Table 7.

1: Typical application of different types of fasteners Thin-to-thick or thin-to-hot Thick-to-thick or thick-torolled hot rolled self-drilling, self tapping - self-drilling, self tapping - bolts screws screws - arc welds blind rivets - fired pins press-joints - bolts single fore welds - arc spot puddle welds spot welds - adhesive bonding seam welding adhesive bonding Table 7.2: Usual mechanical fasteners for common applications [3] Thinto-thick Steeltowood Thinto-thin Fasteners Remark Thin-to-thin

Bolts M5-M16

Self-tapping screw 6.3 with washer 16 mm, 1 mm thick with elastomer Hexagon head screw 6.3 or 6.5 with washer 16 mm, 1 mm thick with elastomer Self-drilling screws with diameters: - 4.22 or 4.8 mm - 5.5 mm - 6.3 mm Thread-cutting screw 8 mm with washer 16 mm, 1 mm thick with or without elastomer Blind rivets with diameters: - 4.0 mm - 4.8 mm - 6.4 mm Shot (fired) pins Nuts

X X

Hexagon

Cup Countersunk Fig.7.1 Bolt head shapes

Bolts

Hexagon flanged

Sleeved purlin

Purlin Cleat attached to rafter (or column in case of side rails or girts)

Column

Rafter Bolts

Bolt

Purlin
Girt

Fig.7.2 Bolted continuous fixation for purlins and side rails

a)

b)

c)

d)
e

e) f) Fig.7.3 Failure modes for bolted connections in shear

a) b) Fig.7.4 Possible failure modes for bolted connections in tension

a)

b) Fig.7.5 Thread types for thread-forming screws

c)

Fig.7.6 Thread and points of thread-cutting screws

thread length

drill point drill diameter 7.7

a)

b)

Fig. 7.7 Self-drilling screws: a) drill diameter equal to body diameter for thin-to-thick connections; b) drill diameter smaller than body diameter for thin-to-thin connections

a)

b)

c)

drill length

Fig. 7.8 Washers for self-tapping screws: a) metal washer; b) elastomeric washer; c) and d) elastomeric or vulcanised to metal washer

screw length

drill flute

d)

Fig.7.9 Application examples for self-drilling screws: a) fastening of roof sheeting on purlins; b) fastening of sheeting at an eves detail; c) fastening of wall sheeting on side rails; d) fastening of wall cassettes on stanchions

Fig.7.10 Tilting and pull-out of fastener (inclination failure)

a) b) c) Fig.7.11 Supplementary failure modes for screwed fastenings in tension: a) pull-out; b) pullthrough; c) gross distortion of sheeting

a)

b)

c)

d) Fig.7.12 Test evidence for failure modes of screwed connections: a) Tilting and pull-out of screw; b) upper sheet tearing; c) screw shearing;

Cut at rivet head and grind

Self-plugging

Pull-through

Open end

Closed end

a)

b)

c) Fig.7.13 Different types of blind rivets

Inserting

Locking

Banc-lock Assembled Self-locking tapped holes

Fig.7.14 Nut systems

Five types of powder actuated fasteners

Three types of air driven fasteners

Fig.7.17 Shot fired pins

a)

b)

c)

d)

(end view)

e)

f)

Fig.7.20 Types of arc welds: a) groove welds in butt joints; b) arc spot welds; c) plug and slot welds; d) fillet welds; e) flare bevel groove weld; f) flare V-groove

electrodes or welding tips

electrodes or welding tips

electrodes or dies

projection welds

Before welding

After welding

a)

b)

c)

Fig.7.21 Resistance welding procedures: a) spot welding; b) seam welding; c) projection welding

2P
L b

t L

2P

Geometry P

Geometry

Inclination failure

b
b

Failure modes

Failure modes

Transverse plate

weld shear, weld tearing &plate tearing

weld shear and tearing at weld contour

a1) Single lap joint (TNO tests)

t t1 t2 >t 1

b1) Single lap joint (TNO tests)

4P
t t 2 >t

4P
b

2P

2P
L

Geometry and failure mode

Geometry and failure mode

Sheet tear

b2) Double lap joint (Cornell tests) a2) Double lap joint (Cornell tests) a) b) Fig.7.22 Failure modes in filled welds: a) transverse weld action; b) longitudinal weld action [16]

a)
P
Sheet tear Buckled p lat e

b)

Sheet tear

Buckled plate

c)

Sheet tear

Buckled plate

d)

e) Fig.7.23 Failure modes in spot welds [16]: a) inclination failure; b) tearing and bearing at weld contour; edge failure; d) net section failure; e) weld shear failure

Loaded by shear

Loaded by peeling

Fig.7.24 Shear and peeling of connections by means of adhesive bonding

Strength

Stiffness Deformation Deformation capacity

Fig.7.25 Main features of connection response

Mj

1 2

Zone 1: rigid, if S j,ini k b EI b L b where kb = 8 for frames where the bracing system reduces the horizontal displacement by at least 80 % kb = 25 for other frames, provided that in every storey K b K c 0,1 *) Zone 2: semi-rigid All joints in zone 2 should be classified as semi-rigid. Joints in zones 1 or 3 may optionally also be treated as semi-rigid. Zone 3: nominally pinned, if S j,ini 0,5 EI b L b *) For frames where K b K c < 0,1 the joints should be classified as semi-rigid.
*)

Key: Kb is the mean value of Ib/Lb for all the beams at the top of that storey; Kc is the mean value of Ic/Lc for all the columns in that storey; Ib is the second moment of area of a beam; Ic is the second moment of area of a column; Lb is the span of a beam (centre-to-centre of columns); Lc is the storey height of a column. Fig.7.27 Boundaries for classification of joints by stiffness [24]

Centroidal axes Fasteners

Fasteners Setting out lines

Fig.7.26 Setting out lines

Mj
M j,Ed

S j,ini /

Fig.7.27 Simplified model of joint behaviour for the elastic global analysis

Table 7.4 Minimum and maximum spacing, end and edge distances [24] Distances and Minimum Maximum 1) 2) 3) spacings, Structures made of steels Structures made of see figure 3.1 according to EN 10025 except steels according to steels acc. to EN 10025-5 EN 10025-5 Steel exposed to Steel not Steel used the weather or exposed to the unprotected other corrosive weather or influences other corrosive influences End distance e1 1,2d0 4t + 40 mm The larger of 8t or 125 mm Edge distance e2 1,2d0 4t + 40 mm The larger of 8t or 125 mm 4) Distance e3 1,5d0 in slotted holes Distance e4 1,5d0 4) in slotted holes Spacing p1 2,2d0 The smaller of The smaller of The smaller of 14t or 200 mm 14t or 200 mm 14tmin or 175 mm Spacing p1,0 The smaller of 14t or 200 mm Spacing p1,i Spacing p2 5) 2,4d0 The smaller of 28t or 400 mm

The smaller of The smaller of The smaller of 14t or 200 mm 14t or 200 mm 14tmin or 175 mm 1) Maximum values for spacings, edge and end distances are unlimited, except in the following cases: - for compression members in order to avoid local buckling and to prevent corrosion in exposed members and; - for exposed tension members to prevent corrosion. 2) The local buckling resistance of the plate in compression between the fasteners should be calculated as column like buckling by using 0,6 pi as buckling length. Local buckling between the fasteners need not to be check if p1/t is smaller than 9. The edge distance should not exceed the maximum to satisfy local buckling requirements for an outstand element in the compression members. The end distance is not affected by this requirement. 3) t is the thickness of the thinner outer connected part. 4) For the limits for slotted holes, see execution standards (e.g. EN 1090) 5) For staggered rows of fasteners a minimum line spacing p2 = 1,2d0 may be used, if the minimum distance between any two fasteners in a staggered row L 2,4d0, see Fig.7.29b

Fig.7.29 Symbols for end and edge distances and spacing of fasteners [24]

F p,Rd

0,9Fp,Rd

0,7Fp,Rd

0,7Fp,Rd

Fig.7.30 Reduction of pull-through resistance Rp,rd

Table 7.5 Nominal values of the yield strength fyb and the ultimate tensile strength fub for bolts [24] Bolt grade 4.6 5.6 6.8 8.8 10.9 2 fyb (N/mm ) 240 300 480 640 900 fub (N/mm2) 400 500 600 800 1000

Table 7.6 Characteristic shear resistance Fv,Rk of self-tapping screws (N/screw) [6] The outside diameter of The material of the screw the thread (mm) Hardened steel Stainless steel 4,8 5200 4600 5,5 7200 6500 6,3 9800 8500 8,0 16300 14300

Table 7.7 Characteristic shear resistance Fv,Rk of blind rivets (N/blind rivet) [6] The diameter of the shank The material of the blind rivet (mm) Steel Stainless steel Monel Aluminium 4,0 1600 2800 2400 800 4,8 2400 4200 3500 1100 5,0 2600 4600 6,4 4400 6200 2000

Fig. 7.28 Eccentricities in truss joints

Fig. 7.31 Long joints

t1

t2

Fig.7.32 Single lap joint with one row of bolts

a 25mm 51mm 25mm 25mm P 101mm 51mm 25mm P 2,7mm a Fig.7.33 Design example: Lap bolted connection in tension 2,7mm P P

Fig.7.34 Cleat bolted connection of a single span purlin

Sheet

T v

Supporting member (purlin)

Fig.7.36 Design example: Screwed connection of sheeting on the .

Fig.7.34 Cleat bolted connection of a single span purlin

Fig.7.37 Fastening of floor decking

FSd
ds Resistance weld 400mm

FSd
ds Fusion weld 6d s e e

Fig.7.38 Test specimen for shear tests of spot welds [6]