MECE E3311 Heat Transfer

Some formulae for conduction

1. Thermal resistance for simple shapes

(a) Slab
L
kA

Rslab =
(b) Cylinder of unit length
Rcyl =

ln( rr0i )
2k

(c) Sphere Shell

Rsphere =

1 1
1
( )
4k ri ro

2. Internal heat generation, heat generation rate is q

for unit volume

(a) Slab, thickness of L, T = T0 at both surface

!
"
q (L/2)2
x 2
L
L
T () T0 =
1(
) ,( < x < )
2k
L/2
2
2
(b) Cylinder, radius of R, T = T0 at surface
T (r) =

q
(R2 r2 ) + T0
4k

(c) Sphere, radius of R, T = T0 at surface

T (r) =

q
(R2 r2 ) + T0
6k

3. Fin related equations (for fins with constant cross-section and perimeter)
(a) m
m=

hP
kA

(b) Fin resistance

Rf in =

1
kA tanh(mL)
hP

2
(c) Heat dissipation through fin
Qf in =

!
kA tanh(mL)(To T )
hP

(d) Efficiency of fin

=

tanh(mL)
mL

(e) Effective of fin

=

kA tanh(mL)(To T )
hP
hA(To T )

4. One term approximation

2 Fo )f1
= A1 exp(
1
(a) Slab
n x )
fn = cos(
L
(b) Cylinder
n r )
fn = J0 (
ro
(c) Sphere

fn =

sin( rnor )
n r

ro

5. Semi Infinite
(a) Temperature distribution
=

T Tf
Ti Tf

" #
&
"
#'
$
%

2
= erf
+ exp +
erf c
+
2
2

x
h t
where, = and =
.
k
t
(b) For semi-infinite object with sudden change in surface temperature at t = 0
T Ts
=
= erf
Ti Ts

" #

3
The surface heat flux in this case is given by:
q=

k(T Ti )

Figure 5.10 The heat removal from suddenly-cooled bodies as

a function of h and time.

213

209

Figure 5.7 The transient temperature distribution in a slab at six positions: x / L = 0 is the center,
x / L = 1 is one outside boundary.

210
Figure 5.8 The transient temperature distribution in a long cylinder of radius ro at six positions:
r /ro = 0 is the centerline; r /ro = 1 is the outside boundary.

211

Figure 5.9 The transient temperature distribution in a sphere of radius ro at six positions: r /ro = 0
is the center; r /ro = 1 is the outside boundary.

Table 5.2 One-term coefficients for convective cooling [5.1].

Bi

Plate

Cylinder

Sphere

A1

D1

A1

D1

A1

D1

0.01
0.02
0.05

0.09983
0.14095
0.22176

1.0017
1.0033
1.0082

1.0000
1.0000
0.9999

0.14124
0.19950
0.31426

1.0025
1.0050
1.0124

1.0000
1.0000
0.9999

0.17303
0.24446
0.38537

1.0030
1.0060
1.0150

1.0000
1.0000
1.0000

0.10
0.15
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90

0.31105
0.37788
0.43284
0.52179
0.59324
0.65327
0.70507
0.75056
0.79103
0.82740

1.0161
1.0237
1.0311
1.0450
1.0580
1.0701
1.0814
1.0918
1.1016
1.1107

0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.9983
0.9971
0.9956
0.9940
0.9922
0.9903
0.9882

0.44168
0.53761
0.61697
0.74646
0.85158
0.94077
1.01844
1.08725
1.14897
1.20484

1.0246
1.0365
1.0483
1.0712
1.0931
1.1143
1.1345
1.1539
1.1724
1.1902

0.9998
0.9995
0.9992
0.9983
0.9970
0.9954
0.9936
0.9916
0.9893
0.9869

0.54228
0.66086
0.75931
0.92079
1.05279
1.16556
1.26440
1.35252
1.43203
1.50442

1.0298
1.0445
1.0592
1.0880
1.1164
1.1441
1.1713
1.1978
1.2236
1.2488

0.9998
0.9996
0.9993
0.9985
0.9974
0.9960
0.9944
0.9925
0.9904
0.9880

1.00
1.10
1.20
1.30
1.40
1.50
1.60
1.80
2.00
2.20
2.40

0.86033
0.89035
0.91785
0.94316
0.96655
0.98824
1.00842
1.04486
1.07687
1.10524
1.13056

1.1191
1.1270
1.1344
1.1412
1.1477
1.1537
1.1593
1.1695
1.1785
1.1864
1.1934

0.9861
0.9839
0.9817
0.9794
0.9771
0.9748
0.9726
0.9680
0.9635
0.9592
0.9549

1.25578
1.30251
1.34558
1.38543
1.42246
1.45695
1.48917
1.54769
1.59945
1.64557
1.68691

1.2071
1.2232
1.2387
1.2533
1.2673
1.2807
1.2934
1.3170
1.3384
1.3578
1.3754

0.9843
0.9815
0.9787
0.9757
0.9727
0.9696
0.9665
0.9601
0.9537
0.9472
0.9408

1.57080
1.63199
1.68868
1.74140
1.79058
1.83660
1.87976
1.95857
2.02876
2.09166
2.14834

1.2732
1.2970
1.3201
1.3424
1.3640
1.3850
1.4052
1.4436
1.4793
1.5125
1.5433

0.9855
0.9828
0.9800
0.9770
0.9739
0.9707
0.9674
0.9605
0.9534
0.9462
0.9389

3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
20.00
50.00
100.00

1.19246
1.26459
1.31384
1.34955
1.39782
1.42887
1.49613
1.54001
1.55525
1.57080

1.2102
1.2287
1.2402
1.2479
1.2570
1.2620
1.2699
1.2727
1.2731
1.2732

0.9431
0.9264
0.9130
0.9021
0.8858
0.8743
0.8464
0.8260
0.8185
0.8106

1.78866
1.90808
1.98981
2.04901
2.12864
2.17950
2.28805
2.35724
2.38090
2.40483

1.4191
1.4698
1.5029
1.5253
1.5526
1.5677
1.5919
1.6002
1.6015
1.6020

0.9224
0.8950
0.8721
0.8532
0.8244
0.8039
0.7542
0.7183
0.7052
0.6917

2.28893
2.45564
2.57043
2.65366
2.76536
2.83630
2.98572
3.07884
3.11019
3.14159

1.6227
1.7202
1.7870
1.8338
1.8920
1.9249
1.9781
1.9962
1.9990
2.0000

0.9171
0.8830
0.8533
0.8281
0.7889
0.7607
0.6922
0.6434
0.6259
0.6079

219

5.3

Transient conduction in a one-dimensional slab

207

Table 5.1 Terms of series solutions for slabs, cylinders, and

spheres. J0 and J1 are Bessel functions of the first kind.

Slab

fn

2 sin n
n + sin n cos n

"
!
x
cos n
L

2 J1(n )
#
$
n J 2(n ) + J 2(n )
0
1

Cylinder

n r
ro

&

J0
%

sin n n cos n
2
n sin n cos n

Sphere

Equation for n

An

ro
n r

sin

cot n =

"
n r
ro

&

n cot n = 1 Bir
o

n=1

where the values of n are given as a function of n and Bi = hL/k by the

transcendental equation
n
Bi

(5.35)

The successive positive roots of this equation, which are n = 1 , 2 ,

3 , . . . , depend upon Bi. Thus, = fn( , Fo, Bi), as we would expect. This
result, although more complicated than the result for b.c.s of the first
kind, still reduces to a single term for Fo 0.2.
Similar series solutions can be constructed for cylinders and spheres
that are convectively cooled at their outer surface, r = ro . The solutions
for slab, cylinders, and spheres all have the form
=

(
)
'
T T
=
An exp 2n Fo fn
Ti T
n=1

(5.36)

where the coefficients An , the functions fn , and the equations for the
dimensionless eigenvalues n are given in Table 5.1.
4

BiL

n J1(n ) = Bir J0(n )

o

The solution is somewhat harder to find than eqn. (5.33) was, but the
result is4
%
&

(
) 2 sin cos[ ( 1)]
'
n
n
=
exp 2n Fo
(5.34)
n + sin n cos n

cot n =

See, for example, [5.1, 2.3.4] or [5.2, 3.4.3] for details of this calculation.

1
I.

Configuration
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat
Flat

plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,
plate,

laminar, const. Tw
laminar, const. Tw
laminar, const. qw
laminar, const. qw
turbulent, const. Tw
turbulent, const. qw
turbulent

Flat plate, laminar, const. Tw

Flat plate, laminar, const. qw
Cylinder, cross flow: N uD
when ReD P r > 0.2)
Sphere: N uD = 2 +

EXTERNAL FLOW

Nu

Correlation

Comment

N ux
N uL
N ux
N uL
N ux
N ux
N uL

1/2
0.332 Rex P r1/3
1/2
0.664 ReL P r1/3
1/2
0.453 Rex P r1/3
1/2
0.68 ReL P r1/3
4/5
0.0296 Rex P r1/3
4/5
0.0308 Rex P r1/3
4/5
(0.037 ReL 871)P r1/3

N ux
N ux

0.564 Rex P r1/2

1/2
0.886 Rex P r1/2

0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr

0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re < Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr
0.6 ! P r ! 60, Re > Recr ,
Recr = 5 105
P r ! 0.05, Rex P r > 100
P r ! 0.05, Rex P r > 100

!
"
#5/8 $4/5
1/2
0.62ReD P r1/3
ReD
= 0.3+
1+
. (valid
[1 + (0.4/P r)2/3 ]1/4
282000

1/2
0.4ReD

2/3
0.06ReD

3.5 ! ReD ! 7.6 104 , 1 ! /s ! 3.2)

"

1/2

&

Pr

0.4

"

#1/4

. (valid for 0.71 ! P r ! 380,

#
P r 1/4
, n = 0.37 if P r 10 and n = 0.36 if P r 10. All properties
P rs
except P rs are evluated at T . P rs alone is evaluated at the surface temperature.
n
FIG. 1: N uD = CRem
DP r

2
II.

INTERNAL FLOW

ReD = 4m/(D),

Dh = 4Ac /P , RaD = gT D3 /()

Laminar flow through circular pipes: N uD = 4.36 for constant wall flux and N uD =
3.66 for constant temperature.
Turbulent flow through circular pipes: For smooth pipes, Gnielinski gives the following correlation:
N uD =

(f /8)(ReD 1000)P r
1 + 12.7(f /8)1/2 (P r2/3 1)

where f = (0.79 ln ReD 1.64)2 for 3000 < ReD < 5 106 .
Entrance length effects: For constant qw (not given in BLID, Eq. 7.30 of Lienhard):

1.302Gz 1/3 1

N uD = 1.302Gz 1/3 0.5

4.364 + 0.263Gz 0.506 e41/Gz

Gz > 2 104
667 < Gz < 2 104
0 < Gz < 667

For constant Tw ,

N uD = 3.66 +

0.0668GzD
2/3

1 + 0.04GzD

where GzD = (D/x)ReD P r.

Natural Convection
1. Vertical plates N uL =

1/6

0.387RaL
0.825 + %
&
'9/16 (8/27

1 + 0.492

2. Horizontal cylinders N uD =

Pr

1/6

0.387RaD
12
0.6 + %
(8/27 (RaD 10 )
&
'

9/16

1 + 0.559
Pr

3. Vertical cylinders can be approximated as vertical plate if D

35L

1/4

GrL

1/4

0.589RaD
11
4. Spheres: N uD = 2 + %
& 0.469 '9/16 (8/27 (RaD 10 )
1 + Pr
1/5

5. Horizontal plates: Stable case: N uL = 0.52RaL

1/4

Unstable cases: N uL = 0.54RaL

(104 RaL 109 , P r 0.7),

1/3

(104 RaL 107 , P r 0.7), N uL = 0.15RaL

(107 RaL 1011 , all P r)

13.1

865

The View Factor

J1
J2

F12 = 1
A
F21 = ___1
A2

F11 = 0

A
F22 = 1 ___1
A2

FIGURE 13.3 View factors for the enclosure

formed by two spheres.

From the summation rule, we also obtain

F11 # F12 ! 1
in which case F11 ! 0, and
F21 # F22 ! 1
in which case
F22 ! 1 "

!AA "
1
2

For more complicated geometries, the view factor may be determined by solving the
double integral of Equation 13.1. Such solutions have been obtained for many different surface arrangements and are available in equation, graphical, and tabular form [14]. Results
for several common geometries are presented in Tables 13.1 and 13.2 and Figures 13.4
through 13.6. The configurations of Table 13.1 are assumed to be infinitely long (in a

TABLE 13.1 View Factors for Two-Dimensional Geometries [4]

Geometry

Relation

Parallel Plates with Midlines

Connected by Perpendicular
wi
i

Fij !

[(Wi # Wj)2 # 4]1/2 " [(Wj " Wi)2 # 4]1/2

2Wi

Wi ! wi /L, Wj ! wj /L

L
j
wj

Inclined Parallel Plates of Equal

Width and a Common Edge
j

Fij ! 1 " sin

!!2 "

i
w

(continues)

866

Chapter 13

Radiation Exchange Between Surfaces

TABLE 13.1 Continued

Geometry

Relation

Perpendicular Plates with a Common Edge

j

Fij #

1 ! (wj /wi) " [1 ! (wj /wi)2]1/2

2

Fij #

wi ! wj " wk
2wi

Fij #

1
! ! [C 2 " (R ! 1)2]1/2
2!

wj
i
wi

Three-Sided Enclosure

wk

wj

i
wi

Parallel Cylinders of Different Radii

" [C 2 "(R " 1)2]1/2

rj

ri

&

! (R " 1) cos"1

" (R ! 1) cos"1

#!CR" " !C1 "$

#!CR" ! !C1 "$%

R # rj /ri, S # s/ri
C#1!R!S
Cylinder and Parallel Rectangle

s1
s2
r
Fij # s " s tan"1 " tan"1
1
2
L
L

r
j
L
i
s2
s1

Infi
nite Plane and Row of Cylinders
s

D
j

# ! "$
s "D
D
! ! s " tan #!
D " $

D
Fij # 1 " 1 " s

"1

2 1/2

2 1/2

714

Appendix A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materials

Table A.6 Thermophysical properties of gases at atmospheric

pressure (101325 Pa)
T (K)

(kg/m3 ) cp (J/kgK) (kg/ms)

(m2 /s)

k (W/mK)

(m2 /s)

Pr

Air
0.197105

0.00941

1.035

0.437

0.01406

0.587

0.745

1.333

0.754

0.01836

1.031

0.731

100

3.605

1039

0.71110

150

2.368

1012

200

1.769

1007

0.251 105

0.784

250

1.412

1006

1.606

1.137

0.02241

1.578

0.721

260

1.358

1006

1.649

1.214

0.02329

1.705

0.712

270

1.308

1006

1.699

1.299

0.02400

1.824

0.712

280

1.261

1006

1.747

1.385

0.02473

1.879

0.711

290

1.217

1006

1.795

1.475

0.02544

2.078

0.710

300

1.177

1007

1.857

1.578

0.02623

2.213

0.713

310

1.139

1007

1.889

1.659

0.02684

2.340

0.709

320

1.103

1008

1.935

1.754

0.02753

2.476

0.708

330

1.070

1008

1.981

1.851

0.02821

2.616

0.708

340

1.038

1009

2.025

1.951

0.02888

2.821

0.707

350

1.008

1009

2.090

2.073

0.02984

2.931

0.707

400

0.8821

1014

2.310

2.619

0.03328

3.721

0.704

450

0.7840

1021

2.517

3.210

0.03656

4.567

0.703

500

0.7056

1030

2.713

3.845

0.03971

5.464

0.704

550

0.6414

1040

2.902

4.524

0.04277

6.412

0.706

600

0.5880

1051

3.082

5.242

0.04573

7.400

0.708

650

0.5427

1063

3.257

6.001

0.04863

8.430

0.712

700

0.5040

1075

3.425

6.796

0.05146

9.498

0.715

750

0.4704

1087

3.588

7.623

0.05425 10.61

0.719

800

0.4410

1099

3.747

8.497

0.05699 11.76

0.723

850

0.4150

1110

3.901

9.400

0.05969 12.96

0.725

900

0.3920

1121

4.052

0.06237 14.19

0.728

10.34

950

0.3716

1131

4.199

11.30

0.06501 15.47

0.731

1000

0.3528

1142

4.343

12.31

0.06763 16.79

0.733

1100

0.3207

1159

4.622

14.41

0.07281 19.59

0.736

1200

0.2940

1175

4.891

16.64

0.07792 22.56

0.738

1300

0.2714

1189

5.151

18.98

0.08297 25.71

0.738

1400

0.2520

1201

5.403

21.44

0.08798 29.05

0.738

1500

0.2352

1211

5.648

23.99

0.09296 32.64

0.735

Appendix A: Some thermophysical properties of selected materials

709

Table A.3: saturated liquidscontinued

Temperature
K

(kg/m3 ) cp (J/kg K) k (W/mK)

(m2 /s)

(m2 /s)

Pr

(K 1 )

Water
273.16

0.01

999.8

4220

0.5610

1.330 10 7 17.91 10 7

13.47

6.80 10 5

275

999.9

4214

0.5645

1.340

16.82

12.55

3.55 10 5

280

999.9

4201

0.5740

1.366

14.34

10.63

4.36 10 5

285

12

999.5

4193

0.5835

1.392

12.40

8.91

0.000112

290

17

998.8

4187

0.5927

1.417

10.85

7.66

0.000172

295

22

997.8

4183

0.6017

1.442

9.600

6.66

0.000226

300

27

996.5

4181

0.6103

1.465

8.568

5.85

0.000275

305

32

995.0

4180

0.6184

1.487

7.708

5.18

0.000319

310

37

993.3

4179

0.6260

1.508

6.982

4.63

0.000361

320

47

989.3

4181

0.6396

1.546

5.832

3.77

0.000436

340

67

979.5

4189

0.6605

1.610

4.308

2.68

0.000565

360

87

967.4

4202

0.6737

1.657

3.371

2.03

0.000679

373.15 100.0

958.3

4216

0.6791

1.681

2.940

1.75

0.000751

400

127

937.5

4256

0.6836

1.713

2.332

1.36

0.000895

420

147

919.9

4299

0.6825

1.726

2.030

1.18

0.001008

440

167

900.5

4357

0.6780

1.728

1.808

1.05

0.001132

460

187

879.5

4433

0.6702

1.719

1.641

0.955

0.001273

480

207

856.5

4533

0.6590

1.697

1.514

0.892

0.001440

500

227

831.3

4664

0.6439

1.660

1.416

0.853

0.001645

520

247

803.6

4838

0.6246

1.607

1.339

0.833

0.001909

540

267

772.8

5077

0.6001

1.530

1.278

0.835

0.002266

560

287

738.0

5423

0.5701

1.425

1.231

0.864

0.002783
0.003607

580

307

697.6

5969

0.5346

1.284

1.195

0.931

600

327

649.4

6953

0.4953

1.097

1.166

1.06

0.005141

620

347

586.9

9354

0.4541

0.8272

1.146

1.39

0.009092

640

367

481.5

25, 940

0.4149

0.3322

1.148

3.46

0.03971

642

369

463.7

34, 930

0.4180

0.2581

1.151

4.46

0.05679

644

371

440.7

58, 910

0.4357

0.1678

1.156

6.89

0.1030

646

373

403.0

204, 600

0.5280

0.06404

1.192

1.323

0.00948

1.313

647.0 374

357.3 3, 905, 000

18.6
138.

0.3952
7.735