PG6101FA

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GTG Performance ???

Availability Output Efficiency

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Why performance monitoring

To maintain high availability Minimize degradation and maintain operation near design efficiency Diagnose problems and avoid operation in the region where serious malfunction can occur Extend time between inspections and overhauls Reduce life cycle cost

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Single shaft GT

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GTG Performance
The Brayton Cycle

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 Brayton cycle is characterized by :

Pressure ratio Firing temperature

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The pressure ratio resulting in maximum output and maximum efficiency change with firing temperature. Higher the pressure ratio, the greater the benefits from increased firing temperature. Increase in firing temperature provide power increase at a given pressure ratio, although there is a sacrifice of efficiency due to the increase in cooling air losses required to maintain parts lives.

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 In combined-cycle applications pressure ratio increase have a less pronounced effect on efficiency. Note : As pressure ratio increases, specific power decreases. Increase in firing temperature result in increased thermal efficiency. The significant differences in the slope of the two curves indicate that the optimum cycle parameters are not the same for simple and combined cycles.
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 Simple-cycle efficiency is achieved with high pressure ratios. Combined-cycle efficiency is obtained with more modest pressure ratios and greater firing temperatures.

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Factors Affecting Gas Turbine Performance

Air Temperature Site Elevation (Barometric Pressure) Humidity Inlet DP Exhaust DP Fuels Fuel Temperature

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Air Temperature and Site Elevation

GT performance is changed by anything that affects the density and/or mass flow of the air intake to the compressor
ISO conditions
59 F/15 C 14.7 psia/1.013 bar

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Effect of CTIM on output

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Effect of CTIM on heat rate

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CTIM 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23

CF 1.0000 1.0083 1.0166 1.0249 1.0331 1.0413 1.0494 1.0576

Gain in MW 0.000 0.537 1.063 1.579 2.084 2.579 3.062 3.537

Gain in MW / C

0.537 0.526 0.516 0.505 0.495 0.483 0.475

Average Gain in MW / C

0.505

MW 1/CTIM

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Effect of Barometric pressure on output

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Effect of Barometric pressure on heat Rate

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Humidity
Humid air is less dense than dry air Single-shaft turbines that use turbine exhaust temperature biased by the compressor pressure ratio to approximate firing temperature will reduce power as a result of increased ambient humidity.

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Effect of RH on output

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Effect of RH on Heat rate

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Inlet and Exhaust Losses

Inserting air filtration, silencing, evaporative coolers or chillers into the inlet or heat recovery devices in the exhaust causes pressure losses in the system
4 Inches (10 mbar) H2O Inlet Drop Produces: 1.42% Power Output Loss 0.45% Heat Rate Increase 1.9 F (1.1 C) Exhaust Temperature Increase 4 Inches (10 mbar) H2O Exhaust Drop Produces: 0.42% Power Output Loss 0.42% Heat Rate Increase 1.9 F (1.1 C) Exhaust Temperature Increase

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Effect of Inlet DP on output

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Effect of Inlet DP on heat rate

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Effect of back pressure on output

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Effect of back pressure on heat Rate

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Effect of frequency on output

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Effect of frequency on heat rate

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Frequency

CF

Change in MW

Change in MW / 0.5 Hz

51.0

1.0360

2.256

1.027

50.5

1.0193

1.229

1.229

50.0

1.0000

0.000

0.000

49.5

0.9773

-1.507

-1.507

49.0

0.9515

-3.312

-1.805

48.5

0.9525

-3.238

0.074

MW Frequency

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Fuel temp
Heated fuel results in higher turbine efficiency due to the reduced fuel flow required to raise the total gas temperature to firing temperature

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Effect of Fuel temp on output

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Effect of Fuel temp on heat rate

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Effect of Fuel LHV on output

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Effect of Fuel LHV on heat Rate

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Compressor performance

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Gas turbine performance degradation

Recoverable loss
Recoverable loss is usually associated with compressor fouling and can be partially recovered by water washing or, more thoroughly, by mechanically cleaning the compressor blades and vanes after opening the unit. Non-recoverable loss is primarily due to increased turbine and compressor clearances and changes in surface finish and airfoil contour. Since this loss is caused by reduction in component efficiencies, it cannot be recovered by operational procedures, external maintenance or compressor cleaning, but only through replacement of affected parts at recommended inspection intervals.

Non-recoverable loss

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Design specification for GTG

Parameters Frequency Compressor Inlet Temperature Turbine Speed Relative Humidity Atmospheric Pressure Inlet DP Exhaust DP Generator Power Factor Fuel Temp Fuel LHV Units Hz C RPM % m Bar mm H2O In H2O Ratio C Kcal/SM3 Rated 50 30 5231 70 1012.49 89 11.18 0.85 82.4 11665.56

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Performance monitoring
Heat rate Specific fuel consumption Efficiency Compressor efficiency

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Performance calculation
Heat rate =
Fuel consumption (SM3) * Calorific value of fuel (Kcal/SM3) Units produced (KWH)

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Performance calculation
Specific fuel consumption = Fuel consumed per unit of electricity produced Natural gas consumed (SM3) Units generated (KWH)

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Performance calculation
Turbine efficiency MW Output (Kcal) * 100 Fuel Input (Kcal) 860 * 100 Heat rate (Kcal/kwh)

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Performance calculation
Compressor Efficiency P2 P1
(-1)

-1

T2 -1 T1
Cp/Cv

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Inspection
Gas turbine must be inspected in following areas
Inlet air filter & Evaporative coolers Compressor Combustor Turbine

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Inlet air filter inspection

Time to replace filters Filter plugging Inlet duct air leak

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Compressor
Consumes around 50-65% of the energy produced by turbine thus fouling of the compressor can drastically reduce overall efficiency of the gas turbine. Fouling of the compressor can cause surge which not only creates performance degradation but also creates bearing problems and flameouts

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Compressor
Parameters to be monitored
Efficiency Surge map Compressor power consumption Compressor fouling index Compressor deterioration index Humidity effect on fouling Stage deterioration

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Compressor performance calculations

Compressor work or power consumed Wc = CpavgT1{(P2/P1)((y-1)/y)-1}

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Compressor losses
Losses can be divided in to two categories
Controllable losses
Loss due to compressor fouling Loss due to inlet pressure drop Loss due to inlet temperature increase

Uncontrollable losses
Loss due to Loss due to Loss due to Loss due to Loss due to barometric press drop high ambient temperature high ambient humidity frequency drop ageing

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Compressor fouling graph

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G T C o m p re sso r e ffic ie n c y tre n d

9 3 .5

Off line water wash

9 3 .0

9 2 .5

9 2 .0 C o m p r e s s o r E f f ic ie n c y

9 1 .5

9 1 .0

On line water wash

9 0 .5

9 0 .0

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1 /0

1 /5

1 /1 0

1 /1 5

1 /2 0
Date

1 /2 5

1 /3 0

2 /4

2 /9

2 /1 4

Compressor wash
Online compressor wash Offline compressor wash
some plants do it daily and some do it when pressure ratio drops by 2% Pressure ratio drop by 8% beyond which surge can occur Once in three months as per GE performance degradation guarantee contract Not meeting our export targets

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Combustor
Following parameters to be monitored
Combustor efficiency Specific fuel consumption

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Turbine
Following parameters to be monitored
Turbine inlet temperature

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