VINAYAKA MISSIONS UNIVERSITY

V.M.K.V.EMGINEERING COLLEGE, SALEM M.E. (POWER SYSTEMS ENGINEERING)

POWER SYSTEM OPERATION

UNIT I : LOAD FORECASTING

Part - A
1. What is the need for load forecasting? 2. Give the classification of short-term load forecasting. 3. What are the types of load forecasting? 4. Define Coincidence factor. 5. What are the difference between Periodic components & Stochastic components? 6. Define Maximum demand. 7. Mention different types of loads. 8. Define connected load. 9. What are the advantages of load forecasting? 10. Define Load factor. 11. What are cascading outages? 12. Compare Average and trend terms. 13. Define Average demand. 14. Define Diversity factor. 15. What is kalman filtering? 16. Define Plant use factor. 17. What is meant by load duration curve? 18. Define Load. 19. Draw the load curve and load duration curve. 20. Define up time. 21. What are periodic components? 22. Define down time. 23. What are stochastic components?

Part - B
1. Explain i) Daily load curve ii) Monthly load curve iii) Annual load curve. 2. Explain about different types of load forecasting? 3. A thermal power house spends Rs.30lac/annum for coal used in power house. The coal has the calorific value of 5000kcal/kg and cost Rs.300/ton, if the power house has the thermal efficiency of 33% and electrical efficiency of 90%. Find the average load on the power house. 4. Explain briefly about Auto- Regressive Model and Auto-Regressive Moving. 5. i) Explain Periodic components & Stochastic components ii) Compare Periodic components & Stochastic components 6. The recorded peak loads from 1990 to 1996 of an area. Project the load upto 2007. (Use exponential equation) Year Peak load(MW) 1990 57 1991 59 1992 74 1993 75 1994 81 1995 89.5 1996 98.9

7. Briefly explain about On- line techniques for non stationary load prediction. 8. The recorded peak loads from 2000 to 2006 of an area. Project the load upto 2014. (Use exponential equation) Year Peak load(MW) 2000 2001 56 59 2002 70 2003 75 2004 81 2005 89.5 2006 98.9

9. Explain about different types of load. 10. What is kalman filtering? Explain briefly.

UNIT II : UNIT COMMITMENT

Part - A
1. What is Spinning reserve? 2. Define unit commitment. 3. What are the difficulties to find unit commitment solution? 4. List the constraints that are accounted in unit commitment problem? 5. What is Cold reserve? 6. What is meant by hydro constraints? 7. Define minimum downtime? 8. What is Hot reserve? 9. State the unit commitment problem? 10. What is the need for unit commitment? 11. What is the constraint for brute force technique? 12. What is meant by crew constraint? 13. What are the assumptions for priority list method using FLAPC? 14. What are the advantages of using forward dynamic programming method? 15. Define minimum uptime? 16. What is meant by priority list method? 17. What are the thermal unit constraints? 18. What are the types of constraints? 19. What are the methods available for unit commitment? 20. What is meant by nuclear constraints?

Part B
1. Explain briefly the constraints on unit commitment problem. 2. Explain with a neat flow chart the procedure for finding the solution for unit commitment problems using forward DP method? 3. Explain the steps involved in solving the FLAPC. 4. Explain briefly about priority list method for unit commitment. 5. Obtain the priority list of unit commitment using full load average production cost for the given data for the load level of 900MW. F1 = 392.7+5.544P1+0.001093P12 F2 = 217+5.495P2+0.001358P22 F3 = 65.5+6.695P3+0.004049P32 Generation limits: 150 P1 600MW 100 P2 400MW 50 P3 200MW There are no other constraints on system operation. Obtain an optimum unit commitment table. 6. There are three thermal generating units which can be committed to take the system load of 800MW. The fuel cost data and generation operating limit data are given below. Obtain an optimum unit commitment using brute force enumeration technique. F1 = 600+7P1+0.006P12 F2 = 400+8P2+0.01P22 F3 = 500+6P3+0.008P32 Generation limits: 100 P1 400MW 50 P2 300MW 150 P3 500MW Power demand = 800MW.

7. Determine priority list using full load average production cost for the data given. Unit No 1 2 3 Loading Limits Min Max 100 400 050 300 150 500 Fuel cost parameter ai bi ci 0.006 7 600 0.01 8 400 0.008 6 500 Fuel cost 1.1 1.2 1.0

8. Explain briefly about complexity in optimal unit commitment.

UNIT III : GENERATION SCHEDULING THERMAL SYSTEM

Part A
1. What is base point? 2. Define penalty factor. 3. What is meant by economic dispatch? 4. What is incremental cost criterion? 5. What are the units of incremental cost? 6. How is incremental cost calculated? 7. What is the purpose of economic dispatch? 8. Name the methods of finding economic dispatch? 9. What is meant by total generator operating cost? 10. List the various constraints in the modern power systems? 11. What are the advantages of using participation factor? 12. What is lagrangian multiplier? 13. What are the assumptions for deriving loss coefficients? 14. Define incremental efficiency? 15. What is exact coordination equation? 16. Write the coordination equation neglecting losses? 17. Write the relationship between and power demand when the cost curve is given? 18. What are loss coefficients? 19. Draw incremental fuel cost curve? 20. Write the quadratic expression for fuel cost?

Part B
1. Explain with a neat flow chart the procedure for to finding the solution of economic dispatch problems using iteration method with transmission losses. 2. Why is incremental fuel cost generally taken as total incremental cost for purpose of load allocation in thermal plant? 3. Explain the equal incremental costs criteria for optimum scheduling in power plants. 4. Explain briefly about i) Effect of transmission losses. ii) Representation of transmission losses. 5. Derive the exact coordination equation. 6. Derive coordination equation for economic dispatch neglecting losses. 7. Derive coordination equation for economic dispatch including losses in the power system. 8. The fuel cost of two units are given by, F1 = 1.6+25PG1+0.1PG12 Rs/hr; F2 = 2.1+32PG2+0.1PG22 Rs/hr. If the total demand on the generators is 250MW, find the economic load scheduling of the two units. 9. Explain with a neat flow chart the procedure for to finding the solution of economic dispatch problems using iteration method without transmission losses. 10. A power plant has three units with the following cost characteristics: C1 = 700+23.5PG1+0.05PG12 Rs/hr; C2 = 850+20PG2+0.2PG22 Rs/hr. C3 = 960+18PG3+0.09PG32 Rs/hr. Maximum and minimum loading allowable on each unit are: 150MW and 40MW. Find the optimal scheduling for a load of 275MW.

UNIT IV: GENERATION SCHEDULING HYDRO THERMAL SYSTEMS

Part A
1. What is meant by flexibility of operation? 2. What is meaning of base rule curve? 3. What is the necessity of long term hydro thermal coordination? 4. For which type of countries is hydro thermal coordination economical? 5. Explain the term incremental operating cost of a power system? 6. How is incremental operating cost related to economic dispatch? 7. Write the quadratic expression for fuel cost? 8. What is system incremental cost? 9. What is the significance of no spill rule curve? 10. What is meant by incremental water rate? 11. Is it necessary to consider transmission losses in short term hydro thermal coordination? 12. What do you mean by base load method? 13. What are the factors affecting the cost of generation? 14. When do discontinuities occur in the fuel cost curve and the incremental cost curve? 15. What is the difference between LFC and economic dispatch controller? 16. What is merit order scheduling? 17. What are all the point to be noted for a economic load dispatch including transmission losses? 18. What is participation factor with respect to economic load dispatch? 19. What is base load? 20. How can the economic controller to be added as the tertiary loop of LFC control?

Part B
1. Discuss the methods used for computing the generation schedules in a combined hydro thermal system. 2. Describe the flow chart for obtaining the optimum dispatch strategy of N-bus system taking into account the system transmission loss. 3. Why is it necessary to operate hydro and steam plants in combination? Discuss briefly. 4. Explain the importance of short term hydro thermal coordination. 5. What advantages accrue from operating a hydro and thermal plant in coordination? 6. Formulate the economic dispatch problem and derive the exact co-ordination equation. 7. Consider the two bus system, there are no base loaded units with G1 and G2 both being under control. The units are assumed to have quadratic cost function of the type. How the units should shared the total load PD? 8. A plant has two generators supplying the plant bus and neither is to operate below 20MW nor above 135MW. Incremental cost with PG1 and PG2 in MW are (dF1/dPG1) = 0.14PG1 + 21 Rs/MWhr (dF2/dPG2) = 0.225PG2 + 16.5 Rs/MWhr For economic dispatch, find the plant when the demand equals (a) 45MW (b) 125MW (c) 250MW. 9. The transmission loss coefficients are given by 0.01 Bmn = -0.0003 -0.0002 -0-0003 0.0025 -0.0005 -0.0002 -0.0005 0.0031

Three plants A, B, C supply powers of 50MW, 100MW and 200MW. Calculate the transmission loss in the network in p.u value and the incremental transmission loss of three plants. Assume base value = 200MVA. 10. The incremental costs of two units are: (dC1/dPG1) = 0.08PG1 + 16 Rs/MWhr (dC2/dPG2) = 0.08PG2 + 12 Rs/MWhr Power loss is given by PL = 0.001PG12 + 0.0024PG22 0.001PG1PG2. Determine the optimum scheduling for a load of 100MW.

UNIT V: INTERCHANGE OF POWER AND ENERGY

Part A
1. What are the different types of power and energy interchange? 2. What is energy broker? 3. What is a power pool? 4. What is meant by energy evaluation? 5. Define capacity interchange? 6. Define Energy banking? 7. What is meant by diversity interchange? 8. Define Emergency power interchange? 9. Give the types of power pools? 10. What is meant by multiple utility interchange transactions? 11. What is meant by unit commitment? 12. What are the advantages of power pools? 13. What does Wheeling mean in transmission system? 14. Define ACE? 15. What is meant by energy broker system? 16. Define utility transactions. 17. What are the transmission effects? 18. Define wheeling. 19. What is meant by interchange power? 20. What are the transfer limitations? 21. Define power pools. 22. Write short notes on allocating pool savings. 23. Define own load dispatch. 24. What is meant by incremental transfer capability? 25. What is meant by marginal cost?

Part B
1. Describe the economy interchanger between interconnected utilities. 2. Explain infertility economy energy evaluation. 3. Explain about interchange evaluation with unit commitment. 4. Explain about multiple-utility interchange transactions. 5. Write short notes on: a) Capacity interchange b) Energy Broker system c) Diversity interchange d) Emergency Power interchange 6. Explain about power pools. 7. Explain about transmission effects and issues. 8. Explain briefly about transactions involving nonutility parties.