Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Design

Undergraduate Project
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator
CHAPTER 01 INTRODUCTION
Project Title : Design a Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Objective : This project was conducted to design a Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption
Refrigerator which is an economical environmental friendly refrigerator which can be used in the area where there is lack of electricity.
1.1 Project process flow

So basics for this design based on assessing the combining of solar power with refrigerator designing & minimize the losses by improving the cycle components. That is combining the solar energy with ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle & avoids the use of compressors & pumps. The project was carried out according to following steps. (Tasks are categorized under each stage) Stage (1) Collect information & data relevant to Electrolux system. Check energy requirement for a common refrigerator.(average value) Check capacity & volume of a refrigerator.(average value) Collect & study about solar collectors. Stage (2) System designing Design a refrigerator cycle considering following factors a) Solar heat availability b) Refrigerating effect requirement c) System pressure, partial pressures, evaporator temperatures d) Availability of materials Design of equipments corresponding to the design conditions a) Absorber b) Generator c) Heat exchanger Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 1
Undergraduate Project d) Evaporator e) Other parts Stage (3)
Construction of the generator with solar heat suppliers Stage (4) Construction of the whole refrigerator system Stage (5) Testing of the refrigerator Discuss shortcomings Any future improvements & suggestions These were included considering about General Information like Purpose and scope, Background, Conflicts in criteria, Sustainable design...etc. & Refrigeration system design requirements like Safety, Operation and maintenance, Economy, Refrigerant replacements, System design and selection So to fulfill objective the first thing did was, summarized the things that should do in design process in step wise. So this design was successfully completed by doing appropriate & necessary data collections, doing calculations, researches, revising collected data, concerning standardizations regarding refrigeration criteria. The work flow was some what deviate with the planned schedule in time wise (time chart). But the steps were flows according to it. So according to that basic information were collected & this proposal was prepared which consist of some general idea about refrigeration, how the cycles modified, why go for a Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator, advantages & brief idea about arrangement of the relevant cycle. There included, Capacity & volume of a common refrigerator. Solar collectors General Information like Purpose and scope, historical Background, Conflicts, the existing cycles, their specifications, favorable features & drawbacks. Then the system designing was started as the first progress. There talked about existing cycle arrangements & comparison, design arrangement of cycle, the theory behind that ,main system features & components and system pressures were fixed by doing the necessary calculations (for Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 2
temperature & pressure values) with the help of concentration - enthalpy graphs. Also material selection for the components was conducted during this stage. So in second progressive stage, basically calculations were done & was based on earlier define criterias. Design calculations of evaporator, condenser, heat exchanger, generator, absorber & bubble pump were done and completed the whole process.
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna
CHAPTER 02 LITERACY REVIEW

2.1 Refrigeration Usage
A simple research was done & the usage of the refrigeration was found out.
Supermarket display Cases Ice machines 26% 34% Refrigerated venting Machines Research in Refrigerators 5% 7% 5% 13% Figure: 2.1 commercial refrigeration energy uses 10% Research in freezers Beverage mechanisms Other
2.2 Refrigerating capacity/volume

The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either liters (EUR) or cubic feet (US). Typically the freezer volume is 100 liters (3.53 cubic feet) and the refrigerator 140 liters (4.94 cubic feet), although these values are highly variable. Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary numbers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest) by manufacturers, but generally 3 C (37 F) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and -18 C (0 F) for the freezer.
Table: 2.1
2.2.1 Some of the normally available capacities & volumes
Brand RF171PSS EC15W2
Description Refrigerator/Freezer with Security Door Lock & Full Range Temperature Control Thermoelectric Compact Refrigerator with Auto Defrost & Adjustable Thermostat: White Compact Refrigerator with Adjustable Thermostat: Coppertone Body with Walnut Door Counterhigh Refrigerator with Reversible Door & Separate Chiller Compartment Frozen food compartment & Shelves 2. Energy consumption 212kw/year Compact Refrigerator with Full Range Temperature Control & Separate Chiller Compartment Compact Refrigerator with Push Button
capacity 1.4 Cu. Ft. 1.5 Cu. Ft.
volume 3.7 Cu. Ft. 3.8 Cu. Ft.
SW23
1.7 Cu. Ft.
4.0 Cu. Ft.
Avanti 322Y ZANNUSI (ZUD9124A) RM1700W RM1701B Scotsman RFE33A
3.2 Cu. Ft 4.3 cu ft. 1.7 Cu. Ft.
6.2 Cu. Ft. 14.2 Ft. Cu.
4.0 Cu. Ft.
3.0 Cu. Ft. 1.8 Cu. Ft. 4.5 cu ft. 2.9 Cu. Ft.
7 Cu. Ft. 4.6 Cu. Ft. 8.5 Cu. Ft. 10.2 Cu. Ft.
Defrost and Adjustable Cold Control FFAR2LCSS Compact All Refrigerator with Auto Defrost (Stainless Steel & Front Mount Lock Door) Whirlpool Auto defrost (ARC0140) Summit Refrigerator with Freezer & Microwave: MRF35 White
2.3 Historical Background

A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) is a mechanical appliance for the storage and preservation of perishable food. One compartment, referred to as a freezer, usually shares space in the unit with another compartment for cold temperatures maintained above freezing. The first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated in the mid 1700s, and relied on the vapor-compression refrigeration process. Between 1805, designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In 1850 or 1851, there demonstrated an ice maker. In 1856 introduced vapor-compression refrigeration to the brewing and meat packing industries Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 5
Commercial units, which go by many other names, were in use for almost 40 years prior to the common home models. The fact that they operated with toxic ammonia gas systems which are unsafe for home use. Practical household refrigerators were introduced in the 1920s and gained wider acceptance in the 1930s as prices fell and non-toxic, nonflammable synthetic refrigerants, such as Freon or R-12 refrigerants were introduced. Developments of the 1970s and 80s brought about more efficient refrigerators, and environmental issues banned the use of CFC (freon) refrigerants used in sealed systems.
2.4 Major Components of the Refrigerator

When consider a mechanical refrigerator system there are five basic parts. The cycle is formed by combining these components. Compressor Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes outside the unit - Condenser Expansion valve Heat-exchanging pipes - serpentine or coiled set of pipes inside the unit Evaporator Refrigerant - liquid that evaporates inside the refrigerator to create the cold temperatures.
Figure: 2.2 Refrigeration Components
Evaporator
Compressor
Condenser
Expansion Value
2.5 Basic Cycles

2.5.1 Vapor Compression Cycle The vapor compression cycle's principle of operation is relatively simple. A working fluid is boiled in an evaporator at a pressure and hence temperature, TL, low enough to provide cooling. A work driven compressor (usually electrical work) then increases the pressure of the working fluid vapor allowing it to condense and reject heat at a temperature that of the surroundings. Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 6
Having rejected its heat of condensation and condensed the working fluid liquid is then expanded back into the evaporator where it can again provide cooling at a low temperature. This is the reverse of the Rankine cycle or Carnot cycle.
Figure: 2.3 Reverse of the Rankine cycle
2.5.2 Normal Refrigeration Cycle
The shortage of this is that the turbine used there cannot handle wet vapor (practically impossible). So there use a throttle valve for that.
Figure: 2.4 Normal Refrigeration cycle
Figure: 2.5 p-h Diagram & p-s Diagram of Normal Refrigeration cycle
In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant enters the compressor as a vapor. Then, the vapor is compressed at constant entropy and exits the compressor superheated. This superheated vapor travels through the condenser which first cools and removes the superheat and then condenses the vapor into a liquid by removing additional heat at constant pressure and temperature. After that the liquid refrigerant goes through the expansion valve (also called a throttle valve) where its pressure abruptly decreases, causing flash evaporation and auto-refrigeration of, typically, less than half of the liquid. This results in a mixture of liquid and vapor at a lower temperature and pressure. The cold liquid-vapor mixture then travels through the evaporator coil or tubes and is completely vaporized by cooling the warm air (from the space being refrigerated) being blown by a fan across the evaporator coil or tubes. The resulting refrigerant vapor returns to the compressor inlet to complete the thermodynamic cycle. Then this cycle modified by adding various no of elements which facilitate the incensement of coefficient of performance (advantage). Mostly this is the state of the art today. 2.5.3 Modified Refrigeration Cycles
The throttle valve is substitute by the flash chamber
Figure: 2.6 Refrigeration cycle with flash chamber
Later the Compressor is replaced by the pump & Mechanical losses are minimized by using the absorption systems.
Undergraduate Project 2.5.4 Ammonia Absorption Cycle
Figure: 2.7 Ammonia Absorption Cycle
In this system Anhydrous Ammonia means ammonia without water, Aqua Ammonia is a solution of ammonia and water which is used in refrigeration. Vapor compression systems use compressors to compress the refrigerant vapor. Absorption type systems do not use a compressor but instead use a generator. Industrial compression refrigerators consume substantial electric power to compress the large volume of refrigerant vapor. In ammonia absorption refrigeration, the vapor is dissolved in water, and pumped to high pressure. The following sequence summarizes the operation: Refrigerant vapor from the evaporator, instead of going to compressor, goes to an absorber, where it is dissolved with lean ammonia-water at low pressure. The rich ammonia-water mixture is pumped to high pressure. As the volume handled is much lower, the pump consumes only a fraction of the compressor power. To separate the binary mixture, now at high pressure, it is heated with steam (or other heating media). Ammonia gas separates from the mixture. Ammonia gas is purified in a rectification column. The lean mixture left behind is cooled through solution exchangers, and returned to the absorber to dissolve more ammonia. Purified ammonia vapor goes to the condenser where it is cooled to liquid, and returned to the evaporator to close the refrigeration cycle. Some advantages that can gain from this From this can achieve low temperature evaporation and high temperature condensation by varying the partial pressure of the refrigerant. Silent operation Inexpensive equipment Small moving parts (pump) 9
Undergraduate Project High Reliability Portability
2.5.5 Lithium Bromide-Water Absorption Cycle Compared to an ordinary cooling cycle the basic idea of an absorption system is to avoid compression work. This is done by using a suitable working pair. The working pair consists of a refrigerant and a solution that can absorb the refrigerant. In this study, LiBrH 2O is used, water is the refrigerant. The system is shown schematically in following figure.
Figure: 2.8: Schematic of a single effect LiBrwater absorption system
When the refrigerant vapor is coming from the evaporator it is absorbed in a liquid. This liquid is pumped to higher pressure, where the refrigerant is boiled out of the solution by the addition of heat. Subsequently, the refrigerant goes to the condenser like in an ordinary cooling cycle. Finally, the liquid with less refrigerant returns back to the absorber. This can provide evaporation temperature around 4oC, and operates in the pressure range of 4 to 0.8 kPa. Bur there are some problems in the lithium bromide water system as follows. The risk of crystallization of lithium bromide which may happen due to either low condenser temperature or generation temperature. The energy losses at various components of the system. The irreversibilitys in absorption system that reduce COP and energy efficiency to a lower value than the ideal ones are due to three main factors: Imperfect heat and mass transfer in the system's units 10
Undergraduate Project Mixing losses Circulating losses.
The mixing losses are associated with the evaporation of the refrigerant in the generator from a concentrated solution, which requires a greater amount of heat than to evaporate it in a pure state. The refrigerant vapor leaves the generator superheated, as the temperature required for the generator is higher than the evaporation temperature of pure refrigerant under the same pressure. The superheat energy spent in the generator constitutes a thermodynamic loss, which leads to extra cooling requirement in the condenser.
2.6 Comparison of Basic Cycles

Electrical energy, and hence the operating cost of compressors, is becoming expensive everyday. LiBr (Lithium Bromide) based absorption units have an inherent temperature limitation of +7oC. Wherever there is cheap heat energy available, Ammonia absorption refrigeration will be the ideal choice. economy and selection can be analyzed.
Table 2.2: Comparison of basic cycles
From the prevailing costs of steam and electricity,
Electrical energy
Compression Runs fully on electrical power. Varies from 1KW at 0oC to 2KW at -25oC Varies with application.
Ammonia Absorption Typically uses about 7%10% of compressor electric energy for pump. Ammonia, with water as absorbent. Environment friendly, and low cost refrigerant. Up to -33oC and lower. Low pressure steam, hot water or equivalent waste heat sources.
Lithium Bromide Typically uses about 5% of compressor electric energy for pump. Water, with Lithium Bromide as absorbent. Absorbent charging / disposal are expensive. Only up to +7oC Low pressure steam (single stage units) and high pressure steam (two stage units) About 8kg (single stage. 11
Refrigerant used
Temperature limitation Thermal energy required. Thermal
Depends on refrigerant. None
None
Varies from about 9kg (at
Undergraduate Project energy quantity (as steam) Installation. Indoor installations.
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator 0oC operation) to 11kg (25oC operation) Skid-mounted outdoor installations. No building cost. Low maintenance, Standby pump for reliability. Flexible operation. temperatures can offset cooling water temperature fluctuation. Operation is easily understood and picked up by ammonia compressor operators. Pungent, characteristic ammonia smell acts as a natural alarm in event of leakage. Exotic material construction. Site repair and maintenance is difficult. About 5kg (two stages) for +7oC operation. Skid-mounted indoor / outdoor installation. Vulnerable to fluctuations in cooling water temperature. Vacuum service leakages are difficult to identify. Refrigerant may need to be changed if exposed to air during maintenance.
Remarks.
Requires stand by for critical service. Vulnerable to water temperature. Moving parts wear and tear means low operating life.
fluctuations in cooling Higher steam
Because of high versatile features Ammonia Absorption is a relatively favor. This is one of the foundation criterias that our system is based on.
CHAPTER 03 REFRIGERATION CYCLE DESIGNING
3.1 Main Features of Design System

Use solar power to power up the system. I.e. the heat input in to the system is using solar power. Occupied three substance mixture Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 12
That is when talking about the Electrolux refrigeration system the foundation for that is laid by the Ammonia refrigeration cycle. Traditional cycle is only used ammonia. But with that here we use water & hydrogen. Replace Compressor by a specialized unit This is the most specialty of this system. There is no compressor is occupied in this cycle. Instead of that above mentioned substances are used to increase the pressure of the system & that is done by increasing the partial pressure of the ammonia using the hydrogen.
Figure: 3.1 Main Features of Design Cycle
3.2 Principle of Operation

Dalton's Law of partial pressures is the foundation of the principle of operation of this refrigerating system. The ammonia absorption system is the main flat form for this system. Dalton's law The total pressure of a confined mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures of each of the gases in the mixture. E.g. -
13
Total pressure of the air in a compressed air cylinder is the sum of the oxygen, nitrogen, and the carbon dioxide gases, and the water vapor pressure. The law further explains that each gas behaves as if it occupies the space alone. To illustrate, the absorption refrigerator uses two gases, ammonia and hydrogen. The ammonia, at room temperature, is absorbed by the water in the closed system. Heating this solution drives out the ammonia. (The hydrogen is not absorbed by the water and remains as a gas.) Due to the pressure it is under, the ammonia condenses into a liquid in the condenser. The pressure is uniform throughout the system. Total pressure in the system is the sum of the vapor pressure of the ammonia plus the hydrogen pressure. When the pressure of the ammonia vapor is below the pressure corresponding to the vapor pressure for ammonia alone, the ammonia continues to evaporate. It tries to reach a vapor pressure corresponding to the temperature in the absorber.
3.3 Occupied Substances

This system mainly deals with three substances: Ammonia "Anhydrous" means "without water". When ammonia gas is dissolved in water, the resulting material is called ammonium hydroxide or "Aqua" ammonia. Anhydrous ammonia is the compound formed by the combination of the two gaseous elements, nitrogen and hydrogen, in the proportion of one part nitrogen and three parts of hydrogen by Volume. Since one volume of nitrogen weighs fourteen times as much as one volume of hydrogen, on a weight basis, the ratio is fourteen parts of nitrogen to three parts of hydrogen, or about 82% nitrogen and 18% hydrogen. At atmospheric temperatures and pressures, anhydrous ammonia is pungent colorless gas. The critical point of ammonia is at 132.30C & 11.3 MPa. The critical density is 235 kg/m3. Between the melting and critical points, liquid ammonia exerts a vapor pressure which increases with rising temperature. When liquid ammonia is in a closed container it is in equilibrium with ammonia vapor and the pressure within the container bears a definite relationship to the temperature. Also it has a higher latent heat of evaporation that is important as a refrigerant, like at -150C is 1315 kJ/kg. Physical Constants of Anhydrous Ammonia Molecular symbol --------------------------------------- NH3 Molecular weight --------------------------------------17.032 Boiling point at one atm -------------------------------- 28 F. Freezing point at one atm ----------------------------107.9 F. Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 14
Critical temperature -------------------------------- 270.32 F Critical pressure ------------------------------------ 1657 psia Vapor density at -28 F. and one atm -----0.05555 lb./cu.ft Heat of combustion ------------------------------ 8001 Btu/lb Ammonia is a colorless gas having a characteristic pungent smell and a weakly alkaline reaction. Ammonia can be liquefied easily by applying pressure to it. Liquid ammonia is colorless and has a high refraction index. The solubility in water is high - 1 liter of water can dissolve 1160 liters of ammonia at 0 Celsius (solubility is 899 g/l at 0C). In aqueous solutions ammonia forms the positively charged ammonium ion NH 4+, which has the shape of a regular tetrahedron. The aqueous solution is a weak base ("ammonia water", sometimes also called "liquid ammonia" which is wrong in the strict physical sense, since it is not liquefied ammonia but ammonia dissolved in water). Ammonia is lighter than air (density of 0.771 g/l at 1 atm and 20C). It is easily liquefied and the liquid boils at -33.35 C, and freezes at -77.7 C to a mass of white crystals. Liquid ammonia has a high specific heat capacity and a high refraction index. Liquid ammonia is similar to water in its physical properties, because in liquid ammonia the molecules are strongly associated (as in water). Liquid ammonia is the best-known and most widely studied non-aqueous ionizing solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly colored, electrically conducting solutions containing solvated electrons. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in aqueous solutions. Comparison of the physical properties of NH3 with those of water shows that NH3 has the lower density, viscosity, dielectric constant and electrical conductivity; this is due at least in part to the weaker H bonding in NH3 and the fact that such bonding cannot form cross-linked networks since each NH3 molecule has only 1 lone-pair of electrons compared with 2 for each water molecule. Hydrogen gas Water
Generator
3.4 Process Cycle
Absorber
15
Figure: 3.2 Process Cycle
3.5 Basic Flows

There are three interlinked circuits in this fridge. Ammonia circulation Hydrogen circulation Dilute ammonia solution in water circulation.
3.6 Process
The cooling cycle starts at the evaporator, where liquefied anhydrous ammonia enters. The "evaporator" contains another gas, hydrogen, whose presence lowers the partial pressure of the ammonia in that part of the system. The total pressure in the system is still the same, but now not all of the pressure is being exerted by ammonia, as much of it is, due to the pressure of the hydrogen. Ammonia doesn't react with hydrogen - the hydrogen is there solely to take up space - creating a void that still has the same pressure as the rest of the system, but not in the form of ammonia. Per Dalton's law, the ammonia behaves only in response to the proportion of the pressure represented by the ammonia, as if there was a vacuum and the hydrogen wasn't there. Because a substance's boiling point changes with pressure, the lowered partial pressure of ammonia changes the ammonia's boiling point, bringing it low enough that it can now boil below room temperature, as though it Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 16
wasn't under the pressure of the system in the first place. When it boils, it takes some heat away with it from the evaporator - which produces the "cold" desired in the refrigerator. The next step is getting the liquid ammonia back, as now it's a gas and mixed with hydrogen. Getting the hydrogen away is simple, and this is where the "absorber" comes in. Ammonia readily mixes with water, and hydrogen does not. The absorber is simply a downhill flow of tubes in which the mixture of gases flows in contact with water being dripped from above. Once the water reaches the bottom, it's thoroughly mixed with the ammonia, and the hydrogen stays still (though it can flow freely back to the evaporator). At this point, the ammonia is a liquid mixed with water and still not usable for refrigeration, as the mixture won't boil at a low enough temperature to be a worthwhile refrigerant. It's now necessary to separate the ammonia from the water. This is where the heat from the sun comes. When the right amount of heat is applied to the mixture, the ammonia bubbles will be out. To supply the heat there we use solar power directly and then we can get the maximum efficiency from the system. We
Figure: 3.3 Generator Arrangement
can get solar power indirectly that means solar heat can be obtained using solar electricity
through solar cells and heater. But it increases the losses and then efficiency will be reduced. So we are not going to use that indirect heating process. The ammonia isn't quite dry yet - the bubbles contain gas but they're made of water, so the pipe twists and turns and contains a few minor obstacles that pop the bubbles so the gas can move on . The water that results from the bubbles isn't bad - it takes care of another need, and that is the circulation of water through the previous absorption step. Because that water has risen a bit while it was bubbling upwards, the flow of that water falling back down due to gravity can be used for this purpose. The maze that makes the ammonia gas go one way and the bubble water go the other is called the "separator". The next step is the condenser. The condenser is a sort of heat sink that cools the hot ammonia gas back down to room temperature . Because of the pressure and the purity of the gas (there is no hydrogen here), the ammonia condenses back into a liquid, and at that point, it's suitable as a refrigerant and the cycle starts over again.
17
3.7 Main components

Separator A water separator which is provided to remove water vapor so that they should not enter the condenser, get condensed there & pass on to evaporator where choking might occur due to its freezing Condenser The dehydrated ammonia gas gets condensed to liquid in the condenser & gravitates to U tube, which acts as seal for a gas to enter the evaporator, or any gas passing from evaporator to the condenser. Evaporator In the evaporator, the ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen at about a bar gauge. The plant is charged to a pressure of about b bars. Hence due to Daltons law of partial pressure. The pressure of ammonia gas should fall to about (b-a) bar gauge & the saturation temperature corresponding to about (b-a) bar gauge is t oC. The temperature surrounding the evaporator is much higher than this. Thus ammonia evaporates & produces the refrigeration effect, that is absorbs the latent heat of evaporation at (b-a) bar gauge & -toC from the space to be refrigerated. Absorber In order to ensure continues action, hydrogen gas has to be removed from ammonia vapor. This is done in the absorber where a descending spray of very dilute ammonia liquid meets the ascending mixture of ammonia vapor & hydrogen. Ammonia vapor is readily absorbed with evaluation of heat so that absorber has to be water jacket or air cooled, other wise evaporation may take place in this unit & the absorption may cease. Heat exchanger Liquid heat exchanger is placed between absorber & the generator. This weak liquid gets cooled & strong liquid gets heated, thus heat is economized & better thermal efficiency obtained. This heat exchanger is counter flow type. The strong solution from the absorber is preheated on its way to generator or boiler & the dilute solution on its way to absorber is cooled. This cooling of weak liquid also helps absorption & reduces the cooling of absorber by external source. It may be noted that the circulation is effected by gravity & thus no moving part in the system.
18
CHAPTER 04 ENERGY
There are some energy obtainable ways in practice. Electricity Burning kerosene Wood gas Solar When consider the situation in Sri Lanka, Following table shows a rough comparison of each & every sources.
Table 2.3: Comparison of Energy Sources
Cost Availability cleanliness Energy provide Feasibility renewable
Electricity high Restrictedarea dependant high Very high low none
Wood low Area Dependant low low low low
Kerosene low sufficient low high low none
Solar Initial cost high High in almost all the areas high satisfaction high renewable
4.1 Choose Energy Source

Solar power
4.2 Justification of chosen energy source

4.2.1 What is Solar Energy Solar energy is the cleanest and most cleanest and inexhaustible of all known energy sources. Solar radiation is the heat, light sources. Solar radiation is the heat, light and other radiation that is emitted from the sun. Solar radiation contains huge amounts of energy and is responsible for almost all the natural processes on earth.
So considering above table can be come out with the point that best option is to use the solar power. Because the objective is to use this in areas where there is lack of electricity. Sri Lanka is Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 19
situated near the equator. Wood is not economical as the power out is low & difficult to handle. Kerosene also the same & much contaminated. In our system basically heat is needed to separate some working mediums. That is to separate ammonia from water. So there occurs no need of large energy requirements. But due to the higher availability, easy access even in the rural areas & considering the above mentioned ones, the solar is chosen for this. Nowadays these are receiving increasing attention because of following reasons. Efficient utilization of industrial waste heat Higher heating efficiency Environmentally friendly Can used in remote locations as well as for countries without electric utility infrastructures Though it is like that these are the main obstacles that we had to tackle during this design. It is a diffuse, low-grade energy Direct collection of diffuse, low-grade solar energy produces only a moderate rise in temperature It is available at the point of use Because solar energy is available everywhere, it can be collected and used at the points of greatest need and/or convenience. It is intermittent The fact that solar energy collection is intermittent (i.e., available only when the sun shines). Solar energy is collected during daylight hours only. It is capital intensive The most serious obstacle to the use of solar energy is its capital intensiveness-- i.e., a high initial investment is required but operating cost is low.
4.3 Determining Solar Heat Availability

The first thing you need to know when considering the use of solar energy is--How much is available? That answer depends on a number of factors including: Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 20
The sun's position in the sky at various times of year The latitude of your place Climate conditions that vary from day to day Changes in the amount of solar energy that penetrates the atmosphere Characteristics and angle of tilt of the solar collector. In estimating the amount of heat available, the two main considerations are the time of year and angle at which the sun strikes the collector surface. Of course, the amount of radiation on any given day will vary from the average, depending on whether the sun shines brightly or the sky is overcast.
4.4 Solar radiation intensity outside earths atmosphere

The solar radiation intensity-normal to the suns rays incident upon a plane surface situated in the outer limits of the earths atmosphere-varies with the time of the year as the distance of the earth from the sun changes. Its value when the earth is at its mean distance from the sun is called the solar constant. The presently accepted standard value of the solar constant as determined by Thekaekara & Drummond in 1971 is 1353W/m2. The variation of the normal solar radiation intensity outside the earths atmosphere, denoted Ino, with the time of the year can be obtained by applying a correction factor to the solar constant as given in the Smithsoman physical tables & reproduced here in the below table.
Table 2.4: Solar constant correction factors
Month January February March April May June July August September October November December 1 1.0335 1.0288 1.0173 1.0009 0.9841 0.9714 0.9666 0.9709 0.9828 0.9995 1.0164 1.0288
Day of month 8 1.0325 1.0263 1.0141 0.9963 0.9792 0.9692 0.9670 0.9726 0.9862 1.0062 1.0207 1.0305
15 1.0315 1.0235 1.0103 0.9913 0.9757 0.9680 0.9680 0.9757 0.9898 1.0087 1.0238 1.0300
22 1.0300 1.0207 1.0057 0.9875 0.9727 0.9670 0.9692 0.9785 0.9945 1.0133 1.0267 1.0280
21
Figure: 4.1 Solar Availability
4.5 What is solar heater

Solar water heaters convert the energy from the sun into the heat. Using specially designed systems, the solar designed systems, the solar collectors are the main part of the energy conversion. The collector absorbs the sun's light energy and changes it into heat energy. This thermal energy can then be used to provide heated water. In high performance collectors, a "selective surface" is used in which the collector surface is coated with a material having properties of high-absorption and low-emissivity. The selective surface reduces heat-loss caused by infrared radiant emission from the collector to ambient.
22
Figure: 4.2 Solar Water Heater Arrangement
The cold water supply is connected to the solar storage tank. Water to be heated circulates between the storage tank and the solar collectors. The output from the solar storage tank becomes the cold water connection to the water heater. When a hot tap is opened, pre-heated water is drawn from storage into the conventional ("auxiliary") water heater. The burner or electric element turns on only if the temperature cannot be maintained by the solar heater. Most properly-designed solar water heaters will supply 70 per cent or more of all the energy needed for water heating
4.6 Solar Heating Theory

Solar Constant
23
The solar constant is the average rate of solar energy arriving at the outer edge of the earth's atmosphere, before any losses. The generally-accepted value is 429.2 BTU per hour per square foot. The actual rate of radiation varies about 3 percent either way from the average. Insolation Insolation is the rate of solar energy arriving on a specific flat surface perpendicular to the line of the sun. At sea level, the least possible loss is 29 to 30 percent. The maximum possible insolation is therefore about 70 to 71 percent of the solar constant or about 320 BTU per hour per square foot. No solar collector, regardless of shape or design can deliver more than this maximum possible value, without energy input from some other source. Solar Fraction The solar fraction is the ratio of solar energy used divided by total energy used in the same application. It cannot possibly be more than 1.0 (or 100%). Solar fraction is distinctly different from efficiency. Wavelength Conversion Solar radiation, mostly in the form of visible light, is contained in a "channel" of short wavelengths. When it is absorbed, it becomes thermal energy and has been converted to wavelengths about ten times longer, in a new "channel". Greenhouse Effect Many transparent materials will pass light freely, but will not freely pass the longer wavelength "channel" of thermal (heat) energy. Greenhouses and many solar collectors use this effect by applying glass or plastic covers to prevent re-radiation of the thermal energy. Black Body A "black body" is any material capable of absorbing radiant energy, and therefore also is capable of re-radiating the energy. A "perfect" black body absorbs and re-radiates 100% of the radiant energy striking it. "Good" black bodies are used in solar collectors and they absorb and re-radiate (if not cooled) 90 to 96 percent of radiant energy arriving
Selective Surface
Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 24
Certain special coatings can be used in solar collectors to reduce the re-radiation ability without appreciably reducing energy-absorption ability. The only such "selective" surface now wellproven and in common use is a special black chrome electroplate. Absorber In a solar heating collector, the absorber is that portion of the collector which receives the radiant energy from the sun and converts it to heat at longer wavelengths. It is usually a flat black surface with high absorbance, i.e. a black body. Collector A solar collector is the entire assembly, including at least the absorber and heat exchanger, and any insulation, glazing, plumbing and enclosure. Flat Plate Collector The flat-plate solar collector is one of many possible types of solar collectors. It is the most efficient type of collector for use with temperatures between the freezing and boiling points of water and up to about 3500F. Tracking Collector A tracking collector is any type of collector installed to move and follow the sun, and may include flat plate collectors.
4.7 Design features of the solar heater

Some design features are intended to provide long lasting solar water heaters. The material used is stainless steel because the rain doesnt affect it. The water fittings used are made of brass. The electrical thermostat is in an enclosed part so the natural elements will not harm them. It also has valve.
4.8 How it works
25
Figure: 4.3 Solar Water Heater
The storage tank is filled with cold water. The solar heat and radiations are absorbed by the panels. The heat absorbed in the panels is transferred through an oil circulation piping system to heat up the water. The hot water is subsequently stored in an insulated water tank, where its temperature is maintained until needed for use. The pipes are painted black, so they get hot when the Sun shines on them.
Figure: 4.4 Parts of Solar Water Heater
26
4.9 General Categories

The major applications of solar thermal energy at present are heating water. For this purpose, the general practice is to use flat-plate solar-energy collectors with a fixed orientation (position). Solar collectors fall into two general categories. Non-concentrating Concentrating In the non-concentrating type, the collector area (i.e. the area that intercepts the solar radiation) is the same as the absorber area (i.e. the area absorbing the radiation). In concentrating collectors, the area intercepting the solar radiation is greater, sometimes hundreds of times greater, than the absorber area. Where temperatures below about 200 o F are sufficient. There are many flat-plate collector designs but generally all consist of Flat-plate absorber, which intercepts and absorbs the solar energy Transparent cover(s) that allows solar energy to pass through but reduces heat loss from the absorber Heat-Transport fluid (air or water) flowing through tubes to remove heat from the absorber Heat insulating backing. Solar space heating systems can be classified as passive or active. In passive heating systems, the working media is circulated past a solar heat surface(s) and through the building by convection (i.e. less dense warm fluid tends to rise while more dense cooler ones moves downward) without the use of mechanical equipment. In active heating systems, fans and pumps are used to circulate the air or the heat absorbing fluid.
27
Undergraduate Project 4.9.1 Active Heating Systems
Water is pumped through pipes in the panel. The panel is placed above the ground level (On the roofs).
Figure: 4.4 Active Solar Water Heater
But consider this arrangement with the needed requirement this is not going to be fit for it. As here there used mechanical means to circulate water through out the process. But in our case using no pumps are allowed as if it occupies have to give much more energy as inputs & then the need of electricity is comes out to power up those. So according to our design considerations the water or working media should be circulated through it by natural means. So the most appropriate & suitable one for our requirement is passive type water heaters.
28
4.9.2 Passive Solar Water Heating A passive solar water heating system uses natural convection or household water pressure to circulate water through a solar collector to a storage tank or to the point of use. Active systems employ pumps and controllers to regulate and circulate water. Although passive system is generally less efficient than active systems, the passive approach is simple and economical. Passive water heating systems must follow the same parameters for installations as active systems - south facing unshaded location with the collector tilted at the angle of our latitude. Since the storage tank and collector are combined or in very close proximity, roof structural capacities must accommodate the extra weight of a passive system which can be 300 pounds or more. Major components in passive solar water heating systems: Collector(s) to capture solar energy. Storage tank Backup heating system Control system to regulate the overall system operation There are two types of passive water heaters: Batch Thermosyphon 4.9.3 Batch System The batch system is the simplest of all solar water heating systems.
29
Figure: 4.5 Schematic for ground-mount batch water system
It consists of one or more metal water tanks painted with a heat absorbing black coating and placed in an insulating box or container with a glass or plastic cover that admits sunlight to strike the tank directly. The batch system's storage tank is the collector as well. These systems will use the existing house pressure to move water through the system. Each time a hot water tap is opened; heated water from the batch system tank is removed and replaced by incoming cold water. The piping that connects to and from the batch heater needs to be highly insulated. On a cold night when no one is drawing hot water, the water in the pipes is standing still and vulnerable to freezing. In many applications, insulated polybutylene piping is used because the pipe can expand if frozen. The water in the batch heater itself will not freeze because there is adequate mass to keep it from freezing. Since the tank that is storing the heated water is sitting outside, there will be heat loss from the tank during the night. This can be minimized by an insulating cover placed on the heater in the evening. The most effective use of a batch water heater is to use hot water predominantly in the afternoon and evenings when the temperature in the tank will be highest. Manufactured batch heaters have a "selective surface" coating on the tanks that will absorb heat most readily yet permits very little heat loss. This feature is very valuable in these type of systems as it helps insulate the tank. 4.9.4 Thermosyphon Systems
30
Figure: 4.6 Thermosyphon system
The thermosyphon system uses a flat plate collector and a separate storage tank that must be located higher than the collector. The collector is similar to those used in active systems. The storage tank, located above the collector receives heated water coming from the top of the collector into the top of the storage tank. Colder water from the bottom of the storage tank will be drawn into the lower entry of the solar collector to replace the heated water that was thermosyphoned upward. The storage tank may or may not use a heat exchanger. The thermosyphon system is more costly and complex than the batch system. In our area, it is best to use an indirect system (one that employs a heat exchanger). In that case, antifreeze can be used in the system eliminating freeze ups.
4.10 Sizing
The sizing of a batch system and thermosyphon system are both based on a usage figure of 20 gallons of hot water per person per day. For example, if the storage tank in these systems is 40 gallons that would equal the requirement for two people. The collector area in the thermosyphon system should equal approximately 20 square feet per person. The system is not sized for 100% of the energy requirement. A backup source is needed. Specifications available at alpha thermal
Figure: 4.7 Solar Water Heater tubes
31
Table 2.5: Specifications of Solar Water Heater
Length (nominal) Outer tube diameter Inner tube diameter Glass thickness Thermal expansion Material Absorptive Coating Absorption Emittance Vacuum Stagnation Temperature Heat Loss Maximum Strength Btu Output Per Day Based on 800W/m2 Unit Dimensions: Average Efficiency: Estimated Lifespan Flow Rate Weights
1800mm (70") 58mm (2.2") 47mm (2.1") 1.6mm (0.1") 3.3x10-6 oC Borosilicate Glass 3.3 Graded Al-N/Al >92% (AM1.5) <8% (80oC) P<5x10-3 Pa >2200C <0.7W/ m2 1.0MPa 51,000 5.7ft x 6.2ft 71% 25-30 Years 8-12 L/min 218 lbs
4.11 Installation conditions for a solar water heater

To get the full benefits of a solar heater must have an area for the solar collectors that is large enough and has the proper exposure to the sun. A flat roof is ideal because the collectors can usually be oriented to face the sun directly very easily. The collector area required will depend on the daily amount of hot water use, the type of collectors used, the orientation of the collectors and your geographic location. If consider a standard "package", you should be sure it is sized appropriately for specific installation. If "Passive" solar water heater is choosen, the storage tank(s) will be on the roof. In this event, simple structural bracing may be required. Active solar systems do not normally require structural calculations or roof bracing, because the weight of the collectors is well within normal roof load limits. Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 32
An "Active" solar water heater uses a small pump for solar collector circulation, and does not require a tank on the roof. A "Passive" solar heater depends on thermosyphon action, so does not use a pump, but tanks(s) must be on the roof The electric element assists the system only when the solar energy cannot maintain the desired temperature or during periods of peak demand. Automatic temperature control thermostat keeps stored water at desired temperature. In solar thermal company 80 gallon unit has two internal heat exchangers for systems that use heat transfer fluids
Figure: 4.8 Solar Water Heater storage tank
40 Gallon Solar Hot Water Tank 80 Gallon Solar Hot Water Tank
Table 2.6: Specifications of Water storage tank
Collector Type Dimensions: Weight Manufacture Fittings
SunMaxx 80 Gallon Tank 23 W x 71 H 135lbs. Arrives on pallet Silicon Solar Inc All 3/4" NPT
Solar heated water may be stored in a tank that also houses an electric backup heating element (a "one-tank" system), or in a separate tank that feeds into the tank of a conventional gas or electric water heater (a "two-tank" system). The tanks are approximately the same size as modern hot water tanks, around 80 gallons or 300 liters. At night and on cloudy days, the conventional backup heater boosts the water to the desired temperature.
4.12 Operation and Maintenance

Solar water heater should be installed according to the necessity. One will find that there is little, if anything, for the person to do once the installer has started your system and checked its operation for the first time. Properly designed solar water heaters are completely automatic and are left in operation year-round. Some systems have a small electronic control with one or more indicator lights to let you know if there is a malfunction.
4.13 Actions should taken for optimum usage

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 33
The collectors should face south and be tilted at a 30 degree angle (slight variations noted above will not significantly harm performance). The collectors and storage tank should be in close proximity to the backup system and house distribution system to avoid excessive pipe losses. The pipes need to be well insulated. Mixing valves or thermal shutoff devices should be employed to protect from excessively high temperatures. Select systems that are tested and certified by the Solar Rating and Certification Corporation (SRCC).
34
CHAPTER 05 REFRIGERATION EFFECT DESIGNING

This design is for the domestic usage. So it was helped a lot, of the knowing the refrigeration effect of the vapor compression refrigerators used in domestic application. From those can determine the refrigeration effect required for the absorption refrigerator which was going to designed. When consider the common vapor compression refrigerators in domestic, the cooling capacity is changed according to the requirement and the sizes of the refrigerator. Normally the refrigeration capacities of domestic refrigerators are lie between 80w to 200w. So when consider the available capacities in domestic refrigerator, the capacity of 100w was selected as cooling effect as to design the domestic solar powered Electrolux absorption refrigerator. Selected Refrigeration Effect = 100 W
35
CHAPTER 06 MATERIAL SELECTION

Materials of condenser coil, heat exchanger coil and evaporator coil should be consisting of higher heat transfer coefficients for quick heat removing & absorbing. Also these materials should be compatible with refrigerant. Normally aluminum & copper are the materials which have higher heat transfer coefficients. When consider the normal refrigerator, the refrigerant may be R22, R12 or R134a and those refrigerants do not react with the material like copper and aluminum which carried the refrigerant. Condenser coil and evaporator coil of normal vapor compression refrigerators are made by using material like copper or aluminum. But in ammonia absorption refrigeration system, the refrigerant is ammonia. So copper cannot be used to make the condenser & evaporator tubes. Because ammonia is a very good solvent for copper. Thus the use of any copper or copper containing material is impossible. The most common material for the construction of ammonia/water systems is steel or stainless steel. When steel is the material of choice, corrosion inhibiters are required for most applications. Some times stainless steel pipe is used, mainly because of its cleanness, although it is difficult to join. The thermal conductivity of steel is about one tenth of that of copper. Thus the heat transfer resistance of the wall material may no longer negligible. The material selection factors other than this are, Cost Availability Ductility Required component properties So considering above factors we decided to select carbon steel or stainless steel as the material for the condenser evaporator tubes.
Table 6.1: Properties of carbon steel & stainless steel
Properties Density (1000 kg/m3) Elastic Modulus (GPa) Poisson's Ratio
Carbon Steels 7.85 190-210 0.27-0.3
Stainless Steels 7.75-8.1 190-210 0.27-0.3 36
Undergraduate Project Thermal Expansion (10-6/K) Thermal Conductivity (W/m-K) Specific Heat (J/kg-K) Electrical Resistivity (10-9-m) Tensile Strength (MPa) Yield Strength (MPa) Percent Elongation (%) Hardness (Brinell 3000kg)
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator 11-16.6 24.3-65.2 450-2081 130-1250 276-1882 186-758 10-32 86-388 9.0-20.7 11.2-36.7 420-500 75.7-1020 515-827 207-552 12-40 137-595
So from those two due to higher thermal conductivity we choose carbon steel as our design material.
Material
Carbon Steel (1%C)
37
CHAPTER 07 SYSTEM PRESSURE DETERMINATION

Following calculation were carried out to find the best system pressures of vapour absorption refrigeration system by considering the COP values corresponding to pressures. Here the vapour absorption refrigeration system was considered as the calculations with hydrogen was much complex.
7.1 Calculations
7 Generator 6 1
Heat Exchange r
Condenser 8
5 Absorber
2 3
Evaporator 4 10
Figure 7.1: Vapor Absorption Refrigeration Cycle
7.1.1 Assumptions Absorbent does not evaporate from the generator The temperature in generator, evaporator, absorber, condenser & environment are constants. Pressure drop along the lines due to friction is negligible. Thermodynamics properties of the working fluids are constants. Heat exchange to the surroundings from components except those taken in to account is negligible. Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 38
At given temperature the refrigerant & absorbent phases are in equilibrium for absorber. Note: Condenser pressure was set to 15 bars. Because environment temperature was taken as varying from 27 -300C. So to have good condensation the temperature gradient should be relatively high. In 15 bar pressure have saturated temperature of 39 0C. So this is reasonably can be taken in calculations. Following points was taken as to be in equilibrium. - point 4,6,7,8 &10. Heat exchanger exit was set to 500C & weak solution from the generator out to 600C. For enthalpy, concentration & temperature calculations there use the enthalpyconcentration graph of ammonia. Relevant COP values were calculated by varying the evaporator pressure from 1 bar to 7 bars. The temperature of 1000C can be taken from solar power. So by giving some allowances for losses, 600C was set as the desired achievable temperature. At pumps no change in temperature & enthalpy. No change in enthalpy at expansion values.
7.2 Tables related to pressure calculations

Table 7.1: Condenser pressure = 15 bar and Evaporator pressure = 1 bar
Temperatur Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pressure /(bar) 15 15 1 1 15 15 15 15 1 1 e /( C) 60(set)

o
Mass Flow Concentration Enthalpy /(kJ/kg) 0.65 285 0.65 0.65 0.75 25 0.75 25 0.75 325 1 1490 1 385 1 385 1 1415.2 rate /(kg/s) 0.242*10-3 0.242*10-3 0.242*10-3 0.339*10-3 0.339*10-3 0.339*10-3 0.097*10-3 0.097*10-3 0.097*10-3 0.097*10-3
-18 -18 50(set) 39 39 -35 -35
If we select the evaporator pressure as 1 bar

7
10
39
1 4
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator = =

2 5
= =
3 6
For the Evaporator dq = But,

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1415.2-385) KJ = 0.09710-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.24310-3 Kg/s = 0.3410-3 Kg/s
COP COP COP
= QE / QG = = 100 .h + .h - .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 100 0.24310-3285103 + 0.09710-31490103 -0.3410-3325103
= 0.968
40
Undergraduate Project Temperatur Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pressure /(bar) 15 15 2 2 15 15 15 15 2 2 e /(oC) 60(set) -12 -12 50(set) 39 39 -18 -18
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Mass Flow Concentration Enthalpy /(kJ/kg) 0.65 285 0.65 0.65 0.75 75 0.75 75 0.75 325 1 1490 1 385 1 385 1 1422.72 rate /(kg/s) 0.24*10-3 0.24*10-3 0.24*10-3 0.336*10-3 0.336*10-3 0.336*10-3 0.096*10-3 0.096*10-3 0.096*10-3 0.096*10-3

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1422.72-385) KJ = 0.09610-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.2410-3 Kg/s = 0.33610-3 Kg/s
COP = COP =
QE / QG 100 .h + .h .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 100 0.2410 285103 + 0.09610-31490103 -0.33610-3325103

-3
COP
= 0.978 Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 41
Temperatur Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pressure /(bar) 15 15 3 3 15 15 15 15 3 3 e /(oC) 60(set) 0 0 50(set) 39 39 -10 -10 Concentration Enthalpy /(kJ/kg) 0.65 285 0.65 0.65 0.75 80 0.75 80 0.75 325 1 1490 1 385 1 385 1 1433.05
Mass Flow rate /(kg/s) 0.239*10-3 0.239*10-3 0.239*10-3 0.334*10-3 0.334*10-3 0.334*10-3 0.095*10-3 0.095*10-3 0.095*10-3 0.095*10-3

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1433.05-385) KJ = 0.09510-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.23910-3 Kg/s = 0.33410-3 Kg/s
COP COP
= QE / QG = 100 .h + .h .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 42
Undergraduate Project COP =
100 0.23910-3285103 + 0.095410-31490103 -0.33410-3325103
= 0.983

o
5 5 50(set) 39 39 -2 -2

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1442.17-385) KJ = 0.09410-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.23510-3 Kg/s = 0.32910-3 Kg/s
43
Undergraduate Project COP COP = QE / QG = 100 .h + .h - .h 1 1 7 7 6 6
COP
100 0.23510-3285103 + 0.09410-31490103 -0.32910-3325103
= 0.998
Table 7.5: Condenser pressure = 15 bar and Evaporator pressure =5 bar

o
9 9 50(set) 39 39 4 4
If we select the evaporator pressure as 5bar

7
10
44
1 4
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator = =

2 5
= =
3 6

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1448.63-385) KJ = 0.09410-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.23510-3 Kg/s = 0.32910-3 Kg/s
COP COP COP
= QE / QG = = 100 .h + .h - .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 100 0.23510-3285103 + 0.09410-31490103 -0.32910-3325103
= 0.998

o
Mass Flow Concentration Enthalpy /(kJ/kg) 0.65 285 0.65 0.65 0.75 175 0.75 175 0.75 325 1 1490 1 385 1 385 1 1453.39 rate /(kg/s) 0.2338*10-3 0.2338*10-3 0.2338*10-3 0.327*10-3 0.327*10-3 0.327*10-3 0.0935*10-3 0.0935*10-3 0.0935*10-3 0.0935*10-3 45
19 19 50(set) 39 39 9 9

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1453.93-385) KJ = 0.0935510-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.233810-3 Kg/s = 0.32710-3 Kg/s
COP COP
= QE / QG = 100 .h + .h .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 100 0.233810-3285103 + 0.093510-31490103 -0.32710-3325103
COP
= 1.0025
46
Undergraduate Project Temperatur Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Pressure /(bar) 15 15 7 7 15 15 15 15 7 7 e /(oC) 60(set) 25 25 50(set) 39 39 14 14
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Mass Flow Concentration Enthalpy /(kJ/kg) 0.65 285 0.65 0.65 0.75 200 0.75 200 0.75 325 1 1490 1 385 1 385 1 1457.8 rate /(kg/s) 0.233*10-3 0.233*10-3 0.233*10-3 0.326*10-3 0.326*10-3 0.326*10-3 0.093*10-3 0.093*10-3 0.093*10-3 0.093*10-3

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10

9 10
.h10-
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 100W/ (1442.17-385) KJ = 0.093310-3 Kg/s =

10
. (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/(0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.23310-3 Kg/s = 0.32610-3 Kg/s
COP COP COP
= QE / QG = = 100 .h + .h .h 1 1 7 7 6 6 100 0.23310-3285103 + 0.093310-31490103 -0.32610-3325103 47
Undergraduate Project = 1.005
System pressures were chosen as follows. Evaporator pressure : Condenser pressure : 3 bar 15 bar
Because generally in Electrolux absorption refrigeration system use the evaporator temperature to near -70C to -100C. Also normally COP value of absorption refrigeration is less than 1. So to fulfill these we took the system pressures as above ones. As under this conditions COP = 0.983
48
CHAPTER 08 SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

8.1 Equating calculation based system with Design System
7
Bubble Pump Condenser
8, 9
Separator
Evaporator
1
Generator
2, 3 10 6
Absorber Heat Exchanger
4, 5
Figure 8.1: System configuration
Following two columns, temperature & mass flow rate, had been modified according to reality conditions & design restrictions.
49
Table 8.1: Modified System Details
Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Pressure /(bar) 15 15 3 3 15 15 15 15 3 3
Temperature /(oC) 60(set) 32 32 45(set) 39 39 -10 -10
Mass Flow rate /(kg/s) 0.573*10-3 0.573*10-3 0.573*10-3 0.802*10-3 0.802*10-3 0.802*10-3 0.229*10-3 0.229*10-3 0.229*10-3 0.229*10-3
The ambient temperature taken as 280C. In earlier design system, absorber is designed to discharge the aqua ammonia solution at lower temperature. But the process if solving the ammonia in water is an exothermic process which release much heat. Also the cooling of the absorber is done using air. So the exit temperature from the absorber is set to 32 0C which is possible to achieve. Other wise it is impossible to achieve the below ambient conditions using the air cooling. The inlet temperature to the generator is earlier taken as 500C. But this is some what difficult to achieve from the heat exchanger. So the temperature is fixed to 450C. Consider about the cooling load, the electrical power input to the system is normally at the range of 110-130 w. so 120 is taken as the power required & COP is taken as 2.0. So cooling load can be calculated as follows. Cooling load = COP Electric Power = 2 120 = 240 w
Mass flow rates were re-calculated according to that.

7 1 4
= = =
8 2 5
= = =
9 3 6
10
For the Evaporator Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 50
Undergraduate Project dq = But,

9 10
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator .h109
.h9
10
So, dq =
10 10 10 10
. (h10-h9)
= dq/ (h10-h9) = 240W/ (1433.05-385) KJ = 0.22910-3 Kg/s = (X10-X4)/(X4-X3)
10.
(X10-X4)/(X4-X3) = (1-0.75)/ (0.75-0.65) = 2.5

3 4
= 0.57310-3 Kg/s = 0.80210-3 Kg/s
51
CHAPTER 09 EVAPORATOR
9.1 Evaporation process
In the evaporation process, the heat in the space is absorbed by the working fluid; in this case it is ammonia. In our design the saturated liquid ammonia becomes saturated vapor, because of this heat absorbance. To absorb more heat, pressure is reduced by using hydrogen circulation as more pumps or compressors are not use in this process. So in the evaporator, the ammonia liquid comes across an atmosphere of hydrogen. According to our calculations the hydrogen pressure is 12 bars. The plant is charged to a total pressure of 15 bars. Hence due to Daltons law of partial pressure. The pressure of ammonia gas should fall to about 3 bar gauge & the saturation temperature corresponding to about 3 bar gauge is -10 oC. The temperature surrounding the evaporator is much higher than this. Thus ammonia evaporates & produces the refrigeration effect, that is absorbs the latent heat of evaporation at 3 bar gauge & -10oC from the space to be refrigerated. 9.2 Design Calculations Design is based on carbon steel pipe & Pipe diameters are taken by considering the kerosene fridge configurations that was dismantled to get the idea of the system. Inner diameter of the pipe, Di = 20 mm Outer diameter of the pipe, D0 = 21 mm According to the Table 4.1 Inside temperature, Ti = -100C Out side temperature, To = 280C
Total heat loss through the pipe wall is given by, Q = (Ti To) R
Figure 9.1: Cross section of evaporator
52
Undergraduate Project Where, Q - Heat load R - Total resistance to heat transfer
R = 1/h1A1 + ln (DO/DI)/2kL + 1/h2A2 (A) h1 - heat transfer coefficient inside the pipe h2 - heat transfer coefficient outside the pipe k - thermal conductivity L - length A1 surface area inside the tube A2 - surface area outside the tube h2
h1
Figure 9.2: Cross section of evaporator
9.2.1 Calculating inner heat transfer coefficient (h1)

Consider correlation of flow boiling in tubes. This is a combination of pool boiling & convection. The equation is based on foster & zubers pool boiling equation & ditts-boelter equation.
htp = Ehl +Shpool
53
Undergraduate Project Where, htp E hl S

-
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator heat transfer coefficient
- Enchancement factor - convection heat transfer - Suppression factor
hpool - heat transfer in pool boiling From the equation propose by Cooper hpool = 55 Pr0.12 (-log10 Pr)-0.55 M-0.5 q0.67 Where, Pr =P/Pc P = system pressure Pc = Critical pressure M = molecular weight q = heat flux At -10 0C Pr = 15/111.5 M = 17.03 (ammonia) q = 240/*20*10-3 L So, hpool = 55(15/111.5)0.12 (-log10(15/111.5))-0.55 *17.03-0.5 *(240/*20*10-3 L) = 10.48 *1.079*251.166 = 2840.079(1/L)0.67 Using Ditlus Boelter equation hl = 0.023 Re0.8 Pr0.4 k/d Where, Re = Reynolds number = uD/ Pr = Prandtl number = cp/k Cp -specific heat capacity at constant pressure u - Flow velocity k - Thermal conductivity - dynamic viscosity - Density Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 54
Undergraduate Project = 653.55kgm-3 = 2.47 *10-4 Kg/ms cp = 4.564*103 KJ/kg 0C k But, = uA 0.229*10-3 = 653.55 *u*D2/4 U = 4.46*10-7/(20*10-3)2 = 1.115*10-3m/s Re = uD/ = 0.543 W/mk
According to the properties of ammonia (Refer appendix)
= 653.55*1.115*10-3*20*10-3/(2.47*1010-4) = 59.0047 Pr = (2.47*10-4* 4.564*103)/0.543 = 2.07 h1 = 0.023*(59.0047)0.8 *(2.07)0.4 *0.543/20*10-3 = 218.060W/m3 Enhancement factor E = 1+ 24000B01.16 + 1.37(1/Xtt)0.86
Where, B0 Boiling number B0 = q/ G B0 = q/G = (Q/A1)/ (Q/A1) = (D2/4)/ ( DL) = D/ (4L) = 20*10-3/ (4*(1490-385)*L*103) = 4.524*10-9 L-1
55
Undergraduate Project Xtt martinelli parameter, Xtt = ((1-x)/x)0.9 (Pv/P1)0.5 (M1/Mv)0.1 Taking x as (refer appendix) R22 =horizontal tube x= 67.6%
Xtt = ((1- 0.676)/0.676)0.9 (0.795/653.55)0.5 (2.47*10-4/8.98*10-6)0.1 = 0.516*0.035*27.51 = 0.497 So E = 1+ 24000B01.16 + 1.37(1/Xtt)0.86 = 1 + 24000(4.524*10-9L-1)1.16 + 1.37(1/0.497)0.86 = 3.5 + 5.019*10-6L-1.16 Suppression factor, S = 1/ (1+1.15*10-6E2Re11.17) S =1/ (1+1.15*10-6(3.5+5.019*10-6L-1.16)2*591.17) S = 1/ (1+1.357(3.5+5.019*10-6L-1.16)2) Substituting the above obtained data to equation htp = Eh1 +Shpool = (3.5+5.019*10-6L-1.16)218.069+ (1/ (1+1.357(3.5+5.019*10-6L-1.16)2)) * 2840.079 *(1/L)0.67 = (76302415+1.095*10-3L-1.16) + (2840.079/ (1+1.357(3.5+5.019*10-6L-1.16)2) L0.67) . (1)
56
5.2.2 To calculate outer heat transfer coefficient (h2) Consider free convection Nu = ( 0.60 +0.387(Ra)1/6 /(1+(0.559/Pr)9/16)2 Where, Nu =mean Nusselt number =hL/k Ra = Gr.Pr Pr = cp/k Gr = Grashof number = 2.g.L3 T. )/ 2 = 1/Tf TF = (TW T)/2 TW - Wall temperature T - Atmospheric temperature
To calculate the wall temperature, Q = (TS 10)/R; so TS = 240R 10 Where, R = R1 + R2 ; R1= resistant due to inner fluid =1/h1A1 R2 = resistant due wall thickness =ln (DO/DI)/2kL R1 = 1/(hA) Assumption: h is taken as hpool as it is relatively larger than the convection coefficient during boiling is taken place. R1 = 1/ (hpoolA1) = 1/ (2840.079L-0.67*20*10-3L) = 1/ (178.448L0.33) R2 = (ln (21/20))/2kL = 1.8059*10-4/ L
57
Total resistant: R = (1.8059*10-4/ L) + (1/ 178.448*L0.33) So, TS = ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 240 -10
Properties of Air (refer appendix) = 1.1774kg/m3 = 1.8462*10-5 kg/ms k = 0.02624 W/mk So Pr = cp/k = (1.8462*10-5* 1.0057*10`3)/0.02624 = 0.708 Nu = hL/k = h*21*10-3/0.02624 = 0.8h TF = (TW T)/2; Tf = (18 + ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33))240)/2 = 1/Tf ; = 1/ (9 + ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 120) T= ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 240 -38 Gr = 1.17742*9.81L3 (((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 240 -38) (1.8462*10-5)2 (9 + ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 120)
Ra = 0.708*3.989*1010L3(((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 240 -38) (9 + ((1.8059*10-4/ L) + 1/ (178.448L0.33)) 120)
58
So by substituting the data to the main equation Nu = (0.60 +0.387(Ra)1/6 /(1+(0.559/0.708)9/16)2 0.8h2 = (0.60 +0.387(Ra)1/6 /1.205)2 h2 = (( 0.60 +0.387(Ra)1/6 /1.205)2)/0.8 But Q = (TS 10)/R 240 = (28-(-10))/R R R = 38/240 = 0.158
Considering the equation (A) 0.158 = 1/h1A1 + (ln (r2/r1))/2kL +1/h2A2 0.158 = 1 ((763.242+1.095*10 L-1.16) +(2840.08/(1+1.36(3.5+5.02*10-6L-1.16)2)L0.67)) *20*10-3L
-3
+ (ln(21/20))/2**43*L + 0.8/(( 0.60 +0.3211(Ra)1/6)2)* *21*10-3L = 15.915 ((763.242+1.095*10 L-1.16) +(2840.08/(1+1.36 (3.5+5.02*10-6L-1.16)2)L0.67)) L
-3
+1.8*10-4L-1 + 12.126L-1 ( 0.60 +0.3211(0.708*3.989*1010L3(((1.8*10-4/ L) + 1/(178.45*L0.33))240 -38) 1/6 2
By solving this equation (9 using mat lab can -4 obtain the answer as +((1.8059*10 / L) + 1/(178.448*L0.33))120) L = 0.64 m
59
CHAPTER 10 CONDENSOR
The condenser is an important device used in the absorption refrigeration system. Its function is to remove heat of the vaporized ammonia discharged from the generator. The heat from the hot vapor ammonia in a condenser is removed first by transferring it in to the condenser tubes and then from the tubes to the condensing or cooling medium. The cooling medium may be air or water. The condenser cools the refrigerant in the following three stages: 1. Superheated vapor is cooled to saturation temperature (called de-superheating) corresponding to the pressure of the refrigerant. 2. The saturation vapor refrigerant gives up heat and is condensed to a saturated liquid refrigerant (condensation). - Our design is based on this. 3. The temperature of the liquid refrigerant is reduced below its saturation temperature (sub cooling) in order to increase the refrigeration effect.
10.1 Factors affecting the condenser capacity

The condenser capacity is the ability of the condenser to transfer heat from the hot vapor refrigerant to the condensing medium. The heat transfer capacity of a condenser depends upon the following factors: Material: Since the different materials have different abilities of heat transfer, therefore the size of a condenser of a given capacity can be varied by selecting the right material. It may be noted that higher the ability of a material to transfer heat, the smaller will be the size of condenser. Amount of contact: The condenser capacity may be varied by controlling the amount of contact between the condenser surface and the condensing medium. This can be done by varying the surface area of the condenser and the rate of flow of the condensing medium over the condenser surface. Temperature difference: The heat transfer capacity of a condenser greatly depends upon the temperature difference between the condensing medium and the vapor refrigerant. As the temperature difference increases, the heat transfers rate increases and therefore the condenser capacity increases.
60
10.2 Classification of Condensers

According to the condensing medium used, the condensers are classified into following three groups: 1. Air cooled condensers- used in the design 2. water cooled condensers 3. Evaporative condensers
10.2.1 Air cooled condenser An air cooled condenser is one in which the removal of heat is done by air. It consists of tubing through which the refrigerant flows. The size of tube usually ranges from 6mm to 18mm out side diameter, depending upon the size of condenser. Our case it is taken as 11mm & carbon steel tubes are used. The tubes are usually provided with plate type fins to increase the surface area for heat transfer. The fins are usually made from aluminum, because of light weight.
10.2.2 Types of Air Cooled Condensers
Natural convection air cooled condensers In natural convection air cooled condensers, the heat transfer from the condenser coils to the air is by natural convection. As the air comes in contact with the warm condenser tubes, it absorbs heat from the refrigerant and thus the temperature of air increases. The warm air being lighter, rises up and the cold air from below rises to take away the heat from the condenser. This cycle continues in natural convection air cooled condensers. Since the rate of heat transfer in natural convection condenser is slower, therefore require a large surface area. Forced convection air cooled condensers In forced convection air cooled condensers the fan is used to force the air over the condenser coils to increase its heat transfer capacity. Our design is based on natural convection air cooled condensers
61
10.3 Natural Convection Air Cooled Condenser Design

A condenser involves the transformation of vapor to liquid by mechanical means. Although water is one of the most of versatile liquids on earth, it can be difficult to isolate water going from one phase to another. Thus, condensers are devices involved in the dehumidification of air. There are generally three methods to dehumidify air; absorption of water vapor by a liquid solution, adsorbent materials (silica gel or activated alumina), and double tube or shell and tube convection.
10.3.1 Design criteria Design is based on double tube condenser. The cooling media used in here is air. Because this design is for the areas where there is lack of electricity. So no use of fans or any electricity needed features.
10.3.2 Design calculations Material used in designing the condenser is Carbon steel - C1.0%. the properties of the carbon steel are as follows. = 7801 kg/m Cp= 0.473 KJ/Kg.0C K= 43 W/mk = 1.172 m2/s Inside tube Diameter is taken as Di=10mm & outside is as D 0=11mm. This is obtained by considering the dimensions of the kerosene fridge that dismantled. Ammonia properties (refer appendix) Liquid at 390C KL=0.493W/mk PL =580.99Kg/m3 L =1.98*10-4 Kg/ms Gas g =0.6775Kg/m3
62
Undergraduate Project Q
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator KLCondensate Thermal conductivity (W/mc) L Condensate Density(Kgm-3) v Vapor Density
h1 h2
L Condensate Viscosity(Ns/m2) g Gravitational Acceleration Tube Loading,Conden.Flow per unit length (Kg/ms)
Figure 10.1: Cross section of condenser
To calculate inside heat transfer coefficient Considering Film condensation h = 0.76KL [L (L - v )g/ L* h] 1/3 This is for stratified flow model. (Figure: 10.2) This is obtain by using Condensation outside horizontal tubes hc= 0.95 KL [L (L- v)g/ L h]1/3
Figure 10.2: Film condensation
This is modified by applying correction factor (i.e. multiplying by 0.8) for compensate reduction in coefficient cause by the accumulation of condensate in the bottom of the tube. h =0.76 KL [L (L- v) g/ L h] 1/3 Where, n= /LN Here N= no of tubes = 1 =0.229*10-3 kg/s h1 = 0.76*0.493*[580.99(580.99-0.6775) *9.81/1.98*10-4* (0.229*10-3/L)]1/3 =0.76*0.493*41783L1/3 =15655.25*L1/3
63
Undergraduate Project Heat load Q= =0.229*10-3(1490-385)*103 =253.045 W
Consider resistances to flow From media inside the tube R1=1/hA =1/15655.25**10*10-3L4/3 =2.03*10-3L-4/3 From tube wall R2=ln (r2/r1)/2KL =ln (11/10)/2**43*L =8.88*10-4L-1 So substituting above obtain data to get the wall temperature. 253.045 = (39 -Ts) / 2.03*10-3L-4/3+8.88*10-4L-1 Ts = 39 - 253.045[2.03*10-3L-4/3+0.89*L-1] = 39 - 0.253[2.03L-4/3+0.89*L-1] = 39 - 0.253L-1[2.03L-1/3+0.89] To calculate outside heat transfer coefficient This is the equation for free convection out side the tubes. Nu Where, Ra = Gr.Pr Pr = Cp/K = 1.8462*103*1.0057*10-5/0.02624 = 0.708 Gr = 2gL3T/2 64 = {(0.6+0.387Ra1/6)/[1+(0.559/Pr)9/16]8/27}2
Undergraduate Project Where, T Tf = 280C = (T+Ts)/2
= {28+39-0.253L-1[2.03L-1/3+0.89]}/2 = {67-0.253L-1[2.03L1/3+0.89]}/2 T = Tw-T = 11-0.253L-1[2.03L-1/3+0.89] = 2/ (67-2.253L-1[2.03L-1/3+0.89]+273) = 2 / (340-0.253L-1[2.03L-1/3+0.89]+273) Gr = 1.17742*9.81*L3*2[11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] (1.8462*10-5)2*[340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] = 7.98*1010L3[11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] 340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89) Substituting the above data to the equation Ra = Gr.Pr = 0.708*7.98*1010L3[11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89] 340-0.253L-1(20.3L-1/3+0.89 Substituting to the equation Nu = {0.60+ (0.387 Ra1/6)/ [1+ (0.559/0.708)9/16]8/27}2 = {0.60+ (0.387 Ra1/6)/ [1+ (0.559/0.708)9/16]8/27}2 = [0.60+0.321Ra1/6]2 = {0.60+19.88[[L3 [11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]/340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]1/6}2 Nu = hL/K =hD/K = h*11*10-3/0.02624 = 0.419L
65
0.419h = {0.60+19.88[[L3 [11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]/340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] 1/6} 2 h2 = {0.93+30.71[[L3 [11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]/340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] 1/6} 2
h2
h
i
R1
R2
R3
Figure 10.3: Resistance to heat flow
Here
Q = (39-28)/R ; R=R1+R2+R3 R = 11/253.045 = 4.347*10-2
Calculating the resistance between wall & surrounding media R3 = 1/h2*A3 = 1/h2**11*10-3*L = 28.94/h2L Finally can substitute to R=R1+R2+R3 4.347*10 = {0.93+30.71[[L3 [11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]/340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)] 1/6} 2 4.347 = 0.203L-4/3+0.089L-1+2894L-1 {0.93+30.71[[L3 [11-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]/340-0.253L-1(2.03L-1/3+0.89)]1/6}2 Using mat lab can solve this equation. So L= 1.47 m Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 66
-2
2.03*10-3L-4/3+8.88*10-4L-1+28.94L-1
CHAPTER 11 HEAT EXCHANGER

Although the vapor mixture leaving the absorber is not hot enough to provide the separation. So it is heated using the fluids coming from the separator. The pre-heater allows the heating of the stream entering the generator via cooling the stream entering to the absorber. In refrigeration cycles there use only double pipe counter flow heat exchangers. No shell & tube arrangements are there.
Figure 11.1: Temperature distribution along tube axis
In this type double pipe exchanger hot fluid pass through the inner tube while cold fluid flows in the annulus.
11.1 Design calculations
Consider the tube diameters as follows. Tube side internal diameter = DTi = 4mm Shell side internal diameter = DSi = 8mm Tube side outer diameter = DTo = 5mm DTo DTi
DSi
Figure 11.2: Cross section
67
Undergraduate Project Tube side mass transfer rate = Shell side mass transfer rate =
Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator = 0.573 *10-3 Kg/s = 0.802 *10-3 Kg/s
From earlier calculations, there found that mass flow rate of hot & cold streams are as follows.
t s
Table 7.1: properties of ammonia as follows for the two temperatures Properties of NH3 ( Kg/m3) cp(KJ/Kg.0C) k (W/mk) (m2/sec) = (Kg/ms) At 40 0C 580.99 4999 0.493 0.34*10-6 1.98*10-4 At 50 0C 564.33 5116 0.476 0.33*10-6 1086*10-4
Total heat load Q=

S
CS TS
= 0.802*10-3*4999*13 = 52.12 W...........................................(1) Where, cs = specific heat capacity at constant pressure in shell side Ts = difference between inlet & outlet streams in shell side Calculating the exit temperature of the hot fluid by applying energy balance.
600C
0C
45 C
320C
Figure 11.3: Flow Streams

S
CS T =
CT T
Where, ct = specific heat capacity at constant pressure in tube side Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna 68
Tt = difference between inlet & outlet streams in tube side so by substituting the values 0.802*10-3*4999*13 = 0.573 * 5116 *(60-) = 42.22 oC Basic design equation for single pass heat exchanger Q = U0.A.LMTD Where, U0 = overall heat transfer coeffient A = surface area LMTD= log mean temperature difference To get the data to solve the equation Determining the Flow velocities, Velocity in the tube side = U t Ut= Where, At cross section area of tube side U t = 0.573 * 10-3/(581*(2*10-3)2) = 0.078 ms-1 Velocity in the shell side - U s Us= As cross section area of tube side Us =0.802*10-3/ (4999**(42 -2.52)*10-6) = 0.00524 ms-1 Calculating internal heat transfer coefficient, For this there use the Combination of Ditlus - Boeltert equation with Stanton number hi =0.023* u.cp( uD/ )-0.2.(cp /k)-2/3 =0.023*564.33*0.078*5116(564.33*0.078*0.004/1.86*10-4)-0.2 *(5116*1.86*10-4/0.476)-2/3 = 5179.48*0.25*0.629 = 814.47 W/m2 0C
s t
/tAt
/sAs
69
Undergraduate Project Calculate outer heat transfer coefficient, ho =0.023* u.cp( uD/ )-0.2.(cp /k)-2/3 Where, De - equivalent diameter De = 4 cross section area
2 Wetted perimeter De = (4* /4(82-5 )*10-6)/ ((8+5)*10-3)
= 3*10-3m Substituting the relevant values, ho = 0.023*u.cp(uD/)-0.2.(cp/k)-2/3 = 580.99*0.023*0.0052*4999*(580.99*0.0052*De/1.98*10-4)-0.2 *(4999*1.98*10-4/0.493)-2/3 ho = 347.36*0.47*2 = 326.52 W/m2 0C Overall heat transfer coefficient - U0, 1/U0 = hi (r0/ri) + 1/h0 = (r0/k) ln (r0/ri) 1/U0 = (1/814.47)*(5/4) +1/326.52 + (2.5*10-3/43) ln (5/4) 1/U0 = 1.53*10-3 +3.06*10-3 + (5.81*10-5 *0.4) U0 = 216.77W/m2 0C Log mean temperature difference (LMTD), LMTD = ( T1 - T2) / ln( T1/ T2) = (15 10.22) / ln(15/10.22) = 12.46 0C So considering Q = U0.A.LMTD & combine it with equation (1) 52.12 = 216.77* *0.005*L*12.46 L = 1.2m .
70
CHAPTER 12 GENERATOR
In the generator, ammonia rich water arriving from the absorber is heated. This generates vapor ammonia which then flows to the separator. The remaining water, containing less ammonia, which flows into the bubble pump and is returned to the absorber. Before it is returned to the absorber, this hot ammonia-water solution transfers its heat to the cooler ammonia-water solution arriving from the absorber.
Inside the Generator
Figure 12.1: Generator
71
CHAPTER 13 BUBBLE PUMP

To circulate the working fluids without a mechanical pump, there use a bubble pump. A bubble pump is a heated tube, communicating with two reservoirs, one higher than the other. The liquid in the lower reservoir initially fills the tube to the same level. Heat is applied at the bottom of the tube at a rate sufficient to evaporate some of the liquid in the tube. The resulting vapor bubbles rise in the tube carrying the liquid above them to the higher reservoir. The bulk density of the fluid in the tube is reduced relative to the liquid in the lower reservoir, thereby creating an overall buoyancy lift.
Figure 13.1: Configuration of bubble pump
There are four flow regimes for two phases up flow in a fixed diameter vertical pipe. For low vapor flow rates, small, finely dispersed vapor bubbles will raise in a continuous liquid phase. This is the bubble flow regime.
72
Increasing the vapor flow causes the vapor bubbles to coalesce into bullet shaped slugs of vapor which rise in the liquid phase. This is the slug flow regime, and a bubble pump operates most efficiently here.
Further increase of vapor flow causes a highly oscillatory flow with a tendency for each phase alternatively to fill the tube. This is the churn flow regime. The last flow regime, reached by even further increase of vapor flow, is the annular flow regime in which the liquid forms a film around the pipe wall and the vapor rises up the core. A bubble pump operates most efficiently in the slug flow regime.
73
CHAPTER 14 ABSORBER
In order to ensure continues action, hydrogen gas has to be removed from ammonia vapor. This is done in the absorber where a descending spray of very dilute ammonia liquid meets the ascending mixture of ammonia vapor & hydrogen. Ammonia vapor is readily absorbed with evaluation of heat so that absorber has to be water jacket or air cooled, other wise evaporation may take place in this unit & the absorption may cease.
H2 Water Water flow NH3 flow
NH3+H2
NH3+Water
Figure 14.1: NH3 absorption in absorber
74
CHAPTER 15 TABULATION
Following tables show the summarization of our obtained results from the calculations.
Table 15.1: Heat exchanger
Parameter Tube Inside Diameter Tube Outside Diameter Length Shell Inside Diameter Shell Outside Diameter
Value 4 mm 5 mm 1.2m 8 mm 9 mm
Table 15.2: Condenser
Parameter Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Length
Value 10 mm 11 mm 1.47 m
Table 15.3: Evaporator
Parameter Inside Diameter Outside Diameter Length
Value 20 mm 21 mm 0.64 m
75
CHAPTER 16 COST SAVING
76
CHAPTER 17 DRAW BACKS
77
78
CHAPTER 18 FUTURE MODICATIONS
79
CHAPTER 20 BUDGET SUMMARY FORM

BUDGET SUMMARY FORM Budget for final year undergraduate project. Title: - Solar powered Electrolux absorption refrigerator 1. Type of project: This is a project regarding solar powered Electrolux refrigeration system. 2. Department or division: Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering 3. Faculty advisors, Initials : Dr. S. Baduge 4. Student Amarakoon A. M. C. N. Gajanayaka G. M. J. K. Ponnamperuma P. A. T. N. Premarathna G. A. R. 5. Total Cost of project Amount/Rs. Reg. No. RU/E/2003/02 RU/E/2003/19 RU/E/2003/61 RU/E/2003/64 Batch 4th 4th 4th 4th
Task
Documentation. Cycle componentsKerosene Fridge............. 4500.00 Total Cost . 5700.00 6. Total Amount of support got : Full support from Adviser in Detail wise & Money wise 7. Total amount of support from all other sources: Workshop & Equipments 200.00 Traveling.. 1000.00
80
8. Brief statement of objectives and procedures: A cost effective, environmental friendly solar powered Electrolux refrigerator was designed for areas there are lack of electricity which operates with the principal of absorption refrigerator cycle & energized with solar power, there instead of using compressor, there heat pump is used to achieve that purpose. I have reviewed budget details which are attached to this budget.
Project Advisors signature
81
REFERENCES
Books
Heat transfer second edition by Donald Pitts & Leighton Sissom
Webs
www.solarpower.com www.homepower.com/files/solarice.pdf en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_power www.outdoorgb.com/b/electrolux/ www.howstuffwork.com www.airah.org.au/downloads/2005-12-01.pdf www.airah.org.au/downloads/2002-08-02.pdf geoheat.oit.edu/pdf/tp51.pdf
82
APPENDIX
Matlab Program
Consider Condenser Calculation >> solve ('-4.347 +0.203*L^(-4/3)+ 0.089*L^(-1)+2894*L^(-1)/(0.93+30.71*((L^3 *(110.253*L^(-1)*(2.03*L^(-1/3)+0.89)) / (340-0.253*L^(-1)*(2.03*L^(-1/3)+0.89)))^(1/6)))^2') Answer = 1.4658592178810625802986604853803
83

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Design

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator Design

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Undergraduate Project

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

1.1 Project process flow

Undergraduate Project d) Evaporator e) Other parts Stage (3)

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

CHAPTER 02 LITERACY REVIEW

2.2 Refrigerating capacity/volume

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

2.2.1 Some of the normally available capacities & volumes

Brand RF171PSS EC15W2

capacity 1.4 Cu. Ft. 1.5 Cu. Ft.

volume 3.7 Cu. Ft. 3.8 Cu. Ft.

1.7 Cu. Ft.

4.0 Cu. Ft.

Avanti 322Y ZANNUSI (ZUD9124A) RM1700W RM1701B Scotsman RFE33A

3.2 Cu. Ft 4.3 cu ft. 1.7 Cu. Ft.

6.2 Cu. Ft. 14.2 Ft. Cu.

4.0 Cu. Ft.

2.3 Historical Background

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

2.4 Major Components of the Refrigerator

2.5 Basic Cycles

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Figure: 2.3 Reverse of the Rankine cycle

2.5.2 Normal Refrigeration Cycle

Figure: 2.4 Normal Refrigeration cycle

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

The throttle valve is substitute by the flash chamber

Figure: 2.6 Refrigeration cycle with flash chamber

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Undergraduate Project 2.5.4 Ammonia Absorption Cycle

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Figure: 2.7 Ammonia Absorption Cycle

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Undergraduate Project High Reliability Portability

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Figure: 2.8: Schematic of a single effect LiBrwater absorption system

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Undergraduate Project Mixing losses Circulating losses.

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

2.6 Comparison of Basic Cycles

From the prevailing costs of steam and electricity,

Temperature limitation Thermal energy required. Thermal

Depends on refrigerant. None

Varies from about 9kg (at

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Undergraduate Project energy quantity (as steam) Installation. Indoor installations.

fluctuations in cooling Higher steam

CHAPTER 03 REFRIGERATION CYCLE DESIGNING

3.1 Main Features of Design System

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

Figure: 3.1 Main Features of Design Cycle

3.2 Principle of Operation

Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ruhuna

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

3.3 Occupied Substances

Solar Powered Electrolux Absorption Refrigerator

3.4 Process Cycle