Generic Name Brand Names Common Uses[2] Possible Side Effects[2] Mechanism of action

Cephalosporins (First generation) Cefadroxil Cefazolin Cefalotin or Cefalothin Cefalexin Duricef Ancef Good coverage against Keflin (discontinued) Gram positive infections. Keflex Cephalosporins (Second generation) Cefaclor Distaclor Mandol Cefamandole (discontinued) Mefoxin Less gram positive Cefoxitin (discontinued) cover, improved gram negative cover. Cefprozil Cefzil Cefuroxime Ceftin, Zinnat (UK) Cephalosporins (Third generation) Cefixime Suprax Omnicef, Cefdinir Cefdiel Cefditoren Spectracef Cefobid Cefoperazone (discontinued) Cefotaxime Claforan Cefpodoxime Vantin Ceftazidime Fortaz Ceftibuten Cedax Cefizox Ceftizoxime (discontinued) Ceftriaxone Rocephin Same mode of action as other beta-lactam Gastrointestinal upset antibiotics: disrupt the and diarrhea synthesis of the Nausea (if alcohol peptidoglycan layer of taken concurrently) bacterial cell walls. Allergic reactions

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Improved coverage of Gram negative organisms, except Pseudomonas. Reduced Gram positive cover.

Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cefepime

Maxipime

Cephalosporins (Fourth generation) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Nausea (if alcohol Covers pseudomonal taken concurrently) infections. Allergic reactions

Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Cephalosporins (Fifth generation) Same mode of action as Gastrointestinal upset other beta-lactam and diarrhea antibiotics: disrupt the Allergic reaction synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. Gastrointestinal upset Same mode of action as and diarrhea other beta-lactam Nausea (if alcohol antibiotics: disrupt the taken concurrently) synthesis of the Allergic reactions peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Ceftaroline fosamil

Teflaro

Used to treat MRSA

Ceftobiprole

Zeftera

Used to treat MRSA

Macrolides Zithromax, Sumamed, Xithrone Clarithromycin Biaxin Dynabac Dirithromycin (discontinued) Erythromycin Erythocin, Erythroped Roxithromycin Azithromycin Troleandomycin Tao (discontinued) Telithromycin Ketek Pneumonia Penicillins Amoxicillin Ampicillin Azlocillin Geocillin (discontinued) Tegopen Cloxacillin (discontinued) Dynapen Dicloxacillin (discontinued) Floxapen (Sold to European Flucloxacillin generics Actavis Group) Mezlin Mezlocillin (discontinued) Carbenicillin Wide range of infections; penicillin used for streptococcal infections, syphilis, and Lyme disease

Streptococcal infections, syphilis, upper respiratory tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, mycoplasmal infections, Lyme disease

Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses) Prolonged QT interval (especially erythromycin) Jaundice

Visual Disturbance, Liver Toxicity.[4]

inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.

Novamox, Amoxil Principen (discontinued) Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea Allergy with serious anaphylactic reactions Brain and kidney damage (rare) Same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics: disrupt the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.

Methicillin Nafcillin Oxacillin Penicillin G Penicillin V Piperacillin Penicillin G Temocillin Ticarcillin

Staphcillin (discontinued) Unipen (discontinued) Prostaphlin (discontinued) Pentids (discontinued) Veetids (PenVee-K) (discontinued) Pipracil (discontinued) Pfizerpen Negaban (UK) (discontinued) Ticar (discontinued)

Polypeptides Inhibits isoprenyl pyrophosphate, a molecule that carries the building blocks Bacitracin of the peptidoglycan bacterial cell wall Eye, ear or bladder infections; outside of the inner membrane [5] usually applied directly to the eye Coly- or inhaled into the lungs; rarely Kidney and Interact with the gram negative bacterial Colistin Mycin- given by injection, although the nerve outer membrane and cytoplasmic damage S membrane. It displaces bacterial counter use of intravenous colistin is (when given ions, which destabilizes the outer experiencing a resurgence due to by injection) membrane. They act like a detergent the emergence of multi drug against the cytoplasmic membrane, which Polymyxin resistant organisms. alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E B are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.

Quinolones Cipro, Ciprofloxacin Ciproxin, Ciprobay Enoxacin Penetrex Gatifloxacin Tequin Levofloxacin Levaquin Lomefloxacin Maxaquin Moxifloxacin Avelox Nalidixic acid NegGram Norfloxacin Noroxin

Urinary tract infections, bacterial prostatitis, community-acquired pneumonia, bacterial diarrhea, mycoplasmal infections, gonorrhea

Nausea (rare), inhibit the bacterial DNA irreversible damage to gyrase or the topoisomerase central nervous system IV enzyme, thereby (uncommon), tendinosis inhibiting DNA replication (rare) and transcription.

Floxin, Ocuflox Trovafloxacin Trovan Grepafloxacin Raxar Sparfloxacin Zagam Temafloxacin Omniflox Ofloxacin

Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn Withdrawn

Tetracyclines Demeclocycline Declomycin Doxycycline Vibramycin Minocycline Minocin Oxytetracycline Terramycin Syphilis, chlamydial infections, Lyme disease, mycoplasmal infections, acne rickettsial infections, Sumycin, *malaria *Note: Malaria Achromycin is caused by a protist and V, Steclin not a bacterium.

Tetracycline

Gastrointestinal upset Sensitivity to sunlight Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent) transient depression of bone growth

inhibiting the binding of aminoacyl-tRNA to the mRNA-ribosome complex. They do so mainly by binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit in the mRNA translation complex.

Arsphenamine

Chloramphenicol

Others Spirochaetal Salvarsan infections (obsolete) meningitis, MRSA, topical use, or for low cost internal Rarely: aplastic Chloromycetin treatment. Historic: anemia. typhus, cholera. gram negative, gram positive, anaerobes Monurol Fucidin Infections caused by anaerobic bacteria; also amoebiasis, trichomoniasis, Giardiasis Acute cystitis in women

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome Inactivates enolpyruvyl transferase, thereby blocking cell wall synthesis

Fosfomycin Fusidic acid

Metronidazole

Flagyl

Mupirocin

Bactroban

Ointment for impetigo, cream for infected cuts

Produces toxic free radicals which disrupt Discolored urine, DNA and proteins. This headache, metallic non-specific mechanism is taste, nausea ; responsible for its activity alcohol is against a variety of contraindicated bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa. Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis

Platensimycin Quinupristin/Dalfopristin Synercid Gram-negative, GramLacks known positive, anaerobes. anemic sidewidely used in effects. veterinary medicine. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure Tigecycline Tigacyl infections and complicated intraabdominal infections. || Teeth discoloration. || protozoan infections Urinary Tract Infections upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome

Thiamphenicol

Tinidazole Trimethoprim

Tindamax Fasigyn Proloprim, Trimpex

Lincosamides Clindamycin Cleocin Serious staph-, pneumo-, and Possible C. difficile-related streptococcal infections in penicillinpseudomembranous allergic patients, also anaerobic Lincomycin Lincocin enterocolitis infections; clindamycin topically for acne Bind to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal RNA thereby inhibiting protein synthesis