Structural Analysis and Design Calculations for Hogan Project

FINAL REPORT

by:

Sandeep Mane, and Barzin Mobasher Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Arizona State University Tempe, AZ. 85287

February, 2001
Submitted to: College of Architecture & Environmental Design Arizona State University

College of Engineering and Applied Sciences Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Tempe, AZ 85287-5306 ____________________________________________________

Table of Contents Title 1. Introduction 2. Load calculations a. Dead Load b. Live Load c. Snow Load d. Wind Load e. Summary 3. Finite Element Model Analysis a. Element Description b. Loads c. Analysis i. Load Case 2 Truss Substructure ii. Load Case 4 Truss Substructure

4. Design Truss members Connections 5. Appendix

Introduction:

This goal of this project is to conduct a complete structural analysis and design of a Hogan structure. The structural member is of Ponderosa Pine small diameter (5 or 6 dia.) timber. Figure 1 represents a model set up of the structure which is built as a octagon with an addition to the side.

Figure 1. Overview of prototype structure developed by Professor Dan Hoffman Figure 2 is a cut away portion of the structure which shows the inverted truss which carry the load to the columns. A compression ring is used in order to support the central region of the structure where the ends of the trusses meet.

Figure 2. Cut-away of prototype structure

The specific aspects and objectives of a long term perspective on the proposed work include: 1. Evaluation of the loads sustained by structures manufactured with the proposed system. 2. Development of analytical models to study the structural response of the proposed material and systems. 3. Development of design guides and tools for work with small diameter log products. 4. Characterization of the small diameter ponderosa pine as a structural member. 5. Refinement of manufacturing equipment sets with a focus on affordable and simple technologies that can be easily adopted by small business entrepreneurs interested in marketing small round wood products. 6. Establishment and quantifying the mechanical properties of the finished small log products. 7. Development of new connection technologies to connect round wood sections to round wood sections, round wood sections to rectangular wood sections, and round wood sections to concrete or concrete masonry units using steel plates. 8. Development of constructibility measures for the proposed structure. 9. Identification of national code compliance issues. 10. Development of standard structural design requirements and load-span tables for the small log trusses and the post and beam, compression-ring frame. Proposed Structural Model A linear elastic model is proposed to conduct the analysis as a space structure. The analysis is conducted in two parts. The superstructure consists of the truss members and is analyzed as the first part. The base structure consists of the columns, bracings, and tie beams and is analyzed as the second part of the study. Figure 3. a and b represents the finite element model set up for the complete structure which consists of part I and part II.

Figure 3.a Isometric view of the structure

Figure 3.b Plan view of the structure

Load Calculations for the Applied Load Cases Load Combinations Uniform Building Code, UBC was used to calculate the combination of the loads applied on the structure. All the loads are based on the UBC Code, Western Woods Book, and National Design Specifications. A listing of these load cases is provided below. UBC Code DL = Dead Load LL = Live Load SL = Snow Load WL = Wind Load UDL = Uniformly Distributed Load Load Case 1: DL + 0.75 (LL + WL) Load Case 2: DL + 0.75 (LL + WL) Load Case 3: DL + 0.75 (SL + WL) Load Case 4: DL + WL Load Case 5: DL + WL With Cp = + 0.9 With Cp = - 0.3 Snow Load is less than Live Load With Cp = + 0.9 With Cp = - 0.3

The following dimensions are provided from the plan dimensions of the structure and are measured for a representative tribuatry area chosen as 1/8 of the octagon. Refer to the sketches on page ** for description and dimension of the representative section studied. Section Floor Roof Small Coupola 1. Dead Load Weight of KC Panel=3.325psf (From KC Panel Handbook) Joist Size = 2 in x 8 in Weight = 35lbs/ft3 = 0.02025 lbs/in3 Area = 16 sq. in Length = 4.5 ft = 54 in Weight of 2-2 x 8 joists = 2 * 8 * 0.02025 = 0.324 lbs./ in Total Weight = 0.324 * 54 = 17.5 lbs. Assume Average supporting area = 14 sq. ft
Total weight of supporting system = (3.325*14) + 17.5 = 64.05 lbs. Weight of KC Panel + Joists

Sides, ft 10x12 11.667x14.33 0.75x0.833

Diagonal, ft 13 15.5 11

Area, ft2 480 668.752 2.499

Assume Weight of Shingles = 2.5 psf Total Dead weight = 64. 05 + 2.5 = 66.55 lbs.

Total Dead load per Square feet = (64.05/14)+ 2.5 = 7.075 psf

Load on Roof Beam KC Panel 3.325lbs/ft2 shingles 2.5 lbs/ft2

Refer to the Sketches Joists 17.5 lbs.

Part 1 2'0"Cantilever Area = 10.83 Sq. ft Total Load = (3.325 + 2.5)*10.83 + 17.5 = 80.58 lbs.

Part 2 Area = 9.25 Sq. ft Total Load = (3.325 + 2.5)*9.25 + 17.5 = 71.3813 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 5 ft = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (80.58+71.3913)/60 = 2.5327 lbs./in Part 3 Area = 13.82 Sq. ft Total Load = (3.325+2.5)*13.82 + 17.5 = 98.0015 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 51.6236 = 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = (98.0015/51) = 1.9216 * 2 = 3.8432 lbs./in

Part 4 Area = 7.33 Sq. ft Total Load = (3.325+2.5)*7.33 + 17.5 = 60.1973 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 52.8015 = 51 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = (60.1973/51) = 1.15764 * 2 = 2.3152 lbs./in Part 5 Area = 1 Sq. ft Total Load = (3.325 + 2.5)*1 + 17.5 = 23.325 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 21.63331 = 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = (23.325/21) = 1.11071 * 2 = 2.2219 lbs./in

Small Coupola Total weight = 2.5*3.325 = 8.31 ~ 10 lbs. For Height factor Point Load at joint = 10/8 = 1.25 lbs.

2. Live Load Live Load = 20 psf Part 1 2'0"Cantilever

Area = 10.83 Sq. ft Total Load = 20 * 10.83 = 216.6 lbs. Part 2 Area = 9.25 Sq. ft Total Load = 20 * 9.25 = 185 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 5 ft. = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (216.6+185)/60 = 6.69333 lbs./in Part 3 Area = 13.82 Sq. ft Total Load = 20 * 13.82 = 276.4 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 51.62364 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = (276.4/51)*2 = 10.83922 lbs./in Part 4 Area = 7.33 Sq. ft Total Load = 20 * 7.33 = 146.6 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 52.80152 ~ 52 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = (146.6/52)*2 = 5.638462 lbs./in Part 5 Area = 1 Sq. ft Total Load = 20 * 1 = 20 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 21.63331 ~ 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = (20/21)*2 = 1.904762 lbs./in

3. Snow Load Snow Load = 12 psf Part 1 2'0"Cantilever

Area = 10.83 Sq. ft Total Load = 12 * 10.83 = 129.96 lbs. Part 2 Area = 9.25 Sq. ft Total Load = 12 * 9.25 = 111 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 5 ft. = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (129.96+111)/60 = 4.016 lbs./in Part 3 Area = 13.82 Sq. ft Total Load = 12 * 13.82 = 165.84 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 51.62364 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = (165.84/51)*2 = 6.503529 lbs./in Part 4 Area = 7.33 Sq. ft Total Load = 12 * 7.33 = 87.96 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 52.80152 ~ 52 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = (87.96/52)*2 = 3.383077 lbs./in Part 5 Area = 1 Sq. ft Total Load = 12 * 1 = 12 lbs. Length of Wall Beam = 21.63331 ~ 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = (12/21)*2 = 1.142857 lbs./in

4. Wind Load From Uniform Building Code 2-36 Volume 2 Basic Wind Speed = 70-80 mph ~ 75mph Design Wind Pressure, p is calculated as: p = Ce Cq qs Iw Where, Ce = Coefficient for Combined Height, exposure and gust factor Table 16- G For Exposure C, Ce = 1.06 Cq =Pressure Coefficient, Refer to table 16-H Walls Windward side = 0.8 (inward) Leeward side = 0.5 (outward) Roof Windward roof = 0.9 (outward) Leeward side = 0.7 (outward) For Roof Beams perpendicular to Wind = 0.7 (outward) For Walls perpendicular to Wind = 0.7 (outward) qs = Wind Stagnation pressure qs = (12.6+16.4) = 14.5 psf Iw = Importance factor = 1.0 For the present case: p = 1.06 * Cq * 14.5 * 1.0 = 15.37 Cq Walls Consider an exposed width of 10 ft On Windward side Column, UDL = 15.37 * 0.8 * 10 = 122.96 lbs./ft = 10.25 lbs./in (inward) On Leeward side Column, UDL = 15.37 * 0.5 * 10 = 76.85 lbs./ft = 6.40 lbs./in (outward) On Perpendicular side Column, UDL = 15.37 * 0.7 * 10 = 107.59 lbs./ft = 8.97 lbs./in (outward) Roof With Cp = 0.9 outward Refer Table 16-F

Refer Table 16-K

Windward Roof Pressure on windward roof = 0.9 * 15.37 = 13.83 psf

Part 1

2'0"Cantilever, Area = 10.83 sq. ft Total Load = 13.83 * 10.83 = 149.811 lbs. Area = 9.25 sq. ft Total Load = 13.83 * 9.25 = 127.955 lbs.

Part 2

Length Of Wall Beam = 5 ft = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (149.811 + 127.955) / 60 = 4.63 lbs./in upward Part 3 Pressure on Windward Roof = 13.83psf, Area = 13.82 sq. ft Total Load = 13.83 * 13.82 = 191.172 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 51.6236 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = 191.172 / 51 = 3.75 * 2= 7.497 lbs./in outward Part 4 Pressure on Windward Roof = 13.83psf, Area = 7.33 sq. ft Total Load = 13.83 * 7.33 = 101.396 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 52.8015 = 52 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = 101.396/52 = 1.9499 * 2 = 3.900 lbs./in outward Part 5 Pressure on Windward Roof = 13.83 psf, Area = 1 sq. ft Total Load = 13.83 * 1 = 13.833 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 21.6333 ~ 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = 13.833 / 21 = 0.65871 * 2 = 1.317 lbs./in outward On Leeward Side Pressure on Leeward roof = 0.7 * 15.37 = 10.76 psf Part 1 2'0"Cantilever Area = 10.83 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 10.83 = 116.52 lbs. Part 2 Area = 9.25 sq. ft

Total Load = 10.76 * 9.25 = 99.52075 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 5 ft = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (116.52 + 99.52.075) / 60 = 3.60 lbs./in upward

Part 3 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 13.82 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 13.82 = 148.6894 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 51.6236 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = 148.689 / 51 = 2.915 * 2 = 5.83 lbs./in outward Part 4 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 7.33 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 7.33 = 78.86347 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 52.8015 = 52 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = 78.86 / 52 = 1.516 * 2 = 3.03 lbs./in outwa rd Part 5 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 1 sq. ft Total Load = 10.759 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 21.6333 ~ 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = 10.759 / 21 = 0.5123 * 2 = 1.02 lbs./in outward

Perpendicular to Wind Pressure on roof beams = 10.76 psf same as Leeward side

Part 1 2'0"Cantilever Area = 10.83 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 10.83 = 116.52 lbs. Part 2 Area = 9.25 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 9.25 = 99.52075 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 5 ft = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (116.52 + 99.52.075) / 60 = 4.63 lbs./in upward Part 3 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 13.82 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 13.82 = 148.6894 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 51.6236 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = 148.689 / 51 = 2.9154 * 2= 5.83 lbs./in outward Part 4 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 7.33 sq. ft Total Load = 10.76 * 7.33 = 78.86347 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 52.8015 = 52 in UDL on Roof Beam2 = 78.86 / 52 = 1.516 * 2 = 3.03 lbs./in outward Part 5 Pressure on Windward Roof = 10.76 psf Area = 1 sq. ft Total Load = 10.759 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 21.6333 ~ 21 in

UDL on Roof Beam3 = 10.759 / 21 = 0.5123 * 2 = 1.02 lbs./in outward

Roof

With Cp = 0.3 inward

Windward Roof Pressure on windward roof = 0.3 * 15.37 = 4.61 psf

Part 1 2'0"Cantilever Area = 10.83 sq. ft Total Load = 49.94 lbs. Part 2 Area = 9.25 sq. ft Total Load = 42.65 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 5 ft = 60 in UDL on Wall Beam = (49.94 + 42.65) / 60 = 1.54 lbs./in Downward

Part 3 Pressure on Windward Roof = 4.61 psf Area = 13.82 sq. ft Total Load = 4.61 * 13.82 = 63.724 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 51.6236 ~ 51 in UDL on Roof Beam1 = 63.724 / 51 = 1.23 * 2 = 2.46 lbs./in inward Part 4 Pressure on Windward Roof = 4.61 psf Area = 7.33 sq. ft Total Load = 33.80 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 52.8015 = 52 in

UDL on Roof Beam2 = 33.80 / 52 = 0.64 * 2 = 1.28 lbs./in inward Part 5 Pressure on Windward Roof = 4.61 psf Area = 1 sq. ft Total Load = 4.61 * 1 = 4.61 lbs. Length Of Wall Beam = 21.6333 ~ 21 in UDL on Roof Beam3 = 4.61 / 21 = 0.213 * 2 = 0.426 lbs./in outward

Finite Element Analysis description

A general purpose nonlinear finite element analysis package ANSYS V.5.6 was used in the structural analysis calcuations. Model Formation: Key points were defined as corners of the bottom and top of the walls in addition to the compression ring, which formed the cupolah. The coordinates of all the key points were first calculated. The key points were then joined by lines. The lines were then converted beam elements. Using software controlled parameters, additional nodes and elements were generated by specifying the mesh size for each element in order to achieve an optimum level of discretization. Please refer to the sketches supplied in the appendix for a view of the numbered nodes and elements.

Nodal Degrees of Freedom Columns: The columns supporting the wall structure were defined as fixed at the end (foundation) and free to rotate at the top. Truss: The truss was modeled using a series of beam elements. Beams: The main beams in the truss beams are simply supported with one end over the compression ring and the other end fixed to the column. The connection between the column and the beam is a moment connection. The beam transfers the moments to the columns. Compression ring: The compression ring is supported by itself and maintains equilibrium due to symmetry of the forces applied.

Mesh Each beam and column was discretisized into four elements to obtain an accurate measure of moment and displacement distribution throughout the structure. The compression ring was modelled as a single unit meshed with 24 beam type elements. The stiffness of the elements of the compression ring were assumed to be much higher than the wood ( Young's Modulus for steel was used in this case) Loads 1.Dead Load is applied in the direction of gravity 2.Live Load is applied in the direction of gravity 3.Wind Load is applied on the column face and slope of the roof in the wind ward or Lee ward direction

Load Combinations: 1. DL + 0.75 (LL + WL) 2. DL + 0.75 (LL + WL) 3. DL + 0.75 (SL + WL) 4. DL + WL 5. DL + WL With Cp. = 0.9 With Cp. = -0.3 Snow Load < Live Load. With Cp. = 0.9 With Cp. = -0.3

Element Description BEAM4 is a uniaxial element with tension, compression, torsion, and bending capabilities. The element has six degrees of freedom at each node: translations in the nodal x, y, and z directions and rotations about the nodal x, y, and z axes. Stress stiffening and large deflection capabilities are included.

Figure 1. BEAM4 3-D Elastic Beam

Input Data The geometry, node locations, and coordinate systems for this element are shown in BEAM4. The element is defined by two or three nodes, the cross-sectional area, two area moments of inertia (IZZ and IYY), two thicknesses (TKY and TKZ), an angle of orientation () about the element x -axis, the torsional moment of inertia (IXX), and the material properties. If IXX is not specified or is equal to 0.0, it is assumed equal to the polar moment of inertia (IYY+IZZ). IXX should be positive and is usually less than the polar moment of inertia. The element torsional stiffness decreases with decreasing values of IXX. BEAM4 Input Summary Element Name Nodes Degrees of Freedom Real Constants BEAM4 I, J, K (K orientation node is optional) UX, UY, UZ, ROTX, ROTY, ROTZ AREA, IZZ, IYY, TKZ, TKY, THETA, ISTRN, IXX, SHEARZ, SHEARY, SPIN, ADDMAS Material Properties EX, ALPX, DENS, GXY, DAMP Surface Loads face 1 (I-J) (-Z normal direction), (Pressures) face 2 (I-J) (-Y normal direction), face 3 (I-J) (+X tangential direction), face 4 (I) (+X axial direction), face 5 (J) (-X axial direction) (use negative value for opposite loading) * NoteSHEARZ goes with IZZ, if SHEARZ = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element Y direction SHEARY goes with IYY, if SHEARY = 0, there is no shear deflection in the element Z direction

Output Data The solution output associated with nodal displacements included in the overall nodal solution The maximum stress is computed as the direct stress plus the absolute values of both bending stresses. The minimum stress is the direct stress minus the absolute value of both bending stresses. Assumptions and Restrictions The beam must not have a zero length or area. The moments of inertia, however, may be zero if large deflections are not used. The beam can have any cross-sectional shape for which the moments of inertia can be computed. The stresses, however, will be determined as if the distance between the neutral axis and the extreme fiber is one- half of

the corresponding thickness. The element thicknesses are used only in the bending and thermal stress calculations. The applied thermal gradients are assumed to be linear across the thickness in both directions and along the length of the element.

Assumptions in the analysis : In the actual structure, the column is made up of two log pieces connected by a spline, but for the analysis it was assumed to be a single piece with equivalent sectional properties of actual column. The structure is analyzed in two parts: 1. In actual structure the roof beams are supported on the column by moment connection. But in the analysis the compression ring with roof beams simply supported at its ends. The reactions from these supports are transferred as a force and the moment at the top of the column for analysis of part two. 2. In this part we considered the column along with the tie beams carrying the load from roof and wind.

Connections Thickness of the plate Diameter of bolt Assume 3/16 in thick plate. Bearing Area = D*t = = = = = = 5/8 in.

0.1484 sq. in 58000 psi 0.9 * Fy 52200 psi. 7748 lbs.

Fy Fyb

Maximum force for bearing failure

The maximum force for bearing failure is much greater than the maximum axial force in any member (2847 lbs.). Hence it is safe to provid e 3/16 in thick plate. End Distance (Reference NDS 8.5.14) For tension For compression 7 * D or 5 * D 4 *D = 2.5 in.

Provide an end distance of 2.5 in. Design of connections Reference Design of wood structure by D. E. Beyer, K. J. Fridley and K. E. Cobeen, 4th Edition Wood connected to Steel Diameter of bolt, D = 0.625in Thickness of main member, tm = 3/16 in Steel Thickness of side member, ts = 4.5 in Wood Dowel bearing strength of main member, Fem = 58000psi Dowel bearing strength of side member, Fes = 4500 psi Bending Yield strength of bolt, Fyb = 45000 psi.

Assume A307 bolts. Coefficients for yield limit equations: Re = 12.8889 Rt = 0.2 K3 = 0.6237 Max angle of load to grain, Theta = 0 degrees Yield limit equations Mode Im (NDS equation 8.3-1) = 4531.25 psi Mode Is = 1758 psi Mode IIIs (NDS equation 8.3-3) = 2372 psi. Mode IV (NDS equation 8.3-4) = 2732 psi. The design value of bolt is the least of the above three equations. Design value of the 5/8 in bolt = 1758 psi. Connections: 5/8 in diameter bolts: Design value of bolt = 1758 psi. Maximum values of axial forces in the elements: (Refer the analysis) Compression = 2847 psi. Tension = 1590 psi. Design value of two bolts = 3416 psi. Hence it is safe to provide two bolts per member. (Refer the sketches).

Connection 1

Connection 2

Connection 3

Connection 4