MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

A Seminar Report On

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
Submitted by

HAMID ARIZ

1BI09EE063

Under the guidance of

Mr. N. A. Prashanth
Associate Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering Bangalore Institute of Technology K.R. Road, Bangalore 560004

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K.R.ROAD, V.V. PURAM, BANGALORE-560004. 2012-2013

1 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

K.R.ROAD, V.V.PURAM, BANGALORE-560004

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar report entitled MAGNETOOPTICAL 8TH CURRENT TRANSDUCER ELECTRICAL under (MOCT) AND has been successfully completed by HAMID ARIZ USN: 1BI09EE063 of Semester ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING our supervision and guidance and has

been submitted as per the requirements of the university, as seminar work for partial fulfilment for the award of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING of Visvesvaraya Technological University , Belgaum during the academic year 2012- 2013. Mr. N. A. Prashanth PRAMILA
Associate Professor Dept. of E&EE, BIT BIT

Dr. P.
Professor& HOD Dept. of E&EE,

DEPT. OF E.E.E

50
2

2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Dr.P.PRAMILA, Professor& HOD, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, has supported me enthusiastically throughout the seminar work. I am thankful to her for the same. I am deeply indebted to my seminar guide Mr. N. A. Prashanth, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, for his invaluable and constant guidance throughout the course of my seminar work. His exhaustive knowledge has enabled me to find solutions to the problems I faced and he facilitated me in achieving my goals easily. I am also thankful to Mrs. Swarnalatha Srinivas, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, Mrs. P. Pramila, HOD, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology and Mr. H.B. Nagesh, Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Bangalore Institute of Technology, for their patient listening and assistance during the deliverance of my seminar. I humbly thank the entire faculty of the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for their full co-operation.

HAMID ARIZ (1BI09EE063)

3 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

CONTENTS
TOPIC
1. 2. INTRODUCTION POLARIZATION a. LINEAR POLRIZATION b. CIRCULAR POLARIZATION c. ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. TRANSDUCER PIN-PHOTODIODE MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER MOCT-PRINCIPLE MOCT OPERATION DESIGN SENSORS 7 8 8-13 14 15-16 17 18 19-20 21 21 21 22 23
4 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

PAGE NO.
2-3 4-5

10. MAGNETO-OPTICAL SENSOR 11. ELECRONIC CIRCUIT FOR THE MOCT 12. APPLICATION 13. ADVANTAGES OF MOCT 14. DISADVANTAGES OF MOCT 15. CONCLUSION 16. REFERENCES

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

INTRODUCTION:
An accurate electric current transducer is a key component of any power system instrumentation. To measure currents, power stations and substations conventionally employ inductive type current transformers with core and windings. For high voltage applications, porcelain insulators and oil-impregnated materials have to be used to produce insulation between the primary bus and the secondary windings. The insulation structure has to be designed carefully to avoid electric field stresses, which could eventually cause insulation breakdown. The electric current path of the primary bus has to be designed properly to minimize the mechanical forces on the primary conductors for through faults. The reliability of conventional high-voltage current transformers have been questioned because of their violent destructive failures which caused fires and impact damage to adjacent apparatus in the switchyards, electric damage to relays, and power service disruptions. With short circuit capabilities of power systems getting larger, and the voltage levels going higher the conventional current transformers becomes more and more bulky and costly also the saturation of the iron core under fault current and the low frequency response make it difficult to obtain accurate current signals under power system transient conditions. In addition to the concerns, with the computer control techniques and digital protection devices being introduced into power systems, the conventional current transformers have caused further difficulties, as they are likely to introduce electro-magnetic interference through
5 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

the ground loop into the digital systems. This has required the use of an auxiliary current transformer or optical isolator to avoid such problems.

It appears that the newly emerged Magneto-optical current transducer technology provides a solution for many of the above mentioned problems. The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect, which was first observed by Michael Faraday 150 years ago. The Faraday Effect is the phenomenon that the orientation of polarized light rotates under the influence of the magnetic fields and the rotation angle is proportional to the strength of the magnetic field component in the direction of optical path. The MOCT measures the rotation angle caused by the magnetic field and converts it into a signal of few volts proportional to the electric currant. It consist of a sensor head located near the current carrying conductor, an electronic signal processing unit and fiber optical cables linking to these two parts. The sensor head consist of only optical component such as fiber optical cables, lenses, polarizers, glass prisms, mirrors etc. the signal is brought down by fiber optical cables to the signal processing unit and there is no need to use the metallic wires to transfer the signal. Therefore the insulation structure of an MOCT is simpler than that of a conventional current transformer, and there is no risk of fire or explosion by the MOCT. In addition to the insulation benefits, a MOCT is able to provide high immunity to electromagnetic interferences, wider frequency response, large dynamic range and low outputs which are compatible with the inputs of analog to digital converters. They are ideal for the interference between power systems and computer systems. And there is a growing interest in using MOCTs to measure the electric currents.
6 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

POLARIZATION:
Polarization is a property of waves that describes the orientation of their oscillations. There are basically three types of polarization: Linear polarization. Circular polarization. Elliptical polarization.

LINEAR POLARIZATION:
A plane electromagnetic wave is said to be linearly polarized. In this the transverse electric field wave is accompanied by a magnetic field wave as illustrated below.

7 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

CIRCULAR POLARIZATION:
If light is composed of two plane waves of equal amplitude but differing in phase by 90, then the light is said to be circularly polarized. If you could see the tip of the electric field vector, it would appear to be moving in a circle as it approached you. If while looking at the source, the electric vector of the light coming toward you appears to be rotating counter clockwise, the light is said to be right-circularly polarized. If clockwise, then left-circularly polarized light. The electric field vector makes one complete revolution as the light advances one wavelength toward you.

ELLIPTICAL POLARIZATION:
Elliptically polarized light consists of two perpendicular waves of unequal amplitude which differ in phase by 90. The illustration shows right- elliptically polarized light. If the thumb of your right hand were pointing in the direction of propagation of the light, the electric vector would be rotating in the direction of your fingers.

8 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

TRANSDUCERS:
A transducer can be defined as a device capable of converting energy from one form into another. Transducers can be found both at the input as well as at the output stage of a measuring system. The input transducer is called the sensor, because it senses the desired physical quantity and converts it into another energy form. The output transducer is called the actuator, because it converts the energy into a form to which another independent system can react. For a biological system the actuator can be a numerical display or a loudspeaker to which the visual or aural senses react respectively. For a technical system the actuator could be a recorder or a laser. The sensor or the sensing element is the first element in a measuring system and takes information about the variable being measured and transforms it into a more suitable form to be measured. The actuator senses these signal and converts it into the form which can be interpreted by the human. That means the transducer consists of a primary element (sensor) plus a secondary element (signal conditioning circuit)

Transducer = Sensor + Signal conditioning circuit

Electrical signal

In MOCT, rotation angle of polarized light caused by the magnetic field is converted into a signal of few volts propotional to the electrical current by the help of PIN photodiode.

9 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

PIN PHOTODIODE:
PIN-Photodiode Converts light signal to electrical signal. They are basically reverse biased diodes.

Under no light- The reverse bias draws current-carrying electrons and holes out of the p-n junction region, creating a depleted region, which stops current from passing through the diode.

Under light- Photons will create electron hole pairs in depletion region by raising an electron from the valence band to the conduction band, leaving a hole behind, so that current flows proportional to the light.

10 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT):

The MOCT measures the electric current by means of Faraday Effect, which was first observed by Michael Faraday 150 years ago. The range for its measurement is in between 20A to 2000A.

MOCT-PRINCIPLE:
The Magneto-Optical current transducer is based on the Faradays effect. Michael Faraday discovered that the orientation of linearly polarized light was rotated under the influence of the magnetic field when the light propagated in a piece of glass, and the rotation angle was proportional to the intensity of the magnetic field. The concept of Faraday Effect could be understood from the Figure.

(Concept of Faraday Effect)

11 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

Generally, this phenomenon can be described as follows:

. dl =V

Eq(1)

is the Faraday rotation angle, V is the Verdet constant of magneto-optical material B is the magnetic flux density along the optical path l is the optical path.

Glass type SF-59 SF-58 SF-57 SF-6 SF-5 SF-2 F-2 BK-7 QUARTZ

Verdet Constant (radians/amp turns) 2.08 x 10-5 1.86 x 10-5 1.61 x 10-5 1.39 x 10-5 0.91 x 10-5 0.84 x 10-5 0.77 x 10-5 0.27 x 10-5 0.31 x 10-5

12 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

Verdect constant for several optical glasses (Wavelength = 820nm)

When the linearly polarized light encircles a current carrying conductor eq(1) can be rewritten as according to Amperes law as =nVI..Eq(2) I is the current to be measured, is the permeability of the material,

13 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

n is the number of turns of the optical path.

The Faraday Effect outlined in eq (2) is a better format to apply to an MOCT, because the rotation angle in this case is directly related to the enclosed electric current. It rejects the magnetic field signals due to external currents which are normally quite strong in power system.

The typical application of the Faraday Effect to an MOCT is clear from figure. A polarizer is used to convert the randomly polarized incident light into linearly polarized light. The orientation of the linearly polarized light rotates an angle after the light has passed through the magneto-optical material because of Faraday Effect. Then another polarization prism is used as an analyzer, which is 45
0

oriented with the polarizer, to convert the orientation variation of the

14

DEPT. OF E.E.E

2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

polarized light into intensity variation of the light with two outputs, and then these two outputs are send to photo detectors. The purpose of using the analyzer is that photo detectors can only detect the intensity of light, rather than the orientation of polarizations. The output optical signals (vectors) from the analyzer can be described as, Let, A = Intensity vector = Angle difference b/w polarizer and analyzer. The resultant vector is given as:

From the law of Malus, which states that the transmitted optical intensity varies with the square of the cosine or sine between the two planes of polarization, the transmitted optical power is then:

Then including the optical modulation(M) due to sensor material Where

15 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

Pin = Optical power input. Both can also be expressed as:

Now to determine the value of so that when modulation is equal to zero then there will be an equal distribution of light b/w P p and Ps. Substituting M = 0 in above equations and equating them, we get = /4. There are two ways to do this. The first is to actually rotate the analyzer /4 around the optical axis. The second is to rotate both, one clockwise and the other counterclockwise 22.50 off optical axis. Inserting = /4 into above equations, we get-

Pin is the optical power from the light source, is the Faraday rotation angle, Pp and Ps are the optical power delivered by the detectors. In order to properly apply Eq (2) in the MOCT design by making the optical path wrap around the current carrying conductor, the optical path has to be folded by reflections. Total internal reflections and metal reflections are good ways to achieve this. However reflections introduce phase shift; hence change the
16 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

polarization state of the light. The optical prism has to be designed to keep the light going through the MOCT linearly polarized. In order to stimulate the behavior of the polarized light reflect through the glass prism of an MOCT, ie to maintain the light traveling through the glass prism to be linearly polarized and also for the analysis of the effects of dielectric and metal reflections on the linearly polarized light, a computer programme is written in FORTARN optical sensor. language. Stimulation results include information such as polarization state change at each reflection and the overall responsibility of the

MOCT SYSTEM OPERATION:

Figure given shows the functional block diagram for the MOCT system. The LED provides the light source which is transmitted through the optical fibre
17 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

link to the polarizer. After the light travels around the primary conductor through the Faraday sensor, the plane of the polarized light is rotated by the magnetic field of the primary conductor. The light them exists through the analyzer which converts the amount of rotational shift into a proportional amount of light intensity. This intensity modulated light is conducted through a second optical fibre to a PIN diode. The PIN photodiode demodulates the light and after being amplified and filtered is a scaled voltage that represents the amount of current flow in the primary conductor.

18 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

DESIGN:
Figure shows the structure of this MOCT. The optical sensor consists of two separate clamp-on parts. In each part of the device, linearly polarized light is arranged to pass through the optical glass prism to pickup the Faraday rotation signal. The polarization compensation technique is applied at each corner of the prisms, so that the light passing through the prism remains linearly polarized. At the other end of the prism, a silver mirror reflects the light beam so that light beam comes back to its sending end via the same route while accumulating the Faraday rotations.

19 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

(Power line and Optical Path of the Optical Sensor) The two halves can be assembled around the conductor. Thereby, the rotation angles from the two halves of the sensor are added up in the signal processing unit so that the total rotation angle ( 1+2) is the same as the rotation angle from the optical path shown in above figure, which is two turns around the conductor.

Structure of the Housing of the Clamp-on MOCT Figure shows the structure of the housing for the clamp-on MOCT. The optical glass prism polarizes, and lenses are completely sealed in the housing by epoxy, so that they are free of environmental hazards such as dust and moisture. This structure avoids the use of magnetic material to concentrate the magnetic field as found in some other MOCT design and Hall Effect current measurement devices. There for it is free from the effect of remanent flux, which could affect the accuracy of the current measurement.
20 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

SENSORS:
The chosen technique to measure the magnetic field and thus the current is to use a magnetic field sensor exploiting the Faraday effect. These sensors use a folded design with two multimode fibres ( Cladding=140m, Core=100m) fixed in a plastic jacket. The polarizers are fixed at the ends of the fibres. A gradient index lens collimates the polarized light to a reflective gold layer on the backside of the Faraday film. The reflected light beam again transverses the Faraday film and the second polarizer and is focused into the second multimode Fibre.

The most important properties of the sensor are its

Sensitivity:- The sensitivity of a sensor is the ratio of output signal or

response of the instrument to a change of input or measured variable. Here, the input variable is the magnetic field strength or magnetic flux density and the output signal is the corresponding change of the output voltage.

Temperature dependency:- In order to determine the influence of the

temperature on the sensor signal, the output signal for both sensors was measured at different ambient temperatures. Therefore the sensor was placed in a temperature-controlled chamber. The output voltage of both sensors was measured for a temperature range from T=10C to T=60C at zero field. For the actual application a wider temperature range has to be covered.
21 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

MAGNETO-OPTICAL SENSOR:
Almost all transparent material exhibits the magneto-optical effect or Faraday Effect, but the effect of some of the material is very temperature dependent, and they are not suitable for the sensing material. The optical glasses are good candidate for the sensing material, because the Verdet constants are not sensitive to the temperature changes, and they have good transparency properties. They are cheep and it is easy to get large pieces of them. Among the optical glasses SF-57 is the best choice, as it has larger Verdet constant than most of the other optical glasses. And MOCT made out of these materials can achieve higher sensitivity. In the MOCT, from Eq (2), the total internal rotation angle is, 1+ 2 2VI Where I is the current to be measured, = 4 x 10-7 H/m V=7.7 x 102 degrees/Tm at a wavelength of 820nm Therefore = 1.9 degrees/ KA. Different optical fibers are designed for different usage. The single mode fiber has very wide bandwidth, which is essential for communication systems, but it is difficult to launch optical power into the single mode fiber because of its very thin size. While large multimode fiber is convenient for collecting maximum amount of light from the light source, it suffers from the problem of dispersion which limits its bandwidth. In the situation of power system instrumentation, only moderate frequency response is required and in MOCT, the more optical power received by the detectors the better signal to noise ratio can be achieved. Therefore, the large core multi-mode optical fiber is used here to transfer the optical signals to and from the optical sensors.

22 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT FOR THE MOCT:

(Electronic Circuit for the MOCT)

23 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

Above figure shows the schematic diagram of the electronic circuit for the clamp-on MOCT. In order to make use of the dynamic range of the digital system as well as the different frequency response requirements of metering and relaying, metering signal (small signal) and relaying signal (large signal) are treated differently. Two output stages have been designed accordingly. One stage, which has 1 KA dynamic range, is for power system current metering, and other stage, which operate up to 20 KA, provides power system current signals for digital relay systems. In each part of the device, the sum of the two receiving channels signals, which have the same DC bias I0, differenced at junction with a reference voltage Vref from the power level adjustment potentiometer. Then an integrator is used to adjust the LED driver current to maintain 2 I0 to be the same as the Vref at the junction. Because the reference voltage V ref is the same for both the sides, the DC bias I0 and the sensitivities 2I0 of the two halves of the clamp-on MOCT are considered to be stable and identical. The difference of the two receiving channels signals 2 I0 (2Sin1) and 2I0 (2Sin2) in each part of the device are added directly and then fed through an amplifier for the small signals. At the same time these two signals are processed digitally to do a sin-1 calculation on each and then summed together for the large signal situation when the non-linearity of the MOCT can no longer be ignored. The ratio responses of the two output stages of the clamp-on MOCT are designed as 10V/KA and 0.5V/KA and frequency responses are 4KH Z and 40 KHZ respectively.

24 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

APPLICATION:
The MOCT is designed to operate in a transparent manner with modern electronic meters and digital relays, which have been adopted for a low energy analog signal interface. Typically, the design approach is to redefine the interface point as to input the analog to digital conversion function used by each of these measurement systems.

ADVANTAGES OF MOCT:
1. No risk of fires and explosions. 2. No need to use metallic wires to transfer the signal and so simpler insulation structure than conventional current transformer. 3. High immunity to electromagnetic interference. 4. Wide frequency response and larger dynamic range. 5. Low voltage outputs which are compatible with the inputs of digital to analog converters.

DISADVANTAGES OF MOCT:
1. Temperature and stress induced linear birefringence in the sensing material causes error and instability. 2. Accuracy of MOCT is less than conventional transformer. 3. The accuracy of MOCT is so far insufficient for the use in power systems.

25 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

CONCLUSION
This paper presents a new kind of current transducer known as magneto optical current transducer. This magneto optical current transducer eliminates many of the drawbacks of the conventional current transformers. In an conventional current transformers, there is a chance of saturation of magnetic field under high current, complicated insulation and cooling structure, a chance of electro magnetic interference etc. By applying Faradays principle this transducer provides an easier and more accurate way of current measurement. This MOCT is widely used in power systems and substations nowadays. And a new trend is being introduced, which known as OCT based on adaptive theory, which make use of accuracy in the steady state of the conventional current transformer and the MOCT with no saturation under fault current transients.

26 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013

MAGNETO-OPTICAL CURRENT TRANSDUCER (MOCT)

REFERENCES Farnoosh Rahmatian ;patric p. chavez & Nicholas A.F Optical voltage transducers using multiple electric field sensors . IEEE transactions on power delivery ,vol.17 april 2002 J C Santos, M.C Taplama Ciogle and K Hidak Pockels High Voltage Measurement Systems IEEE transactions on power delivery ,vol.15 jan 2000 http://www.iop.org/EJ/article http://www.cris-inst.com/publication/bejing Advanced Engineering Physics by Premlet Published by- Phasor Books, Kerala. Physics for engineers by M.R. Srinivasan Published by- New Age International Publication, New Delhi.

27 DEPT. OF E.E.E 2012 - 2013