1. (a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 or, 2. (a - b) 2 = a 2 - 2ab + b 2 or, 3. a 2 + b 2 = (a + b) 2 - 2ab or, 4. a 2 b 2 = (a + b) (a - b) 5. a 2n b 2n = (b n + a n) (b n a n) 6. 2 (a2 + b2) = (a + b) 2 + (a - b) 2 7. 4ab = (a + b) 2 - (a - b) 2 8. ab = {(a + b) 2 - (a - b) 2} / 4 9. (a + b + c) 2 = a 2 + b 2 + c 2 + 2 (ab + bc + ca) 10.

10. a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = (a + b + c) 2 2 (ab + bc + ca) 11. (a + b) (b + c) (c + a) = ab(a + b) + bc(b + c) + ca(c + a) + 2abc 12. (a - b) (b - c) (c - a) = -{a 2 (b - c) + b 2 (c - a) + c 2 (a - b)} 13. (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca) = a 2 (b + c) + b 2 (c + a) + c 2 (a + b) + 3abc 14. 2(ab + bc + ca) = (a + b + c) 2 (a 2 + b 2 + c 2) 15. x 2 + x(a + b) + ab = (x + a) (x + b) 16. (a + b) 3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3 or, a 3 + b 3 + 3ab(a + b) 3 3 2 2 3 17. (a - b) = a - 3a b + 3ab b or, a 3 b 3 - 3ab(a - b) 18. a 3 + b 3 = (a + b) 3 3ab(a + b) or, (a + b)(a 2 ab + b 2) 3 3 3 19. a b = (a - b) + 3ab(a - b) or, (a - b)(a 2 + ab + b 2) 20. (a + b + c) 3 = a 3 + b 3 + c 3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 21. a 3 + b 3 + c 3 3abc = (a + b + c)(a 2 + b 2 + c 2 ab bc - ca) = (a + b + c) {( (a - b) 2 + (b - c) 2 + (c - a) 2 } 22. If (a + b + c) = 0, then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 = 3abc 23. a m x a n = a m + n 24. a m / a n = a m - n [if m > n] 25. a m / a n = 1 / a n m [if n > m] 26. (a m) n = a m . n 27. (ab) m = a m . b m 28. (a / b) m = a m / b m 29. (a / b) -m = b m / a m 30. na = a 1/n 31. n a n = a 32. If a m = b m, then either a = b or, m = 0. 33. If a m = a n, then either m = n or, a = 0,1. 34. a 0 = 1 35. If (ax 2 + bx + c) = 0 then, x = [(-b (b2 4ac)] / 2a i.e. x = [(-b + (b2 4ac)] / 2a or, x = [(-b - (b2 4ac)] / 2a 36. (a + b) 4 = a4 + 4a3b + 6a2b2 + 4ab3 + b4 Simple Interest If Principal = P, Rate of interest = r, Time = t, Amount = A, and Total Interest = R, then 1. R = Ptr / 100 2. P = 100R / tr 3. r = 100R / pt 4. t = 100R / pr 5. A = (P + R) = P + (Ptr / 100) Compound Interest If Principal = P, Rate of interest = r, Time = t, Amount = A, and Total Interest = R, then 1. A = P[1 + r/100] t [When Annually] 2t 2. A = P[1 + r/200] [When Half-yearly] 3. A = P[1 + r/400] 4t [When Quarterly]

146161293.doc (Page-1) Algebra Formula (a b) 2 + 4ab (a + b) 2 - 4ab (a - b) 2 + 2ab

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

146161293.doc (Page-2) Profit & Loss Profit = (Sales Price Purchase Price) Loss = (Purchase Price Sales Price) Purchase Price = (100 x Sales Price) / (100 + Profit Percentage) Sales Price = (100 x Sales Price) / (100 - Loss Percentage) Profit Percentage = {(Sales Price Purchase Price) / Purchase Price} x 100 Loss Percentage = {(Purchase Price Sales Price) / Purchase Price} x 100 Series discount of x% and y% = Single discount of {(x + y) (xy / 100)}% If the Purchase Price of x pieces of goods = the Sales Price of y pieces o the same goods, then loss = {100(y x) / y}% [When y > x]. LCM & HCF

LCM = Least Common Multiple HCF = Highest Common Factor

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Product of two Numbers = Their LCM x HCF LCM = Their Product / HCF or, (HCF x Product of their Ratio) HCF = Their Product / LCM Sum of two Numbers / HCF = Sum of Their Ratio LCM / HCF = Product of two Co-Prime Factors LCM of Fractions = LCM of the Numerators / HCF of the Denominators HCF of Fractions = HCF of the Numerators / LCM of the Denominators The greatest number that will divide x, y, and z leaving remainders a, b, and c respectively = H.C.F. of (x - a), (y - b), and (z - c) 9. The greatest number that will divide x, y, and z leaving the same remainder in each case = H.C.F. of (x - y), (y - z), and (z - x) 10. The least number which when divided by x, y, and z leaves the remainders a, b, and c respectively = (L.C.M. of x, y, z) K [where K = (x - a) = (y - b) = (z - c), the difference is always same] 11. The least number which when divided by x, y, and z leaves the same remainder r each case = (L.C.M. of x, y, z) + r Progression 1. Sum of the first n Odd Numbers = (n) 2. Sum of the first n Even Numbers = n(n 1) 3. Sum of first n Numbers = n/2 {2a + (n - 1) d} [where d is the difference] 4. Sum of first n Numbers = n/2 (a + l) [where a = first term, l = last term] 5. Sum of the first n Natural Numbers = {n(n + 1)} / 2 or, n(a + l) / 2 [where l = last term] 6. Sum of the Squares of the first n Natural Numbers = {n(n + 1)(2n + 1)} / 6 7. Sum of the Cubes of the first n Natural Numbers = {n(n + 1) / 2}2 8. nTH term of an Arithmetic Progression = tn = a + (n - 1)d 9. Average of first n Natural Numbers = (n + 1) / 2. 10. nTH term of an Geometric Progression = tn = a n-1 [where a = first term, = common ratio] 11. Sum of first n terms in Geometric Progression= a. Sn = a(1 - n) / (1 - ) [if < 1] b. Sn = a(n - 1) / ( - 1) [if > 1] c. Sn = na [if = 1] 12. Total number of Zero (0) from 1 to 10n:n (10n-1) 10n-1 10n-2 10n-3 .. -10n-n + n e.g. the total number of zeros from 1 to 10000:10000 = 104 Therefore, n=4, So, n (10n-1) 10n-1 10n-2 10n-3 .. 10n-n + n = 4 (104-1) 104-1 104-2 104-3 104-4 + 4 =4000 1000 100 10 1 + 4 = 2893.
2

146161293.doc (Page-3) Square of Natural Numbers If there is 2, 3, 7, 8 in the unit place of any Number, then the Number is not a Square Number. Easiest way to calculate Square of any Natural Number:(AB) 2 = A 2 2AB B 2 or, Step.1 B2 Step.2 2AB Step.3 A2 2 e.g. (73) = ? (Let 7 be A, and 3 be B) Step.1 B 2 = 32 = (9) Step.2 2AB = 2 x 7 x 3 = 4(2) [Remains 4] 2 2 Step.3 A = 7 + 4 [Remains from Step.2] = 49 + 4 = (53) Therefore, 732 = 5329 (197) 2 = ? (Let 19 be A, and 7 be B) Step.1 B 2 = 72 = 4(9) [Remains 4] Step.2 2AB = 2 x 19 x 7 = 266 + 4 [Remains from Step.1] = 27(0) [Remains 27] 2 2 Step.3 A = 19 = 361 + 27 [Remains from Step.2] = (388) Therefore, 1972 = 38809. Here is a list of Squares of the numbers from 1 to 50:1=1 2=4 3=9 4=16 5=25 6=36 7=49 8=64 9=81 10=100 11=121 12=144 13=169 14=196 15=225 16=256 17=289 18=324 19=361 20=400 21=441 22=484 23=529 24=576 25=625 26=676 27=729 28=784 29=841 30=900 31=961 32=1024 33=1089 34=1156 35=1225 36=1296 37=1369 38=1444 39=1521 40=1600 41=1681 42=1764 43=1849 44=1936 45=2025 46=2116 47=2209 48=2304 49=2401 50=2500. Here is also a list of Square Roots of the numbers from 1 to 25 (up to 3 decimal places):1=1 2=1.414 3=1.732 4=2 5=2.236 6=2.449 7=2.646 8=2.828 9=3 10=3.162 11=3.317 12=3.464 13=3.606 14=3.741 15=3.873 16=4 17=4.123 18=4.243 19=4.359 20=4.472 21=4.583 22=4.690 23=4.796 24=4.899 25=5. Boats & Streams 1. If speed in still water is x kmph and speed of stream is y kmph, then Speed Downstream = (x + y) kmph Speed Upstream = (x - y) kmph 2. If speed downstream is x kmph and speed upstream is y kmph, then Speed of boat in still water = {(x + y) / 2} kmph Speed of stream = {(x - y) / 2} kmph 3. A man goes downstream to a place in x hours and returns upstream in y hours. If the speed of stream is z kmph, then the speed of the boat in still water = {z(x + y) / (y - x)} kmph Pipes & Cisterns 1. Pipe A and Pipe B can fill a cistern (or empty a cistern) in x minutes and y minutes respectively. Then they together can fill it in {xy / (x + y)} minutes. 2. Pipe A can fill a cistern in x minutes and Pipe B can empty it in y minutes. If both are opened together, then the cistern will be filled in {xy / (y - x)} minutes. [When y > x]. 3. Pipe A can fill a cistern in x minutes and Pipe B can empty it in y minutes. If both are opened together, then the cistern will be emptied in {xy / (x - y)} minutes. [When x > y]. 4. Pipe A and Pipe B can fill a cistern individually in x minutes and y minutes respectively, whereas Pipe C can empty it in z minutes. If all the three are opened together, then the cistern will be filled in {xyz / (yz + zx - xy)} minutes.

146161293.doc (Page-4) Time & Distance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. A km/hr. = (A x 5/18) m/sec. A m/sec. = (A x 18/5) km/hr. Distance = Velocity x Time Velocity (or Speed) = Distance / Time Time = Distance / Velocity Average Speed = Total Distance Covered / Total Time Taken If a person goes to a distance @ x kmph and returns @ y kmph then Mean Velocity = {2xy / (x + y)}. 8. Ratio of speed = Ratio of distance covered. 9. Two persons start journey from two different places and go towards each other. After x hours and y hours from the starting time they meet each other. Then the ratio of their speed is y:x. 10. A man covers a certain distance between his house and office on scooter. Having an average speed of x km/hr. he is late by t1 minutes; whereas with a speed of y km/hr. he reaches his office t2 minutes earlier. The distance between his house and office is = xy / (y-x) (t1 + t2). 11. A boy goes to school at a speed of x km/hr. and returns to his house at a speed of y km/hr. If he takes t hours at all, the distance between his house and school is = txy / (x + y). Cube of Natural Numbers Easiest way to calculate Cube of any Natural Number:(AB) = A3 3A2B 3AB2 B3 or, Step.1 B3 Step.2 3AB2 Step.3 3A2B Step.4 A3 e.g. (27) 3 =? (Let 2 be A, and 7 be B) Step.1 B3 = (7) 3 = 34(3) [Remains 34] Step.2 3AB2 = 3 x 2 x (7) 2 = 294 + 34 [Remains from Step.1] = 32(8) [Remains 32] 2 2 Step.3 3A B = 3 x (2) x 7 = 84 + 32 [Remains from Step.2] = 11(6) [Remains 11] 3 3 Step.4 A = (2) = 8 + 11 [Remains from Step.3] = (19) Therefore, 273 = 19683 (125) 3 =? (Let 12 be A, and 5 be B) Step.1 B3 = (5) 3 = 12(5) [Remains 12] Step.2 3AB2 = 3 x 12 x (5) 2 = 900 + 12 [Remains from Step.1] = 91(2) [Remains 91] 2 2 Step.3 3A B = 3 x (12) x 5 = 2160 + 91 [Remains from Step.2] = 225(1) [Remains 225] Step.4 A3 = (12) 3 = 1728 + 225 [Remains from Step.3] = (1953) Therefore, 1253 = 1953125. Here is a list of Cubes of the numbers from 1 to 25:1=1 2=8 3=27 4=64 5=125 6=216 7=343 8=512 9=729 10=1000 11=1331 12=1728 13=2197 14=2744 15=3375 16=4096 17=4913 18=5832 19=6859 20=8000 21=9261 22=10648 23=12167 24=13824 25=15625. Time & Work 1. A can do a work in x days and B can do it in y days. Then A and B together can do it in {xy / (x + y)} days. 2. A and B can do a work in x days and only B can do it in y days. Then only A can do it in {xy / (x y)} days. 3. A, B, and C can do a work in x, y, and z days respectively. Then A, B, and C together can do it in {xyz / (xy + yz + zx)} days.

146161293.doc (Page-5) Divisibility 1. All numbers are divisible by 1. e.g. 15, 233, 59 etc. 2. If the unit digit is either zero (0) or an even number, the number is divisible by 2. e.g. 310, 54, 8036 etc. 3. If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3, the number itself is divisible by 3. e.g. 126, 357, 108 etc. 4. If the last two digits are zero (0) or represent a number divisible by 4, the number will be divisible by 4. e.g. 300, 324, 512 etc. 5. If the unit digit is zero (0) or 5, e.g. 1155, 630 etc. the number is divisible by 5. 6. If the sum of the digits of an even number is divisible by 3, the number itself is divisible by 6. e.g. 354, 876, 258 etc. 7. No specific rule for the divisibility by 7. 8. If the last three digits are zero (0) or represent a number divisible by 8, the number itself will be divisible by 8. e.g. 864, 3000, 6400 etc. 9. If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9, e.g. 477, 801 etc. the number is also divisible by 9. 10. All the numbers who have zero (0) in their unit place, are divisible by 10. e.g. 110, 1350 etc. 11. When the difference between the sum of the digits in the odd places and the sum of the digits in the even places of a number is either zero (0), or divisible by 11, the number itself is divisible by 11. e.g. 34672 [(3+6+2) (4+7) = 0], 582934 [(8+9+4) - (5+2+3) = 11] etc. 12. All the numbers divisible by 4 and 3 both- are divisible by 12. e.g. 612, 2532, 1260 etc. Here are some conditions of divisibility:1. (x n + y n) is exactly divisible by (x + y) only when n is odd. E.g. (a 5 + b 5) is exactly divisible by (a + b). 2. (x n + y n) is not exactly divisible by (x + y) when n is even. E.g. (a 8 + b 8) is not exactly divisible by (a + b). 3. (x n + y n) is never divisible by (x - y). E.g. (a 10 + b 10) is not divisible by (a - b). 4. (x n - y n) is exactly divisible by (x + y) when n is even. E.g. (a 6 b 6) is exactly divisible by (a + b). 5. (x n - y n) is exactly divisible by (x - y) whether n is odd or even. E.g. (a 5 - b 5) or (a 8 - b 8) are exactly divisible by (a - b). 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Percentage Percentage of milk in two mixtures are x% and y%. Now, a liter of the First and b liter of the Second are mixed together. Percentage of milk in the new mixture = {(ax + by) / (a + b)}% If the price of a product is increased by x%, to keep the expenditure unchanged, a family has to reduce its usage by = {100x / (100 + x)}% If the price of a product is reduced by x%, to keep the expenditure unchanged, a family has to increase its usage by = {100x / (100 - x)}% If A is x% more than B, then B is {100x / (100 + x)}% less than A. If A is x% less than B, then B is {100x / (100 - x)}% more than A. If the price of a product is first increased by x%, then decreased by x%, then actual decrease is (x2 / 100)% If the original population of a town is P, and the annual increase is r%, the population of the town after n years will be = P (1 + r/100) n. A candidate scoring x% in an examination fails by a marks, while another candidate who scores y% marks gets b marks more than the minimum required pass marks. Then the maximum marks for that examination are = 100 (a + b) / (y - x). Ratio & Proportion

If a : b :: c : d, then
1. 2. 3. 4. 4. 5. ad = bc (a + b) : b = (c + d) :d (a - b) : b = (c - d) :d (a + b) : (a - b) = (c + d) : (c - d) (a - b) : (a + b) = (c - d) : (c + d) (a + b) : (c + d) = (a - b) : (c - d)

146161293.doc (Page-6) Prime Numbers Prime Numbers are the numbers that are divisible by one (1) and the Number itself only. How to check whether a Number is Prime or not:Process I1. First find the two square numbers just greater and just smaller than the number. (i.e. nearest greater and smaller square numbers). 2. Find the difference between the two square numbers. 3. Find all the Prime Numbers smaller than the Result. 4. Now, divide the numbers with only those Prime Numbers, If the division leaves a Remainder in each case, then the Number is Prime, and if the division leaves no Remainder in any of the case, then the Number is Composite. Process II1. Calculate the approximate square root of the number. 2. Take an integer larger than the approximate square root. 3. Test the divisibility of the integer by every prime number less than the integer. If it is not divisible by any of them, then it is Prime Number; otherwise it is a Composite Number. Here is a Chart of Prime Numbers from 1 to 1000:2 3 5 7 11 13 17 19 23 29 31 37 41 43 47 53 59 61 67 71 73 79 83 89 97 101 103 107 109 113 127 131 137 139 149 151 157 163 167 173 179 181 191 193 197 199 211 223 227 229 233 239 241 251 257 263 269 271 277 281 283 293 307 311 313 317 331 337 347 349 353 359 367 373 379 383 389 397 401 409 419 421 431 433 439 443 449 457 461 463 467 479 487 491 499 503 509 521 523 541 547 557 563 569 571 577 587 593 599 601 607 613 617 619 631 641 643 647 653 659 661 673 677 683 691 701 709 719 727 733 739 743 751 757 761 769 773 787 797 809 811 821 823 827 829 839 853 857 859 863 877 881 883 887 907 911 919 929 937 941 947 953 967 971 977 983 991 997 Therefore, Prime Numbers from 1 to 50 = 15 Numbers, Prime Numbers from 1 to 100 = 25 Numbers [Thus from 51 to 100 it is 10], Prime Numbers from 1 to 150 = 35 Numbers [Thus from 101 to 150 it is 10], Prime Numbers from 1 to 200 = 46 Numbers [Thus from 151 to 200 it is 11], Prime Numbers from 1 to 250 = 53 Numbers [Thus from 201 to 250 it is 7]. Miscellaneous Problems 1. There are some four-legged and some two-legged animals in a zoo. If the number of their heads is x and the number of their legs is y, then in that zoo, 1. Four-legged animal = (y 2x) / 2 2. Two-legged animal = (4x - y) / 2. 2. The sum of two numbers is x and their difference is y, 1. Their product is = (x 2 - y 2) / 4. 2. The first number is = (x + y) / 2. 3. The second number is = (x y) / 2.

146161293.doc (Page-7) Mensuration Formulas Rectangle Area of a rectangle = (Length x Breadth) = ab Length of a rectangle = Area / Breadth = (ab / b) Breadth of a rectangle = Area / Length = (ab / a) Perimeter of a rectangle = 2(Length + Breadth) = 2(a + b) (Diagonal) 2 = (Length) 2 + (Breadth) 2 [c2 = a2 + b2] In time of carpeting a floor, the total amount required = {(Rate per metre) x (Area of room)} / (Width of carpet) In time of paving a courtyard with tiles, 1. Number of tiles required = (Area of courtyard) / (Area of each tile) 2. Total amount required = {(Price per tile) x (Area of courtyard)} / (Area of each tile) The sides of a rectangular field of p square meter are in the ratio of a:b, 1. First Side = (Area x Ratio) = (pa / b) 2. Second side = (Area x Invert Ratio) = (pb / a) Square Area of a square = (Side) = a = (Diagonal) = b2 Diagonal of a square = 2 (Side) = 2a Side of a square = (Area) = a2 Perimeter of a square = 4 (Side) = 4a In time of paving a room with square tiles, 1. Side of largest possible tile = H.C.F. of length and breadth of the room 2. Number of tiles required = (Area of the room) / (H.C.F. of length and breadth of the room)2
2 2 2

Parallelogram Perimeter of a parallelogram = 2(Sum of two different sides) = 2(a + b) Area of a parallelogram = (Base x Height) = bh Height of a parallelogram = (Area / Base) = (bh / h) Rhombus

Perimeter of a rhombus = 4 (Side) = 4a Side of a rhombus = (Area) = a2 Area of a rhombus = (Product of two diagonals) = bc
Or, diagonal x [(Side) 2 (diagonal / 2) 2]= b [a2 (b / 2) 2] For the above case, the other diagonal = 2 [(Side) 2 (diagonal / 2) 2] = 2 [a2 (b / 2) 2] When d1 and d2 are two diagonals of a rhombus, then the sides are = {(d1) 2 + (d2) 2} Trapezium Perpendicular distance between the parallel sides of a trapezium (h):h = 2/k {s(s - k)(s - c)(s - d)} [where k = (b a)] s = (k + c + d) / 2 Area of a Trapezium= (a + b) h = (a + b) / k {s(s - k)(s - c)(s - d)} Pyramid

Volume of pyramid = 1/3 Ah

[Where A = Area of base, and h = height of pyramid]

146161293.doc (Page-8) Garden and Path If the path is outside the garden, area of path = 2(Width of path) x [length + breadth of garden + 2(width of path)] If the path is inside the garden, area of path = 2(Width of path) x [length + breadth of garden - 2(width of path)] If the area of path is given, the area of the garden enclosed [The garden is square in shape] = [{(Area of path) 4(Width of path)2} / 4(width of path)] 2 Triangle

Perimeter of a Triangle = (a + b + c) Perimeter of a Equilateral Triangle = 3a Perimeter of a Isosceles Triangle = (a + 2b) Perimeter of a Right-angled Triangle = (a + b + h) Perimeter of a Right-angled Isosceles Triangle = (2a + a2) Area of a Triangle = {s (s a) (s - b) (s - c)}
[Where s = (a + b + c)] [The above formula is called Herons Formula] Or, (Base x Height) Area of a Equilateral Triangle = 3 a2/4 Area of a Isosceles Triangle = a/4 (4b2 a2) Area of a Right-angled Triangle = bh Area of a Right-angled Isosceles Triangle = a2 Hypotenuse of a Right-angled Triangle = (b2 + h2) Hypotenuse of a Right-angled Isosceles Triangle = a 2 Height of a Equilateral Triangle = 3a / 2 Height of a Isosceles Triangle = (4b2 a2) If the area of a triangle is p square meter, and its base and height are in the ratio of a:b, 1. Base = (2 x Area x Ratio) = (2pa / b) 2. Height = (2 x Area x Invert Ratio) = (2pb / a) Circle Circumference (or Perimeter) of a circle = 2(Radius) = 2r = (Diameter) Area of a circle = (Diameter / 2)2 = (Radius)2 = r2 = (Perimeter)2 / 4 Diameter = (Perimeter) / = 2r = 2(Area / ) Radius = (Area / ) Area of a square inscribed in a circle of radius r is 2r2. Area of a ring = [(Width of ring) (2 x Inner Radius + Width of Ring)] The area of the largest triangle inscribed in a semi-circle of radius r is r2. If the area of a square is p square meter, then area of the circle formed by the same perimeter is given by (4p / ) square meter. A part of the Circumference of a circle is called an arc. If the angle subtended by the arc at the centre of the circle is , then the arc length (l) = ( / 3600) x 2r The region between the two radii and the arc is called a Sector of the Circle. The area of the sector of the circle is = ( / 3600) x r2 The region between the chord AB and the arc APB is called a Segmen of the Circle. The area of the segment of the circle is = ( / 3600) x r2 r2 sin 8

146161293.doc (Page-9) Cube Let each edge (or side) of a cube be a units. Then, Volume of the cube = a3 cu. units = [ (Surface area) / 6]3 Whole surface area of the cube = (6a)2 sq. units Diagonal of the cube = (3a) units Three cubes of metals whose edges are x, y, and z respectively are melted and formed into a single cube. If there be no loss of metal in the process, the side of the new cube will be = (x3 + y3 + z3) If side of a cube is increased by x%, then its volume is increased by = [(1 + x/100)3 - 1] x 100% A cube of sides x is melted and smaller cubes of sides y each are formed. The possible numbers of such cubes = (x / y) 3 Number of cube calculation:A cube is coloured with Red, Green and Blue in each opposite sides respectively. Then it is cut into 27 pieces, or 64 pieces, or 125 pieces. Now, count the number of cubes:1. that have any three sides coloured with Red, Green, & Blue. 2. that have any two sides coloured with either Red-Green, or Red-Blue, or Green-Blue. 3. that have any one side coloured with either Red, or Green, or Blue. 4. that have no colour. <A> If the cube is cut into 27 pieces (27 = 33):1. Number of three sides coloured cubes = 8, 2. Number of two sides coloured cubes = 12, 3. Number of one sides coloured cubes = 6, 4. Number of no side coloured cubes = 1. <B> If the cube is cut into 64 pieces (64 = 43):5. Number of three sides coloured cubes = 8, 6. Number of two sides coloured cubes = 24, 7. Number of one sides coloured cubes = 24, 8. Number of no side coloured cubes = 8. <C> If the cube is cut into 125 pieces (125 = 53):9. Number of three sides coloured cubes = 8, 10. Number of two sides coloured cubes = 36, 11. Number of one sides coloured cubes = 54, 12. Number of no side coloured cubes = 27. Comparison between two cubes: Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of sides)3 Ratio of surface areas = (Ratio of sides)3 (Ratio of surface areas)3 = (Ratio of volumes)2 Cuboids Let length = l, breadth = b, and height = h units. Then, Volume of cuboids = (l b h) cu. units = (A1 x A2 x A3) [Where A1 = area of base or top, A2 = area of side face, A3 = area of other side face] Whole surface area of cuboids = 2 (lb + bh + lh) sq. units Diagonal of cuboids = (l2 + b2 + h2) units Area of four walls of cuboids = 2(l + b) x h sq. units The capacity of a wooden box (i.e. of cuboid shape) = (External length 2 x Thickness) x (External breadth 2 x thickness) x (External height 2 x thickness) Volume of wood in the box = (External volume - Capacity) If length, breadth and height of a cuboid is increased by x%, y%, and z% respectively, then its volume is increased by [x + y + z + {(xy + yz + zx) / 100} + (xyz / 1002)]%

146161293.doc (Page-10) Sphere Let the radius of a sphere (or hemisphere) be r units. Then, Volume of the sphere = (4/3 r3) cu. units Total surface area of the sphere = (4r2) sq. units Volume of the hemisphere = (2/3 r3) cu. units Curved surface area of the hemisphere = (2r2) sq. units Total surface area of the hemisphere = (3r2) sq. units When a sphere is converted into a cylinder (Note that wire is basically a cylinder), Length of the cylinder = 4(Radius of sphere)3 / 3(Radius of cylinder)2 Radius of the sphere = [ (Length of cylinder) (Radius of cylinder) 2] Radius of the cylinder = [4/3 (Radius of sphere) 3 / (Length of cylinder)] When a sphere disintegrates into many identical spheres, the number of small spheres will be[(Bigger radius) / (Smaller radius)] 3 If radius (or diameter) is changed by x%, then its volume is changed by = [(1 + x/100)3 - 1] x 100% Comparison between two spheres:1. (Ratio of radii)2 = Ratio of surface areas 2. (Ratio of radii)3 = Ratio of volume 3. (Ratio of surface areas)3 = (Ratio of volumes)2 Right Circular Cone Let r be the radius of the base, h the height, and l the slant height of a right circular cone. Then, Slant height (l) = (h2 + r2) units Volume = (1/3 r2h) cu. units Curved surface area = (rl) = r (r2 + h2) sq. units Total surface area = r (r + l) sq. units Let the radius of the base of the fructum = R, the radius of the top = r, height = h, and slant height = l units. Then, Slant height (l) = [h2 + (R2 r2)] units Curved surface area = (R + r) l sq. units Total surface area = {(R + r)l + r2 + R2} sq. units Volume = h / 3 (R2 + r2 + Rr) cu. Units Comparison between two cones: Ratio of curved surface areas = (Ratio of radii) (Ratio of slant heights) Ratio of slant heights = (Ratio of curved surface areas) (Inverse ratio of radii) Ratio of radii = (Ratio of curved surface areas) (Inverse ratio of slant heights) Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of radii)2 (Ratio of heights) Ratio of heights = (Inverse ratio of radii)2 (Ratio of volumes) Ratio of radii = [(Ratio of volumes) (Inverse ratio of heights)] When volumes are equal, Ratio of radii = (Inverse ratio of heights) When radii are equal, Ratio of volumes = Ratio of heights When heights are equal, Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of radii)2 When curved surface areas are equal1. Ratio of volumes = Ratio of radii 2. Ratio of volumes = Inverse ratio of heights 3. Ratio of radii = Inverse ratio of slant heights Prism

Volume of a triangular prism = bhl

[Where b = base of triangle, h = height of triangle, l = length of prism] Total surface area of a triangular prism = 6(l + 2b) 10

146161293.doc (Page-11) Cylinder & Hollow Cylindrical Tube Let the radius of the base of a cylinder be r units and its height (or length) be h units. Then, Volume of the cylinder = (r2h) cu. units Curved surface area of the cylinder = (2rh) sq. units Total surface area of the cylinder = 2r (r + h) sq. units Let the inner radius and the outer radius of a hollow cylindrical tube be r and R units respectively. Then its volume = h (R2 - r2) A rectangular sheet is rolled into a cylinder so that the smaller side becomes heightof the cylinder.The volume of the cylinder = (breadth of rectangle) x (length of rectangle) 2 / 4 If height is changed by x%, and radius remains the same, then its volume is changed by x% If radius is changed by x%, and height remains the same, then its volume is changed by [2x + (x2/100)]% If radius is changed by x%, and height is changed by y%, then its volume is changed by = [2x + y + (x2 + 2xy)/100 + x2y/1002]% If height and radius both are changed by x%, then volume changes by [3x + 3x2/100 + x3/1002]% Comparison between two cylinders: Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of radii)2 (Ratio of heights) Ratio of heights = (Inverse ratio of radii)2 (Ratio of volumes) Ratio of heights = (Ratio of curved surface areas) (Inverse ratio of radii) Ratio of radii = [(Ratio of volumes) (Inverse ratio of heights)] Ratio of radii = (Ratio of curved surface areas) (Inverse ratio of heights) Ratio of curved surface areas = (Ratio of radii) (Ratio of heights) When volumes are equal1. Ratio of radii = (Inverse ratio of heights) 2. Ratio of curved surface areas = Inverse ratio of radii 3. Ratio of curved surface areas = (Ratio of heights) When radii are equal1. Ratio of volumes = Ratio of heights 2. Ratio of curved surface areas = Ratio of heights 3. Ratio of volumes = Ratio of curved surface areas When heights are equal1. Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of radii)2 2. Ratio of curved surface areas = Ratio of radii 3. Ratio of volumes = (Ratio of curved surface areas)2 When curved surface areas are equal1. Ratio of volumes = Ratio of radii 2. Ratio of volumes = Inverse ratio of heights 3. Ratio of radii = Inverse ratio of heights

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