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0 Function Description
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2011-12-2
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2011-12-2
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Index
Basic Function Desciption...............................................................................................................12 1. Frequency Band....................................................................................................................12 1.1. GBFD-0101 850 MHz Frequency Band............................................................................12 1.2. GBFD-0102 900 MHz Frequency Band............................................................................12 1.3. GBFD-0103 1800 MHz Frequency Band..........................................................................13 1.4. GBFD-0104 1900 MHz Frequency Band..........................................................................13 2. Service Function....................................................................................................................13 2.1. GBFD-0201 Telephone Service (TS11)............................................................................13 2.2. GBFD-0202 Emergency Call Service (TS12)...................................................................14 2.3. GBFD-0203 Point To Point Short Message Service (TS21, TS22)..................................14 2.4. GBFD-0204 G3 Fax (TS61, TS62)....................................................................................15 2.5. GBFD-0205 Bearer Service...............................................................................................15 3. Mobility Management...........................................................................................................16 3.1. GBFD-0301 Location Updating........................................................................................16 3.2. GBFD-0302 IMSI Detach..................................................................................................17 3.3. GBFD-0303 Paging............................................................................................................18 3.4. GBFD-0304 Authentication...............................................................................................20 4. Cell Selection........................................................................................................................21 4.1. GBFD-0401 Basic Cell Selection......................................................................................21 4.2. GBFD-0402 Basic cell re-selection...................................................................................22 5. Call Control Function............................................................................................................24 5.1. GBFD-0501 Call Control...................................................................................................24 5.2. GBFD-0502 Assignment and Immediate Assignment .....................................................24 5.3. GBFD-0503 Call Reestablishment....................................................................................27 6. Handover...............................................................................................................................28 6.1. GBFD-0601 Basic Handover.............................................................................................28 6.2. GBFD-0602 PBGT Handover............................................................................................30 6.3. GBFD-0603 Signal Level Rapid Fall Handover...............................................................31 6.4. GBFD-0604 Load Handover..............................................................................................31
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6.5. GBFD-0605 Layered and Hierarchical Handover.............................................................32 6.6. GBFD-0606 Speed-sensitive Handover.............................................................................33 6.7. GBFD-0607 Directed Retry...............................................................................................34 6.8. GBFD-0608 SDCCH Handover........................................................................................35 6.9. GBFD-10102 Fast PBGT Handover..................................................................................35 6.10. GBFD-10103 Chain Cell Handover................................................................................36 7. Power Control.......................................................................................................................36 7.1. GBFD-0701 Static Power Control.....................................................................................36 7.2. GBFD-0702 Dynamic Power Control...............................................................................37 7.3. GBFD-0703 Enhanced Power Control Algorithm............................................................39 8. Measurement report (MR)....................................................................................................42 8.1. GBFD-0801 Processing of Measurement Report..............................................................42 8.2. GBFD-0802 Pre-processing of Measurement Report.......................................................42 9. Adjustment of Adaptive Timing Advance............................................................................43 9.1. GBFD-0901 Adjustment of Adaptive Timing Advance....................................................43 10. Radio Resource Management.............................................................................................43 10.1. GBFD-1001 TRX Management.......................................................................................43 10.2. GBFD-1002 Radio Link Management............................................................................44 10.3. GBFD-1003 Radio Common Channel Management.......................................................45 10.4. GBFD-1004 Radio Dedicated Channel Management.....................................................47 10.5. GBFD-1005 Enhanced Channel Assignment Algorithm................................................48 11. System Information.............................................................................................................50 11.1. GBFD-1101 System Information Sending......................................................................50 11.2. GBFD-1102 Forced System Information Sending by OMC...........................................53 12. O&M Functions..................................................................................................................54 12.1. GBFD-1201 Performance Management..........................................................................54 12.2. GBFD-1202 O&M of BTS..............................................................................................58 12.3. GBFD-1203 O&M of BSC..............................................................................................59 12.4. GBFD-1204 Clock Control Setting.................................................................................61 12.5. GBFD-1205 BSC Alarm..................................................................................................62 12.6. GBFD-1206 BTS Alarm..................................................................................................63
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12.7. GBFD-1207 BTS Test Function......................................................................................64 12.8. GBFD-1208 Dynamic Data Configuration......................................................................66 12.9. GBFD-1209 GUI Graphic Interface................................................................................67 12.10. GBFD-1210 Integrated Network Management Interface.............................................68 12.11. GBFD-1211 Reporting the Temperature List of the BTS Equipment Room...............68 12.12. GBFD-1212 Reporting the BTS Resource Information................................................69 12.13. GBFD-1213 Remote Upgrade of the BSC&BTS Software..........................................70 12.14. GBFD-1214 Operation & maintenance system one-key recovery................................70 13. LAPD Multiplexing at Abis Interface................................................................................70 13.1. GBFD-1301 LAPD Multiplexing at Abis Interface........................................................70 14. Networking Modes..............................................................................................................71 14.1. GBFD-1401 Star Networking Mode................................................................................71 14.2. GBFD-1402 Link Networking Mode..............................................................................72 14.3. GBFD-1403 Tree Networking Mode...............................................................................72 15. BTS Combined Cabinet......................................................................................................73 15.1. GBFD-1501 BTS combined cabinet................................................................................73 15.2. GBFD-1502 BTS Hybrid Cabinet Group........................................................................73 16. BSC cabinet/subrack sharing..............................................................................................74 16.1. GBFD-8801 BSC cabinet/subrack sharing......................................................................74 17. BTS Power Management....................................................................................................75 17.1. GBFD-1601 BTS power management.............................................................................75 17.2. GBFD-1602 Intelligent Shutdown of TRX.....................................................................75 18. Reliability and Maintainability...........................................................................................76 18.1. GBFD-1701 Board Switchover........................................................................................76 18.2. GBFD-1702 TC Resources Pool......................................................................................77 18.3. GBFD-1703 Resources Check.........................................................................................77 18.4. GBFD-1704 Software Patch............................................................................................78 18.5. GBFD-1705 Flow Control...............................................................................................80 19. A Interface Functions..........................................................................................................81 19.1. GBFD-1801 Ater Interface 4:1 Multiplexing..................................................................81 19.2. GBFD-1802 14-Digit Signaling Point Code....................................................................81
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19.3. GBFD-1803 Circuit Management....................................................................................82 19.4. GBFD-1804 A Interface Protocol Process......................................................................83 19.5. GBFD-1805 A Interface Occupation Rate Monitoring...................................................84 19.6. GBFD-1806 STPSignaling Transport Point)...............................................................84 20. Supporting Three-Digit MNC.............................................................................................84 20.1. GBFD-1901 Supporting three-digit MNC.......................................................................85 21. STM-1 Optical Transmission Interface..............................................................................85 21.1. GBFD-2001 STM-1 Optical Transmission Interface......................................................85 22. Message Tracing.................................................................................................................85 22.1. GBFD-2201 Interface Message Tracing .........................................................................85 22.2. GBFD-2202 User Signaling Tracing...............................................................................86 23. Remote EAC Maintenance..................................................................................................87 23.1. GBFD-2301 Remote EAC Maintenance.........................................................................87 24. Cell Frequency Scan...........................................................................................................88 24.1. GBFD-2401 Cell Frequency Scan...................................................................................88 25. TCH Re-Assignment...........................................................................................................88 25.1. GBFD-2501 TCH Re-Assignment...................................................................................88 26. SDCCH Dynamic Adjustment............................................................................................89 26.1. GBFD-3001 SDCCH Dynamic Adjustment....................................................................89 27. Support of Daylight Saving Time.......................................................................................90 27.1. GBFD-6101 Support of Daylight Saving Time...............................................................91 28. MML...................................................................................................................................91 28.1. GBFD-6501 Man Machine Language (MML)................................................................91 29. Gb interface function...........................................................................................................92 29.1. GBFD-9001 Gb interface function..................................................................................92 30. PS functions.........................................................................................................................93 30.1. GBFD-9101 Packet channel combination type...............................................................93 30.2. GBFD-9102 System information.....................................................................................93 30.3. GBFD-9103 MS types.....................................................................................................94 30.4. GBFD-9104 MAC mode..................................................................................................94 30.5. GBFD-9105 RLC mode...................................................................................................95
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30.6. GBFD-9106 Coding scheme............................................................................................95 30.7. GBFD-9107 Networking control mode...........................................................................95 30.8. GBFD-9108 Network operation mode support...............................................................96 30.9. GBFD-9109 QoSBest Effort....................................................................................96 30.11. GBFD-9111 Assignment................................................................................................97 30.12. GBFD-9112 Paging........................................................................................................97 30.13. GBFD-9113 Timing advance update.............................................................................98 30.14. GBFD-9114 Measurement report..................................................................................98 30.15. GBFD-9115 Power control............................................................................................98 30.16. GBFD-9116 Uplink flow control...................................................................................99 30.17. GBFD-9117 Downlink flow control..............................................................................99 30.18. GBFD-9118 Resource pool of the packet service board...............................................99 30.19. GBFD-9119 Packet service configuration and maintenance.......................................100 30.20. GBFD-9120 Packet service performance management...............................................100 30.21. GBFD-9121 Packet service fault management............................................................100 Optional Function Desciption........................................................................................................102 1. Coverage enhanced.............................................................................................................102 1.1. GBFD-5901 PBT(Power Boost Technology)..................................................................102 1.2. GBFD-5902 Transmit Diversity......................................................................................102 1.3. GBFD-5903 4-Way Receiver Diversity..........................................................................103 1.4. GBFD-8101 Dynamic Transmit Diversity......................................................................103 1.5. GBFD-8102 Dynamic PBT(Power Boost Technology)..................................................104 1.6. GBFD-4001 Extended Cell..............................................................................................106 2. Capacity improvement........................................................................................................107 2.1. GBFD-3201 Concentric Cell...........................................................................................107 2.2. GBFD-4501 Co-BCCH Cell............................................................................................110 2.3. GBFD-4401 Multi-band Sharing one BSC......................................................................111 2.4. GBFD-4402 Enhanced Dual-Band Network...................................................................111 2.5. GBFD-3701 Frequency Hopping (RF hopping, baseband hopping)..............................112 2.6. GBFD-3702 BCCH Carrier Frequency Hopping............................................................114 2.7. GBFD-3703 Antenna Frequency Hopping......................................................................115
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2.8. GBFD-8001 BCCH Dense Frequency Multiplexing.......................................................115 2.9. GBFD-7001 Flex MAIO..................................................................................................117 2.10. GBFD-4901 Support for E-GSM and R-GSM Frequency Band..................................118 2.11. GBFD-5801 ICCInterference Counteract Combine..............................................119 2.12. GBFD-8201 Intra BSC Soft-Synchronized Network....................................................119 3. Networking Capacity .........................................................................................................121 3.1. GBFD-4601 Six-cell Function ........................................................................................121 3.2. GBFD-7801 Ring topology..............................................................................................121 3.3. GBFD-5201 High Speed Signaling ................................................................................122 3.4. GBFD-5301 Local Multiple Signaling Points.................................................................123 4. System reliability ...............................................................................................................125 4.1. GBFD-3801 TRX Cooperation........................................................................................125 4.2. GBFD-7401 MSC Pool....................................................................................................126 4.3. GBFD-6601 Abis Bypass.................................................................................................128 5. Voice service.......................................................................................................................129 5.1. GBFD-3301 Enhanced Full Rate.....................................................................................129 5.2. GBFD-3401 Half Rate.....................................................................................................129 5.3. GBFD-3402 Dynamic Adjustment between FR and HR................................................130 5.4. GBFD-5501 AMR FR......................................................................................................131 5.5. GBFD-5502 AMR HR.....................................................................................................133 5.6. GBFD-5503 AMR Power Control...................................................................................134 5.7. GBFD-5504 AMR FR/HR Dynamic Adjustment...........................................................135 5.8. GBFD-5505 AMR wireless link timer.............................................................................135 6. Voice quality enhancement.................................................................................................136 6.1. GBFD-5601 Automatic Level Control (ALC)................................................................136 6.2. GBFD-5602 Acoustic Echo Cancellation(AEC).............................................................137 6.3. GBFD-5603 Automatic Noise Restraint (ANR)..............................................................137 6.4. GBFD-5701 TFO.............................................................................................................138 6.5. GBFD-5702 TrFO............................................................................................................139 6.6. GBFD-6801 Voice Quality Index (VQI).........................................................................140 6.7. GBFD-7501 Enhanced Measurement Report(EMR)......................................................141
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7. Saving trasmission..............................................................................................................141 7.1. GBFD-6701 16Kbit RSL and OML on A-bis interface.................................................141 7.2. GBFD-7301 Flex Abis.....................................................................................................142 7.3. GBFD-6901 Flex Ater.....................................................................................................143 7.4. GBFD-7701 BSC local switch.........................................................................................144 7.5. GBFD-7702 BTS local switch.........................................................................................146 7.6. GBFD-8401 Abis Transmission Optimization................................................................147 7.7. GBFD-8402 Hub BTS in HDLC Mode...........................................................................149 8. Ciphering.............................................................................................................................150 8.1. GBFD-3501 A5/1 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................150 8.2. GBFD-3502 A5/2 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................151 8.3. GBFD-3503 A5/3 Ciphering Algorithm..........................................................................152 9. Short Message Service Cell Broadcast...............................................................................152 9.1. GBFD-3601 Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (TS23)..........................................152 9.2. GBFD-3602 Simplified Cell Broadcast...........................................................................153 10. maintainability...................................................................................................................154 10.1. GBFD-4701 Semi-Permanent Connection....................................................................154 11. Satellite Transmission.......................................................................................................158 11.1. GBFD-3901 Satellite Transmission over Abis Interface...............................................158 11.2. GBFD-3902 Satellite Transmission over A Interface...................................................159 11.3. GBFD-3903 Satellite Transmission over Ater Interface...............................................159 11.4. GBFD-3904 Satellite Transmission over Pb Interface..................................................160 11.5. GBFD-3905 Satellite Transmission over Gb Interface.................................................160 12. Hierarchical access............................................................................................................161 12.1. GBFD-6001 Resource Reservation...............................................................................161 12.2. GBFD-5001 Enhanced Multi Level Precedence and Preemption(EMLPP).................162 13. LCS....................................................................................................................................163 13.1. GBFD-5401 NSS-based LCS (Cell ID + TA)...............................................................163 13.2. GBFD-5402 BSS-based LCS (Cell ID + TA)...............................................................163 13.3. GBFD-5403 Simple mode LCS(Cell ID + TA).............................................................164 14. Power Control Algorithm..................................................................................................164
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14.1. GBFD-7601 HUAWEI III power control algorithm ....................................................164 14.2. GBFD-7101 BTS power lift for handover.....................................................................166 15. IP transmission..................................................................................................................167 15.1. GBFD-8601 Abis over IP..............................................................................................167 15.2. GBFD-8602 A over IP...................................................................................................168 15.3. GBFD-8603 Gb over IP.................................................................................................169 16. 2G/3G Interoperability......................................................................................................170 16.1. GBFD-4301 GSM/WCDMA Interoperability...............................................................170 16.2. GBFD-4302 GSM/TD-SCDMA Interoperability..........................................................172 17. Cell Reselection of PS Domain.........................................................................................173 17.1. GBFD-6301 Intra BSC Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC).................................173 17.2. GBFD-9801 Packet SI status(PSI).................................................................................173 18. Qos.....................................................................................................................................174 18.1. GBFD-9901 Streaming QoS(GBR)...............................................................................174 18.2. GBFD-9902 ARPAllocation/Retention Priority....................................................174 18.3. GBFD-9903 THPTraffic handle Priority...............................................................175 19. GPRS/EGPRS ..................................................................................................................176 19.1. GBFD-4101 GPRS.........................................................................................................176 19.2. GBFD-10001 Network operation mode I......................................................................178 19.3. GBFD-8901 CS-3/CS-4.................................................................................................178 19.4. GBFD-4201 EGPRS .....................................................................................................179 19.5. GBFD-3101 PDCH Dynamic Adjustment....................................................................181 Overall Dynamic PDCH Conversion: Except for static PDCH, all the other channels can be converted in real time based on the data service and the voice service. If required, TCH can be converted to PDCH for the PS service. When the voice service is not busy, more PDCHs are available. This can alleviate the transmission rate decrease due to PDCH multiplexing. This flexible mechanism can greatly improve the channel utilization and optimize the distribution of PDCHs and speech channels. The planning of this function is relatively simple and you only need to expand the capacity if required. .........................................................................................................................................182
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19.6. GBFD-10002 Gb Over Frame.......................................................................................183 20. Performance Speedup Features for EGPRS ....................................................................184 20.1. GBFD-9201 11-Bit EGPRS Access..............................................................................184 20.2. GBFD-9202 Immediate Assignment Function Moved down to the BTS.....................184 20.3. GBFD-9203 Extended Uplink TBF...............................................................................184 20.4. GBFD-9204 Dynamically Adjusting the Uplink MCS Coding....................................184 20.5. GBFD-9205 Dynamically Adjusting the RRBP Frequency..........................................185 20.6. GBFD-9206 Packet Uplink Assignment Taken Over by the BTS................................185 21. Enhanced Function of EGPRS Resource Management....................................................186 21.1. GBFD-9301 Enhanced Function of EGPRS Resource Management...........................186 21.2. GBFD-9302 Type of Preferred Channels for Packet Services......................................186 21.3. GBFD-9303 Load Sharing.............................................................................................187 21.4. GBFD-9304 Channel Dispatching.................................................................................188 21.5. GBFD-9401 EDAExtended Dynamic Allocation.................................................188 21.6. GBFD-9501 Adaptive Adjustment of Uplink and Downlink Channels.......................189 22. Power reduce.....................................................................................................................190 22.1. GBFD-4801 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX).........................................................190 22.2. GBFD-4802 Discontinuous Reception (DRX)..............................................................191 23. Fast Move Coverage.........................................................................................................192 23.1. GBFD-10101 AFC(Automatic Frequency Correction).................................................193
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originating (MO) call and mobile terminating (MT) calls according to service initiator. The Telephone service provides voice call between MSs within a GSM PLMN, or between a PLMN MS and PSTN or other communication network. The BSS TRAU initiates the voice conversion between GSM voice coding and 64 kbps PCM coding. The default call voice coding of normal call is full rate (FR) voice coding before optional functions (such as Enhanced Full Rate voice coding) is available.
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BS44 PAD access service, asynchronous circuit, transparent/nontransparent, 2400 bps BS45 PAD access service, asynchronous circuit, transparent/nontransparent, 4800 bps BS46 PAD access service, asynchronous circuit, transparent/nontransparent, 9600 bps BS51 packet access service, 2.4 kbps, synchronous, UDI, nontransparent BS52 packet access service, 4.8 kbps, synchronous, UDI, nontransparent BS53 packet access service, 9.6 kbps, synchronous, UDI, nontransparent BS61 alternate speech/data service, transparent/nontransparent BS81 speech followed by data service Note: BS23 and BS43 are only used for MO call. The 75bps is for uplink and 1200bps for downlink
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information type 3 of the network. IMSI attach The IMSI attach location update is a complement for the IMSI detach procedure. System information type 3 contains the ATT flag that indicates whether IMSI attach and IMSI detach are allowed. If the network indicates that IMSI attach and IMSI detach are required, the MS triggers the IMSI attach procedure when the IMSI is activated. The IMSI attach procedure can only be triggered when the MS activates the IMSI or the MS has moved from a non-coverage area to a coverage area, only if the update status is updated and the stored location area is the same as the location area broadcasted on the BCCH of the current service cell In other cases, normal location update is used. In the normal location update procedure, the network initiates other additional procedures such as classmark query, identity request, authentication procedures and encryption setting.
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When there are downlink data for MS, SGSN will initiate packet paging. If packet common control channel (PCCCH) is configuration, packet paging will be transmitted on it. If not, packet paging will be transmitted on PCH. Circuit paging
Circuit switched calls are all circuit paging transmitted on PCH. When a call arrives at the MSC of the called MS, MSC find the location area of MS and sends paging message that contains identity information of the user (IMSI or TMSI) to all BSCs in this area. BSC determines the paging BTS according to location area and the paging group that the MS belongs to with IMSI and sends the paging signaling to BTS. BTS sends the paging message of MS on the assigned PCH. Huaweis GSM BSS supports the following three standard paging modes: Ordinary paging mode: Paging message is transmitted only on PCH configured and IMSI defined channels. Complete paging mode: When a certain MS group is informed by this mode, the paging message of this group of users may be transmitted on any PCH of the same timeslot. When dynamic change of PCH configuration occurs, this mode can prevent paging message loss. Spaced paging mode: BSS adds the paging message of a certain group to another paging channel to avoid temporary overload, which means, the MS receiving common paging on channel N can get the paging message on the next paging channel N+2. Huaweis GSM BSS supports paging message queuing, paging retransmission, simultaneous processing of multiple pages and paging flow control. It can effectively improve and ensure the paging capacity of BSC. Paging message queuing Sending paging message in the Um interface is restricted with paging group, and one paging
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message may only be transmitted at the paging block corresponding to the paging group of this message. Moreover, each time only one paging request in Um interface can be transmitted at a paging block that contains at most four paging messages in Abis interface. Therefore, on the one hand BTS must temporarily save these paging message from BSC, on the other hand BTS ought to select some appropriate paging messages to transmit. That is paging messages queue. Selecting the appropriate paging messages should ensure that the total waiting time is as short as possible and that the second block of segmented immediate assignment packet will be transmitted during the specified period. If many paging messages have the same transmission priority, BTS will process these messages according to FIFO. Paging retransmission According to GSM specification, paging procedure demands that one cell and send paging message more than one time. The procedure does not specify the retransmission mechanism, so we may initiate the paging retransmission in MSC, BSC or BTS. One reasonable scheme includes a two-level retransmission: one is implemented in MSC which deals with the long intermittence such as crossing channel; and the other is implemented in the BTS which treats the bad transmission condition. Mostly we initiate the paging retransmission in MSC. The BTS supports the function of paging retransmission. We will retransmit those old paging message which have been transmitted at least one time when there is no new paging message and no immediate assignment to wait for transmitting. Simultaneous processing of multiple pages Each paging command from BSC in Abis interface comprises only one paging message sent to one MS, but each paging request in Um interface may package at most four paging messages sent to four different MSs. Therefore, in order to improve radio channel efficiency, we will package paging messages as many as possible in each paging request under the precondition of agreement with the related specification. In the paging block of some paging group, BTS will choose some available paging messages from the corresponding paging queue and package them as appropriate type of paging request. Therefore, one paging request can process multiple paging commands.
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Paging flow control When the paging flow from MSC exceeds the processing capability of BSS, BSS initiate selective flow control according to the current network situation to ensure robustness and healthy transaction of the system, the high efficiency of the paging capacity as well as the smoothness and stability of services.
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calculated result to core network for approval. Authentication strengthens the network identification of users and ensures their safety.
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The two parameters in system information 1: Cell bar access (CBA) It indicates whether a cell allows access of a mobile phone. Cell bar access is a 1 bit code; 0 means access is allowed, and 1 means access is denied. This parameter does not influence the access of switchover. Access control (AC) It can be divided into level 0 to level 9 and level 11 to level 15. Usually each GSM user has an access level and each level is represented by one bit: 1 means the current cell denies the access of MS with corresponding level. Otherwise, the access is allowed. Users with level 11 to level 15 have higher priority of access than users with level 0 to level 9, but there is no priority difference within level 11 to level 15 or level 0 to level 9. The minimum Rxlev allowed in system information 3: RXLEV_ACCESS_MIN: It is the threshold signal level represented by a 6 bits code. The corresponding level value of the range 0 to 63 is 110 dBm to 47 dBm. Access parameter CBQ in system information 4 Cell Bar Qualify (CBQ): It is a 1 bit code. CBQ and CBA together form the priority status of the cell. For details, please refer to below as follows: Priority status formed by CBQ and CBA CBQ CBA Priority status of cell 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 selection Normal Barred Low Low Cell reselection status Normal Barred Normal Normal
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(Temporary Offset), PT (Penalty Time)) in system information, the MS will reselect the neighbor cell when the service which the neighbor can provide is better than that of the serving cell. Thus, all the service MS needs will be provided by the current serving cell which is neighbor cell before re-selection. BA list MS initiate cell re-selection according to BCCH assignment (BA) list in service cell system broadcast message. GSM network has two BA lists: One is transmitted in the system information on BCCH, used for cell selection and re-selection of MS in idle mode. The other is transmitted in the system information on SACCH, used to indicate to MS which BCCH carrier is for handover monitoring in dedicate mode. Cell re-selection initiation Cell re-selection will be initiated in any one of the following situations (if C2 algorithm has not been activated, C2=C1): The C2 value of a certain cell (belonging to the same location area with the current cell) exceeds that of the current cell by 5 seconds successively; The C2 value of a certain cell (belonging to different location area from the current cell) exceeds the sum of the C2 value of the current service cell and cell selection hysteresis value by 5 seconds successively; The current service cell is barred; MS detects downlink failure; The C1 value of the service cell is less than 0 for 5 seconds successively; Access attempt fails after maximum retransmission in MS random access. The following parameter in system information 4 decides whether to activate C2 calculation: Cell re-selection parameter indicator (PI): it indicates to MS whether to adopt C2 as cell reselection parameter and to check if this parameter exists. PI is a 1 bit code: 0 means C1 replacing C2 as the cell re-selection criteria; 1 means extracting parameter from system information and calculating C2 value as cell re-selection criteria. Cell re-selection keeps MS staying in the good cell, thus ensuring the quality of service.
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Immediate assignment The immediate assignment procedure is always initiated by the BSS. It may be triggered by a paging request or by a mobile originating service request. The purpose of the immediate assignment procedure is to establish an RR connection between the mobile station and the network. In the immediate assignment procedure, the mobile station sends a CHANNEL REQUEST message on the Random Access Channel. The network responds with an IMMEDIATE ASSIGNMENT message, which causes the mobile station to seize the indicated dedicated channel. This channel can be a stand-alone dedicated control channel (SDCCH) or a traffic channel (TCH). Immediate assignment combination Each immediate assignment from BSC in Abis interface comprises the response for only one MS's channel request message, but the response messages for channel request in Um interface include three types: immediate assignment, immediate assignment extended and immediate assignment reject. Moreover, one immediate assignment extended may package two immediate assignment messages and one immediate assignment reject may package at most four reject type immediate assignment messages. Therefore, in order to improve radio channel efficiency, we will combine up to two immediate assignment messages as immediate assignment extended or up to four immediate assignments reject messages as immediate assignment reject to guarantee that Abis interface messages will be sent as many as possible in one Um interface message under the precondition of agreement with the related specification. Early assignment for MOC Early assignment for MOC (mobile original call) means TCH is assigned to MOC before call really establishment. As to signaling procedure in assignment procedure, ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message is sent to mobile station before ALERTING message. In this case, an alerting ringing tone has to be generated by the network. Late assignment for MOC In the case of late assignment for MOC, the network determines when TCH is to be assigned. The assignment may be performed at any time after call establishment has been initiated in the
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fixed network. ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message is sent to mobile station after ALERTING message. In that case, if the ringing tone is needed, it has to be generated locally at the mobile station as no traffic channel is allocated. TCH immediate assignment for MOC A traffic channel is directly assigned to a MOC during the immediate assignment procedure, process the user authentication and encryption and other signaling connection, then call establishment and subsequent communication goes on this traffic channel. While receiving the ASS REQ message, BSS modify the channel mode to service mode, through the channel, MSC assign the ringing and connecting message, the response time can be improved. Early assignment for MTC Mobile terminating call establishment is initiated by the network sending a PAGING REQUEST message. Upon receiving this message the mobile station initiates the immediate assignment procedure and responds to the network by sending the PAGING RESPONSE message. After that, Traffic channel is assigned to MTC before call establishment has been initiated. As to signaling procedure, ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message is sent to mobile station before ALERTING message. In this case, an alerting ringing tone has to be generated by the network. Late assignment for MTC Mobile terminating call establishment is initiated by the network sending a PAGING REQUEST message. Upon receiving this message the mobile station initiates the immediate assignment procedure and responds to the network by sending the PAGING RESPONSE message. After that, the network determines when the traffic channel is to be assigned. The assignment may be performed at any time after call establishment has been initiated in the fixed network. ASSIGNMENT COMMAND message is sent to mobile station after ALERTING message. In that case, if the ringing tone is needed, it has to be generated locally at the mobile station as no traffic channel is allocated. TCH immediate assignment for MTC The network initiates mobile terminating call establishment by sending a PAGING REQUEST message. Upon receiving this message the mobile station initiates the immediate assignment
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procedure, a traffic channel is directly assigned to a MTC during the immediate assignment procedure, process the user authentication and encryption and other signaling connection, then call establishment and subsequent communication goes on this traffic channel. At the end of immediate assignment procedure, MS responds to the network by sending the PAGING RESPONSE message, In the following assignment procedure, modify the channel mode to service mode, through the channel, MSC assign the ringing and connecting message, so the response time can be improved. Huaweis GSM BSS provides TCH immediate assignment for MTC procedure as GSM protocol mentioned.
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Call reestablishment completes. During the call reestablishment, MS cannot return to idle mode. Therefore, when MS select a cell in different location area as the target cell for call reestablishment, it cannot implement location update until this call ends. MSC controls the call reestablishment procedure. BSC initiate channel establishment and layer 3 information forwarding.
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Handover decision algorithm Handover decision algorithm can be divided into TA handover, BQ handover, edge handover, interference handover and other enhanced handover algorithm. TA handover Timing advance can be used as a standard to limit the cell size. BSC decides whether the TA value of the current MS exceeds the timing advanced limit (TALIM). If exceeds, BSS will initiate an emergency handover. The value range of TA is from 0 to 63 and the step length of each bit is 553.5 m. when TA value is 63, it means the distance is 35 km. if the service cell meets the requirement of TA emergency handover, it will be punished after handover completes in order to avoid this user being handed over to this cell again due to other reasons. TA handover algorithm has been changed to meet the special needs of the extended cells. BQ handover: The transmission quality of link is measured by bit error ratio (BER). BSC measures transmission quality through quality level in the measurement report. There are eight levels from 0 to 7: level 0 is best and level 7 is worst. High level may be resulted from low signal power or channel interference. When the received quality is lower than BQ handover limit, the network will start handover algorithm to ensure the quality of communication. This procedure is called BQ handover. If the service cell meets the requirement of BQ handover, it will be punished after handover completes in order to avoid this user being handed over to this cell again for other reasons. Edge handover: Edge handover is a kind of rescue handover based on signal level. When edge handover is triggered, the signal level of the target cell should exceed that of the service cell by at least one hysteresis value (hysteresis in inter-cell handover). The trigger principle of edge handover is that edge handover is triggered when the Rxlev of service cell is lower than edge handover limit and the P/N criteria is met in the statistic time in order to keep the conversation quality. Interference handover When the Rxlev is normal but the received quality is relatively bad, the network will start handover algorithm to keep the conversation quality. This procedure is called interference
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handover. The difference between interference handover and bad quality handover is that in interference handover, the received quality is not so bad to affect the communication and the Rxlev is relatively high. When interference handover is triggered, the quality of the channel used is slightly interfered and the communication is still sustained. Therefore, intra-cell handover is recommended. Interference handover keeps the quality of conversation and the continuity of mobile communication, thus improving the quality of service.
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Threshold ), this cell is consider to have a heavy traffic load, and the load handover algorithm needs to be activated. If the cell flow of a cell is lower than the low traffic threshold (Load HO Rx Threshold), it is consider having a low traffic load, and is allowed to accept the traffic handed over from other heavy traffic load cells. To avoid all the calls in cell initiate the load handover after they reach the load handover threshold, the system controls the load handover bandwidth to control the handover. The load handover is allowed only when the Rxlev of the serving cell is in the range of the edge handover threshold and the edge handover threshold + load handover bandwidth. To avoid too many handovers happening simultaneously, the load handover is implemented step by step, that is, the edge handover threshold will increase by certain step length (CLS_Ramp) and period (CLS_Period). The increase ends when the threshold reaches the load handover bandwidth (CLS_Offset). The load handover algorithm can effectively share the load of the cell and reduce the cell congestion.
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The bottom layer in the GSM1800 pico cell. Its main function is to meet the coverage requirement on the hot spot or the dead zone. The lower layer has the higher priority. If a cell has a high priority and its signal level is higher than a threshold (Inter-layer HO Threshold) and satisfy the P/N criterion, the call will be handed over to this cell even if the serving cell can still provide normal services. The purpose of layered and hierarchical handover is to direct the traffic to the cell with higher priority so that the traffic can be distributed more reasonably The service quality can be improved by setting the lowest threshold of receiving level of the target cell. There is a hysteresis when the handover occurs. Thus, the inter-layer pingpong handover will be avoided. The operators can construct a hierarchical network. They can take different traffic distribution strategies in different areas. Thus, the quality of the whole network can be improved.
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If the duration of MS camping in a cell is lower than a certain threshold (Fast Moving Time Threshold), this MS is considering being moving fast with this cell. To avoid miscarriage of justice, P/N measurement will be implemented to several cells. If the criterion of fast moving is satisfied, this MS will be handed over the macro cells. For MS registered in macro cell, the method of "timer + penalty" is applied. Before the speed sensitive timer of a certain micro cell times out, this receiving level of this micro cell will be punished, so that the position of this micro cell in the cell sequencing will be lowered. This function can ensure the MS moving fast stay in the macro cell. Thus, the handover times are reduced, the call drops are reduced.
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If the target cell is located in the different BSCs but the same MSC, the handover is called interBSC directed retry. If the target cell is located in the different MSC, the handover is called inter-MSC directed retry. After the directed retry is complete, the MS reports the handover complete message before it begins the call. BSC reports the MSC the assignment complete message or the handover complete message according to the target location. This function can reduce the call access failure due to the TCH congest of the cell.
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Fast PBGT handover algorithm enables the better cell handover in a short period of time. Compared with the existing PBGT handover algorithm, the fast PBGT handover algorithm has the following improvement:
Handing over an MS to a proper target cell by predicting the moving direction of the MS. Accelerating the handover decision to improve the handover speed.
This function can improve the success rate of handovers in fast-moving environment.
moving direction.
This function can improve the success rate of handovers in fast-moving environment.
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frequency interference. As an important means of radio link management, power control adjusts the maximum transmission power of TRX according to the expectation of system parameter setting, the Rxlev of uplink and downlink from BTS, and the MR of received quality. The basic principle of power control is: Reduce power when Rxlev or quality is higher than expectation Increase power when Rxlev or quality is lower than expectation Take both Rxlev and quality into consideration to improve the accuracy and efficiency of power control. Transmission power control tries to reduce transmission power when the transmission quality can be ensured without maximum transmission power. It can keep the transmission quality as well as reduce the average transmission power of MS and BTS and reduce the interference to other channels. Huaweis GSM BSS supports 10 steps of BTS static power control: from 0dB to 20dB, with each step of 2dB. It can adjust the maximum transmission power of BTS within a large scope. The minimum step of BTS static power control is 0.2 dB so that more accurate power control can be implemented. By modifying and setting the parameters of static power control, coverage area, network architecture and the load of different cells are adjusted to meet the networking requirement of operators.
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saturation ratio of multicoupler as well as the power consumption of MS are reduced. The power control of MS includes two adjustment stages: initial adjustment stage and stable adjustment stage. Initial Adjustment Stage Since BTS can support multi-call at the same time, the Rxlev should be quickly reduced in the new call connection. Otherwise, other calls supported by this BTS will deteriorate and the calls in other cells will also be affected. The purpose of initial adjustment stage is to quickly reduce the transmission power of MS to get the stable MR, so MS can be adjusted according to stable power control algorithm. Initial adjustment is used at the beginning of call connection. When a connection occurs, MS sends signals with nominal power (before receiving power adjustment commend, the nominal transmission power of MS is the maximum transmission power indicated on BCCH of the cell. If MS does not support this power level, it will adopt other power level most close to this level, such as the maximum power level supported by the classmark of MS in establishment indication message). Stable Adjustment Stage Stable adjustment is the common way to implement power control algorithm. The required parameters in uplink power control, the expected uplink Rxlev, and the uplink received quality can be adjusted according to the situation of the cell. After receiving a certain number of uplink MRs, the system compares the actual uplink Rxlev and received quality obtained by interpolation, filtering, and other methods with the expected values and calculate the power level that the MS should be adjusted to through power control algorithm. If the calculated power level differs from the output power level of MS and meets certain limit conditions (such as step limit of power adjustment and range limit of MS output power), the system will send power adjustment command. The purpose of uplink power control adjustment is to minimize the difference between the actual uplink Rxlev and received quality and the expected uplink Rxlev and received quality. BTS dynamic power control is the fine tuning based on static power control. The mode of BTS power control is almost the same with that of MS power control.
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BTS supports 15 steps of dynamic power control with each step of 2dB; MS supports 19 steps of dynamic power control with each step of 2dB.
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quality values from former MRs. These MRs may be obtained under different transmission power. Therefore, in order to ensure the accuracy of Rxlev, the Rxlev values from the former MRs must be compensated if the transmission power in these MRs changes. Filter these MRs after interpolation and compensation and the power control decision will be more effective. Filter prediction As there is an interval between power control decision and power adjustment, the MR that the power control decision refers to cannot truly reflect the radio environment of power adjustment, but lags behind the changes of Rxlev and received quality, leading to the hysteresis of power adjustment. Filter prediction modifies the MR to approach the situation when power adjustment occurs. Therefore, the hysteresis can be removed effectively. The change trends of Rxlev and received quality keep continuity in a short period of time. Sample the preceding N MRs, and initiate weighted filtering, and then forecast the succeeding 0 to 3 MRs. Since there is usually an interval of only 3 MRs (1.5 s) between power control decision and power adjustment, the accuracy of forecast can be ensured. Filter the forecast MR, the interpolated MR and the compensated MR, and make the power control decision. Dual threshold power control algorithm Dual threshold power control algorithm adopts the following three strategies: Adjusting step length of power according to Rxlev Although the purpose of power control is to achieve high conversation quality under low level, as the instability of radio link and interferences from outside, the transmission power cannot be too low. Huawei power control algorithm adopts dual threshold power control strategy to keep the Rxlev within this dual threshold. Adjusting step length of power according to received quality The received quality changes with interference. The main interference in GSM is intrafrequency interference resulted from frequency multiplexing. This kind of interference is interactional: the increase of the power of one call equals the increase of the interference of another call. Therefore, the power adjustment due to the change of received quality should avoid the group effect of excessive increase of transmission power. The received quality is also dual limited. The received quality outside the limit requires transmission power adjustment,
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while the received quality within the limit does not. The power adjustment due to received quality takes fixed step length to avoid oscillation. Adjusting Power control by taking both Rxlev and received quality into consideration Consider both Rxlev and received quality: meet the requirement of each factor on the one hand and consider the stability of algorithm and forbid instable adjustment when the two requirements are not compatible on the other hand. Therefore, the influences of these two factors to power control should be fully considered. Variable step length power control When variable step length regulation is adopted, if that the level or quality is greatly different from its expected value, use the larger step length to quickly adjust power; in the case that the level or quality is slightly different from its expected value, use the smaller step length to adjust power. Thus, quick and accurate power regulation is achieved. Adaptive power control Adaptive power control is to change power control strategy according different communication environments. This fact leads to a more effective and more stable power control. This is reflected in following two aspects: Power control adjustable maximum step length can be adjusted automatically according to the different communication environments. The different power control strategies are adopted for different communication environments Upper limit adjustment of signal strength when received quality is bad In dual threshold power control algorithm, the uplink/downlink signal strength has an upper limit and a lower limit. When the received quality is bad, further increase the upper limit of uplink/downlink signal strength. When the received quality is good, adopt the lower upper limit of uplink/downlink signal strength to reduce the transmission power of MS or BTS. When the received quality is bad, adopt the higher upper limit of uplink/downlink signal strength to improve the conversation quality. Uplink power control step length and downlink power control step length being configured separately This technology enables quick and flexible power control according to network condition:
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quickly increase power when the uplink/downlink signal strength or received quality suddenly becomes bad in order to avoid call drop or other problems. Benefits of enhanced power control algorithm Improve the accuracy and efficiency of power control; Reduce the interference of intra-network call; Improve the effective capacity of network; Improve the operation quality of network.
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MR pre-processing is an optional function of MR processing. It enables BTS to complete part of the MR pre-processing work that BSC responsible for, such as interpolation and filtering. This function reports information to BSC through pre-processed measurement result instead of the original measurement report. BSC configures BTS through pre-process configure message, which indicates the parameter settings of MR pre-processing, such as report cycle and filter length, BTS pre-processing of MR can reduce the signaling flow at Abis interface and improve the multiplexing level of signaling channel.
9. Adjustment of Adaptive Timing Advance 9.1. GBFD-0901 Adjustment of Adaptive Timing Advance
Function Description: Timing advance is a signal that sent by the BTS to the MS which the MS uses to advance it timings of transmissions to the BTS so as to compensate for propagation delay. MS timing offset is a delay of the received signal relative to the expected signal from an MS at zero distance under static channel conditions with zero timing advance. BTS calculates the MS timing offset and uses it to adjust the timing advance, and then send timing advance to MS. The MS timing offset is accurate to 1 symbol, and reported once per SACCH or after RACH as required (i.e. at the same rate as timing advance). This function ensures the radio signaling arrive at BTS on time without mistake.
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Function Description: TRX management is mainly about TRX status management, which includes the following procedures: SACCH filling information modification procedure This procedure enables BSC to indicate to BTS the new information used on downlink SACCHs, so BTS will inform MS to initiate system information update. Radio resource indication procedure Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC the interference level on idle dedicated channel of each TRX, so BSC is fully informed of the interference situation of the current idle channels for the subsequent channel allocation. Flow control procedure Through this procedure, frame unit controller (FUC) indicates to BSC the overload TRX. The cause of overload may include overload CCCH, overload AGCH and overload processor. Error report procedure BTS reports to BSC the detected downlink errors that cannot be reported by other procedures.
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Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that the radio link release initiated by MS has finished. Link release request Through this procedure, BSC requests BTS to release a radio link. Transparent Layer 3 message transmission in acknowledged mode Through this procedure, BSC request BTS to forward a transparent Layer 3 message in acknowledged mode. Transparent Layer 3 Message Reception in acknowledged mode Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that a transparent layer 3 message is received in acknowledged mode. Transparent Layer 3 Message Transmission in unacknowledged mode Through this procedure, BSC request BTS to forward a transparent Layer 3 message in unacknowledged mode. Transparent Layer 3 message reception in unacknowledged mode Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that a transparent layer 3 message is received in unacknowledged mode. Link error indication Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC the errors in radio link layer.
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and requests network to assign an SDCCH. AGCH (Access Grant Channel): Downlink channel, the network informs MS of the assigned dedicated channel (SDCCH or TCH) through AGCH. NCH (Notification Channel): Downlink channel, used for voice group call service and voice broadcast service. PPCH (Packet Paging Channel): Downlink channel, MS listens to PPCH at intervals to judge whether there is a call from SGSN. PRACH (Packet Random Access Channel): Uplink channel, MS requests for network access through PRACH. PAGCH (Packet Access Grant Channel): Downlink channel, network informs MS of the assigned packet data traffic channel through PAGCH. PNCH (Packet Notification Channel): Downlink channel, used for PTM-M call. Radio common channel management procedures Radio common channel management procedures include MS channel request, paging, immediate assignment, erasure indication, CCCH load indication, broadcast information modification and short message cell broadcast. It is used for signaling processing procedures such as terminal access and assignment. MS channel request: this procedure is triggered when TRX detects the random access (channel request message) from MS. Paging: this procedure is used to page an MS on a specific paging sub-channel. It is used for mobile terminating call and initiated by MSC through BSC. BSC decides the paging group used according to the IMSI of the called MS. The values of this paging group and the identity information of MS are sent to BTS. Immediate assignment: when MS first accesses to BTS, BSC assigns a dedicated channel for MS immediately through this procedure. CCCH load indication: BTS indicates to BSC the load information of specific CCCH timeslot. If this load exceeds the load limit set by the system, BTS will send overload indication to BSC periodically. Erasure indication: through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that one immediate assignment message is deleted without being put in AGCH queue. In order to do that, BTS
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sends an erasure indication message to BTS. Broadcast information modification: BSC indicates to BTS the new information to broadcast on BCCH. In order to do that, BSC sends a BCCH message to BTS. Short message cell broadcast: through this procedure, BSC requests BTS to send cell broadcast short message.
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channel release procedure in TS GSM 04.08. Radio channel release Through this procedure, BSC indicates to BTS to release a radio channel no longer used. MS power control Through this procedure, BSS controls the transmission power of MS related to the activated channel. MS power control decision should be implemented in BSC or BTS BSS transmission power control Through this procedure, BSS controls the transmission power of the activated channel of TRX. BSS transmission power control should be implemented in BSC or BTS. Connection failure Through this procedure, BTS indicates to BSC that an activated dedicated channel has been broken. Physical context request Through this procedure, BSC obtains the physical parameters of specific channels, which always happens before a decision of channel change. It is an optional procedure. SACCH information modification Through this procedure, BSC indicates to BTS to change the filling information on a certain SACCH.
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quality, put-through rate, call drop rate and handover success rate. It is the first factor to be considered in channel assignment. The measurable interferences include uplink interference on idle channels and uplink/downlink interference on occupied channels. The preferred mechanism is based on the following aspects: Channel assignment based on interference Assign the channels with less interference first. There are two exceptions: For calls with high priority, MSC will limit the interference on channels to be assigned. Channels with interference beyond this limit cannot be assigned. Considering the maximum transmission power ability and propagation loss in the call environment, assign the channels with more interference to the calls with higher Rxlev and leave the channels with fewer interfaces to the calls with lower Rxlev in order to improve the overall put-through rate and conversation quality. Channel assignment based on channel configuration Consider channel configurations such as whether the channel and BCCH belong to the same TRX in order to reduce network interference and improve network quality. Channel assignment based on history record This kind of algorithm has memory function. History record includes the success, failure and call drop of the channel seizure. Whether the seizure failure and the call drop are cause by radio channels should be analyzed. This kind of history record can be used as a reference in channel assignment. Channel assignment based on load balance Load balance can keep the even distribution of channel seizures in different frequencies. It can reduce intra-frequency and inter-frequency interferences and avoid the risks due to the concentration of calls in several frequencies. Channel assignment based on specific calls Specific calls such as intra-cell handover and overlaid handover have special channel assignment strategies. Intra-cell handover is often caused by channel quality, which may indicate that the frequency of the original channel is interfered. If the original channel is frequency hopping channel, the frequency hopping group is very likely to be interfered seriously. Therefore, in intra-cell handover, the new channel takes the frequency or frequency
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hopping group that is different from the original cell as the first choice.
AMR based call: In networks with dense frequency multiplexing, the interference is very strong. Because AMR calls have excellent anti-interference performance, AMR calls are allocated to the carriers with dense frequency multiplexing, and non-AMR calls are allocated to the carriers with loose frequency multiplexing. In this way, the voice quality in the entire network is improved. The channel assignment in BSC system supports queuing. There is no queuing in initial assignment because the priority information of users cannot be obtained at that time. Queuing is mainly used in connection assignment and handover. MSC decides whether queuing is allowed in assignment request or handover request. If there is no channel available and queuing is allowed, BSC will queue this assignment request and assign the traffic channels as soon as possible to reduce the wait time of users. The channel assignment in BSC system supports different priority level assignment. Channels are assigned according to different priority levels. Sometimes, high priority users can even preempt the channels of users with low priority. Taking various factors into consideration can optimize the channel assignment for each call so that the users will get high voice quality.
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Type of system information Huawei BSS supports 13 types of system information: 1, 2, 2bis, 2ter, 2quater, 3, 4, 5, 5bis, 5ter, 6, 7, and 13. Among them, 1, 2, 2bis, 2ter, 2quater, 3, 4, 7, and13 are broadcast messages transmitted on BCCH in idle mode; 5, 5bis, 5ter, and 6 are associated messages transmitted on SACCH in communication mode. Among the 13 types of system information, 1, 2, 2bis, 2ter, 3, 4, 5, 5bis, 5ter, and 6 are basic system information; 7 and 13 are system information transmitted to support GPRS; 2quater is information transmitted to support the inter-system handover and re-selection between 2G and 3G. Way of System information sending System information is sent by two different ways: broadcast message and channel associated message. In idle mode, MS communicates with the network via the broadcasting of system information. The network sends system information to MS so that MS knows its current position and the service type available. Some parameters can also control the cell reselection of MS. When MS is establishing calls, the communication between network equipment is realized with the channel associated system information. Network equipment sends some contents in the channel-associated message to MS so as to control the behaviors such as transmission, power control and handover of MS. The broadcast system information is closely related to the channel-associated message. The content in the broadcast system information can overlap with that in the channel associated message. While the content in the channel associated message can be inconsistent with that in the broadcast system information, because the channel associated message has the effect on only one MS, while the broadcast system information affects all MSs in idle mode. Parameters of system information System information contains the following key parameters of network: Network identity parameter It contains cell global identification (CGI) and base station identity code (BSIC). CGI consist of location area identification (LAI) and cell identification (CI). System messages 3, 6, and 4
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contain all or partial CGI information. BSIC marks the local color code of each GSM BTS. Since the frequencies are more or less reused according to network planning requirement, MS differentiates the BCCH TRXs of two cells sharing the same frequency with BSIC that transmitted on the sync channel of each cell. IMSI attach-detach allowed (ATT) It is used to inform MS that whether the IMSI ATT process is allowed. ATT is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. Common control channel configuration (CCCH CONF) CCCH CONF decides the combination mode of CCCH. It is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. CCCH CONF must be consistent with the actual configuration of CCCH. It is decided by traffic model of the cell. Access granted reserved blocks (BS AG BLKS RES) This parameter is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. Parameter BS AG BLKS RES and parameter CCCH CONF together decide the CCCH information blocks contained in each BCCH multi-frame. After CCCH CONF is confirmed, parameter BS AG BLKS RES actually distributes the proportion of AGCH and PCH on CCCH. This parameter regulates the bearer status of AGCH and PCH. Paging channel multi-frames (BS PA MFRMS) This parameter is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. It represents the number of multi-frames contained in a cycle of the paging sub-channel. In fact, this parameter determines how many paging sub-channels assigned in the paging channel of a cell. Periodical location update timer (T3212) This parameter determines the frequency of Periodical location update of MS. It is transmitted in the control channel description of system information type 3. It is an 8 bits code with the value ranging from 0 to 255. Each unit represents six minutes. Value 0 means no location update. Cell Channel Function Description: This parameter is transmitted in system information type 1. It describes the channel number of the radio frequency of the cell. It is mainly used for frequency hopping. Please note that the
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maximum channel number is 64. Neighbor Cells Function Description: This parameter is transmitted in system information type 2, 2bis, 2ter, 5, 5bis, and 5ter. It describes the absolute channel number of BCCH carrier frequency of the neighbor cell. The maximum number is 32. MS receives different neighbor cell list in idle mode and traffic mode that correspond to BA1 configuration and BA2 configuration respectively. These two BA lists can be configured in the same way or different way. Multi-band Reporting (MBR) This parameter is transmitted in system information type 2ter and type 5ter. It is a 2 bits code which indicates to dual band MS to report the neighbor information of different frequency bands. CELL_BAR_ACCESS This parameter indicates whether the cell allows the access of mobile phone access. It is a 1 bit code; 0 means access allowed and 1 means access denied. This parameter does not affect the access of handover. Cell re-selection parameter indicator (PI) It indicates to MS whether to adopt C2 as cell re-selection parameter and to check if this parameter exists. PI is a 1 bit code: 0 means C1 replacing C2 as the cell re-selection criteria; 1 means extracting parameter from system information and calculating C2 value as cell reselection criteria. System information is an important parameter for operators to regulate network and control terminal activities. It is also an important means for network optimization. A deep understanding of system information enables fine network architecture and high quality network.
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forcedly sent at any time in order to update the system information of this cell. Sometimes the configuration parameters of system information can be obtained immediately by tracing the system information at Abis interface. This function helps maintainers to verify network parameters after parameter adjustment.
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performance report and GPRS data throughput monitor, require real time monitor. The user interface of real time monitor can be displayed through histogram, fold-line graph or pie graph, or through clear and effective performance report. Threshold alarm is also one of the performance monitor functions. Through threshold alarm monitor, the improper performance index data can be detected on time to assist system maintenance. The threshold may have only upper limit or lower limit or both upper and lower limits according to specific measurement indexes. When the measurement value goes beyond the threshold, the performance operation system will automatically send threshold alarm to alarm system. The abnormality can be analyzed and removed according to feedback. Real-time monitoring: Generally, the minimum period of reporting the KPIs is 15 minutes. When optimizing the network, the maintenance personnel must check the impact of system parameter changes on the network performance. To satisfy the requirements on operation and maintenance while considering the load of the system, the system supports reporting some KPIs at the interval of 1 minute. These KPIs include TCH traffic volume, handover success rate, TCH call drop rate (including handover), TCH congestion rate (all busy), call setup success rate, paging overload rate, and CPU usage. You can select them if necessary. Performance control The purpose of performance control is to improve network performance and service quality, which can be called network optimization. Network optimization includes optimization analysis and optimization implementation. Optimization analysis Network optimization is based on deep analysis of the data (such as traffic statistics data, interface tracing data, drive test data, maintenance data, RFMT data, CHR, RSSI and other warehouse, such as diagnostic data) in performance data warehouse and the data alarm information. The analysis report and optimization suggestion are carried out after comprehensive analysis. Besides, the optimization guide is also required. Optimization implementation This function implements network optimization by performance control according to optimization suggestion.
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Performance analysis and report Operation support personnel monitor the network performance, the available network resources, resource utilization and service class according to the performance report made by maintenance personnel. The performance report varies according to different operators and the change of services. Huaweis GSM BSS provides convenient customized report to meet different requirement and also provides original performance data for the enhancement maintenance of operators by third-party tools. Diagnosis and location of performance problems This function is the discrimination, judgment and location of the potential problems such as CHR, voice problems (call drop, put-through rate, one-way audio and so on) and signaling analysis according to the comprehensive analysis of performance statistics, performance diagnostic data ( such as CHR, RFMT, tracing, and RSSI ), alarm data, and configuration data. Function Description:of performance statistics index: Classification of performance statistics Performance statistics object can be divided into BSC, cell, TRX and cell neighborhood according to statistical object; Performance statistics also can be divided into paging, call procedure, measurement report and channel assignment according to the user status of a certain statistical indicator. Performance management can automatically add or delete the related statistics function according to the dynamic adjustment of network configuration. Performance measurement data is stored in network and users can obtain the customized report according to their own needs. The key performance index (KPI) and the routine maintenance index that the users (including maintenance personnel and network optimization engineers) care about are default defined in pre-defined index mode. According to the traffic statistics manual or other user manuals users can also customize the performance statistics report based on the detailed definition of original index. Enhanced performance statistics that Huaweis GSM BSS supports Huaweis GSM BSS also supports the following enhanced performance statistics: Cell incoming and outgoing handover statistics This function provides the performance measurement of adjacent cell incoming and outgoing
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handover. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the handover parameters to optimize the network. Undefined adjacent cell statistics This function provides BSIC, BCCH frequency, average signal intensity, quantity of measurement reports of the cell that is configured as an adjacent cell in BA list, but not so in cell adjacency relationship table. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network. Defined adjacent cell statistics This function provides BSIC, BCCH frequency, average signal intensity, quantity of measurement reports of the adjacent cell. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network. Up and Down link balance statistic This function provides uplink and downlink balanced performance measurement of TCH. The different grades between downlink receiving level and uplink receiving level would be counted. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network. Call loss statistics This function provides performance measurement of call loss related to connection failure signaling. Average uplink and downlink lever, average uplink and downlink quality, average time advance of SDCCH call loss or TCH call loss would be counted. By statistic data, customer could know the running of the network from different aspect, and adjust the correlative parameters to optimize the network. BTS service suspension statistics: The equipment together with the M2000 provides BTS service suspension statistics, covering: The time when the BTS suspends the service The time when the BTS recovers the service The duration of service suspension in the BTS
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system information sending and forced cell handover. The function of forced cell handover is the forced handover with or without target cell provided by BSC. BSC selects target cell according to MR to endure the success rate of handover. This function is used for the handover of current users before the maintenance of BTS equipments in order to avoid call drop during maintenance operation. O&M of BT This function consists of BT attribute query, BT leveled reset, query and change of BT administrative state and BT test. O&M of CH This function consists of CH attribute query, query and change of CH administrative state, forced handover of CH and related operation and maintenance of CH. O&M of RC This function consists of the operation and maintenance of administrative state, attribute enquiry and automatic frequency correction. Query, maintenance and reset of BTS board. You can select boards according to the board distribution in maintenance interface and query the software and hardware information and extended power information, reset boards, and query board alarm. You can also set the timer for some boards. Check the operation status according to the simultaneous display of all boards on the panel so as to be fully aware of the general situation of the BTS. All the operation and maintenance functions can be performed at remote terminal and local terminal for the use and query of users. The common logical maintenance or operation is performed at remote terminal; the hardware replacement can be performed at local terminal.
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board, the query of system call resources, the operation and maintenance of all kinds of interfaces, LAPD link, and link SS7. Software management It includes operations such as loading, management, and activation. The management objects include software of each board, software patch, license, and BOOTROM. The operations of these four kinds of software enable a comprehensive management of BSC software. O&M of board It includes the reset and switchover of board, the monitoring of CPU and DSP, and the reset of frame or system. System monitoring is classified into two categories: Monitoring and offline browse of the CPU/DSP usage: You can monitor a maximum of four objects in a task. Starting multiple monitoring tasks simultaneously is allowed. Through monitoring the CPU/DSP usage, you can obtain the system load in real time. Monitoring and offline browse of the BER of the port: You can know the transmission quality in real time. The system supports the monitoring of E1/T1/STM-1. You can view the G.821-compliant error specifications, such as BER (Bit Error Ratio), ES (Errored Second), ESR (Errored Second Ratio), SES (Severely Errored Second), SESR (Severely Errored Second Ratio). Query of call resources The system enquires all the resources the user uses in GSM BSS according to the IMSI and other information of this user provided by maintenance personnel. These resources include the information of BTS, sector, and TRX, the circuit information of Abis interface, the Ater interface information of BSC in use, A interface, TC resources, and information of each board. All these information helps maintenance personnel quickly locate problems and failures. Maintenance of interface and link This function is mainly about the management of LAPD link, link SS7 and the trunk circuit of each interface, such as the query of the state of LAPD link , link SS7, and the trunk circuit, changing the state of trunk circuit, blocking and unblocking of LAPD link and link SS7 and so on. Time synchronization BSC6000 initiate time synchronization with the upper NM station through BAM and distributes the synchronized clock to all the boards in a network to synchronize all the elements of the
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system. Through powerful maintenance function, the maintenance personnel can quickly get familiar with GSM BSS maintenance console and master Huawei equipments to maintain Huaweis GSM BSS system in a simply and efficient way.
E1/T1 Transmission BER Detection: On the maintenance GUI, you can obtain the information on the E1/T1 transmission quality in real time by viewing the G.821-compliant error specifications, such as Bit Error Ratio (BER), Errored Second (ES), Errored Second Ratio (ESR), and Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR). Operation Log Report to Integrated Network Management: The BSC supports the query and export of operation logs by time. The exported logs are saved in .xml format. The BSC compresses the operation logs and uploads them to the integrated network management system by time or by file size. The integrated network management system can translate the operation logs in .xml format. It also supports the query by time.
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Dynamic configuration of alarm data According to the alarm data configuration, BSC can control automatically where the alarms will be sent, such as to alarm box only, to OMC alarm console only, to these two terminals together or to none. Alarm query This function provides various kinds of alarm enquiries. You can do real-time browse of fault alarm, urgent event alarm, or other event alarm at alarm console. You can also enquire historical fault alarm, recovery alarm, and event alarm according to alarm serial number, alarm ID, date and time of alarm, alarm module number, function number or alarm level. Monitoring of power distribution and fan Power distribution monitor detects dual input of -48V voltage, the status of air-break switch and lightning protection unit and the ambient temperature and humidity of cabinet. Fan monitor controls the rev of fan. When failure occurs to a fan, fan monitor will keep the rated running of the rest fans. supports the environment monitoring instrument. Each subrack in the BSC6000 can be connected with an environment monitoring instrument, which is connected with the system through serial ports. The environment monitoring instrument has four types of ports: 4 fixed analog ports: used for obtaining 48 V voltage, 24 V voltage, temperature, and humidity alarms 4 extended external analog ports 4 fixed external Boolean ports: used for obtaining water damage, smoke, infrared, and door status alarms 32 extended external Boolean ports Alarm information is stored in M2000 integrated network management. BSC has 300 thousands history alarm record buffer ability.
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BTS alarm depends on the functions of BSC alarm. BTS provides the same alarm functions as BSC by reporting the alarm to alarm center through the channel that BSC provides. BTS alarm is divided into eight categories: clock alarm, antenna system alarm, carrier system alarm, baseband alarm, power amplification alarm, transmission alarm and environment alarm. The environment alarm is usually carried out in extended alarm. BTS alarm can be enquired according to station number, cell number, or TRX number so as to confirm the failure and recovery status. BTS alarm information can be enquired and displayed at both remote and local alarm console. The environment alarm that BTS supports consists of fire, smoke, temperature, humidity, entrance guard, and power supply alarms. The ranges of temperature and humidity can be controlled by alarm threshold setting. BTS also supports clearance of environment alarm. BTS extended alarm requires EAC environment alarm box.
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Baseband idle timeslot test In network optimization, sometimes the maximum interference status has to be set manually in order to obtain the information of maximum interference. The method is to let all idle timeslots send dummy burst. In test start command, set the test time to 124 hours. The test can be stopped automatically by software or manually at maintenance console. TCH loopback test TCH loopback test includes BIU loopback test and TRX radio frequency self-loop test. BIU loopback test is a test of the transmission of the timeslot that the TRX traffic channel corresponds to on the DBUS of BTS. During the text, TRX send the traffic channel data to the timeslot of DBUS in BTS. Through TMU loopback, TRX can receive the data it sent. TRX compares these data and reports the bit error rate. Therefore, the quality of traffic channel link of DBUS in BTS is obtained. TRX radio frequency self-test is carried out by the digital signal processing unit. Through baseband processing unit and the loopback of radio frequency unit, the data goes through baseband processing unit again and returns to digital signal processing unit. Digital signal processing unit compares the data and reports the bit error rate. Therefore, the quality information of transmitting and receiving channel is obtained. Transmission performance test It mainly tests the transmission performance of E1 port specified by BTS. E1 loopback test can quickly judge the transmission performance of a specified TMU board. There are two kinds of loopback available: E1 loopback and timeslot loopback. E1 loopback tests all the timeslots of a specified E1 port; timeslot loopback requires the user to specify the number of the timeslot to test, one timeslot for each test. Operators can decide whether to adopt CRC for the transmission between BTS and BSC. Through different kinds of BTS tests, maintenance personnel can quickly locate the cause of problem and the malfunctioning module to perform service recovery on time.
BTS Antenna System Connection Detection: The function is performed for the kickoff and cutover of a BTS and for the fault location of the BTS antenna system. The function has two parts: call test and antenna system intermodulation
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detection. Call test: You can enable the call of a specified MS to perform traverse handover on the channels in the cell through the BTS maintenance system and the BSC host. Thus the BTS can test the channels and then report the test result to the BTS maintenance system through the BSC. The test result is saved as a file for the tool-enabled analysis. You can test the following: misconnection of the antenna system, main and diversity problems, uplink and downlink balance, one-way audio, and no audio. Antenna system intermodulation detection: Detection of interference on each frequency band can be implemented through the frequency band scanning mode. The function is performed to realize the automation of the BTS kickoff test so that the workload of the kickoff personnel can be minimized and the efficiency can be enhanced. The function is also performed to locate the problems in the BTS antenna system. In addition, the maintenance cost can be reduced. Intra- and Inter-Frequency Check in One BTS:This function is performed for intra- and inter-frequency check on the frequencies in all the cells within one BTS during data configuration. This helps to avoid the configuration of intra- and inter-frequency in one BTS or one cell because of maloperation. Such configuration will lead to intra-network interference, but if the configuration is confirmed by the operator, it can be issued.
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hardware such as frame and board by dynamic configuration. After the configuration, hardware will automatically load software and data and go into running. Dynamic data configuration can be divided into dynamic configuration of BSC data, dynamic configuration of BTS data, and dynamic configuration of cell data. Dynamic configuration of BSC data It includes adding/deleting frame and board, configuring and modifying BSC software parameters, signaling link, A interface circuit, and handover parameters. It supports import / export network optimization data to ensure the continuation of network parameters. Dynamic configuration of BTS data It includes adding/deleting BTS, adding/deleting /modifying BTS hardware configuration, modifying site name, loopback attributes, and site attributes. It supports dynamic cross-frame transfer for operators to regulate the network. Dynamic configuration of cell data It includes adding/deleting cells and TRXs, and modifying cell attribute parameter, radio frequency parameter, power control parameter, system information, frequency hopping parameter, and channel type. It also includes dynamic adding/deleting external cell and configuring 3G neighbor cell. All GSM BSS data supports dynamic adding/deleting and dynamic configuration, which greatly reduces the work of maintenance personnel and the risk of network regulation, and simplifies the convenience of operation and maintenance. BTS reset is required after the configuration of some BTS data.
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equipment maintenance, performance management, and alarm management. The GUI based O&M terminal implements all kinds of O&M functions and outputs the related reports by communicating with GBAM. The operation and maintenance of Huawei GUI graphic interface support integrated network management accessed to M2000 from remote end, GBAM accessed to BSC from local end, and local maintenance of BTS. GUI graphic interface can avoid complex command that users have to input so as to simplify the maintenance work and improve the serviceability of system.
12.11. GBFD-1211 Reporting the Temperature List of the BTS Equipment Room
Function Description:
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This function is performed to activate or deactivate the measurement of temperatures in the equipment room. Through the site maintenance system, you can set the frequency and duration of reporting on the temperatures in the equipment room. Then the result of the activation or deactivation is displayed in the site maintenance system. Through the client, you can download the files of the temperature in the equipment room from the BAM in FTP mode. Through the client, you can also query the files of the temperature in the equipment room and save the query results.
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Operation
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maintenance
system
one-key
The operation & maintenance system of Huawei BSS equipment includes GBAM and POMU. Both of them adopt the Linux operating system. If the operating system is damaged, you can use the system recovery disk delivered with the equipment and execute a one-key recovery command to recover the operation & maintenance system and restore the default configuration data. The function can simplify the maintenance work and recover the system quickly.
13. LAPD Multiplexing at Abis Interface 13.1.GBFD-1301 LAPD Multiplexing at Abis Interface
Function Description: In BSC6000 system, the interface board of the BTS supports 16 kbps TS exchange mode or N: 1 multiplexing mode which are specified for the RSL or OML signaling channels. The speech channel adopts the exclusive mode, 16 kbps TS interchange for full rate speech channel and 8 kbps TS interchange for half rate speech channel. For full rate TRX, the BSS system supports multiplexing four RSLs to one 64K E1 TS or 16
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kbps TS interchange. In this way, one E1 can support 15 TRXs inMAX. For half rate TRX, the BSS system supports N: 1 multiplexing (N=2, 3, 4). When the capacity of the speech channel is twice as before, the RSL signaling traffic flow of every TRX doubles, too. So the defaulted 2:1 multiplexing is adopted, that is, multiplex the RSL link of at most two TRXs to one 64 kbps E1 TS. The multiplexing ratio is related to the total number of TRXs one E1 supports. As the traffic flow is heavy in half rate mode, 2:1 multiplexing is recommended, that is, one E1 supports 13 half rate TRXs. N: 1 multiplexing can be configured according to different BTSs in a cascade. For example, for the S1/1/1, the first BTS can be configured with 4:1 multiplexing, the second 2:1 and the third 4:1. LAPD multiplexing at Abis interface raises the usability of the ground links at Abis interface and reduces the maintenance cost.
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BTS3
BTS2
Huaweis GSM BSS also supports a combination of the networking modes mentioned above.
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By combining cabinet, the capacity is expanded, the network quality is raised and the construction cost is reduced.
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Benefits: This BTS3012 capability of hybrid cabinet group can: 1Guarantee the investment of network providers 2ensure smooth network upgrade 3provide better performance and advance functions
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some TRXs to meet the current traffic requirements. In this case, you can enable the system to shut down some TRXs to reduce the power consumption of the BTS and the operating cost of telecom operators. The function Intelligent Shutdown of TRX consists of two parts: Intelligent Shutdown of TRX by Time: Using this function, you can specify a period of time. In this period, the BSC commands the BTS to shut down some TRXs in a cell. When the period ends, the BSC commands the BTS to switch on the TRXs. Intelligent Shutdown of TRX by Traffic Volume: If the Intelligent Shutdown of TRX function is enabled, the BSC will try to assign the channels on some specific TRXs during channel assignment. The BSC measures the number of busy channels and number of available channels in the cell. It predicts the number of busy channels based on the measurement results. If the predicted number of busy channels is less than the threshold for the number of available channels currently, the BSC commands the BTS to shut down a functional TRX. Before shutting down a TRX, the BSC will initiate an intra-cell handover to hand over the calls on the TRX into other TRXs. When there is no call on the TRX, the BSC commands the BTS to shut down the TRX. If some calls on the TRX cannot be handed over, the BSC stops commanding the BTS to shut down the TRX.
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The boards that support backup include the GGNU, GTNU, GXPUM, GEIUB, GEIUT, GEIUA and GGCK. The TRAU is designed in resources pool. The backup of the boards greatly raises the system reliability, prolongs the Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) and reduces the chance of service interruption caused by board fault.
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function enables the system with more stability, self-detection and fault recovery. By auto correcting the software errors and checking the usage status of the system resources, this function ensures proper usage, allocation and release of the resources and raises the system stability. Resources check has two purposes: avoiding deadlock and inconsistent status of the resources. Resources check has two initiating ways: periodical check initiated by the BSC and the PCU. Periodical check initiated by the BSC During the idle time (for example, 2 clock at AM), the BSC initiates a periodical check, including -Occupation of the memory -Occupation of the circuit at A interface -Occupation and status consistency of the radio resources -Occupation of the network board -Occupation and status consistency of the signaling link and consistency of the status -BCCH mutual aid and TRX mutual aid -Others. For example, consistency of various system control parameters. Periodical check initiated by the PCU during the idle time (for example, 2 clock at AM), the PCU initiates a periodical check, which focuses on the status consistency of the resources between the PCU and BSC. The BSC then corrects the inconsistency. The check mainly includes - PDCH type and status - PCIC status - Cell status Through resources check, the system can detect the abnormality of the software in time. The software can perform self-recovery, thus raising the software reliability.
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Function Description: Huawei BSC supports software patch which is a separate software unit specified for modification of the defects or small characteristics. The patches can be divided into hot patches and cold patches, both supported by the BSC system. Hot patches for the equipment that needs continuous running, some new codes are used to replace the old ones to improve the defects or realize new demands without restart or interrupting the services. These new codes are called hot patches. Cold patches some new files are used to cover the old ones to improve the defects or realize new demands by restarting the software module. The new file sets are called cold patches. The use of patches can reduce the upgrade cost and avoid upgrade risks, especially the hot patches with backup function that can be operated at remote end at any time. Huaweis GSM BSS supports patch management, loading, activation and fallback. Patch management Patch management is included with the main version in the software management of the BSS. This function supports query of the present patch condition and matching of the main version and patch. The patches should match the specific main version. Patch loading the patches are loaded to the object board and saved in the non-volatile memory. The user decides when to activate. Patch activation The patches are activated through the OMC to correct the defects or add new features. Patch fallback when the activated patches are not needed or have problems, patch fallback is used to return to the previous status. And the codes or functions of the patches cannot be effective. Through patches, the software is less frequently upgraded for minor defects. Thus the serving time of the system is prolonged and the software problems can be solved in time and conveniently.
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becomes idle after abnormal SCCP connection release, the BSC will notify the MSC of its status. Circuit management also provides maintenance and control over single circuit or PCM circuit group of the GEIUA and GDSUC. Message resending is available when the ground circuit management messages (block/unblock/reset) timeout are not verified. Huaweis GSM BSS circuit management is realized through the OMC for convenience of maintaining.
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21. STM-1 Optical Transmission Interface 21.1.GBFD-2001 STM-1 Optical Transmission Interface
Function Description: The BSC6000 supports the optical transmission interface at the A interface, Ater interface, Abis interface, and Pb interface. The optical transmission interface reduces the layout and maintenance work for the operators. The Huawei BSC system supports the STM-1. The optical interface at the A interface enhances the integration of the TRAU subrack. When the TRAU is near to the BSC, Huawei suggest using the optical transmission interface at the Ater interface board to reduce the layout work during construction. The Huawei BSC provides the telecom operators a great variety of transmission interfaces, such as A interface, Ater interface, Abis interface, Pb interface, and E1/T1 interface.
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result, review the tracing result, and check the time when the message occurs. You can also filter the tracing by setting the tracing conditions to reduce the tracing task. A interface tracing function can trace the BSSAP messages MTP2 messages MTP3 messages and SCCP messages. The BSSAP messages can be filtered according to the message type, for instance, BSSMAP, paging message, and DTAP messages. You can also trace the messages according to the cell, that is to say, to trace the A interface messages of all the users in a cell. Abis interface tracing function can trace the RSL, OML, and LAPD messages. You can filter the LAPD message tracing according to site and TRX. The RSL tracing can be filtered according to the message type. The OML tracing can also be filtered according to the message type. Pb interface tracing function can trace the application layer message and the LAPD message. You can trace the LAPD message according to the timeslot number. You can trace the application layer message according to the message type and the site number. You can filter the tracing of each interface according to the message layer and the logical objects. This can greatly reduce the tracing task and fasten the location of the fault. With this function, the operator can locate the problem and improve the maintenance efficiency and speed.
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fault location of a single user, thus greatly improving the efficiency. The system can trace up to 16 users at the same time. You can trace the A interface signaling or the Abis interface signaling of a single user individually. When you trace the Abis interface signaling, you can choose whether to trace the measurement report. Through tracing the test user, you can obtain a more accurate test reference data for the drive test or other test. This can greatly improve the test efficiency and the accuracy. This function reduces the tracing task and the analysis task. It improves the tracing efficiency and speed. At the same time, it can trace the whole signaling flow of a specified user, thus providing more accurate reference data for the test.
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When an assignment fails, re-assignment will be performed through radio interface to effectively improve the success rate of assignment procedure, thus improving the success rate of the system access. Re-assignment of Abis interface: After send the assignment command to BTS, BSC receives assignment failure information on SDCCH from BTS before the assignment complete timeout. According to common procedure, BSC should report assignment failure to MSC at this time, and then remove the resources related to this call. But if Abis interface has the re-assignment function, BSC will resend assignment command to BTS to activate the channel again and inform MS to initiate access attempt. Advantage of TCH re-assignment: Effectively avoiding first dial failure due to TRX channel failure (such as faulty connection of antenna feeder of the TRX, receive channel failure, but excluding the non-response of channel activation due to TRX hardware failure) Greatly reducing assignment failure due to frequency interference and improving the quality of services TCH re-assignment can improve the quality of service which is affected by frequency interference, channel failure, or construction error. It is also helpful for the later maintenance and helpful to improve the customer satisfaction. Huaweis GSM BSS also supports TCH re-assignment of MSC. TCH re-assignment improves the assignment success rate and access success rate, thus improving efficiency of the network.
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Reduce the affection of the initial SDCCH configuration on the system performance The demand of SDCCH is calculated based on the traffic model. That is to say, it is calculated based on the current traffic distribution and relevant statistics data. However, the increase of the SMS service leads to the demand on more SDCCHs. Thus, the prediction on the demanded SDCCHs becomes very complex. If the users in a cell increase in a short time, many users fail to access to the network due to insufficient SDCCH. In this situation, the SDCCH dynamic adjustment function can convert the TCH into SDCCH dynamically to make more users access to the network. The dynamical adjustment of SDCCH takes cell as unit. The system automatically chooses a TCH to convert it into SDCCH and the BSC sends command to BTS to configure the TCHas SDCCH and BSC updates the internal channel table if the dynamical adjustment of SDCCH is allowed and the following conditions are met: The number of idle SDCCHs is less than or equal to the idle SDCCH number threshold, and the number of existing SDCCHs is less than the maximum SDCCH number of the cell, and the idle TCHs in the cell are more than four or more than the configured TRXs in the cell. When the idle SDCCHs are more the given threshold and after the TCH Minimum Recovery Time, the dynamic SDCCHs are converted in the TCH. Forced restoration of SDCCH channel: if you disable the SDCCH/TCH dynamical adjustment function, all the channels converted SDCCHs from TCH are restored to their original form(TCH).
Benefits: This function can: Reduce the requirement on the accuracy of the estimation of the demand on SDCCH. Reduce the task to change the initial configuration. Increase the system capacity and put-through rate. Thus, the operator' revenue is increased.
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Provides the MML batch processing function. Many MML commands are put in a file. The LMT reads the MML commands in the file and executes these commands automatically. Supports instant and timed batch processing. Supports recording the MML commands and saving the results of the execution of the MML commands automatically. Supports recording operations in the operation logs. Supports MML preactivation. The MML command supports the following operations: Supports configuring all data. That is, through the MML commands, you can configure all data, including the BTS data. Supports all alarm maintenance functions. That is, through the MML commands, you can browse alarms, query alarms, manually recover alarms, and configure environment alarms and alarm mask. Supports maintaining BSC devices, transmission devices, signaling links, and interfaces. That is, through the MML commands, you can maintain the BSC and transmission devices, such as status query and switchover. Supports maintaining BTS (such as resetting), boards, and carriers. Supports collecting data files (including logs, performance files, and alarm files) to the LMT. Supports security management. That is, through the MML commands, you can add, delete, and modify user information, manage rights of the users, and query operation logs. Supports software management. That is, through the MML commands, you can upgrade the BSC software, BTS software, and patches, and maintain the BIOS and license. Other functions, such as MML commands related to time and daylight saving time.
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08.18 protocol. Paging procedure: Complies with the paging procedure of the 08.18 protocol. Wireless access capability indication procedure: Complies with the wireless access capability indication procedure of the 08.18 protocol. Wireless access capability update procedure: Complies with the wireless access capability update procedure of the 08.18 protocol. Wireless status indication procedure: Complies with the wireless status indication procedure of the 08.18 protocol. GPRS service suspension procedure: Complies with the GPRS service suspension procedure of the 08.18 protocol. GPRS service recovery procedure: Complies with the GPRS service recovery procedure of the 08.18 protocol. Flush LL procedure: Complies with the Flush LL procedure of the 08.18 protocol. Traffic control procedure: Complies with the traffic control procedure of the 08.18 protocol, including BVC traffic control and MS traffic control. BVC procedure: Complies the BVC block/unblock procedure and BVC reset procedure of the 08.18 protocol.
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Broadcast GPRS service support indication in SI3, SI4, SI7 or SI8, and broadcast GPRS service-relevant parameters in SI13.
Regularly broadcast PSI1 (if there is PBCCH in the cell) or PSI13 (if there is no PBCCH in the cell) on PACCH for MS in the transmission status.
30.3.GBFD-9103 MS types
Function Description:
Class A MS
The MS in class-A mode is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services, and the MS supports simultaneous operation of GPRS and other GSM services.
Class B MS
The MS in class-B mode is attached to both GPRS and other GSM services, but the MS can only operate one set of services at a time.
Class C MS The MS in class-C mode is exclusively attached to GPRS services.
Multislot class 1 ~ 12 MS
Dynamic allocation mode is the channel resource multiplexing mode of allocating for MS the radio block of the corresponding uplink channel through sending USF value on the downlink channel radio block.
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The RLC acknowledged mode means the receiver confirms the RLC data and the transmitter retransmits the lost block, so as to ensure the reliable transmission of RLC data block.
RLC unacknowledged mode The RLC unacknowledged mode means that the receiver confirms the RLC data and the
transmitter doesn't retransmit the lost block. The receiver adds the lost block with filling bits and then sends to the upper layer for processing.
CS-1
Coding scheme CS-1 provides error correction function and the data transmission rate is 9.05kb/s
CS-2 Coding scheme CS-2 provides a weaker error correction function than CS-1, and the data
Dynamically adjust the coding scheme of PDCH according to the RLC block retransmissions rate of the uplink/downlink TBF
NC0
the MS shall perform autonomous cell re-selection without sending measurement reports to the
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network.
The network sends a CS paging message for a GPRS-attached MS on the CCCH paging channel, and this channel is also used for GPRS paging. This means that the MS needs only to monitor the CCCH paging channel, but that CS paging continues on this paging channel even if the MS has been assigned a packet data channel.
The network sends a CS paging message for a GPRS-attached MS on the CCCH paging channel, and sends a GPRS paging message on either the packet paging channel (if allocated in the cell) or on the CCCH paging channel. This means that an MS that wants to receive pages for both circuit-switched and packet-switched services shall monitor both paging channels if the packet paging channel is allocated in the cell. No paging co-ordination is performed by the network.
Satisfying the MS QoS requirement to the maximum extent according to the current wireless resource conditions
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Support the channel request for single-block access initiated by the MS on CCCH
Support the channel request for one phase access initiated by the MS on CCCH
Access on PACCH
MS initiates a channel request via the uplink PACCH during the downlink transmission process.
Short access on PCCCH Support the packet channel request for short access initiated by the MS on PCCCH
The uplink assignment message is sent to MS via PACCH during the transmission process.
The downlink assignment message is sent to MS via PACCH during the transmission process.
The uplink immediate assignment for establishing TBF connection is sent to MS via CCCH if the cell is configured with no packet control channel.
The downlink immediate assignment for establishing TBF connection is sent to MS via CCCH if the cell is configured with no packet control channel.
As to NMO II, packet paging is sent on CCCH. As to NMO III, packet paging is sent on CCCH if cell is not configured with PCCCH.
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Allocate TAI to MS in the uplink or downlink assignment command to specify the PTCCH subchannel to be used by MS. Then MS regularly sends the access burst on the specified uplink PTCCH channel and the network measures the TA and sends it to MS via PTCCH/D.
Obtain the initial TA through the packet channel request of MS, then send it to MS via the packet uplink or downlink assignment message. MS uses the initial value till a new value is obtained from the continuous timing advance update. If the initial TA can not be obtained through downlink assignment, the network side may actively send Polling message and specify the response message as access burst to obtain the initial TA, thus speeding up downlink data transmission.
BTS calculates the level and quality of the uplink transmission signal from MS to BTS, and then the result is transmitted to PCU via the in-band signalling of TRAU frame at Abis interface to generate the measurement report
Comply with the uplink open-loop power control algorithm in 05.08 protocol.
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The immediate assignment reject on CCCH may prevent access channel congestion resulted from too frequent MS access by specifying the waiting time
PCU reports to SGSN the flow control parameters according the size of the maximum bucket of each BVC cell, the cell leak rate, etc. On this basis SGSN controls the sending rate so as to prevent too frequent data loss caused by congestion and transmission interruption caused by insufficient flow.
PCU reports to SGSN such flow control parameters as the size of the maximum bucket of each MS, MS leak rate, etc. On this basis SGSN controls the sending rate so as to prevent too frequent data loss caused by congestion and transmission interruption caused by insufficient flow.
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Function Description: Supports packet related alarm functions, such as device alarms and service alarms. Device alarm: The platform provides fault detection, fault isolation, switchover, and alarm reporting for the physical objects of boards and ports. Service alarm: Supports detecting exceptions and reporting the following alarms: System capacity expansion early warning Cell PS fault alarm and fault recovery Cell transmission delay exception alarm Cell capacity expansion alarm PDCH link fault alarm and fault recovery NSE fault alarm and fault recovery Gb interface transmission quality alarm and recovery NSVC interruption alarm and interruption recovery IP port fault alarm and fault recovery KPI alarm
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Benefits: The network coverage is extended, and the configuration number of BTS is reduced. The PBT provides a feasible scheme to transform from the network coverage to the network capacity.
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carrier signals of some correlation. The two independent multi-path signals are then in the downlink. Then, the two independent multi-path signals are treated by the equalizer of the MS. The diversity gain is obtained, and the quality of the received signal is improved. At last, the downlink coverage effect is improved. When the transmit diversity is used, the DTRU works in the single-carrier mode. You need to enable this function through the dada configuration. The transmit diversity function can be enabled for the BTS3012 by dada configuration.
Benefits: The receiving gain of the MS is increased. The coverage effect of the downlink is improved. The network construction cost is reduced.
Benefits: The 4-way receiver diversity can be used together with the PBT (Power Boost Technology) to increase the coverage of the BTS, and to reduce the number of BTSs.
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of the subscribers traffic is under the monitoring of a measurement report. When the system finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is lower than the threshold, it enables the dynamic Transmit Diversity function, and allocates a timeslot with the same number from an adjacent carrier to the subscriber. The signals carried on the two timeslots are the same, and the phases are also the same. The signals are sent out through different transmit ports, and are then enhanced through signal combination. Consequently, the reception quality is improved. When the adjacent channel is occupied by other subscribers, the system enables the intra-cell handover, and hands over the subscriber to an idle channel so that the adjacent channel can be used for the PBT. Because the reception quality of the subscriber is good during handover, the handover does not cause call drop. When the system finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is higher than the threshold, the system cancels the dynamic transmit diversity function and releases the adjacent channel. Compared with static transmit diversity, the dynamic transmit diversity function does not decrease the capacity by half. It can achieve balance between capacity and coverage and realize flexible conversion.
Benefits:
Fully uses the idle timeslots and enhances the coverage over areas with poor signals (such as the edge of a cell, inside a room, and inside a car) without wasting network resources and reducing network capacity. Adjusts the network resources in real time according to the network conditions to achieve the balance between traffic volume and coverage. Improves the performance of the CO-BCCH concentric circle. Improves the handover success rate for subscribers at the edge of a cell.
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The dynamic PBT technology is the PBT technology at timeslot level. A subscriber having a conversation occupies a dedicated timeslot, and the quality of the subscribers traffic is under the monitoring of a measurement report. When the system finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is lower than the threshold, it enables the dynamic PBT function. The channels using timeslots with the same numbers on adjacent carriers suspend the service, and the RF channels serve as auxiliary channels, and provide the PBT function. At the moment, the RF channel of service timeslots and the auxiliary channels using the timeslots with the same numbers on adjacent carriers have the same transmitted signals and phases. After channel combination, the signals are enhanced, and the reception quality of the subscriber is improved consequently. When the channels using timeslots with the same numbers on adjacent carriers are occupied by other subscribers, the system enables the intra-cell handover and hands over the subscriber to other idle channels. The channels using timeslots with the same numbers on adjacent carriers can be used for dynamic PBT. The subscriber can enjoy very good reception quality at the time of handover. Therefore, the problem of call drop resulting from handover does not occur. When the network finds that the conversation quality of the subscriber is higher than the threshold, it disables the dynamic PBT function. The channels using timeslots with the same numbers on adjacent carriers recover and are ready to provide services. Compared with the static PBT function, the dynamic PBT does not reduce the capacity by half. It can achieve the balance between capacity and coverage.
Benefits:
Fully uses the idle timeslots and enhances the coverage over areas with poor signals (such as the edge of a cell, inside a room, and inside a car) without wasting network resources and reducing network capacity. Adjusts the network resources in real time according to the network conditions to achieve the balance between traffic volume and coverage. Improves the performance of the CO-BCCH concentric circle. Improves the handover success rate for subscribers at the edge of a cell.
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Benefits: With this function, the operator can expand its network coverage in special area, for example, in the vast plain or in the sea, thus increasing the operation efficiency.
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Signal
Interference
Improve system capacity: The concentric cell divides the cell coverage into overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell. The overlaid subcell and underlaid subcell can adopt different multiplexing modes. For the overlaid
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subcell cell, it adopts more reuse frequency mode such as 1x3 due to its small coverage. For the underlaid subcell cell, it adopts less reuse frequency mode such as 4x3 Improve coverage Increase the power of the power amplifier for the BCCH TRX, the coverage range of the cell can be widened. The TRXs of the cell may output different powers. Thus, the coverage range of the TRXs also differs. The actual coverage range of the cell is determined by the minimum coverage of the TRXs. The concentric cell can make the TRXs with wider coverage range as the underlaid subcell to solve the coverage problem in the remote area. It makes the TRXs with smaller coverage range as the overlaid subcell to solve the capacity problem in the near area. Finally, the coverage range of the cell is widened. The main function of concentric cell is implemented through the two modules: radio resource management module and handover decision module. Channel assignment technology of concentric cell Different channel assignment strategies are adopted for different situations, including: Immediate assignment There is no reference receiving level, receiving quality and TA for immediate assignment. In order to guarantee the service quality, the SDCCH of underlaid subcell is assigned preferentially. Only when there is no signaling channel available in the underlaid subcell, will the signaling channel in the overlaid subcell be assigned. . Assignment The channel assignment strategy of concentric cell is used to assign channels. The overlaid subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the subscriber is in the overlaid subcell coverage. The underlaid subcell channel will be assigned when no overlaid subcell channel is available. Similarly, the underlaid subcell channel will be assigned as far as possible when the subscriber is in the underlaid subcell coverage. The overlaid subcell channel will be assigned when no underlaid subcell channel is available. Select the suitable service layer to serve the subscriber. Concentric cell Handover algorithm The concentric cell handover algorithm is an extension of the Huawei handover algorithm. It
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enables the BSC to intelligently distribute the traffic and thus use the frequency resources more reasonably. It is developed based on the current Huawei handover algorithm. It incorporates the concentric cell handover judgment function into the current Huawei handover algorithm. When the MS moves across the edge of the overlaid Subcell and underlaid Subcell, the concentric cell handover is initiated. Thus, the MS can receive the service in a proper service layer. If the target layer is congested, the handover is not initiated. For the inter-cell handover, if the target cell is concentric cell, the system also uses the concentric cell handover algorithm to choose a proper layer to provide service.
Enhancement: GBSS7.0
Support for Main BCCH Configured in Overlaid Subcell: The main BCCH can be configured in the underlaid subcell or the overlaid subcell. The TRX in the overlaid subcell supports tight frequency reuse. Therefore, large network capacity is available if the main BCCH is configured in the overlaid subcell. When the main BCCH is configured in the overlaid subcell, the coverage of the overlaid subcell must be equivalent to that of the underlaid subcell. This can improve the KPI performance by reducing the failed handovers from the overlaid subcell to the underlaid subcell and reducing the failed overlaid subcell assignments. Support for PDCH configured in Overlaid Subcell: The number of PDCHs increases with the data service. This aggravates the TCH congestion of underlaid sub cell. If the PDCH is configured in the overlaid subcell, the PS service can be absorbed by the overlaid subcell and the underlaid subcell congestion is alleviate as a consequence. Therefore, the traffic volume in the concentric cell increases. Concentric Cell Handover Parameters Configured Separately for Voice Service and PS Service: If the concentric cell handover parameters of the voice service and that of the PS service are configured separately, the CS handover and the PS handover will be initiated ahead of time. This can reduce call drops.
Benefits: The operator can use the more reuse frequency to expand the system capacity. The operator can also extend the coverage range by using different service layers to bear
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different traffic.
Benefits: One BCCH can be saved because the two bands are in the same cell. At the same time, the traffic channels on the two bands are integrated into one cell instead of two cells so that channel resources can be shared. Thus the capacity is enhanced. Compared with the common dual-band network, the dual-band network using the co-BCCH cell function has larger capacity. In the cell on a certain existing band, capacity expansion can be performed through the direct addition of TRXs on the other band. For example, you can perform capacity expansion by adding the 1800 MHz band TRXs in the 900 MHz band cell. For the site with small capacity,
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Benefits: With this function, one BSC can support multiple frequency bands. Thus, the operator can use this function to extend the frequency band.
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Two physically independent cells (two co-site cells with different coverage radiuses) on different bands are configured with BCCHs and SDCCHs so that the cells form a cell group logically, mapping with the overlaid subcell and the underlaid subcell respectively. For the two cells in the group, the traffic channel resources are shared and the cell load is balanced through the enhanced dual-band network algorithm. The overlaid and underlaid subcells can obtain the information, such as level, channel, and load about each other, so the KPIs (for example, handover success rate and assignment success rate) can be kept at proper values when the channels in the overlaid and underlaid subcells are shared.
Benefits: Multi-band networking can be implemented and the telecom operators are provided with the band expansion capabilities. In addition to the proper KPIs, the system capacity is enhanced through the sharing of the resources in the overlaid and underlaid subcells.
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RF FH: Both Tx and Rx join the FH. In a cell, the number of FH frequencies engaged in the FH can be larger than the number of TRXs. The RF FH is implemented through real-time switchover between two frequency synthesizers. There are two advantages for this implementation: Lower the speed requirements on the frequency synthesizer. When there is no FH, two frequency synthesizers work in the active/standby mode, thus enhancing the system reliability. Huawei BTS adopts dynamic loop bandwidth and Ping-Pong handover to solve the conflict between fast FH and signal quality. It can realize the unrestricted FH in the bandwidth of the supported frequency band. All FH indexes satisfy the requirements specified in the GSM protocols. Dynamic loop bandwidth technologies: The quality of the local oscillation signal is decided by reference clock (phase discrimination frequency), voltage-controlled oscillator and loop bandwidth. The phase noise of local oscillation within the loop bandwidth is decided by reference clock, and that beyond loop bandwidth is decided by voltage-controlled oscillator. When the Huawei BTS runs, the loop bandwidth needs to be dynamically adjusted according to the need of BTS. When the BTS does not run, the loop bandwidth changes back to best bandwidth, so that the output signal can be the best. Thus, the performance of the system is ensured. Ping-Pong handover: Two identical oscillators are designed on the circuit. A switch is used to choose the two oscillators. When one oscillator (suppose it is oscillator 1) is working, the other (suppose it is oscillator 2) locks on the next frequency quickly. Switching to another oscillator is realized with a switch between two timeslots. This avoids the instant performance worsening at the beginning and end of the timeslot. Baseband FH: Each transmitter works on a fixed frequency. Tx is not involved in FH. The transmitting FH is realized by switching the baseband signal. Rx is involved in FH. Therefore, the number of FH
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frequencies in a cell cannot be larger than number of the TRXs of the cell. When a TRX is faulty, the system starts the baseband FH TRX cooperation to ensure the conversation quality in the cell. Huawei BTS adopts the technology of FH_BUS, which implements FH on the basis of timeslot exchange. Each transmitter is tuned to a fixed frequency, and has a fixed ID. The coder of transmitter encodes the downlink signal to convert the data to burst format. It calculates the channel (that is, TRX) to be modulated for the burst according to FH algorithm, and adds the attached information related to power control to generate a special data packet. The coder transmits the data packet periodically (sub-timeslot). Modulator checks the TRX ID of the data packet from each sub-timeslot. If the TRX ID is different from the local TRX, it will receive that from the next sub-timeslot. If the TRX IDs are the same, it will accept the data packet, and delay for a timeslot and then transmitted to the air interface. Baseband FH has a very high requirement on the real-time identification of the ID of TRX. Huawei base band FH technology realizes fast and reliable TRX ID identification on the basis of the ASIC.
Benefits: The FH can greatly improve the quality and security of the call. It can also improve the networking capacity of the BTSs using Aggressive Frequency Reuse Pattern (AFR), and improves the system capacity.
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For the FH that the BCCH frequency joins, the BCCH timeslot cannot join the FH but the rest timeslots of the frequency can join the baseband FH. The FH range is extended if the BCCH TRX joins the FH. Thus, the performance of the cell is improved. At the same time, the radio quality is improved due to that the rest channels of BCCH join the FH.
Benefits: The quality of the rest channels of the BCCH TRX other than the BCCH channel is improved.
Benefits: The receive performance of the MS is improved, and the space diversity is realized. Therefore, the network performance is enhanced.
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Function Description: The function allows the operator to densely multiplex frequencies on BCCH carriers. In networks with limited frequency resources, this function can reduce the frequencies occupied by BCCH carriers, and provide more frequencies for the traffic channels. This function can increase system capacity and reduce investment in sites, without changing the original hardware. Every cell is configured with a BCCH carrier. Timeslot 0 of the carrier is mapped to the broadcast channel (BCH) or the common control channel (CCCH). The synchronization message, system message, paging message, and assignment message are carried in the timeslot to all subscribers of the cell continuously. These messages directly relate to cell residence, cell reselection, call initiation, and paging response. Therefore, the BCCH becomes the most important channel in the GSM telecommunication. Generally, the 4*3 mode is adopted for the BCCH frequency planning. This can ensure that the C/I ratio of the shared/adjacent frequencies on the BCCH carrier is very high. The BCCH occupies 12 frequencies. In a network with a higher frequency multiplexing level and limited frequency resources, if 3*3 multiplexing is implemented for the frequencies of the BCCH, the interference on the TCH on the BCCH carrier increases and the performance drops to an intolerable level. The BCCH dense frequency multiplexing function divides a cell into two different logical layers: The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier and the frequency hopping layer. The frequency hopping layer serves the whole system, covers the whole network, and provides coverage for calls at the edge of a cell. To guarantee the performance of call access, the TCH layer on the BCCH carrier must modify the coverage of its absorbed traffic. The interference in places near the BTS is smaller than the interference at the peripheral area and edge of a cell. Therefore, the TCH layer on the BCCH carrier provides the coverage for calls near the BTS only. In the initial access and channel allocation triggered by handover (in case of non-BCCH dense frequency multiplexing), the system first allocates traffic channels among non-BCCH carriers to ensure the subscriber access performance. When a call on a non-BCCH carrier in a cell is initiated, if the subscriber is near the BTS, it means that the BCCH dense frequency
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multiplexing only has smaller impact on the call. The system hands over the call to the BCCH carrier and reserves the channels on non-BCCH carriers to ensure the access performance of other calls.
Benefits:
Reduces the frequencies occupied by the BCCH and improves frequency spectrum utilization rate. Increases the available frequencies of traffic channels and frequencies in frequency hopping, increases the system capacity without changing the original hardware, and reduces the investment in new sites and cells. The TCH layer on the BCCH carrier is only used by the subscribers in a cell near the BTS. Because the interference on the uplink decreases, the subscribers can obtain better voice quality if this function is enabled. Reduces the chance of random access failure and enhances the access performance.
In a site with large capacity, inter-frequency or intra-frequency interference may easily occur among channels because of the limited frequency resources and the aggressive frequency reuse. For example, when the MA has some neighbor frequencies, inter-frequency interference may occur among the channels if the channels that carry the same number of the timeslot on different TRXs use neighbor MAIOs and the channels are seized. If the Flex MAIO function is performed so that an MAIO is assigned to a certain channel under activation, the MAIO value is dynamically adjusted based on the interference on the current channel. The MAIO value is assigned to the channel so that the interference for the call is minimized from the perspective of the entire network. The Huawei BSS equipment records the interference conditions in each timeslot and updates the timeslot interference record upon channel activation or channel release.
Benefits: When the frequencies are limited, the cells in the BTS can optimally use the frequencies. Thus
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the inter-frequency and intra-frequency interference among channels in the GSM telecommunications system is minimized and the aggressive reuse of frequency resources in the BTS is realized. Therefore, the system capacity is enhanced.
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the intersecting channels. For example, if a MS supports E-GSM and the current channel has PGSM frequency band and E-GSM extended frequency band, the channel of E-GSM extended frequency band is assigned. The P-GSM channel is reserved for the MSs that have weak frequency band support capability.
Benefits: The service can be borne by the extended frequency band, which extends the frequency range.
Benefits: ICC not only can decrease the interference impacting on uplink signals but increase the network capacity where networks are uplink limited and improve speech quality since interference is reduced, as well as ICC can increase data throughput due to fewer retransmissions and the possibility to use higher coding schemes.
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synchronzied, and every BTS adopts different frame number, timeslot number, and TA offset. There are two network synchronization modes: hardware synchronization and software synchronization. In the hardware synchronization mode, every BTS is equipped with a GPS device. Through the synchronization by satellite transmission, network-wide synchronization is realized. But this mode necessitates extra cost. In the software synchronization mode, Um interface software is used to realize BSC-wide synchronization. The software adjusts the frame number, timeslot, and offset of the BTSs to synchronize all BTSs under the BSC. In a non-synchronous network, it is impossible to estimate the interference on the adjacent channels. The interference can be alleviated through loose frequency multiplexing and frequency hopping. In a synchronous network, the system can estimate the interference of shared/adjacent channels in any inter-cell overlapping area, and avoid collision of inter-cell shared/adjacent channels through the dynamic frequency and channel allocation algorithm. This greatly improves the frequency resource utilization rate and the network capacity. The synchronous network helps the ICC to achieve the optimum performance. When the useful signals are synchronized with the interference signals in time, the interference signals keep unchanged during the burst. The interference feature calculated according to the training sequence can effectively counteract the interference during the burst. At the moment, the ICC performance is the best.
Benefits:
Synchronizes all BTSs under a BSC through software without the need of extra expensive hardware device. The necessary hardware devices include a GPS device for every BTS. The satellite is used to realize synchronization. Synchronizes the BTSs, and realizes the DFCA function. The simulation result shows that: The DFCA technology applied in the synchronous network can improve the network capacity by 2050%. Synchronizes the BTSs and greatly improves the performance of ICC and SAIC. According to the simulation result, the ICC technology applied in the synchronous network can improve the network performance by 5.5 dB in contrast to the performance of the asynchronous network. The SAIC technology in the asynchronous network can improve the network capacity by 40%.
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Improves the KPIs, including mean opinion score (MOS) of the voice service, paging success rate, handover success rate, call drop rate, and traffic volume.
Benefits: Within this function, one BTS can provide six cells, thus saving the investment for the operator.
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Querying and dynamical setting of the switchover parameter Dynamical data configuration, such as add/delete BTS, cell or TRX
BTS3 BTS2 BTS1 BSC
Benefits: if transmission in somewhere in the network is interrupted, the network can be automatically split into two chain networks. Both the sites in front of and behind the interruption point can work normally thus the network robustness is improved.
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networking between BSC and core network, and reduces the configuration and maintenance work. Thus, it provides good technical support for the reliability between large capacity offices.
Benefits: 2M high speed signaling breaks the limitation of sixteen 64K signaling links, simplifies the networking between BSC and core network, and reduces the configuration and maintenance work.
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16 signaling links
B S C
M S C
16 signaling links
As the capacity of BSC and the traffic volume of signaling SS7 increase, the requirement for the links of signaling SS7 also increases. The 16 links between MSC and BSC cannot satisfy the capacity requirement. Multiple signaling points can increase the signaling links of A interface and solve this problem. In the technology of multiple signaling points, one physical node is logically divided into multiple signaling points and each point can connect to other points independently. If a physical node is divided into N logical signaling points, since the maximum number of links between source point and target point is 16, the total number of links between this physical node and remote signaling point is N16, thus breaking the limitation of 16 links. Through multiple signaling points technology, BSC6000 can connect to MSC that does not support 2M high speed signaling, which improves the adaptability of BSC. BSC6000 local multiple signaling points are a logic concept. One physical node has multiple logical signaling points but there is only one target point. These points are independent with each other. Each of the multiple signaling points implements the same function of an independent signaling point. Currently, BSC only supports one target signaling point.
Benefits: Technology of multiple signaling points can increase the signaling links of A interface and
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failure of a TRX will not affect the communication quality of the entire cell. When the fault is removed, this cell can be restored to the FH mode. This is called baseband FH TRX cooperation. Note: If BCCH TRX in a baseband FH cell fails, except for BCCH TRX cooperation, baseband FH TRX cooperation also occurs. That is, the cell is changed to the non-FH mode. In addition, only when the faults of all TRXs participating in FH and the original BCCH TRX are removed, the baseband FH TRX cooperation changes back. That is, the cell is restored to the FH mode.
Benefits: The TRX Cooperation function ensures that the cell can provide services at any time. The probability that the cell is out of service due to the BCCH TRX failure is reduced. The probability that the call quality in the cell is lowered due to the TRX joining the baseband FH fails is reduced. Thus, the reliability of the network is greatly improved.
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As shown above, MCS 1, MCS 2, and MCS 3 form an MSC pool (Pool Area 1). All the calls or data in the tour BSC service areas (BSC Area 1, BSC Area 2, BSC Area 5, and BSC Area 6) are routed to the MSC pool for further processing. There are three routing modes. Routing by NRI: The NRI is carried in the TMSI of an MS. It is assigned to the MS by the MSC. When the MS needs to use network services, it sends its TMSI to the network. Upon receipt of the TMSI, the BSC resolves the NRI from the TMSI and then routes the services of the MS to the MSC based on the MSC signaling point corresponding to the NRI in the configuration data.
Routing by network load: In the BSC configuration data, every MSC in the MSC pool is
configured with a static load factor, which indicates the load sharing percentage of services shared on each MSC. The BSC routes services to MSCs based on the load factors in a loading sharing principle. Routing by IMSI: When the IMSI carried in the network-initiated paging message is consistent with the IMSI carried in the MS-initiated paging message, the BSC routes the services of the MS to the MSC that returns a paging response.
Pool Area 1
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Benefits: The MSCs in the MSC pool bears traffic load evenly and share resources. The MSC Pool function can: Improve the network capacity and save the cost of telecom operators Achieve disaster-recovery backup and improve network reliability because the addition or deletion of an MSC does not affect normal services. Automatically balance the traffic load on an MSC and reduce the operation and maintenance cost of telecom operators The MSC pool is logically seen as one MSC. It can reduce inter-MSC handovers and improve network performance.
Benefits: In the chain networking, the next-level BTSs are not interrupted when a BTS fails. The stability of the network in the area deficient of power supply is improved.
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Enhancement: GBSS8.0 Forced EFR Function in BSC: In the condition where the EFR function can improve speech
quality and both the MS and the BSC support the EFR function, the EFR function can be forcedly enabled on the BSC side if EFR is unavailable because the MSC does not support it. In this case, EFR should be shielded on the MSC side to avoid assignment failure or handover failure. This function is mainly applied in the areas with poor speech quality.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide better voice quality without affecting the network capacity.
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voice channels. And the frequency utilization is improved. As the increase of the subscribers, the frequency resources of the current GSM network become more and more insufficient. The half rate function can improve the capacity of the current network without any hardware investment. When a BTS is configured with the half rate function, the TRAU needs to support the half rate coding. Huawei TRAU supports all series of voice coding. It can dynamically assign various voice coding resources according to the service assignment situation. If the half rate voice channel is used, the voice channel uses one 16 kbit/s channel to bear two voices in the Abis terrestrial circuit. Thus, the terrestrial link can bear more traffic. When the half rate is used, one TRX bears more traffic and the load of RSL link becomes relevantly heavier. Therefore, if the signaling multiplexing is used, the multiplexing mode cannot be configured as 4:1. The 2:1 mode is recommended. The half rate may slightly affect the voice quality. The Huawei BSS equipment calculates the loads on the Abis interface and on the Ater interface in real time. When the resources on the Abis interface or on the Ater interface are congested, the BSC assigns the half-rate channels first if a call allows the assignment of both half-rate voice channels and full-rate voice channels. Therefore, the bandwidth of the Abis interface and of the Ater interface can be fully utilized and more calls can be accessed.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can improve its network capacity without any hardware investment. One E1 can bear more traffic and the frequency utilization is improved.
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dynamically. The system can automatically adjust the ratio between full rate and half rate channel. In this way, it can avoid the situation that some channels are congested while others are idle due to the fixed configuration of channels. You can also adjust the ratio between full rate and half rate channel for the whole network through setting relevant parameters. During the call process, the system decides the channel type to be assigned according to the resources of the MS, MSC and BSC. If it decides to assign the half rate channel while there is no half rate channel available. The system converts the full rate channel into half rate channel. If the system decides to assign the full rate channel while there is no full rate channel available, it converts the half rate channel into full rate channel. The channel properties do not change when the channels are released after the call ends. The ratio between half rate and full rate is automatically adjusted during the call if the channel occupation rate is normal. Only when the load of the cell is very high or the cell is congested, the half rate and full rate are converted to each other constantly.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can avoid the low channel usage due to fixed configuration of full rate channel and half rate channel. It can also reduce the task to configure or adjust the full rate channel and half rate channel.
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decoding rates lead to different rates of voice code streams. The AMR enables the BTS and MS to select an appropriate coding and decoding algorithm, and to adjust the coding rate according to specific radio environment. Therefore, the voice service quality of the whole radio communication system is improved. In an environment of much interference, better quality of voice service can be provided when the system uses the AMR FR than that when the system uses the EFR or FR. And the AMR FR is more robust, with better ability of anti-interface, and is more adaptive to the aggressive frequency reuse. If the voice channel coding rate is higher, the more information of voice features is provided in the coded code stream, and the voice is more realistic, but the less redundancy information is in the code stream, and the anti-interference ability of code stream is poorer. In a hard communication environment, error code may occur and voice frames may be lost, and then voice maybe discontinued. If the voice channel coding rate is lower, the more redundancy information is in the coded code stream and the anti-interference ability and error correction ability of code stream is stronger. Then, the voice is more continued. The AMR FR provides a code rates selection, as shown below. Code rates selection Channel TCH/AFS Coding Rate 12.2 kbit/s 10.2 kbit/s
7.95 kbit/s 7.40 kbit/s 6.70 kbit/s 5.90 kbit/s 5.15 kbit/s 4.75 kbit/s
Benefits: Increase the bearable system capacity Enhance the anti-interference ability.
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Adapt to the aggressive frequency reuse. Improve the network index in an increasing complex radio environment when combining with the frequency hopping technology. Provide a better quality of voice service.
Benefits: Increase the bearable system capacity Enhance the anti-interference ability.
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Adapt the aggressive frequency reuse. Improve the network index in an increasing complex radio environment when combining with the frequency hopping technology. Provide a better quality of voice service.
Benefits:
The transmission power is reduced; The MS has a longer standby time. The network interference is reduced. The frequency usage is increased. The network service quality is better.
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Benefits: Less maintenance work is required. For the system can do automatically adjustment according to the environment. Network capacity is increased, and the voice service quality is not degraded. The income can be raised and operation cost can be cut for the operators.
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poor quality from occupying wireless channel resources. This function provides a special wireless link timer for AMR calls. AMR calls enjoy higher robustness than common calls. When a common call fails due to poor link quality, the AMR voice service can maintain good conversation quality. If the wireless link timer of the AMR call and that of a common call adopt the same settings, the chance of AMR call drop increases and the conversation quality deteriorates. By adopting a maximum value for the AMR wireless link timer, you can make the AMR call endure the worst environment and reduce the call drop rate. You can configure the wireless link timers for the AMR HR and the AMR FR separately.
Benefits: You can prolong the conversation of AMR voice service, reduce the call drop rate, and improve the benefits of the operator by setting the wireless link timer of AMR voice service and that of non-AMR voice service separately, because the AMR voice service has strong anti-interference capability.
Fixed gain mode: Increase or decrease the voice volume gain by a fixed percentage based on the original voice volume. Adaptive gain mode: Adjust the voice volume according to the arithmetic factors, such as the received voice volume, rate, maximum gain, and expected level.
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Benefits: Mask the difference of voice volume control modes of different terminal manufacturers, to balance the difference of the subscriber response in different regions. And the subscriber obtains higher voice service quality.
Benefits: Cancel the acoustic echo which is produced because of the manufacture structure of the terminal. The voice quality is improved.
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In an environment with background noises, the ANR function uses an algorithm to attenuate and restrain noises based on the differences between noises and common voices in terms of spectrum characteristics, time, and change. The ANR function can improve the quality of voices because it hardly distorts pure voices while improving signal-to-noise ratio and reducing noise level. Benefits: The ANR improves the quality of voices by restraining the background noises in conversations.
Benefits: The conversation quality is improved effectively for the repeat coding and decoding operations during a call from one MS to another MS is cancelled.
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codecs use the same coding/decoding scheme, the TFO is enabled. TrFO does not require the TRAU. It uses the OoBTC to negotiate the coding/decoding type of both the calling MS and the called MS before a call is set up. The compressed voice is sent directly after the call is set up. If the condition for TrFO is not met, it takes a period of time to restore the PCM coding/decoding. This period of time is mainly used to configure the TRAU. Without TRAU, the call fails. The advantage of TFO is that the PCM coding format is immediately used when the condition for TFO is not met. Therefore, the speech quality is not affected.
Benefits:
TrFO enables the calling MS and the called MS to use the same voice coding scheme. This avoids the repeated code conversion and improves the QoS. TrFO does not require the TRAU. Therefore, it can save TC resources.
Benefits: The VQI function has the following Benefits: Reducing the cost of operation and maintenance Enabling the operator to evaluate the voice quality of the network quickly and effectively Facilitating fast location of voice problems Facilitating network optimization
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Benefits: The enhanced measurement can improve the monitoring capability on the speech quality, enhance the performance of the power control and handover algorithm, and realize the interoperability between the GSM system and the WCDMA/TD_SCDMA system.
7. Saving trasmission 7.1. GBFD-6701 16Kbit RSL and OML on A-bis interface
Function Description: 16 k LAPD signaling link (OML and RSL) supports the 16 k singling link in the physical layer. Each 16 k LAPD signaling link only occupies 16 k bandwidth, thus saving the transmission resources on the Abis interface.
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This function supports: The timeslot of the RSL and OML signaling link can choose the following four working modes through data configuration: 16 k, 32 k, 64 k, and 64 k statistical multiplexing. All the signaling links of a BTS can only be configured as the same mode.
Under the 16 k LAPD signaling link mode, the 16 k signaling timeslot and the 16 k traffic timeslot can be configured in one 64 k timeslot on the Abis interface.
Benefits: When this function is used in the small site configuration (such as, O1 or O2), it can greatly save the transmission resource of Abis interface. The rental cost of the satellite transmission is very high, the 16 k LAPD signaling link function can save the bandwidth and thus save the cost when the Abis interface adopts the satellite transmission.
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Huawei algorithm, transmission resources are allocated based on the 16 kbit/s timeslot, which greatly improves the bandwidth utilization. In CS service, the timeslot transmission on the Abis interface uses the resource pool mode. Abis resources are allocated to TRXs only when the TRXs are busy. This can improve the utilization of Abis resources. Except for synchronous timeslot (TS0), RSL timeslot (radio signaling link), and OML timeslot (operation and maintenance link), all the other Abis resources are included in the Abis Pool.
For Huawei BSS, the assignment of half-rate channels on the Abis interface can be triggered based on the load of the Abis resources. The minimum Abis resource for allocation is 8 kbit/s. When the resource utilization on the Um interface does not reach the congestion threshold but the transmission resource utilization has reached the congestion threshold, 8 kbit/s half-rate channels on the Abis interface are assigned to improve the utilization of Abis resources.
Benefits: The function can realize the sharing of the Abis resources among BTSs, cells, or services. Thus the reusability of the resources can be enhanced. The operating costs of the telecom operators can be reduced if the transmission resources are limited, for example, satellite transmission.
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the 8 kbit/s Ater interface resources are insufficient, one units of 16 kbit/s Ater interface resources can be adjusted to two units of 8 kbit/s Ater interface resources. The adjustment procedure is recorded in the traffic statistics. You can obtain the information about the full-rate resources and half-rate resources, and the resource usage on the Ater interface for the currently specified subrack through the BSC6000 Local Maintenance Terminal. Through the query of the Ater resources, you can adjust the initial proportion of the full-rate resources to the half-rate resources based on the query result. You can determine whether the Ater interface causes congestion easily based on the Ater resource usage.
Benefits: Based on the speech type, the Ater interface resources are assigned according to the needs. Thus the waste of system resources is evaded.
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then releases the timeslots used on the Abis interface and on the Ater interface, as indicated by the dotted lines. At the same time, virtual loopback against the core network is performed on the interface board over the A interface. For the BTS local switching function, no reconstruction or configuration is required for the core network.
You can enable either the BTS local switching function or the BSC local switching function. You can also enable both at the same time. In actual use, if the geographical distribution of two MSs allows local switching and the MSs have different speech coding schemes, you can enable the local switching only after you have adjusted the speech coding schemes for the MSs. In other words, you must enable the two MSs to have the lowest speech coding capability. As a result, the speech coding schemes and the speech coding rates of the two MSs can become consistent.
Benefits: After the function is enabled, the speech does not use the resources on the Abis interface and on the Ater interface because the speech loopback is performed on the BTS side. Therefore, the
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long-distance transmission resources or local transmission resources can be saved on the Abis interface and on the Ater interface. After the function is enabled, the TC coding/decoding resources used by this call are released. If the proportion of the local switching is high, the configuration of TC resources can be minimized and the construction cost of the initial equipment can be reduced.
Circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is disabled
CN room
Switching in CN C
TC Z
C N
BTS MS
The chart above shows the circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is
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enabled. The BSC performs a loopback test on the voice on the Abis interface. Because the voice does not go through the Ater interface, the system will release the Ater interface transmission link (marked red) between the BSC and the TC. On the A interface boards on the BSC side, the system does not process the signals received from the A interface circuits seized by the calls. It sends idle frames on the transmitting ports to retain the circuits in the CN. The BSC local switching is transparent for the CN. It does not require any setting on the CN side.
Circuits seized by a pair of calls when the BSC local switching is enabled
Released circuits over the Ater interface MS A BTS BSC room BSC Y B CN room TC Z C CN
Switching in CN
BTS MS
Transmission between NEs Circuits seized by a pair of calls Circuits released by local switching
Benefits: When the BSC local switching is enabled, the resources on the Ater interface are saved because voice loopback is performed on the Abis interface on the BSC side and the loopback does not occupy resources on the Ater interface. The enabling of the BSC local switching releases the TC encoding/decoding resources occupied by the call. When the BSC local switching is frequently used, the TC resources can be saved and the initial construction cost can be reduced.
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Function Description: The Abis interface transmission optimization function converges the Abis timeslots of a BTS on an HDLC channel, detects and compresses the idle voice frames by using the VAD technology, and sends the compressed data packets over the Abis HDLC channels for statistical multiplexing. This can greatly improve the E1/T1 bandwidth utilization rate. VAD voice frame detection/compression technologies: A data compression technology. It deletes the mute frames from the voice, removes synchronization, control, and fill-in bits that are useless in IP mode from the voice frames, and adds the HDLC frame header to the effective information frame to form the HDLC frame. This greatly reduces the bandwidth needed for voice transmission. Abis HDLC channel: For the Abis TDM, the Abis HDLC channel is a kind of newlyintroduced transmission resources, and is carried over the E1/T1 channels without reconstruction of the operators transport network. The HDLC data frames, a kind of data stream similar to IP packets, are transmitted over the channel. The channel is a kind of shared resources, and is shared among many subscribers. Statistical multiplexing on the HDLC channel: This technology supports multiplexing the data in user planes, RSL, and OML of multiple BTSs and TRXs into one or multiple HDLC channels. The total bandwidth of the logical links of the BTSs and TRXs is larger than the bandwidth of the shared physical layer. This demonstrates the efficiency of the statistical multiplexing. When allocating the HDLC transmission resources, the system automatically calculates the required bandwidth of the HDLC channel according to the configurations of the BTSs. The bandwidth can also be adjusted manually. The GBSS equipment provides traffic statistics to display the utilization rate of the HDLC channels. If the utilization rate is too low, you can add carriers or BTSs to the HDLC channel. If the utilization rate is too high, you can reconfigure the bandwidth of the HDLC channel. Huawei BSS equipment can dynamically adjust the HDLC links according to the information reported by the BTSs, including link status, HDLC channel congestion status, HDLC link load rate (available bandwidth), port status of the interface board in the BSC, and dynamically manage the transmission resources.
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Benefits: The function can save the transmission resources of the Abis interface. By adding extra BSC interface hardware and upgrading the BSC and BTS software, the operator can improve the resource utilization rate of the Abis interface by 30%40%, without reconstruction of the transport network. Under certain conditions, one E1 channel can carry 24 full-rate carriers or 21 half-rate carriers.
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HD LC1
TRX
BTS2
8. Ciphering
TRX BTS3
2 C L D H
TRX
3 C L D H
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BSC sends the command "Ciphering Mode CMD" to MS to notify it the choosing of A5/1 ciphering algorithm. After receive the command "Ciphering Mode CMD", MS responses a message "Ciphering Mode CMP" and then starts to transmit data using A5/1 ciphering mode. After receive the "Ciphering Mode CMP" from MS, BSC reports message "Cipher Mode CMP" to MSC.
Benefits: All the voice information and signaling information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering by the A5/1 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
Benefits: All the signaling information and voice information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering by the A5/2 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
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Benefits: All the voice information and signaling information transmitted in the air interface are ciphering by the A5/3 ciphering algorithm. The security of the network is ensured.
9. Short Message Service Cell Broadcast 9.1. GBFD-3601 Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (TS23)
Function Description: The Short Message Service Cell Broadcast (SMSCB) is a teleservice (TS23) that can periodically broadcast messages to all the MSs in a specified area. The MSs can receive the broadcast messages continuously or discontinuously according to the system configuration. The typical application of this function is to provide the weather information and traffic information.
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SMSCB allows broadcasting the short message to all MSs in certain areas. These areas may be one or several cells, or even the entire PLMN. The short messages from Cell Broadcast Centre (CBC) are managed and dispatched by the CDB of the BSC. And then BSC forwards the messages to BTS. Then, BTS broadcasts the messages to all the MSs in a scheduled interval. The cell broadcast database (CDB) receives and stores the short messages from CBC. It dispatches and transmits the short messages, and responds to the query of CBC. The cell broadcast function supports the MSs to use the DRX mode to receive the cell broadcast messages. The BSC needs to send the scheduling messages to support the DRX mode. MS can read concerned short messages in less time by reading the scheduling messages, thus minimizing power consumption. The cell broadcast supports the flow control for the BTS. The transmit sequence of the short messages in each cell is dispatched by CDB but are actually transmitted by BTS. Each TRX of BTS maintains one message buffer and sends the short broadcast messages periodically to MSs through the specified channel. When the BTS cannot send the messages out in time, it will report this asynchronous state to BSC in the form of load indication message. By controlling the flow of the broadcast messages, CDB can balance the cell broadcast system to maximally satisfy the requirement of sending the broadcast messages.
Benefits: With this function, the operators can promote the value-added services such as weather forecast, stock information, traffic information to increase the revenues.
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messages to all MSs in one or several cells, or even in the entire PLMN. The MSs can receive the broadcast messages continuously or discontinuously according to the system configuration. Usually there is a Cell Broadcast Center (CBC) responsible for managing and scheduling the SMSCB. Huawei Simplified Cell Broadcast function is performed through a built-in cell broadcast processing module in the BSC without a CBC, thus reducing equipment costs. Huawei simplified cell broadcast function is performed to broadcast messages such as the cell name, weather forecast, and social commonweal messages. The following describes the details of these functions:
Information broadcast function: broadcasting messages such as the BTS name, cell
name, weather forecast, or any character string, with a maximum length of 80 bytes. Information timing broadcast function: sending cell broadcast messages at specified
intervals during a specified period of time. Information management function: On the M2000 MML client, you can use the MML
commands to start or stop sending the broadcast messages in specified cells or all cells, or stop sending a specified cell broadcast message. In addition, you can use the MML commands to query the cell broadcast status. In any period of time, a maximum of 16 cell broadcast short messages can be
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A semi-permanent connection is configured. It is used to transmit the information collected from the E1 timeslots at the receiving end to the E1 timeslots at the transmitting end through timeslots. The collected information is transparently transmitted in the timelsots inside the GBSS. When the configuration for the semi-permanent connection remains unchanged, the paths carried on the timeslots are permanently reserved. The following figure shows the timeslot transmission.
The GBSS provides semi-permanent connections at four rates: 8 kbit/s, 16 kbit/s, 32 kbit/s, and 64 kbit/s. The timeslot paths carrying semi-permanent connections use E1 interfaces as access points in the BSS. The GBSS can perform timeslot transmission through interface boards. It can converge the semi-permanent connections of multiple BM subracks to a specific E1 transmission link. Then the collected maintenance information can be transmitted to external network devices through this E1 transmission link in a centralized manner. The GBSS can also use a timeslot exchanging device (also called DXX) to insert and extract useful information to be transmitted GSM BSS can implement two semi-permanent connections. One is between BTS and BSC. The other is between MSC and BSC. Huaweis GSM BSS supports to set up the semi-permanent between any two points as shown below
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MSC
BSC
Benefits: With the semi-permanent connection, the operator can transmit the information such as BTS AV power supply alarm, maintenance information and other information. It can avoid the repeat of assigning IP, which facilitates the maintenance and networking.
GBFD-6401 End-to-End MS Signaling Tracing Function Description: As the communication network becomes increasingly complicated, it is more and more difficult to locate the service faults in MSs. You can detect the section where the faults occur only when
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the information about the whole process of one MS is collected. Using the end-to-end MS signaling tracing function, you can collect the information about the specified MS if required. The function uses only a few system resources and enables you to trace faults in a specific network element. Thus you can troubleshoot the faults effectively. After a task of tracing an MS is created in the HLR, the HLR sends a tracing activation message to the MSC/VLR where the MS locates. When the traced MS initiates services, the MSC notifies the BSC to perform tracing. When the MS is switched to a new MSC/VLR, location update is initiated. Then the HLR sends a tracing activation message to the new MSC/VLR and the tracing task of the original MSC is complete. When receiving a message for starting tracing tasks from the MSC, the BSC traces information about all the interfaces and then saves the information to the BAM. The information is saved as a .tmf file, which is used for interface tracing on the BSC6000 LMT. The file can be browsed through the function of interface tracing review on the BSC6000 LMT. When browsing the information about the traced MS, you can choose time segments for the browse and choose the message element identification to be viewed through a message filter window. The BSC6000 supports a maximum of 64 tasks (including single-MS signaling tracing, interface signaling tracing, and end-to-end MS signaling tracing tasks) to be traced. There should be at least 16 end-to-end MS signaling tracing tasks. When creating an end-to-end MS signaling tracing task, determine whether the total number of tasks reaches the upper limit if the number of existing end-to-end MS signaling tracing tasks reaches or exceeds 16. If the total number does not reach the upper limit, you can create more tasks. If the total number reaches the upper limit, creating tasks fails.
Benefits: Using the end-to-end MS signaling tracing function, you can completely record the service activities of an MS. The record messages cover all the network elements involved in the service. Through these messages, you can successfully detect the source of the fault. If you define a proper object, you can obtain effective location information without using many processing and transmission resources of the system during the entire tracing process.
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Benefits: The operator can use this function to deploy BTSs and provide service in the area where the
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Benefits: The operator can use this function to deploy the BSS system and provide service for the area that the conventional transmission is hard to reach.
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Huawei also provide the A interface monitoring function. It can monitor the circuit usage of the A interface. Thus, the operator can adjust the bandwidth of the circuit in the A interface to save the cost.
Benefits: The operator can use 4:1 compression to save the cost for A interface circuit. The operator can deploy the BSS network for the emergency communications or in the area where the conventional transmission cannot reach.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide packet service under the satellite transmission mode.
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Benefits: This function enables the operator to implement different channel assignment strategies for the users with different priorities, thus improving the revenue. With this function, the channel resources can be assigned based on the user priority, which can meet the special requirement for the high-end users. This function can be used together with eMLPP function, which can better improve the user benefits and satisfaction.
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Multi
Level
Precedence
and
Enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Pre-emption (eMLPP) allows a user to initiate calls with different priorities. The network side takes different channel assignment strategies for the users according to the priorities. If the network is congested, the cal with higher priority is served preferably. The eMLPP function needs the support of MS to ensure that the user can initiate calls with different priorities under different situation. The normal conversation of the users with higher priority is ensured by preemption, queue, directed retry, and forced handover. Preemption: MSC determines whether the preemption is allowed. MSC sends the assignment request or handover request to the BSC to notify it whether the preemption is allowed. If the preemption is allowed and the BSC enables the eMLPP function, BSC hands over the call with the lowest priority to its neighboring cell through forced handover. The release resources are assigned to the call with higher priority. If the eMLPP function of BSC is disabled, BSC directly releases the resource of the users with lower priority to ensure the call of the users with higher priority. Directed retry: BSC determines whether the directed retry is allowed. When the cell has no idle traffic channel and the cell allows directed retry, the call is handed over from SDCCH to the TCH of the neighboring cell. Queue: MSC determines whether the queue is allowed. MSC sends the assignment request or handover request message to the BSC to notify it whether queue is allowed. When the cell has no idle traffic channel and the MSC allows queue, BSC places the TCH request into the queue, when there are idle TCHs, the TCH is assigned to the waiting call in the queue. The eMLPP function can improve the network capacity and improves the satisfaction of the user in busy hour. It is a supplementary of the load sharing solution.
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Benefits: This function can provide different classes of services for the users with different priorities. It improves the QoS for the high end users and improves the satisfaction of the users.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide location services to increase revenue.
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Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide location services to increase revenue.
Benefits: The LCS service can be launched and the service revenues can be increased.
14. Power Control Algorithm 14.1.GBFD-7601 HUAWEI III power control algorithm
Function Description: HUAWEI III power control algorithm is new algorithm. It supports the interpolation of the measurement report and has dual threshold. The power control is based on the quality and the frequency hopping gains are introduced. The data configuration is simple and flexible. The uplink and downlink power control is detached. Thus the correctness of power control is improved and the stability and efficiency of the algorithm is guaranteed. The power control processing has the following procedures: Interpolating the filter processing in the measurement report Launching the quality-focused requirement for power control based on the receive level and quality Delivering the power control command. For power control processing, the new Huawei power control algorithm uses
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the following techniques to enhance the efficiency and correctness of the power control effectively. Dual-threshold power control algorithm uses the following strategies: Adjusting the power step based on the receive level: The ultimate goal of power control is to obtain good speech quality at a minimized level. The transmit power cannot be too low because of the external interference and the instability of the radio link. Therefore, the Huawei power control algorithm uses the dual-threshold power control strategy so that the receive level can possibly be within the scope of the dual threshold. Adjusting the power step based on the receive quality: The change in the receive quality is generally related to the interference. The major interference in GSM is the intra-frequency interference during frequency reuse. The interference is mutual. The increase in the power of a call is equivalent to the enhancement of interference in another call. The following case should be avoided: If the power of the first call is increased, the interference in a second call is enhanced so that the receive quality of the second call gets poor. To gets a better quality, the transmit power of the second call may be increased. By analogy, the group effect may occur. The threshold of the receive quality is also set to a dual threshold. If the receive quality is within the threshold band, adjusting the transmit power is not required. If the receive quality is beyond the threshold band, adjusting the transmit power is required. For the power adjustment caused by quality-related reasons, use a fixed step to avoid oscillation. Quality-based power control: After the receive quality is converted into Carrier-toInterference Ratio (CIR), the effective receive signal strength is estimated based on the receive level and quality in the measurement report. The actual power control amplitude is calculated based on the effective receive signal strength and the transmit power. Frequency hopping gains: After the frequency hopping (FH) is activated, the call can bear a lower CIR. Therefore, targeting the receive quality, the power control algorithm introduces different FH gains based on different FH frequencies. After the FH gains are introduced, the power control amplitude becomes more accurate and the average transmit power is reduced. Thus the intra-network interference can be greatly reduced. Detachment of uplink and downlink power control: The detached configuration of power
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control step in upward and downward directions enable flexible and fast power control based on the actual situation on the network. When the uplink (or downlink) signal quality or the receive quality becomes poor immediately, the power control can be performed in upward direction quickly. Thus call drop can be avoided. Flexible configuration of the threshold: The corresponding quality threshold is configured based on the service type. Thus optimized configurations targeting different services can be realized.
Benefits: The interference on the entire network decreases and the capacity increases. The speech quality is enhanced and the transmit power of the BTS is reduced for power saving purpose.
Benefits: This function has the following Benefits: Reducing the number of call drops caused by handover Increasing the success rate of handover Improving the quality of the received signals
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discarded packets is increasing. Network congestion aggravates packet transmission delay and delay jitter. Too high delay may trigger packet retransmission. Serious network congestion wastes a large quantity of network resources. Unreasonable resource allocation may lead to resource deadlock and consequently system collapse. Increasing the network bandwidth is a direct means for solving network resource shortages. Besides, preventive mechanisms, including tail drop and weighted random early detection (WRED), must be taken to prevent the occurrence of network congestion. When network congestion occurs, the system adopts queue scheduling policies, such as priority queue (PQ) or weighted round robin (WRR) to solve the problem.
Benefits: Adapts to the development trend (all-IP) of the future transport layer and future protocol development trend. The Abis interface has the features of high bandwidth and low cost, and is no longer a factor restricting the BSC capacity. The low IP network construction cost, short construction period, and easy maintenance effectively reduce the operators CAPEX and OPEX.
15.2.GBFD-8602 A over IP
Function Description: The A over IP function allows the operator to construct an IP network between the BSC and the MSC. Because the A interface protocol has not been standardized yet, the interface must be connected to Huawei softswitch. The A over IP function provides FE and GE interfaces and supports the IPv4 protocol. The BSC connects to the MSC through a LAN or WAN, depending on the location of the BSC and MSC. The networking mode can be direct connection or router networking. After the IP technologies are applied on the A interface, it is unnecessary to conduct interconversion between the GSM voice codes and 64 kbit/s PCM codes. Therefore, the BSS
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equipment does not realize the TC function. The TC function is realized in the MGW. Huawei BSS equipment extends the A interface protocol. Supporting the TrFO function, the BSS equipment can reduce the coding event count and improve the voice quality. Because the GSM network reconstruction must be done step by step, in some scenarios, TDM/IP dual-bearer networking may become necessary. Huawei BSS equipment supports both TDM and IP protocol stacks, that is, it can adopt different bearing modes between the BSC and the MGW. In addition, it can adopt different bearing modes between the BSC and different MGWs. The A over IP function supports load sharing among interface boards, thus having very high reliability. Huawei GBSS equipment provides the A over IP with a QoS assurance mechanism, which is the same as that of the Abis IP transmission, to realize end-to-end QoS assurance.
Benefits: The IP transmission complies with future evolution requirements of the 3GPP protocol, and protects the future equipment investment. The IP transmission features high bandwidth and low cost, allowing the operator to develop new services quickly. The low IP network construction cost, short construction period, and easy maintenance effectively reduce the operators CAPEX and OPEX. Supporting the TrFO function, the BSS equipment reduces 4 voice CODEC events, saves TC resources, and improves voice quality.
15.3.GBFD-8603 Gb over IP
Function Description: The Gb over IP function enables the operators to create IP transmission between the PCU and the SGSN and to increase transmission modes. Thus the operators can fully utilize the characteristics of IP transmission and save the transmission cost. The function can simultaneously support two end-to-end communication modes between the
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PCU and the SGSN: frame relay (FR) and IP network. The NS module chooses different uplink and downlink handling processes based on transmission modes. The FR uplink and downlink handling process is performed according to the existing implementation mode. For the network transmission mode, the uplink and downlink handling process of the IP network is used. With the growth of the packet data services, the requirement for the Gb bandwidth increases. The function enables the IP header to be compressed and the data over the Gb interface to share the transmission bandwidth. Thus the transmission efficiency is enhanced and the transmission cost is reduced. After the characteristics of the function are used, the Gb interface maintenance commands of the system become simple, the maintenance process is simplified, and the fault location and troubleshooting methods are diversified.
Benefits: Reduces the cost of network investment. Adopts IP transmission to simplify the network maintenance, and reduce operation cost and maintenance expense. Adopts IP transmission to increase the bandwidth of the Gb port. As a result, the Gb port no longer restricts the subscribers bit rate. Facilitates the provisioning of the SGSN pool function.
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(4) In busy mode, an MS is handed over from a WCDMA system to a GSM system. Roaming in idle mode: Through PLMN reselection, an MS can be handed over from a GSM network to a WCDMA network, or from a WCDMA network to a GSM network when there is no signal in the WCDMA network. To enable a WCDMA MS to be automatically handed over from a GSM network to a WCDMA network when it enters the coverage of a WCDMA network, you can set different PLMNs for the WCDMA network and GSM network and set the WCDMA network to HPLMN in the USIM. The selection of a GSM network or a WCDMA network can be determined by the network operator. Usually the WCDMA MSs preferentially select the WCDMA network. The PLMN reselection can be scheduled on the MS. The reselection time can be determined by the operator. To inform the MS about the WCDMA neighbor cell information, the GSM BSS needs to add the WCDMA neighbor cell description to the system information. The system information 3 is modified to indicate whether the system information 2 quarter exists. The system information 2 quarter, including cell reselection, measurement, and report information, is added. A WCDMA MS can be handed over to a GSM neighbor cell through system reselection when the WCDMA signal is weak. CS domain handover in busy mode: Handover from WCDMA network to GSM network: During the inter-RAT handover, if the MS needs to handle only CS services, the CS domain handover from a WCDMA network to a GSM network is performed. When receiving the handover request from the MSC, the BSS works with the MSC to implement the handover based on the resource situation. Handover from GSM network to WCDMA network: For the handover from a GSM network to a WCDMA network, if the GSM cell has WCDMA neighbor cells, the measurement control information is sent through the system information. The dual-mode MS measures the WCDMA network on the idle timeslot and reports the measurement result. The BSC determines whether to initiate the inter-RAT handover according to the measurement result. In a GSM cell, when the MS enters the dedicated mode, it needs to reconstruct the neighbor cell list according to the system information on the SACCH. SI5, SI5bis, and SI5ter provide the information about the neighbor GSM cells. The MEASUREMENT INFORMATION message provides the information about the WCDMA neighbor cells. The WCDMA cell information is obtained through the measurement report from the MS. The WCDMA cell information is used for the handover decision. According to the measurement report, when the WCDMA cell handover criterion is met, the inter-RAT handover is triggered. The GSM system decides whether to initiate a handover according to the WCDMA neighbor cell information and the WCDMA neighbor cell level in the measurement report. If the GSM system decides to initiate the handover, it issues a WCDMA cell handover command. The follow-up signaling procedure is implemented under the control of the MSC.
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PS domain interoperability: Huawei GBSS does not support PS domain handovers. The interoperability between the WCDMA and the GPRS/EDGE is achieved through cell reselection by the GSM SGSN, WCDMA SGSN, and HLR.
Benefits: This function enables the MS to roam and be handed over from the WCDMA network to the GSM network. This can solve the problem of insufficient coverage in the early stage of the WCDMA network. With this function, the GSM network can smoothly evolve to the WCDMA network, thus protecting the operator's investment.
Benefits: This function enables the MS to roam and be handed over from the TD-SCDMA network to the
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GSM network. This can solve the problem of insufficient coverage in the early stage of the TDSCDMA network. With this function, the GSM network can smoothly evolve to the TDSCDMA network, thus protecting the operator's investment.
17. Cell Reselection of PS Domain 17.1.GBFD-6301 Intra BSC Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC)
Function Description: Network Assisted Cell Change (NACC) means that the network notifies the MS about the neighboring cell information in advance to fast the cell reselection speed. Thus, the time of data transmission interruption due to cell reselection is reduced. NACC is a function introduced in the Release 4 protocols. It supports the MS: To notify the network side when the MS decides to implement cell reselection To delay the cell reselection to let the network side to send the neighboring cell information message NACC does not control the MS to implement the cell reselection while it can assist the MS to implement the cell reselection. It fasts the cell reselection.
Benefits: The time of data transmission interruption due to cell reselection is reduced, thus improving the user satisfaction. The system transmission bandwidth is reduced because the system information is obtained in the original cell as possible as it can be.
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the PACKET SERVING CELL DATA message for that mobile station on PACCH.
Benefits: The function together with the NACC can reduce the time of data transmission interruption resulting from cell reselection, thus improving the customers satisfaction. The acquisition of system messages in the source cells can reduce required transmission bandwidth.
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If the PFM process is activated, the PCU can obtain the PFC correctly. When the service type is interactive , the processing is performed according to the priority (1, 2, or 3) defined in the ARP if the ARP field exists. If the service type is interactive and the service meets the THP conditions, assign values to the blocks on the assigned channels based on the three priority levels. The processing is performed according to the priority (1, 2, or 3) defined in the ARP if the following conditions are met: e If it is not one of the previous two cases, perform processing according to the best effort process.
Benefits: Through the function, the operator can configure the QoS data in the HLR for every subscriber
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according to the subscribers requirements on upload/download speed. As a result, the subscriber with higher requirements on data service can occupy more bandwidth and enjoy higher download speed and better quality of service. The function is applicable to the GPRS and EGPRS data subscribers. The function possesses the following advantages: High-end subscribers can enjoy higher download speed, while low-end subscribers are subject to speed restriction. The operator can set more flexible charging policies. The network resources can be put into full play.
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Radio link management Radio resource management Providing route for the packet data The GPRS radio link management function includes setting up, maintaining and releasing the radio link. The radio resource management function includes coding/decoding, configuring, multiplexing the radio packet channel, switchover between the circuit traffic channel and the packet traffic channel, controlling the access of the MSs to solve the channel contention, assigning channel for MSs according to the requested QoS. The GPRS system also provides routing function to transmit the packet data to the SGSN and receives the downlink data from SGSN as well. Huawei GPRS supports the following functions: Sending packet system information A/B/C three GPRS terminal modes Radio Link Control (RLC) acknowledged mode and non-acknowledged mode CS1/CS2/CS3/CS4 four coding schemes NC0 Network control mode Network operating mode I, Network operating mode II, and Network operating mode III QoS, assignment, paging, flow control Dynamic conversion between TCH and PDCH Packet access High efficient G-Abis interface: M900/M1800 GPRS BSS uses 16 kbit/s link on the G-Abis interface. When the CS-3 and CS-4 coding schemes are used, the rate of one PDCH is 15.6 kbit/s and 21.4 kbit/s respectively. Therefore, if the radio channel is mapped onto the terrestrial channel, one PDCH shall be mapped onto two 16 kbit/s links if it uses the CS-3 and CS-4 coding schemes. Huawei GPRS BSS adopts dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology to solve the transmission of the CS-3 and CS-4 on the G-Abis interface. The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology is to assign a static 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot and a dynamic 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot on the G-Abis interface for each PDCH using CS-3 or CS-4. The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology has the following features:
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Any idle 16 kbit/s on the G-Abis interface can be used as additional 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot. The additional sub-timeslot can be attached to different main timeslot within the same site. The additional sub-timeslot does not need to be the neighbor of the main timeslot. The data packet is packed and unpacked through software, which avoids the upgrade of hardware due to different product specifications. Dynamically assigning the TCH on the Abis interface can reduce the cost of the transmission on the Abis interface, which further reduces the O&M cost of the equipment.
Benefits: With this function, the operator can provide packet service for the user, thus promoting the image of the operator. As the same time, it increases the revenue of the operator and improves the ratio of the packet service in the entire mobile services.
Benefits: Benifit to CS paging and PS paging cooperating Improves the satisfaction of subscribers. Increases the revenue of the operator.
19.3.GBFD-8901 CS-3/CS-4
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Function Description: Support CS-3 and CS-4 coding scheme without the need of hardware upgrade.
Benefits: Adopts CS3/CS4, and improves the GPRS service rate. Improves the packet service performance for areas where the EGPRS is not supported. Improves the satisfaction of subscribers.
19.4.GBFD-4201 EGPRS
Function Description: The Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is the evolution of the GSM. It greatly improves the data rate of the GSM. EDGE includes a set of enhancement standards for the GSM interface. It enables the GSM network to bear the 3G services. EDGE includes EGPRS and ECSD. The EGPRS is an enhancement of the current GPRS system. It improves the rate of the data channel. EGPRS improves the transmission capability of the single timeslot through adding the 8PSK modulation on the Um interface. It bundles multiple timeslot to improve the transmission capability of a single user. Huawei EGPRS has the following features: MCS1MCS9 Huawei support all nine code schemes for EGPRS, in both uplink and downlink directions. See below for details. Code schemes for EGPRS
Scheme Cod e Rate Heade r Code Rate Modulat ion RLC Blocks Per Radio Block (20ms) Raw Data Within One Radio Block Famil y BCS Tail Paylo ad H C S Data Rate kbit/s
MCS9
1.0
0.36
8PSK
2 x 592
2 x 12
2x6
59.2
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2 2 1
A B A 2 6
1 1
B C A
0.66 0.53
0.53 0.53
224 176
B C
11.2 8.8
Incremental redundancy and link adaptation EGPRS adopts two link quality control methods: Link Adaptation (LA) and Incremental Redundancy (IR). The incremental redundancy uses software bit combination to increase the data rate. It initially uses a coding with very less error protection. When information is received incorrectly, additional coding is transmitted and then soft combined in the receiver with the previously received information. Soft-combining increases the probability of decoding the information. This procedure will be repeated until the information is successfully decoded. Huawei support incremental redundancy both for downlink and uplink directions. EGPRS code scheme dynamic adjustment This is a link adaptation mode similar to standard GPRS. The system can dynamically adjust the EGPRS code scheme basing on BEP report from the mobile and BLER information, in order to achieve the best transmission result. Dynamical additional sub-timeslot The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology can well solve the transmission of the CS-3 and CS-4 on the G-Abis interface. The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology is to assign a static 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot and a dynamic 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot on the G-Abis interface for each PDCH using CS-3 or CS-4. EGPRS BSS can support the MCS3MCS9 without upgrading the hardware of BTS, BSC, and
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PCU. At the same time, the multiplexing of the G-Abis interface is maximally improved. Thus, the investment on the G-Abis interface transmission equipment is saved. The assignment strategies of 16 kbit/s sub-timeslot are shown below: Number of 16 kbit/s timeslot on the Abis interface Coding scheme
MCS1MCS 2 MCS3MCS 6 MCS7 MCS8MCS 9
The dynamic additional sub-timeslot technology used by M900/M1800GPRS BSS displays the following features: Any idle sub-timeslot of the G-Abis interface can be used as additional sub-timeslot, so that each has maximum utilization. Within a same site address, the additional sub-timeslots can be dynamically attached to various main timeslots to enhance the utilization ratio of this sub-timeslots according to statistical multiplexing rules. The locations of the additional 16kbit/s sub-timeslots are relatively flexible. They do not have to be adjacent to the main 16kbit/s sub-timeslot. It packs and unpacks the data packets through software to avoid hardware upgrading Multiplexing of the GPRS and EGPRS MSs The EGPRS and GPRS mobile stations (MSs) can be multiplexed to the same EDGE PDCH. The EGPRS MS uses MCS encoding, and the GPRS MS uses CS encoding.
Benefits: The operator can use the current frequency spectrum to provide high-speed packet service, thus increasing the revenue.
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This function can reduce the congestion of PDCH and reduce the affection of initial configuration of PDCH on the system performance. To support the GPRS service, two types of channels are introduced: static PDCHs and dynamic PDCHs. Static PDCHs are used for packet service only. Dynamic PDCH is initialized as a TCH and controlled by BSC. When the static PDCHs are not enough, the PCU will apply for dynamic PDCHs from the BSC. When the PCU get control authority of TCHs, dynamic PDCHs are used for packet service. On the contrary, if TCHs are insufficient, the BSC can request dynamic PDCHs from the PCU. When the BSC is in control, the dynamic PDCHs serve as TCHs. The dynamical adjustment of PDCH takes cell as unit. When BSC get control authority of dynamic channels, dynamic channels will use as TCHs. When channels types have be changed, BSC sends command to BTS to configure the TCH as TCH and BSC updates the internal channel table.
Enhancement: GBSS7.0 With the development of the GSM network, the proportion of data services to the total services becomes large in such an increasing way that data services need to be satisfied as much as possible in some cases. The Huawei PCU equipment supports the configuration of PDCH priorities: preferred CS domain, preferred PS domain with a low priority, and preferred PS domain with a high priority. In the case of the preferred PS domain with a low priority, the dynamic PDCHs are not preempted. In the case of the preferred PS domain with a high priority, the PS domain can preempt the TCHs.
GBSS8.0
Overall Dynamic PDCH Conversion: Except for static PDCH, all the other channels can be converted in real time based on the data service and the voice service. If required, TCH can be converted to PDCH for the PS service. When the voice service is not busy, more PDCHs are available. This can alleviate the transmission rate decrease due to PDCH multiplexing.
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This flexible mechanism can greatly improve the channel utilization and optimize the distribution of PDCHs and speech channels. The planning of this function is relatively simple and you only need to expand the capacity if required.
Benefits: The estimation of the packet traffic is hard for the operator. The function can effectively improve the channel usage, reduce the maintenance and configuration task and increase the revenue of the operator. The circuit service has the priority to obtain the channel than the packet service. The PCU releases the dynamic PDCH when there are too many idle PDCH.
Benefits: This function supports the traditional transmission mode of the Gb interface and is compatible with the core network equipment on the existing network.
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20. Performance Speedup Features for EGPRS 20.1.GBFD-9201 11-Bit EGPRS Access
Function Description: This feature supports the uplink packet access of an EGPRS-capable MS. The EGPRS-capable MS originates an EGPRS PAKCET CHANNEL REQUEST on a CCCH, requesting an uplink packet access. The EGPRS MS can access the network at phase 1 to shorten the first access delay.
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Function Description: According to the uplink measurement report from the BTS, this feature dynamically adjusts the uplink MCS coding to quickly adapt the changes in the quality of the air interface and to improve the uplink throughput rate.
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Benefits: Reduces the delay. Improves the KPI of the PS domains. Improves the quality of experience (QoE) for subscribers. Increases the revenue of the operator.
21. Enhanced Function of EGPRS Resource Management 21.1.GBFD-9301 Enhanced Function of EGPRS Resource Management
Function Description: The enhanced function of EGPRS resource management contains the type of preferred channel, inter-carrier and inter-channel load balancing, and channel dispatching.
Remarks
1 2
EGPRS
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preferred channel
by the EGPRS service. When the channel is completely idle, the GPRS service can use it. If the EGPRS service, however, needs to seize the channel, the GPRS service should release the channel. (The EGPRS and GPRS services cannot multiplex the EGPRS preferred channel.) For the EGPRS service only
higher priority than the GPRS service. The throughput of data services can be increased.
Timeslot-level dedicated channels are supported. The EGPRS user rate is guaranteed. The EGPRS dedicated channel is especially suitable for the important applications such as service presentation hall, Olympic stadiums, and highend office buildings.
The EGPRS dedicated channels can be configured into static channels only. The other three preferred channels can be configured into static channels or dynamic channels.
Benefits: By adding service channel types, the function can satisfy the operators requirements for defining various policies to increase operation revenues.
Benefits: The function can improve the utilization of channels, and increase the service rate.
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Benefits: The function can reduce the probability of channel multiplexing for the EGPRS service and the GPRS service. This can improve the EGPRS service rate, enhance network performance, and improve the QoE for subscribers.
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bandwidth of the uplink is high. The EDA function can enable an MS to be assigned with four timeslots on the uplink so that the high requirement for the bandwidth of the uplink can be met. The function is based on the uplink dynamic allocation. The BSC assigns multiple uplink timeslots for the MS. The MS listens to all the assigned PDCHs. When the MS hears the USF that is assigned to it on the assigned PDCH, the MS can use the uplink block corresponding to this PDCH and the uplink block corresponding to the PDCH that is assigned with a greater timeslot number. If the MS can transmit uplink blocks, it need not listen to the following assigned channels. Therefore, the MS can use more uplink channels than those in the case of uplink dynamic allocation. The uplink extended dynamic allocation needs the support from the MS. The MS will indicate whether it supports GPRS uplink extended dynamic allocation and EGPRS uplink extended dynamic allocation through the message containing the information about radio access capability.
Benefits: Helps to improve the uplink rate. Realizes the transmission of large data traffic on the uplink. Improves the subscribers satisfaction.
21.6.GBFD-9501 Channels
Adaptive
Adjustment
of
Uplink
and
Downlink
Function Description: The adaptive adjustment of uplink and downlink channels refers to the dynamic adjustment of the number of uplink and downlink timeslots for a GPRS/EGPRS MS based on the uplink and downlink flow of the service data. The function introduces the intermediate state of the timeslot configuration mechanism. The function is beneficial for the bidirectional interactive services (for example, POC and highspeed buffer storage of web pages) whose uplink and downlink timeslots are imbalanced owing
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to various reasons. In phase-I access mode, the TBF starts to be transmitted. The support capability of the network on the MS cannot be confirmed. Thus, one timeslot is used on the uplink, which is unfavorable for the uplink service whose IP packet is large. If the function is used, the intermediate state can be reached immediately and the service performance can be enhanced. The function can be used together with the EDA function so that four timeslots and one timeslot can be used on the uplink and downlink respectively. For some uplink and downlink service applications, the performance is affected by the one timeslot on the downlink. The intermediate state is available and the service performance is enhanced in the intermediate state. Therefore, the 3+2 timeslot configuration on the uplink and downlink can be realized easily. Thus the performance of the packet services is enhanced and the customer is more satisfied.
Benefits: Helps to improve the uplink rate. Improves the channel utilization efficiency. Improves the subscribers satisfaction.
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recognizing the flag bit, BTS disconnects the downlink till the flag bit is set. When TRAU receives the uplink frame, it also discriminate the SID flag. If the SID flag is set, it means the MS is in the transmission intermittent period. Silence Descriptor (SID): the noise coding flow is the same as the voice signal coding flow. The SID frame also experiences the channel coding, interleaving, ciphering and modulation and then it is turned into the field containing the noise messages and sent out in eight continuous burst, just as the voice frame does. Comfortable noise: When receive the uplink frames, the TRAU judges the SID flag. When the SID is set, it means the MS is in the intermittent period. To make the listener feels that the GSM provides continuous service for it, the TRAU inserts comfortable noise in the uplink link. TRAU uses DTX to reduce the transmit power of BTS and MS. This further reduces the cochannel interference of radio interface and extends the standby time of MS. At the same time, the receiving MS generates the comfortable noise to make the user feel that the communications is continuous when the receiving MS detects it is in the DTX mode.
Benefits: This function reduces the power consumption of the BTS and MS, reduces the interference within the system, and reduces the inter-modulation within the BTS. Viewed from the whole network, the co-channel interference is reduced. Thus, the network capacity is improved.
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That is, each mobile users (corresponding to an IMSI) corresponds to a dedicated paging group. Each paging group corresponds to a paging sub-channel of the cell. MS can calculate its paging group according to the last three bits of IMSI and the configuration of the paging channels of serving cell. In the idle mode, the MSs of a paging group only listens the paging messages on the fixed paging sub-channel (during this period, it can also monitor the receiving level of the BCCH of the non-serving cell) and ignores the paging messages in other paging sub-channels or even shuts down some hardware components. This can reduce the power consumption of MS. But it must be ensured that the necessary network message measurement task is implemented within a certain period. The number of the paging sub-channel of each cell can be calculated according to the CCCH type, BS AG BLKS RES (in the 51 multiframe, some are used for AGCH), BS PA MFRMS. (1) CCCH includes AGCH and PCH. The main function of CCH is to send immediate assignment message and paging message CCCH can be borne by a physical channel or multiple physical channels. CCCH can share a physical channel with SDCCH. The combination of the CCCH in the cell is determined by the parameter CCCH CONF. The setting of CCCH CONF shall be consistent with the real situation. When the cell has only one TRX, it is recommended that the CCCH shares a physical channel with SDCCH (at this time, there are three CCCH message blocks). (2) Sometimes, the paging traffic in a LA is heavy, one physical channel cannot meet the requirement. Therefore, the GSM specifications specify that the BCCH TRX can be configured with multiple CCCHs, but the CCCHs can only be configured on timeslot 0, 2, 4, and 6.
Benefits: This function can reduce the power consumption of MS and extend the standby time of MS.
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Benefits: This function is performed to improve the decoding performance of the physical uplink in the fast moving condition, thus improving the physical transmission performance and reliable connections between the fasting moving MS and the BTS. AFC enables the system to support the fast-moving (higher than 500 km/h) telecommunication environment. It serves as the basis of the frequency offset handover algorithm for fast-moving MSs.
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