinforced concrete beams, by masonry or reinforced concrete walls, by structural steel members, directly by columns, or continuously by the ground.

3.2 Types of slab

Slabs are classified according to the system of supports used as under 1. One way spinning slab 2. Two way spinning slab 3. Flat slab supported directly columns without beams 4. Gird slab or wattle slabs 5. Circular and other shapes 6. One way continuous slab 7. Two way continuous slab 8. Cantilever slab

3.2.1 One way slab

One way slabs are supported opposite sides and the loads are transmitted in one direction. Reinforced concrete slabs supported on two opposite sides or on all four sides with the ratio of long to short span exceeding 2 are referred to as one way slabs.

3.2.2 Two way slab

Reinforced concrete slabs supported on all the four edges with the ratio of long to short span not exceeding 2 are referred to as two way slab. In this type, the loads are transmitted to the supporting both directions with main

reinforcements provided in mutually perpendicular directions.

3.2.3 Flat slab

The term flat means a reinforced concrete slabs with or without drops, supported generally without beams by columns with or without drops are called flat slabs. The flat slabs may be solid or may have recesses formed on the soffit. So that the soffit comprises of a series of a series of ribs in tow directions. The recesses may be formed by removable or permanent filler blocks.

3.2.3.1 Thickness of flat slab

The thickness of flat slab shall be generally controlled by span to effective depth ratio similar to beams. However the minimum thickness of flat slab shall be taken as 125mm.

3.2.3.2 Drop
The drop in each direction shall have a length of not less than one third of panel length in that direction.

3.2.3.3 Method of analysis

1.Direct Design methods. 2.Equivalent frame method We have adopted direct design method because direct method we should have minimum of three continuous spans in each direction.

3.3 DESIGN OF FLAT SLAB

3.3.2 DIRECT DESIGN METHOD Design: M20 grade of concrete & HYSD steel bars of grade fe415 will be used for that flat slabs. Design constants: the ratio of limiting value of the depth of neutral axis to the effective depth of the slabf

Limiting moment of resistance factor for singly reinforced resistance rectangular section

Max percentage of tensile reinforcement

STEP 1 : CLEAR SPAN The flat slab shall be designed without drop panels and the supporting column shall have column head of 400mm height with 45 inclination and additional vertical height of 400mm. As per IS 456-1978, the column of circular section shall be treated as square section having the same cross sectional area. Therefore let a be the size of the square column.

=1.06m

Clear span along AB (long span) ll-n

=[10-

=8.94m Clear span along BC (short span) ll-n

=[8.75-

=7.69m STEP 2 : ESTIMATED THICKNESS OF THE FLAT SLAB The flat slab remains continuous over minimum of three span (direct design method) For slabs without drops:

Where

is the modification factor

For HYSD steel of Fe415 grade =0.96% =1.4 Estimated effective depth

Let the overall estimated thickness be 200mm (more than 125mm minimum thickness specified

STEP 3 : ESTIMATED LOADS (A) Characteristic Dead Load It consists of the weight of finishing surface plus the self weight of the slab. Weight of finishing surface Self weight of slab =1k N/ = =5k N/ Total Wd (B) Characteristic live Load Live load Total Load=wd + w1 =7.5k N/ =6 + 7.5 =13.5k N/ (C) Factored (design) load in the panel Wfd =1.5 x (wd + w1) =1.5 x 13.5
=20.25k N/

=6k N/

STEP 4 : WIDTH OF THE STRIPS FOR INTERIOR PANEL (A) Width of strip along AB (long span) Span AB, l1=10m Span BC, l2 =8.75m Width of column strip 0.25 l2 <0.25 l1 = 0.25 x 8.75 =2.18m (adopted) = 0.25 x 10 =2.5m

Width of middle strip (0.75 - 2.18 - 2.18) = 4.39m

Width of strip 0.25 l2 >0.25 l1 = 0.25 x 10 =2.5m = 0.25 x 8.75 =2.18m (adopted)

Width of middle strip (10 2.18 2.18) = 5.64m

STEP 5 : FACTRED (DESIGN) MOMENT FOR SPAN (A) Width of strip along AB (long span) l1=10m, ll-n = 8.94m, l2 = 8.75m Total design load over an area, l2 x ll-n WFd WFd = 1.5 (Wd + W1) x l2 x ll-n = 20.25 x 8.75 x 8.94 = 1584 kN Total factored design moment along the direction AB Mo.AB = = =1770.12 kNm

(B) Total design moment, Mo along BC (short span) l1=8.75, ll-n = 7.69, l2 = 10m Total design load over an area, l2 x l1-n WFd WFd = 1.5 (Wd + W1) x l2 x ll-n = 20.25 x 10 x 7.69 = 1557.22 kN Total factored design moment along the direction BC Mo.AB = = =1496.87 kNm STEP 6 : NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE DESIGN MOMENTS In an interior span, the total design moment Mo is distributed in the following proportions in each direction (A) Distribution of total design moment MO.AB Negative design moment, Mn.AB Mn.AB Positive design moment, MP.AB Mp.AB = 0.35 MO.AB = 0.35 x 1770.12 = 619.54 kNm (B) Distribution of total design moment MO.BC = 0.65 MO.AB = 0.65 x 1770.12 = 1150.57 kNm

Negative design moment, Mn.BC Mn.BC Positive design moment, MP. BC Mp.BC = 0.35 MO.BC = 0.35 x 1496.87 = 523.90 kNm STEP 7 : EFFECTS OF PATTERN OF LOADING The effects of pattern of loading for negative and positive BM maybe seen before distribution of these Moments across the panel width. = 0.65 MO.BC = 0.65 x 1496.87 = 972.96 kNm

Ratio of live load to dead load

The ratio of

exceeds 0.5

(A) For the distribution along AB The ratio of flexural stiffness of the columns above and below the slab to the flexural stiffness of the Slabs at a joint in the direction along AB.

(I) Stiffness coefficient for slab Size of equivalent square column (diameter of column is 1200mm)

c/c distance between the columns c1 =[ = 1063mm Along AB, l1=10m Along BC, l2=8.75m C1/l1 =1.06/10 =0.106 C2/l2 =1.06/8.75 =0.121 As per SP24 1983, stiffness factor for slab without drop panel

K=4.18 For the slab of uniform thickness Ks = = Ks x1 x

= 2.438 Ec x 10-3 kNm

(II) Stiffness coefficient for column Length of column section a = 100mm = 0.1m Depth of 45 degree capital (below the soffit of the slab) b1 = 440mm

= 0.44m lc = 2.8 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 3m a/lc b1/lc = 0.1/3 =0.44/3 =0.146 Column stiffness coeffients for columns with 45 degree tapered capital for above ratios For upper (capital) end, Kc For lower (base) end, Kc = 4.964 = 5.474

Stiffness of column for upper (capital) end Kc = = Kc x x (1.2)4

= 0.315 Ec kNm

Stiffness of column for lower (base) end Kc Kc

x (1.2)4

= 0.285 Ec kNm

= 123.05

= 0.875

=1.25 From table 9.1 (as per IS 456 1978) by interpolation c min c min is less than c = 123.05 Therefore, the correction for pattern of loading in the direction AB is not necessary. (A) For the direction along BC =0.7

The ratio of flexural stiffness of the columns above and below the slab to the flexural stiffness of the slab at a joint in the direction along is:

1. Stiffness coefficient for slab. Size of equivalent square column (diameter of column is 1200mm) c1 =1063mm c/c distance between columns Along BC, l1 = 8.75m Along AB, l2 = 10m =[

= 0.121

= 0.106 From table 9.2, stiffness factor for the slab without drop panel (as per SP 24 : 1983) K Ks Ks = 4.26 = x x (0.2)3

=3.245 x 10-3 kNm

(ii) Stiffness coefficient for column Length of column section (considered rigid) A = 100mm =0.1m Depth of 45 capital (below the soffit of slab) b1 lc = 440mm = 2.8 + 0.1 + 0.1 = 3m

= 0.033 ~ 0.35

= 0.146 From 9.5 table, column stiffness coefficient for colums with 45 tapered capital For upper (capital) end for above ratios Kc For lower (base) end. Kc = 4.964 = 5.474

Stiffness for column for upper (capital) end

Kc Kc

x (1.2)4

= 0.315 Ec kNm

Stiffness for column for lower (base) end Kc Kc = x x (1.2)4

= 0.285 Ec kNm

= 92.44

= 0.875

=1.25 From table 9.1 (as per IS 456 1978) by interp c min = 0.9 c min =0.9 less than c = 89.98 The correction for pattern of loading in the direction BC is not needed STEP 8: DISTRIBUTION OF BM ACROSS THE PANEL WIDTH (A) Across the strip of span AB (i) Negative moment at an interior support (a) Column strip : 75% of the total ve moment in the panel at this support is resisted by the column strips. Therefore, the moment resisted by each column strip (Since MnAB=1150.57 kNm) 1/2 Mnc = x 0.75 MnAB = x 0.75 x 1150.57 = 431.46 kNm (b) Middle strip : The ve moment resisted by the middle strip Mnm = 0.25 Mnm = 0.25 x 1150.57 = 287.64 kNm Check : ( 431.46 + 287.64 + 431.46 ) = 1150.56 kNm (ii) Positive moment at an interior support

(a)Column Strips : 60% of total +ve moment in the panel is resisted by the column strips. Therefore, the moment resisted by each column strips Mp.AB x Mp.c = 619.54 kNm
=

x 0.60 Mp.AB x 0.60 x 619.54 )

=(

= 185.86 kNm (b) Middle strips : The +ve moment resisted by the middle strips

Mpm

=0.40

Mp.AB

= 0.40 x 619.54 = 247.816 kNm Check : 185.86 + 247.81 + 185.86 (B) Across the strips of span BC (i) ve moment at an interior suppor Column strips : 75% of total -ve moment in the panel at this support is resisted by the column strips. Therefore, the moment resisted by each column strip (since Mn.BC = 972.96 kNm) 1/2 Mnc = x 0.75 MnBC = x 0.75 x 972.96 = 619.53 kNm

= 364.86 kNm (c) Middle strips : The -ve moment resisted by the middle strips Mnm
=0.25

Mn. BC

= 0.25 x 972.96 = 247.24 kNm Check : 364.86+ 243.24 + 364.86 = 972.96 kNm

(ii) Positive moment at an interior support. (a) Column strips : 60% of total positive moment in the panel is by the column strips. Therefore, the moment resisted by each column strip (since Mn.BC = 972.96 kNm) MpBC 1/2 Mpc = 523.90 kNm = x 0.60 x MnBC = x 0.60 x 523.90 = 157.57 kNm (b) Middle strips : The +ve moment resisted by the middle strips. Mp.m
=0.40

Mp. BC

= 0.40 x 523.90 = 209.56 kNm Check : 157.17+ 209.56 + 157.17 STEP 9: STRIP OF SPAN AB A. Strip of span AB (i) Negative moment = 523.90 kNm

(a) Column strips : the width of column strip of the interior panel is 2.18m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnc/meter = = 197.91kNm/m (b) Middle strips : the width of middle strip of the interior panel is 4.39m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnm/meter = = 65.52 kNm/m (ii) Positive moment (a) Column strips : the width of column strip of the interior panel is 2.18m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnc/meter = = 85.25kNm/m (b) Middle strips : the width of middle strip of the interior panel is 4.39m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnm/meter = = 56.45 kNm/m (A) Strip of span BC

(i) Negative moment (a) column strip : width = 2.18m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnm/meter = = 168.36 kNm/m Middle strip : width = 5.64m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnm/meter = = 43.12 kNm/m (ii) Positive moment (a) Column strips : Width = 2.18m Therefore, the moment per meter width Mnm/meter = = 37.15 kNm/m

STEP 10: EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF FLAT SLAB The absolute maximum factored B.M out of eight value of the step 9 is 197.91kNm/m The effective depth of the flat slab 0.36 fck x x (1-0.42 x ) bd2 = MFD

[0.36 x 20 x 0.48 x (1-0.42 x 0.48 ) x

x1000 x d2] = 197.91 x 10 3456 (1-0.2016)d2 3456d2 696.72d2 2759.28d2 d Assume d = 275mm Let the effective cover be 25mm Therefore, overall thickness of slab D=300mm STEP 11 : SLAB REINFORCEMENT The spacing of bars in flat slab shall not exceed 2 times the slab thickness 2x300 = 600mm2 = 197.91 x 10 =197.91 x 106 =197.91 x 106 =267.81mm

Therefore, provide 12mm diameter HYSD steel bars shall be provided Ast = = 113.04mm2 (A) Reinforcement along the span AB (i) Negative moment reinforcement (a) Column strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =197.91 x 106 =197.91 x 106

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (199288.75 Ast - Ast 2

Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +26419703.64 = 0 Ast S =2444.29mm2 = = x 1000 x 1000

= 46.25mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 100mm spacing at top (b) Middle strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =65.52 x 106 =0 =696.57mm2 = x 1000

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +8746495.79 Ast S

x 1000

= 162.28mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 160mm spacing at top (c) Column strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =85.25 x 106

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1-

Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +11380323.05 = 0 Ast S =922.97mm2 = = x 1000 x 1000

= 122.47mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 120mm spacing at bottom

(d) Middle strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =56.45 x 106 =0 =595.34mm2 = x 1000

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +7535709.51 Ast S

x 1000

= 189.87mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 185mm spacing at bottom (B) Reinforcement along the span BC (ii) Negative moment reinforcement (e) Column strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =167.36 x 106 =197.91 x 106 =1982.25mm2 = = x 1000 x 1000

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (199288.75 Ast - Ast 2 Ast S

Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +22341476.44 = 0

= 57.02mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 300mm spacing at top

(b) Middle strips

0.87 fy Ast d (1-

= MFD ) =43.12 x 106 =0 =449.58mm2 = x 1000

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +5756240.82 Ast S

x 1000

= 251.43mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 250mm spacing at bottom (a) Column strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =72.09 x 106 =0 =770.99mm2 = = x 1000 x 1000

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +9623548.25 Ast S

= 146.61mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 145mm spacing at bottom

(b) Middle strips 0.87 fy Ast d (1) = MFD ) =37.15 x 106 =0 =385.40mm2

0.87 x 415 x Ast x 275 (1Ast 2 13253.01 Ast +5756240.82 Ast

x 1000

x 1000

= 293.29mm Therefore,provide bars 12 nos @ 250mm spacing at bottom For flat slab without drops, the reinforcement bars in the column strips and middle strips shall be kept straight, the projection of negative reinforcement in to the span from the column shall be as follows (A) (i) Coloumn Strips Along AB

(a) 50% at top Projection = half the size of square column + 0.31l-n =( x 1.06 + (0.3 x 8.94)) =3.21m (b) 50% at top Projection =( x 1.06 + (0.2 x 8.94)) =3.21m (ii) Middle Strips : (100% at top)

(c) 50% at top Projection = half the size of square column support + 0.221l-n =( x 1.06 + (0.22 x 8.94)) =2.94m (B) Along BC

(i) Column strips: (a) 50% at top Projection = half the size of square column support + 0.31l-n =( x 1.06 + (0.22 x 7.69)) =2.83m (b)50% at top Projection =( x 1.06 + (0.2 x 7.69)) =2.06m (ii) Middle Strips : (100% at top) (d) 50% at top Projection = half the size of square column support + 0.221l-n =( x 1.06 + (0.22 x 7.69)) =2.22m
STEP 12 : SHEAR IN FLAT SLABS The diameter of column head is 2000mm and the effective depth of flat slab, d is 275mm. The diameter of critical section for two way round the column head (DE+ = (2000+ = 2275mm Peripheral distance bo factored share force at critical section = x 2.275 =7.143m )

V V V Normal shear stress

= 1.5 (Wd + W1) (l . l2 (DE + d)2) = 1.5 (6 + 7.5) (10 x 8.75 (2.275)2) = 1689.60KN

= v = = 0.8601 N/mm2 Or permissible shear stress The grade of concrete is M20. The permissible shear stress in flat slab in concrete (limit state method of design) v v =0.25 (fck)1/2 =0.25 (20)1/2 = 1.118 N/mm2 When the shear reinforcement is not provided the nominal shear stress calculated at the critical section shall not exceed KsTc Ks c Ks KsTc = (0.5 + c) and not greater than 1.0 = (1.00 for circular column = 1.0 = 1 x 1.118 =1.118 N/mm2 v = 0.8601 N/mm2 not greater than (KsTc=1.118 N/mm2) Therefore Stisfiled

3.4 DESIGN OF SLAB

3.4.1 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB : S2
Clear size Wall thickness =5m x 10m =230mm

SIDE RATIO:
Side ratio, = = 2 2m

Hence the slab is to be designed as two way slab value = 32 = = = 156.25mm Adopt depth Effective cover (d) Assume 10 mm dia bars Effective cover Overall depth (D) = 20+ x10=25mm = d + d = 150 + 25 = 175mm =150mm = 20mm

Basic value Depth (d)

EFFECTIVE LENTH @ SUPPORT:

1. Clear span + effective depth = 5+0.15 = 5.15m 2. Clear span + c/c distance of the support =5+ +

= 5.23m Effective length = 5.15m

LOAD CALCULATION:
Self weight concrete = 0.175 x 1 x 25 x 1 = 4.375 kN/m2 Live Load Floor finish Total load (W) = 7.5 kN/m2 = 1 kN/m2 = 4.375 + 7.5 + 1 = 12.875 kN/m2 Factored load (Wu) = 12.875 x 1.5 = 19.31kN/m2 = L x B x density of

DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:

Mu Mu no: 90) = x x Wu x lx2 = x x Wu x lx2 (IS 456 : 2000, pg

Two adjacent edges contines = = 1.97 x y no: 91) Mu (x) =0.09101 x 19.312 x 5.152 = 46.18kNm Mu (y) =0.047 x 19.312 x 5.152 = 24.07kNm = 0.09101 =0.047 (IS 456 : 2000, pg

CHECK FOR THE DEPTH:

Mu(lim) = 0.138 x fck x b x d2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2 D Hence safe = 129.35mm < 150mm

AREA OF THE REINFORCEMENT:

Mu (x) =0.87 x fy x Ast (x) x d x d [146.18 x 106 ]

= 0.87 x 415 x Ast (x) X 150 ( 1-

Ast (x) Mu (y)

= 987.74mm2 =0.87 x fy x Ast (y) x d x [1]

24.07 x 106

= 0.87 x 415 x Ast (y) X 140 ( 1-

Ast (y) Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia: S ast

= 426.98mm2

x 1000

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

= 79.5mm75mm

Sy

x 1000

= 183.91mm180mm Maximum permitted spacing: a) 3xd = 3 x 150

= 450mm b) 450mm Provide 10mm @ 75mm spacing

EDGE STRIP
Ast(min) = = 0.12% of bd x 1000 x 150

= 180mm Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia S ast = x 1000

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

= 436.27mm400mm Maximum permitted spacing: c) 5xd = 5 x 150 = 750mm d) 450mm

Provide 10mm @ 400mm c/c spacing

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

V u V = = = = 0.33 N/mm2 K=1.25 [ for 175mm depth) (IS 456:2000, page no : 72] % of = = = 0.66 = 0.5312 (table no : 19, page no:85, IS 456 : 2000] xk = 0.5312 x 1.25 = 0.664 N/mm2 c(max) = 2.8N/mm2 [table 20] x 100 x100

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

L/d (max) L/d (max) L/d (actual) = 32 [IS 456 : 2000, page no:38] = 32 x 1.2 = 38.4 =

= = 34.1 34.1<38.4 Hence deflection is safe and design is ok

3.4.2 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB : S2

Clear size Wall thickness SIDE RATIO Side ratio = =1.752m Hence the slab is to be designed as two way slab. = 5m x 8.75m = 230mm

DEPTH RATIO
Basic value value = 32 = = = 156.25mm Adopt depth Effective cover (d) =150mm = 20mm = 32

Basic value Depth (d)

Assume 10 mm dia bars Effective cover Overall depth (D) = 20+ x10=25mm = d + d = 150 + 25 = 175mm

EFFECTIVE LENTH @ SUPPORT:

1. Clear span + effective depth = 5+0.15 = 5.15m 2. Clear span + c/c distance of the support =5+ +

= 5.23m Effective length LOAD CALCULATION: Self weight concrete = 0.175 x 1 x 25 x 1 = 4.375 kN/m2 Live Load Floor finish Total load (W) = 7.5 kN/m2 = 1 kN/m2 = 4.375 + 7.5 + 1 = 12.875 kN/m2 = L x B x density of = 5.15m

Wu

= 12.875 x 1.5 = 19.31kN/m2

DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:

Mu Mu no: 90) One adjacent edges discontinues = = 1.72 x y 91) Mu (x) =0.0758 x 19.312 x 5.152 = 38.82kNm Mu (y) =0.037 x 19.312 x 5.152 = 18.95kNm = 0.0758 =0.037(IS 456 : 2000, pg no: = x x Wu x lx2 = x x Wu x lx2 (IS 456 : 2000, pg

CHECK FOR THE DEPTH:

Mu(lim) 38.82 x 106 d Hence safe = 0.138 x fck x b x d2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2 = 118.59mm < 150mm

AREA OF THE REINFORCEMENT:

Mu (x) ] 38.82 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast (x) X 150 ( 1Ast (x) Mu (y) ] 18.95 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast (y) X 140 ( 1Ast (y) Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia: S ast = x 1000 = 398.42mm2 = 806.97mm2 =0.87 x fy x Ast (y) x d x [1=0.87 x fy x Ast (x) x d x [1-

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

Sx

= 97.31mm90mm

Sy

x 1000

= 197.1mm190mm Maximum permitted spacing: a) 3xd = 3 x 150 = 450mm b) 450mm Provide 10mm @ 90mm spacing

EDGE STRIP
Ast(min) = 0.12% of bd = x 1000 x 150

= 180mm Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia S ast = x 1000

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

= 436.27mm400mm Maximum permitted spacing: c) 5xd = 5 x 150 = 750mm d) 450mm Provide 10mm @ 400mm c/c spacing

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

V Vu V V = = = = = 0.33N/mm2 K=1.25 [ for 175mm depth) (IS 456:2000, page no : 72] % of steel = = = 0.53 = 0.4896 (table no : 19, Page no:85, IS 456 : 2000] cxk = 0.4896 x 1.25 x 100 x100

= 0.612 N/mm2 c(max) Hence shear is safe and design is ok = 2.8N/mm2 [table 20]

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

L/d (max) L/d (max) L/d (actual) = 32 [IS 456 : 2000, page no:38] = 32 x 1.2 = 38.4 = = = 34.1 34.1<38.4 Hence deflection is safe and design is ok

3.4.3 DESIGN OF TWO WAY SLAB : S2

Clear size Wall thickness = 8.75m x 10m = 230mm

SIDE RATIO
Side ratio = =1.12m Hence the slab is to be designed as two way slab.

DEPTH RATIO:
Basic value Basic value Depth (d) = 32 = = = 273.43mm Adopt depth Effective cover (d) Effective cover Overall depth (D) =275mm = 20mm = 20+ x10=25mm = d + d = 275 + 25 = 300mm

EFFECTIVE LENTH @ SUPPORT:

1. Clear span + effective depth = 8.75+0.275 = 9.025m 2. Clear span + c/c distance of the support =8.75+ +

= 8.98m Effective length = 8.98m

LOAD CALCULATION:
Self weight concrete = 0.35 x 1 x 25 x 1 = 7.5 kN/m2 Live Load Floor finish Total load (W) = 7.5 kN/m2 = 1 kN/m2 = 7.5 + 7.5 + 1 = 16 kN/m2 Wu = 16 x 1.5 = 24 kN/m2 = L x B x density of

DESIGN BENDING MOMENT:

Mu Mu no: 90) One adjacent edges discontinues = = 1.13 x y 91) = 0.0551 =0.047(IS 456 : 2000, pg no: = x x Wu x lx2 = x x Wu x lx2 (IS 456 : 2000, pg

Mu (x)

=0.0551x 24 x 8.982 = 106.63kNm

Mu (y)

=0.037 x 24x8.982 = 71.6kNm

CHECK FOR THE DEPTH:

Mu(lim) 106.63 x 106 d Hence safe = 0.138 x fck x b x d2 = 0.138 x 20 x 1000 x d2 = 196.55mm < 275mm

AREA OF THE REINFORCEMENT:

Mu (x) ] 38.82 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast (x) X 275 ( 1Ast (x) Mu (y) ] 18.95 x 106 = 0.87 x 415 x Ast (y) X 265 ( 1Ast (y) = 798.29mm2 = 1178.76mm2 =0.87 x fy x Ast (y) x d x [1=0.87 x fy x Ast (x) x d x [1-

Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia: S ast = x 1000

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

Sx Sy

= 66.62mm90mm = x 1000

= 98.37mm90mm Maximum permitted spacing: e) 3xd = 3 x 150 = 450mm f) 450mm Provide 10mm @ 90mm spacing

EDGE STRIP
Ast(min) = = 0.12% of bd x 1000 x 275

= 330mm

Spacing of reinforcement: Provide 10mm dia S ast = x 1000

= x d2 = x 102 = 78.53mm2 = x 1000

= 237.96mm200mm Maximum permitted spacing: g) 5xd = 5 x 150 = 750mm h) 450mm Provide 10mm @ 400mm c/c spacing

CHECK FOR SHEAR:

V Vu V = = = = 107.76kN V =

= 0.39N/mm2 K=1 [ for 300dmm depth) (IS 456:2000, page no : 72] % of steel = = = 0.4285 = 0.4285 (table no : 19, page no:85, IS 456 : 2000] cxk = 0.4285 x 1 = 0.4285 N/mm2 c(max) Hence v< c< k< c(max) Hence shear is safe and design is ok = 2.8N/mm2 [table 20] x 100 x100

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION:

L/d (max) L/d (max) L/d (actual) = 32 [IS 456 : 2000, page no:38] = 32 x 1.3 = 41.6 = = = 32.65 32.65<41.6 Hence deflection is safe and design is ok

CHAPTER-IV INTRODUCTION
4.1 General
Multi-storied buildings are usually constructed for offices, residential flats, hotels, hospitals,social centers etc. The framing of multi-stored building consists of colums and beams which supports roof and floor load. A multi-stored, Multi-planned frame is a complicated statically indeterminate structure. It consists of a number of beams and columns built monolithically, framing network. The doors and walls are supported on beams which transmit the load to the colums.A building frames is objected to both verticals as well as horizontal loads. The vertical loads consist of the dead weight of the structural components such as beams, slabs, columns, etc and live load. Structural behavior of the multi-storied buildings subjected to the lateral forces complex and highly indeterminate. There are three are three recognized types of joints between beams and columns, simper, semi rigid and rigid joints. Frames with flexible joints have no internal resistance against horizontal loads.

4.2 Analysis Methods

The bending moments is the beam and columns of a substitute frame may be computed for the following methods: 1. Slope deflection method 2. Moment distribution method 3. Building frame formulae 4. Kanis method

4.2.1 Moment distribution method

The moment distribution method also called the Hardy Cross method, provides a convenient means for analyzing statically indeterminate beams and frames by simple hand calculations. This is an interactive process. The method follows the following basic steps: Assuming all ends are fixed, find the fixed end moments developed. Calculated distribution factor for all members meeting at a joint. Carry over half the distributed moment. Balance joint by distributing balancing moments. Sum up all the moments. This method is popular among engineers as the calculations valued are minimum, and free from solving simultaneous equations if the frames do not undergo lateral transitions. 4.3 BEAM COLUMN POSITION 4.3.1Frame Analysis Along Y Direction:

MF AB

=0

MF BA MF BC

=0 = -Wl2/12 =-(37.5 x 8.752)/12 =-239.25kN.m

MF CB

= Wl2/12 =-(37.5 x 8.752)/12 =-239.25kN.m

MFCD MFDC Table 4.3.1.1 Load and FEM: SL No MEMBER 1 2 BC CD LOAD (kN/m 37.5 37.5

=0 =0

FEM(kNm) -239.25 239.25

Table 4.3.1.2 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR Joint B Member BA BC C CB CD K 0.308 E1 0.114 E1 0.114 E1 0.308 E1 0.422 E1 K D.F 0.729 0.270 0.270 0.729

0.422 E1

Table 4.3.1.3 DISTRIBUTION TABLE: Joing B BA D.F F.E.M 1ST distribution 0.729 0 174.41 BC 0.270 -239.25 64.59 C CB 0.270 239.25 -64.59 CD 0.729 0 -174.41

Carry Over Total

0 174.41

-32.29 -206.95

32.29 206.95

0 -174.41

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

RB + RC

=37.5 x 8.75 = 328.12 kN

MB=0 -Rc x 8.75 + 206.95 + 37.5 x 8.75 x 4.375 206.95 = 0 -8.75 Rc Rc RB + 164.0 RB MA=0 = -1435.57 = 164.0kN = 328.12kN

-RB x 3.24 + 174.4 -RB

=0 = -53kN

Since RA + RB RA + 53 Therefore RA
SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:

=0 =0 = -53kN

4.3.2Frame Analysis Along Y Direction:

MF AB MF BA MF BC

=0 =0 = -Wl2/12 =-(24.4 x 62)/12 =-73.2kN.m

MF CB

= Wl2/12 =(24.4 x62)/12 =-73.2kN.m

MFCD MFDC

=0 =0

Table 4.3.1.1 Load and FEM: SL No MEMBER 1 2 BC CD LOAD (kN/m 24.4 24.4 FEM(kNm) -73.2 -73.2

Table 4.3.2.2 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR Joint B Member BA BC C CB CD K 0.34 E1 0.17 E1 0.17 E1 0.34 E1 0.51 E1 K D.F 0.67 0.34 0.34 0.67

0.51 E1

Table 4.3.1.3 DISTRIBUTION TABLE: Joing B BA D.F F.E.M 1ST distribution Carry Over Total 0 49.044 -12.44 -60.76 12.44 60.79 0 -49.044 0.67 0 49.044 BC 0.34 -73.2 24.88 C CB 0.34 73.2 -24.88 CD 0.67 0 -49.044

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

RB + RC

=24.4 x 6 = 146.4 kN

MB=0 -Rc x 6 + 60.76 + 24.4 x 6 x 3 60.76 = 0 Rc RB + 73.2 = 73.2kN = 146.4kN

RB MA=0 -RB x 3 + 49.04 -RB Since RA + RB RA + 16.3 Therefore RA SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM:

= 73.2kN

=0 = -16.3kN =0 =0 = -16.3kN

CHAPTER-V DESIGN OF BEAMS

4.1 General
Structural concrete beam elements are designed to support a given system of external loads such as walls and slabs of roof and floor systems. The cross sectional dimensions are generally assumed based on serviceability requirements. The width is fixed based on thickness of walls and housing of reinforcement ad the depth is selected to control deflections within safe permissible limits.

5.2 Classification of beams

According to support condition: 1. Simply supported beam 2. Cantilever beam 3. Fixed beam 4. Over hanging beam 5. Continuous beam According to structural steel configuration: 1. Simple beam 2. Compound beam 3. Plate beam 4. Turn beam

5.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS

5.3.1 DESIGN OF BEAMS B1 CONTINOUS BEAM GIVEN DATA
L Live load fy fck = 10m =7.5kN/m2 = 415N/mm2 = 20 N/mm2

CROSS SECTIONAL DIMENTIONS

Depth = spm / 12 = 10000 / 12 Adopt d D b cover = 800mm = 850 mm = 300 mm = 50mm

LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of the slab = (7.5 x 2.5 x 0.3 x 25)/10 = 14.1 kN/m Self weight of the beam =(0.3 x 0.85 x 25) = 6.4 kN/M2

Self weight of the wall

= (0.23 x 1 x 20) = 4.6 kN/m2

Finishes Total dead load Live load Total load

= 1 kN/m2 = 26.1 kN/m2 = 7.5 kN/m2 = 33.6 kN/m2

BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Negative moment Mu(-ve) = 1.5[dead load / 10 + live load / 9] =1.5[26.1 x 10 x 10/10 + 7.5 x 10 x 10/9] =516.5 kN.m Positive moment Mu(+ve) = 1.5[dead load / 12 + live load / 10] =1.5[26.1 x 10 x 10/12 + 7.5 x 10 x 10/10] =438.75 kN.m

MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE

Vu = 1.5x0.6 x span[dead load + live load ] =1.5 x 0.4 x 10 x (26.1 + 7.5) = 201.6 kN

LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

Mulimt = 0.138 fck bd2 =0.138 x 20 x 300 x 8002 = 529.92 kN.m Since Mu<Mu limt the section is under reinforced

MAIN REINFORCEMENTS
Mu (516.5 x 106) = 0.87 fck Ast d [1-Ast fy / fck bd] = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 300) [1-415 Ast / (20 x 300 x 800)] Therefore, Ast =2210.8 mm2

Provide 8 bars of 16 mm diameter (Ast = 2411.52mm2) Mu (438.75 x 106) = 0.87 fck Ast d [1-Ast fy / fck bd] = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 300) [1-415 Ast / (20 x 300 x 800)] Therefore, Ast =1798.7 mm2

Provide 4 bars of 25mm diameter (Ast = 1962.5mm2)

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
v=(Vu

/ bd)

= (201.6 x 103 / 300 x 800) = 0.84 N/mm2

Pt=(100 Ast/bd)

= (100 x 2411.52/300 x 800) =1.2

Refer table 19 (IS code : 456) read out:

2 C=0.66N/mm

Hence shear reinforcement are required Balance shear = [201.6 (0.66 x 0.3 x 0.8)] = 201.44kN Using 8 mm diameter two-legged stirrups the spacing is : Sv = (0.87 x fy asvd)/vus =(0.87 x 415 x 2 x 50 x 800) / (201.44 x 103) = 143.39mm >0.75d =(0.75 x 500) =375mm Adopt a spacing of 140mm near supports gradually increasing to 300mm towards c/c of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL

(L/d)max (L/d)actual =12.5 [from IS 456:2000] Kt Kc Kf (L/d)max = 1.4 =1.50 =1 = 20 x 1.4 x 1.50 x 1 = 54.6mm 12.5 < 54.6mm (L/d)actual < (L/d)max Hence deflection is safe =(L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf =10000/800

5.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS B2

CONTINOUS BEAM GIVEN DATA
L Live load fy fck = 6m =7.5kN/m2 = 415N/mm2 = 20 N/mm2

CROSS SECTIONAL DIMENTIONS

Depth = span / 12 =6000 / 12 Adopt d D b cover = 500mm = 550 mm = 300 mm = 50mm

LOAD CALCULATION
Self weight of the slab = (3.5 x 2.5 x 0.3 x 25)/6 = 10.9 kN/m2 Self weight of the beam =(0.3 x 0.55 x 25) = 4.1 kN/M2 Self weight of the walls = (0.23 x 1 x 20)

= 4.6 kN/m2 Finishes Total dead load Live load Total load = 1 kN/m2 = 20. kN/m26 = 7.5 kN/m2 = 28.1 kN/m2

BENDING MOMENTS AND SHEAR FORCE

Negative moment Mu(-ve) = 1.5[dead load / 10 + live load / 9] =1.5[20.6 x 6 x 6/12 + 7.5 x 6 x 6/9] =137.7 kN.m Positive moment Mu(+ve) = 1.5[dead load / 12 + live load / 10] =1.5[20.6 x 6 x 6/16 + 7.5 x 6 x 6/12] =103.4 kN.m

MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE

Vu = 1.5x0.6 x span[dead load + live load ]

=1.5 x 0.5 x 6 x (20.6 + 7.5) = 126.45 kN

LIMITING MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

Mulimt = 0.138 fck bd2 =0.138 x 20 x 300 x 5002 = 207 kN.m Since Mu<Mu limt the section is under reinforced

MAIN REINFORCEMENTS
Mu (137.7 x 106) = 0.87 fck Ast d [1-Ast fy / fck bd] = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 300) [1-415 Ast / (20 x 300 x 500)] Therefore, Ast =866.7 mm2

Provide 2 bars of 25 mm diameter (Ast = 981.25mm2) Mu (103.4 x 106) = 0.87 fck Ast d [1-Ast fy / fck bd] = (0.87 x 415 Ast x 300) [1-415 Ast / (20 x 300 x 500)] Therefore, Ast =627.2 mm2

Provide 4 bars of 16mm diameter (Ast = 803.84mm2)

SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
v=(Vu

/ bd)

= (126.45 x 103 / 300 x 500)

= 0.84 N/mm2 Pt=(100 Ast/bd) = (100 x 981.25/300 x 500) =0.65 Refer table 19 (IS code : 456) read out:
v

=0.53N/mm2

Hence shear reinforcement are required Balance shear = [126.45 (0.53 x 0.3 x 0.5)] = 126.37kN Balance shear =126. 37 kN

Using 8mm diameter two-legged stirrups the spacing is : Sv = (0.87 x fy asvd)/vus =(0.87 x 415 x 2 x 50 x 800) / (201.44 x 103) = 143.39mm Sv>0.75d =(0.75 x 500) =375mm Adopt a spacing of 140mm near supports gradually increasing to 300mm towards c/c of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL

(L/d)max (L/d)actual =(L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf =6000/500

=12 [from IS 456:2000] Kt Kc Kf (L/d)max = 1.2 =0.75 =1 = 26 x 1.2 x 0.75 x 1 = 23.4mm 12 < 23.4mm (L/d)actual < (L/d)max Hence deflection is safe.

5.3.3 DESIGN OF BEAMS B3

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM DATA
Breadth of beam ie; breadth of beam, b effective cover, d depth of beam = width of wall =230mm =25mm = span/12 =6000/12 =500mm overall depth, D = 500 + 25 span of beam, L = 525mm =6m

LOAD CALCULATION
Load on beam due to two way slab= x h(a+b) x D x density Where D is the depth of slab = x 2 x ( 2 + 6) x 0.15 x 25 =30kN Uniformly distributed load (udl) =30/6 Total load from slab to beam Brickwork load Live load Floor finishes = 5kN/m = 1 x 0.23 x 3 x 20 = 2 kN/m2 = 1 kN/m2

Self weight of beam Total load

= 1 x 0.23 x 0.50 x 25 = 2.875kN/m = 5 + 13.8 + 2 + 1 + 2.875 = 24.67 kN

Design load, Wu

=1.5 x 24.67

= 37kN CALCULATION
Mu = 0.125 x WuL2 = 0.125 x 37 x 62 = 166.50 kNm Vu = 0.5 x WuL = 0.5 x 37 x 6 = 111 kN

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Mu(limit) = 0.138 x fck x bd2 = [0.138 x 20 x 230 x 5002] x 106KNm = 158.7kNm Mu > Mu(limit) It is doubly reinforced section Mu > Mu(limit) =(166.50 158.70) =[0.138 x 20 x 230 x 5002] x 10-6 KNm

= 158.7 kNm Mu > Mu(limit) It is doubly reinforced section Mu - Mu(limit) =(166.50 158.70) = 158.7 kNm fsc Es ={0.0035 [(0.48 x 500) -25]/ (0.48x500)} x (2x105) =627 N.mm2 But fsc < 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 415 Asc (7.8 x 106) / [361 x (500-25)] = 361 N/mm2 = [(Mu - Mu(limit)/fsc (d-d))] = 45.48mm2 ={0.0035 (Xu(max) d) / Xu(max) } x

Provide 2 bars of 12 mm dia (Asc=226.08mm2) Ast 2 =(Asc x fsc) / 0.87fy =(45.48 x 361) / (0.87 x 415) = 45.47mm2 Ast 1 = (0.36 fckb Xu(limit) / 0.87 fy =(0.36 x 20 x 230 x 0.48 x 500)/ (0.87 x 415) = 1100.75mm2 Total tension reinforcement Ast = (Ast 1 + Ast 2)

Ast

=45.47 + 1100.78 = 1146.25mm2

Provide 4 bars of 20mm dia (Ast = 1256 mm2)

SHEAR REINORCEMENT
V

=Vu/bd =(111 x 103)/(230 x 500) =0.965 N/mm2

Pt

=(100xAst)/bd =(100 x256) / (230 x 500) =1.09N/mm2

[from IS456:2000,table 19]

c

=0.68N/mm2

Since Tv>Tc Hence Shear reinforcement is required Vus =(Vu Tc bd) =(111-(0.68 x 230 x 500) x 103) =32.80kN Using 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups Sv =(0.87 x fyAscd)/Vus =(0.87x415x2x25x500)/

(32.8 x 103) =275mm Sv>0.75d =(0.75 x 500) =375mm Adopt a spacing of 250mm near supports gradually increasing to 300mm towards c/c of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL

(L/d)Max (L/d)Actual =(L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf =6000/500 =12 [from IS 456:2000], Kt = 1.5, Kc = 3, Kf = 1 (L/d)Max =20 x 1.5 x 3 x 1 = 90mm 21 < 96mm (L/d)Actual < (L/d)Max Hence deflection is safe

5.3.4 DESIGN OF BEAM

SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM DATA
Breadth of beam ie; breadth of beam, b effective cover, d depth of beam = width of wall =230mm =25mm = span/12 =6000/12 =500mm overall depth, D = 500 + 25 = 525mm span of beam, L =6m

LOAD CALCULATION
Load on beam due to two way slab = x h(a+b) x D x density + (1/2 x b x h x D x density) Where D is the depth of slab = x 2 x ( 2 + 6) x 0.15 x 25 (0.5 x 6 x 3 x 0.15 x 25) =63.75kN Uniformly distributed load (udl) =63.75kN + 10 = 10.6 kN

Total load from slab to beam = 10.6kN/m

Brickwork load = 1 x 0.23 x 3 x 20 = 13.8 Live load Floor finishes Self weight of beam = 2 kN/m2 = 1 kN/m2 = 1 x 0.23 x 0.50 x 25

Total load

= 3kN/m = 10.6 + 13.8 + 2 + 1 + 3 = 30.4 kN

Design load, Wu

=1.5 x 30.4 = 45.6kN

CALCULATION
Mu = 0.125 x WuL2 = 0.125 x 37 x 62 = 205.2 kNm Vu = 0.5 x WuL = 0.5 x 45.6 x 6 = 136.8 kN

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
Mu(limit) = 0.138 x fck x bd2

= [0.138 x 20 x 230 x 5002] x 106KNm = 158.7kNm Mu > Mu(limit) It is doubly reinforced section Mu > Mu(limit) fsc =(205.2 158.70)=46.5kNm ={0.0035 (Xu(max) d) / Xu(max) } x Es ={0.0035 [(0.48 x 500) -25]/ (0.48x500)} x (2x105) =627 N.mm2 But fsc < 0.87 fy = 0.87 x 415 Asc (46.5x 106) / [361 x (500-25)] = 361 N/mm2 = [(Mu - Mu(limit)/fsc (d-d))] = 271.1mm2

Provide 2 bars of 16 mm dia (Asc=401.92mm2) Ast 2 =(Asc x fsc) / 0.87fy =(271.1 x 361) / (0.87 x 415) = 271mm2 Ast 1 = (0.36 fckb Xu(limit) / 0.87 fy =(0.36 x 20 x 230 x 0.48 x 500)/ (0.87 x 415) = 1100.8mm2

Total tension reinforcement Ast Ast

= (Ast 1 + Ast 2) =271 + 1100.8 = 11371.8mm2

Provide 4 bars of 22mm dia (Ast = 1519.76 mm2)

SHEAR REINORCEMENT
V

=Vu/bd =(136.8 x 103)/(230 x 500) =1.19 N/mm2

Pt

=(100xAst)/bd =(100 x1519.76) / (230 x 500) =1.32N/mm2

[from IS456:2000,table 19]

c

=0.68N/mm2

Since Tv>Tc Hence Shear reinforcement is required Vus =(Vu Tc bd)

=(136.8-(0.68 x 230 x 500) x 103) =136.72kN Using 8mm dia 2 legged stirrups

Sv

=(0.87 x fyAscd)/Vus =(0.87x415x2x25x500)/(136.72 x

103) =66mm Sv>0.75d =(0.75 x 500) =375mm Adopt a spacing of 65mm near supports gradually increasing to 300mm towards c/c of span

CHECK FOR DEFLECTION CONTROL

(L/d)Max (L/d)Actual =(L/d)basic x Kt x Kc x Kf =6000/500 =12 [from IS 456:2000], Kt = 1.4, Kc = 2, Kf = 1 (L/d)Max =20 x 1.4 x 2 x 1 = 56mm 21 < 56mm (L/d)Actual < (L/d)Max Hence deflection is safe

CHAPTER-VI DESIGN OF COLUMN

6.1 General:
A column or strut is generally a compressed member supporting beams and slabs in a structural system and having an effective length exceeding three times the least lateral dimension. A column may be considered to be short when its effective length does not exceed 12 times the least lateral dimension. If the ratio of effective length to least lateral dimension exceeds 12, the column is considered as long or slender for desing purposes. To design and check the column the design aids for reinforcement concrete to IS 456-2000 has been used.

6.2 Loads on columns:

Columns is a building frame are subjected to the following loads: 1. Live loads on floor supported by column. 2. Dead weight of floors and beams supported by the column. 3. Self weight of the column.

6.3 Classification of columns:

1. Classification based on types of loading: a. Axial loaded column b. Axial load with unaxial bending c. Axial load with biaxial bending d.Eccentrically loaded column.

3. Classification based on slenderness ratio: a. Short column b. Log columns

6.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

6.4.1 DESIGN OF COLUMN C1 DESIGN LOAD
No.of floors 1 2 3 4 % reduction 0 10 20 30

LOAD CALCULATION
Dead la load of RC slab = 1x1x0.3x25 = 7.5kN/m2 Weight of floor finish Total dead load Assume each interior column take Load from an area = 10 x 8.75 = 87.5m2 Dead load from floor = 8.5 x 87.5 =743.75kN = 1 kN/m2 =8.5 kN/m2

Dead load of wall & self weight of beam=0 (no wall & beams are provided in flat slab) Total dead load from each floor Including self weight of column, load from each flor = 800kN = 743.75kN

Dead load on ground floor column of 4 storey building =800 x 4 = 3200kN Live load from each storey =7.5x10x8.75

=656.25kN Live load 4th floor 3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor Reduction (kN) Loads to be

considered (kN_ 656.25 656.25 656.25 656.25 0.3x656.25 0.20x656.25 0.10 x 656.25 0x656.25 Total load 196.875 131.25 65.625 0 393.75kN

Total dead load Total live load Design load

= 3200kN = 393.75kN = 1.5(d.1+1.1)

= 1.5(3200 + 393.75) = 5390.625kN

SIZE OF THE COLUMN

Minimum % of steel to be provided =0.8%

Assume 1% as the longitudinal steel in the column Let the gross area of the column is Ag Therefore area of steel reinforcement is Asc Area of concrete is Ac Ac Pu Pu 5390.625 x 103 = 0.01Ag =(Ag - Asc) =(Ag-0.01Ag) = 5390.625 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc =0.4x20 (Ag -0.01 Ag) + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag Ag =503.77 x 103mm2

Therefore the side of the square column=(Ag)1/2 = 709.76mm We adopt 1200 x 1200mm as side of the column Ac =(Ag-0.01Ag) = 0.99Ag = 0.99(503.77 x 103)

= 498.73x103mm2 Asc =0.01(503.77 x 103) 5037.7mm2 [ Provide 11 numbers of 25mm dia bars with a nominal cover of 40 mm (5399.60mm2) Or { Provide 14nos of 22mm dia bars with a nominal cover of 40mm (5321.85mm2)

LATERAL TIES
of the dia of largest longitudinal bar = x 25 =6.25mm = x 22 = 5.5mm = 6mm Provide 6mm dia of lateral ties

PITCH
Least lateral dimension of column =1200mm 16x25 16x22 300 mm =400mm = 352mm

Provide 350mm c/c of lateral ties

6.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

6.4.1 DESIGN OF COLUMN C1 DESIGN LOAD
No.of floors 1 2 3 4 % reduction 0 10 20 30

LOAD CALCULATION
Dead la load of RC slab = 1x1x0.3x25 = 7.5kN/m2 Weight of floor finish Total dead load Assume each interior column take Load from an area = 10 x 5 = 50m2 Dead load from floor = 8.5 x 50 =425kN Assume each column takes load from = 10+10 = 1 kN/m2 =8.5 kN/m2

= 20m long beam Dead load f wall = 0.23 x 1 x 20 = 4.6kN/m2 Dead load of beam = 0.3 x 0.85x25 = 6.375kN/m2 Total load = 4.6 + 6.375 = 10.975kN/m2 Dead load of wall & self weight of beam=10.975 x 20

=219.5kN Total dead load from each floor = 425 + 219.5 =644.5kN Including self weight of column, load from each flor = 700kN

Dead load on ground floor column of 4 storey building =700 x 4 = 2800kN

Live load 4th floor 3rd floor 2nd floor 1st floor

Reduction (kN)

Loads

to

be

considered (kN_ 375 375 375 375 0.3x375 0.20x375 0.10 x 375 0x375 Total load 112.5 75 37.5 0 225kN

Total dead load

Total live load Design load `

= 2800kN
= 225kN = 1.5(d.1+1.1) = 1.5(2800 + 225) = 4537.5kN

SIZE OF THE COLUMN

Minimum % of steel to be provided =0.8%

Assume 1% as the longitudinal steel in the column Let the gross area of the column is Ag Therefore area of steel reinforcement is Asc Area of concrete is Ac Ac Pu Pu = 0.01Ag =(Ag - Asc) =(Ag-0.01Ag) = 4537.5kN 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc

5390.625 x 103

=0.4x20 (Ag -0.01 Ag) + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag

Ag

=424.04x103mm2

Therefore the side of the square column=(Ag)1/2 = 651.18mm We adopt 1200 x 1200mm as side of the column Ac =(Ag-0.01Ag) = 0.99Ag = 0.99(424.04 x 103) = 419x103mm2 Asc =0.01(424.04 x 103) =4240.4mm2 [ Provide 14 numbers of 20mm dia bars with a nominal cover of 40 mm (4561.59mm2) Or { Provide 14nos of 22mm dia bars with a nominal cover of 40mm (5321.85mm2)

LATERAL TIES
of the dia of largest longitudinal bar = x 20=5mm = x 22= 5.5mm

= 6mm Provide 6mm dia of lateral ties

PITCH
Least lateral dimension of column =1000mm 16x25 16x22 300 mm Provide 300mm c/c of lateral ties =352mm = 320mm

6.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN C3

LOAD CALCULATION
Dead la load of RC slab = 1x1x0.2x25 = 5kN/m2 Weight of floor finish Total dead load Assume each interior column take Load from an area =6x5 = 30m2 Dead load from floor = 6 x 30 =180kN Assume each column takes load from = 6+5 = 1 kN/m2 =6 kN/m2

= 11m length of beam Dead load f wall = 0.23 x 1 x 20 = 4.6kN/m2 Dead load of beam = 0.23 x 0.525x25 = 3.01875kN/m Total load = 4.6 + 3.01875 = 7.61875kN/m Dead load of wall & self weight of beam=7.61875 x11

=83.806kN Total dead load from each floor = 180 + 83.806 =263.806kN Including self weight of column, load from each flor Live load from each floor = 275kN = 2x6x5 = 60kN Total dead load Total live load Design load ` = 275kN = 60kN = 1.5(d.1+1.1) = 1.5x(275 + 60) = 502.kN

SIZE OF THE COLUMN

Assume 1% as the longitudinal steel in the column Asc Ac Ac Pu 502.5 x 103 = 0.01Ag =(Ag - Asc) =0.99Ag 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc =0.4x20 (Ag -0.01 Ag) + 0.67 x 415 x 0.01 Ag Ag =46960.42mm2

Ast

= 0.01Ag = 469.9mm2

Ast

=(3.14 x 162)/4 =200.96mm2

Therefore number of rods

= Ast/ast

LATERAL TIES
Diameter = x 16=4mm = 6mm Adopt 6mm dia lateral ties

PITCH
Least lateral dimension of column =250mm 16xd 16x22 Provide 256mm = 250-40-40 = 170mm 48x6 288>170mm Hence safe =288mm =16x16 = 256mm

6.3.4 DESIGN OF COLUMN

LOAD CALCULATION
Dead la load of RC slab = 1x1x0.2x25 = 5kN/m2 Weight of floor finish Total dead load Assume each interior column take Load from an area =6x5 = 30m2 Dead load from floor = 6 x 30 =180kN Assume each column takes load from = 6+5 = 1 kN/m2 =6 kN/m2

= 11m length of beam Dead load f wall = 0.23 x 1 x 20 = 4.6kN/m2 Dead load of beam = 0.23 x 0.525x25 = 3.01875kN/m Total load = 4.6 + 3.01875 = 7.61875kN/m Dead load of wall & self weight of beam=7.61875 x11

=83.806kN Total dead load from each floor = 180 + 83.806 =263.806kN Including self weight of column, load from each flor Live load from each floor = 275kN = 2x6x5 = 60kN Total dead load Total live load Design load ` = 275kN = 60kN = 1.5(d.1+1.1) = 1.5x(275 + 60) = 502.kN

SIZE OF THE COLUMN

Assume 1% as the longitudinal steel in the column Asc Ac Ac Pu 502.5 x 103 Ag = 0.01Ag =(Ag - Asc) =0.99Ag 0.4fck Ac + 0.67fy Asc =46960.42mm2 =46960.42mm2

Ast

= 0.01Ag = 469.9mm2

Ast

=(3.14 x 162)/4 =200.96mm2

Therefore number of rods

= Ast/ast =2.33

So provide 4 rods

LATERAL TIES
Diameter = 6mm Adopt 6mm dia lateral ties = x 16=4mm

PITCH
Least lateral dimension of column =250mm 16xd 16x22 Provide 256mm = 250-40-40 = 170mm 48x6 288>170mm Hence safe =288mm =16x16 = 256mm

CHAPTER-VII DESIGN OF FOUNDATION

7.1 General:
Reinforced concrete footings are designed to resist the design factored moment and Shear force due to the impose loads. The area of footing should be such that the bearing pressure developed at the base of footing does not exceed the safe bearing capacity of soil. In plain concrete footings, the thickness at the edge should be at least 150mm for footings on soils and not less than 300mm above the tops of piles for footings on piles.

7.2 Classification of Foundations:

1) Shallow foundation-if depth width a) Strip Footing b) Isolated Footing c) Combined Footing d) Cantilever Footing 2) Deep Foundation - if depth >width a) Pile b) Piears c) Caissons

7.3 Isolated footing:

An isolated footing is provided to support the individual columns. The isolated footings are circular, square or rectangular slab of uniform thickness. Sometimes, it is stepped or hunched to spread the load over a large area.

7.4 DESIGN OF FOOTING

7.4.1 DESIGN OF FOOTING F1 DATE
Design load Assuming SBC of soil = 5390.625kN = 450kN/m2

Assume self weight of footing taken As 10% of column load =(10/100) x 5390.625 =539kN Total load = 5390.625 + 539 = 5929.68 / 450 =13.71m2 Size of footing =(13.17)1/2 =3.63m Therefore,size of footing = 4m x 4m

NET UPWARD PRESSURE

W = column load / area of footing = 5390.625 / (4x4) = 336.90kN/m

DESING BENDING MOMENT

Mn = [WxA(A-a)]/8 =[336.90x13.17(13.17-4)/8 =5086kNm

DEPTH OF FOOTING
Mu D2 D Therefore depth,d Avoid shear failure = 0.138 fckbd2 =[50860 x 106)/(0.138x20x4000)]2 =678.7mm =678.7mm =700 x 2 =1400mm Total depth =1400 + 50 +8 =1458mm

MAIN REINFORCEMENT
M 5086 x 106 = 0.87fyastd{1-(fyast/fckbd)} =0.87x415xastx1400 [1-(415xAst)/20x4000x1400)] Ast2-269879.5Ast+2719432 Ast =0 =10483.7mm2

Assuming 32mm dia bars Ast =(3.14 x 322/4) =803.84mm2 Number of bars =Ast/ast =10483.7/490.62 =21.3 =21numbers Provide 21nos of 25mm dia barss

CHECK FOR DEVELOPMENT LENGTH

=0.7fyd/4xTbd =(0.87 x 415 x 25) / ( 4x1.2 ) =1880.46mm Development length available =1400-(25/2) =1387.50mm D =(16/2)-(a/2)-clear cover =5.95 m SBC of soil Column load Self weight =5390.625kN =4x4x1400 =560kN

Total load SBC of soil

=5918.35kN =total load/area =5918.35/(4x4) =369.8<450kN/m2

Hence safe

CHECK FOR TRANSVERSE SHEAR

Tvy Transverse shear =transverse shear/area =WxA[(B/2)-(b/2)-d] =336.9x16[(4/2)-(1/2)-1.458] =539.04kN/m2 Tvy Minimum value Tc>Tvy Hence safe =2.65N/mm2 =2.8N/mm2

CHECK FOR TRANSVERSE SHEAR

=Wx[AXB-(a+b)x(b+d)/(2a+2b+4d)d] ={336.9x[(16x4)-(x+1.2)(1.2+1.4)]/[ =)-(x+1.2)(1.2+1.4)]/ =[(2x4)+(2x1.2)+(4x1.4))]1.4} =14020.92/22.4

=759.2kN =(544.69x103)/(3630x1200) Permissible =0.25x(fck)1/2 =1.11N/mm2 0.125<1.11 Hence safe So it is safe against punching shear

CHECK FOR BEARING STRESS

Size of the base pof frustum of pyramid =[1200+(4x1400)]by [1200+(4x1400)] Supporting area =6.8mx6.8m =46.24m2 Loaded area A2 (A1/A2)1/2 =1.2 m x 1.2m =1.44m2 =(62.41/1.44)1/2 =5.6 =6 Permissible bearing stress =(0.45 fck) x a =(0.45 x 20)x4

=36 Actual bearing stress =(5390.625 x 103)/(1200x1200) =3.74 3.74<32.67 Hence safe Therefore, Size of footing Depth of footing Main reinforcemet side =4m x 4m = 1.458 =14 numbers of 32mm dia for both

7.4.2 DESIGN OF FOOTING F2 DATE Load from column = 502.4KN

Assume self weight of footing taken As 10% of column load =502.4x10/100 =50.24kN Safe bearing capacity of soil Area of footing required =450kN/m2 =552.64/450 =1.228m2 Side of square footing =(1.228)1/2 =1.10m Provide a square footing of 2m x 2m

NET UPWARD PRESSURE

W = (column load x1.5) /area of footing = 502.4/(2x2) = 125.6kN/m2

BENDING MOMENT
Projection of footing from face of column =(2-0.5)/2 =0.75m

Maximum bending moment at section XX, Mx =125.6x2x0.75x0.75/2 =70.65kNm =70.65x106Nmm

DEPTH OF FOOTING
MR = 2.98bd2

Effective depth required to resist the Bending moment, D =[(70.65x106)/(2.98x2000)]1/2 =108mm =110mm

TENSION REINFROCEMENT
Maximum bending moment = 70.65x106mm =0.87x415xastx216 [1-(4.8x10-5)Ast2] Ast2-20833Ast+18872916.6 Ast =0 =1898.3mm2

Provide 10 numbers of 16mm dia bars in each direction

DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
Development length required for the

Tension bars Ld =(16x230)/(4x1.2) =667mm Projection of footing from the face of the column Providing an end cover of 50mm 700mm>667mm Hence safe = 750mm

CHECK FOR TRANSVERSE SHEAR

Length of the footing beyond the Critical section =750-216 =534mm Transverse shear across section Vy =125.6x2x0.534

=134.14kN Nominal shear stress Tvy =(134.14x103)/(2000x216) =0.31N/mm2 (from table 19, IS 456:2000] Tcy Tvy=Tcy Hence ok. =0.34

BUILDING DRAWINGS

STRUCTURAL DRAWINGS

REFERENCE:
1. N. Krishna raju, Design of Reinforced Concrete Structures, CBS Publishers & Distributors Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi. 2. Dr. B.C.Punmia, Soil Mechanics and Foundation S. Chand & Co., New Delhi. 3. IS 456-2000 Code Of Practice. 4. SP 16 1980( Design Aids for Reinforced to IS 456)