CHAPTER 4

Comparative and Developmental Anatomy of Laryngeal Position

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Jeffrey T. Laitman andJoy S. Reidenberg

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W. Advantages of a high (intranarially placed) larynx in mammals

may include all of the following except X. ability to breathe and swallow simultaneously Y. ability to smell and eat simultaneously Z. ability to echolocate and swallow simultaneously AA. increased ability for oral-tidal respiration BB. protection of the airway from inundation by liquid or semisolid food The epiglottis is A. derived from the first branchial arch B. derived from the second branchial arch C derived from the third branchial arch CC. derived from the fourth through sixth branchial arches DD. unique to mammals, and thus not derived from the branchial arches

C. D. E.

The subglottic cavity of the larynx extends both backward and downward, unlike the adult condition, in which the cavity is oriented almost entirely vertically. The epiglottis overlaps the soft palate. The high laryngeal position results in newborns being essentially, if not obligate, nose-breathers.

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F.

The larynx (from tip of epiglottis to lower border of cricoid) in an adult human corresponds to the level of G. presphenoidal synchondrosis to sphenooccipital synchondrosis H. basioccipuUCI-4

I. C2-5 J. C3/C4-7 K. C6/C7-T2 L. M. N. O. P. Q. R. S. T. U. V.

EE. All of the following developments occur in the human FF. The laryngotracheal groove becomes visible as a median,
ventral diverticulum in the pharyngeal floor. fetus during the late second trimester except

GG. HH. II. JJ.

The epiglottis and soft palate are found to overlap for the first time. The larynx remains intranarial during fetal swallowing movements. The skull base undergoes remodeling of its shape. Pulmonary glandular epithelium matures and produces surfactant.

A low laryngeal position gives adult humans the ability for simultaneous respiration and deglutition simultaneous olfaction and deglutition simultaneous vocalization and deglutition greater pharyngeal modification of sounds produced at the vocal folds than that possible for other mammals obligate nasal breathing

KK.

The following statements concerning the human newborn upper respiratory tract are true except to the level of basiocciputlCI-4. The newborn human can produce the same range of speech sounds as an adult human.

LL. The larynx is positioned high in the neck, corresponding MM.

All of the following statements concerning the adult human pharynx are true except The lowered position of the larynx allows for an expanded suprularyngeal pharynx. The posterior portion of the tongue forms the upper anterior wall of the pharynx. The supralaryngeal pharynx serves as a resonating chamber for modifying the fundamental frequencies of speech sounds. The laryngeal aditus is located within the nasopharynx.