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99 8.42 7.44 6.84 6.48 6.43 7.99 8.76 6.32 6.32 7.6 7.62 6.03 6.59 7.52 7.67 mean sd
diff 0.35 0.42 -0.43 0.6 0.05 -0.77 0 -0.02 -0.56 -0.15 -0.051 0.441
b) Ho = d=0 vs Ha: d0 to = d/Sd/sqrt(n) = -0.051/ 0.441/sqrt(10) = -0.3657 t0.025,9= 2.262 to < t0.025,9 No rejection of Null hypothesis. CI = to*Sd/10 d = -0.051 0.3159 The interval includes zero (0) so no rejection of null hypothesis. c) Ho = d=0 vs Ha: d>0 mean score of Date of birth 1 is greater than Date of birth 2 to = 0.3657< t0.05,9 =1.833 No rejection of Null hyp. Ho = d=0 vs Ha: d<0 mean score of Date of birth 1 is lower than Date of birth 2 to = -0.3657 < t0.05,9 =1.833 No rejection of Null hyp. R Solution a) Based on normal qq plot normal distribution of difference is reasonable.
b) t.test(bo1, bo2, alternative ="two.sided", mu = 0, paired =TRUE, var.equal = FALSE, conf.level = 0.95) Paired t-test 95 percent confidence interval: -0.3664148 0.2644148 c). No evidence that birth order affect mean score (mean of differences) Ho: d=0 Ho: d>0 t.test(bo1, bo2, alternative ="greater", paired =TRUE) Paired t-test data: bo1 and bo2 t = -0.3658, df = 9, p-value = 0.6385 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is greater than 0 95 percent confidence interval: -0.3065927 Inf sample estimates: mean of the differences
-0.051 Ho: d=0 Ho: d<0 t.test(bo1, bo2, alternative ="less", paired =TRUE) Paired t-test data: bo1 and bo2 t = -0.3658, df = 9, p-value = 0.3615 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is less than 0 95 percent confidence interval: -Inf 0.2045927 sample estimates: mean of the differences -0.051 2.34. a) Yes, they are different. p-value = 6.767e-05 km=c(1.186, 1.151, 1.322, 1.339, 1.200, 1.402, 1.365, 1.537, 1.559) lm=c(1.061, 0.992, 1.063, 1.062, 1.065, 1.178, 1.037, 1.086, 1.052) t.test(km, lm, alternative ="two.sided", mu = 0, paired =FALSE, var.equal = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95) Two Sample t-test data: km and lm t = 5.3302, df = 16, p-value = 6.767e-05 alternative hypothesis: true difference in means is not equal to 0 95 percent confidence interval: 0.1649580 0.3828197 sample estimates: mean of x mean of y 1.340111 1.066222 b) p-value = 6.767e-05
c) t.test(km, lm, alternative ="two.sided", paired =TRUE) Paired t-test 95 percent confidence interval: 0.1700423 0.3777355 d) Data for Karlsruhe method appears to be normally distributed but data for Lehigh method is not normally distributed
d) In the same way as the normality is a key assumption for one or two sample t test it is for a paired t test. In the case of paired t-test the samples are not drawn from independent populations. By taking the difference the bias (non independence) is relieved and the data is more normally distributed.