Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Page 1
Section A
Page 2
AMPS: +17 dB TDMA: +14 to +17 dB GSM: +7 to 9 dB. CDMA: -10 to -17 dB. CDMA: Eb/No ~+6 dB.
Page 3
Originating Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR
At Originating Site:
Input A: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Spread spectrum signal
1
Input B: Spreading Code
Gate
Destination Site
XOR
Exclusive-OR Gate
At Destination Site:
Input A: Received spread spectrum signal Input B: Walsh Code #23 @ 1.2288 Mcps Output: Users Data @ 19,200 bits/second just as originally sent
Input B: Spreading Code
Traditional technologies try to squeeze signal into minimum required bandwidth CDMA uses larger bandwidth but uses resulting processing gain to increase capacity
RX
SPREAD-SPECTRUM SYSTEM
Wideband Signal Slow Information Sent TX RX Slow Information Recovered
Page 5
Sneak Preview: How One Traffic Channel Is Transmitted by One Sector to a Mobile
QPSK RF
Users
Analog S Summing
BTS
1 if 0 = if 1 =
Demodulated Received CDMA Signal Despreading Sequence (Locally Generated, =0) Received energy: Correlation
matches opposite
+10 -26
Decision:
Matches! (=0) 1
Opposite ( =1)
-16
Time Integration
This figure illustrates the basic technique of CDMA signal generation at the sector and recovery at the mobile. The complete coding process uses two additional codes, as described in following slides.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 7
DESTINATION
Spreading Sequence
Spreading Sequence
Sender combines data with a fast spreading sequence, transmits spread data stream Receiver intercepts the stream, uses same spreading sequence to extract original data
Page 8
Data
Mailer
Mailer
Data
Whether in shipping and receiving, or in CDMA, packaging is extremely important! Cargo is placed inside nested containers for protection and to allow addressing The shipper packs in a certain order, and the receiver unpacks in the reverse order CDMA containers are spreading codes
Page 9
DESTINATION
X+A
Input Data
Recovered Data
X
Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence Spreading Spreading Spreading Sequence Sequence Sequence
CDMA combines three different spreading sequences to create unique, robust channels The sequences are easy to generate on both sending and receiving ends of each link What we do, we can undo
Page 10
64 Magic Sequences, each 64 chips long Each Walsh Code is precisely Orthogonal with respect to all other Walsh Codes its simple to generate the codes, or theyre small enough to use from ROM
# 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
---------------------------------- 64-Chip Sequence -----------------------------------------0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101 0011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011 0110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110011001100110 0000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111 0101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010 0011110000111100001111000011110000111100001111000011110000111100 0110100101101001011010010110100101101001011010010110100101101001 0000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000000011111111 0101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101010110101010 0011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011001111001100 0110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110011010011001 0000111111110000000011111111000000001111111100000000111111110000 0101101010100101010110101010010101011010101001010101101010100101 0011110011000011001111001100001100111100110000110011110011000011 0110100110010110011010011001011001101001100101100110100110010110 0000000000000000111111111111111100000000000000001111111111111111 0101010101010101101010101010101001010101010101011010101010101010 0011001100110011110011001100110000110011001100111100110011001100 0110011001100110100110011001100101100110011001101001100110011001 0000111100001111111100001111000000001111000011111111000011110000 0101101001011010101001011010010101011010010110101010010110100101 0011110000111100110000111100001100111100001111001100001111000011 0110100101101001100101101001011001101001011010011001011010010110 0000000011111111111111110000000000000000111111111111111100000000 0101010110101010101010100101010101010101101010101010101001010101 0011001111001100110011000011001100110011110011001100110000110011 0110011010011001100110010110011001100110100110011001100101100110 0000111111110000111100000000111100001111111100001111000000001111 0101101010100101101001010101101001011010101001011010010101011010 0011110011000011110000110011110000111100110000111100001100111100 0110100110010110100101100110100101101001100101101001011001101001 0000000000000000000000000000000011111111111111111111111111111111 0101010101010101010101010101010110101010101010101010101010101010 0011001100110011001100110011001111001100110011001100110011001100 0110011001100110011001100110011010011001100110011001100110011001 0000111100001111000011110000111111110000111100001111000011110000 0101101001011010010110100101101010100101101001011010010110100101 0011110000111100001111000011110011000011110000111100001111000011 0110100101101001011010010110100110010110100101101001011010010110 0000000011111111000000001111111111111111000000001111111100000000 0101010110101010010101011010101010101010010101011010101001010101 0011001111001100001100111100110011001100001100111100110000110011 0110011010011001011001101001100110011001011001101001100101100110 0000111111110000000011111111000011110000000011111111000000001111 0101101010100101010110101010010110100101010110101010010101011010 0011110011000011001111001100001111000011001111001100001100111100 0110100110010110011010011001011010010110011010011001011001101001 0000000000000000111111111111111111111111111111110000000000000000 0101010101010101101010101010101010101010101010100101010101010101 0011001100110011110011001100110011001100110011000011001100110011 0110011001100110100110011001100110011001100110010110011001100110 0000111100001111111100001111000011110000111100000000111100001111 0101101001011010101001011010010110100101101001010101101001011010 0011110000111100110000111100001111000011110000110011110000111100 0110100101101001100101101001011010010110100101100110100101101001 0000000011111111111111110000000011111111000000000000000011111111 0101010110101010101010100101010110101010010101010101010110101010 0011001111001100110011000011001111001100001100110011001111001100 0110011010011001100110010110011010011001011001100110011010011001 0000111111110000111100000000111111110000000011110000111111110000 0101101010100101101001010101101010100101010110100101101010100101 0011110011000011110000110011110011000011001111000011110011000011 0110100110010110100101100110100110010110011010010110100110010110
Page 11
Other CDMA sequences are generated in shift registers Plain shift register: no fun, sequence = length of register Tapped shift register generates a wild, self-mutating sequence 2N-1 chips long (N=register length) Such sequences match if compared in step (no-brainer, any sequence matches itself) Such sequences appear approximately orthogonal if compared with themselves not exactly matched in time false correlation typically <2%
Sequence repeats every N chips, where N is number of cells in register A Tapped, Summing Shift Register
Page 12
I Q The short PN code consists of two PN Sequences, I and Q, each 32,768 chips long Generated in similar but differently-tapped 15-bit shift registers Theyre always used together, modulating the two phase axes of a QPSK modulator
chip input
QPSKmodulated S RF Output
sin wt
Q-sequence *
* In BTS, I and Q are used in-phase. In handset, Q is delayed 1/2 chip to avoid zero-amplitude crossings which would require a linear power amplifier
Page 13
1100011000
AND
S UM
P E RMU T E D E S N
Modulo-2 Addition
Generated in a 42-bit register, the PN Long code is more than 40 days long (~4x1013 chips) -- too big to store in ROM in a handset, so its generated chipby-chip using the scheme shown above Each handset codes its signal with the PN Long Code, but at a unique offset computed using its ESN (32 bits) and 10 bits set by the system this is called the Public Long Code Mask; produces unique shift private long code masks are available for enhanced privacy Integrated over a period even as short as 64 chips, phones with different PN long code offsets will appear practically orthogonal
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 14
BTS
The three spreading codes are used in different ways to create the forward and reverse links A forward channel exists by having a specific Walsh Code assigned to the user, and a specific PN offset for the sector A reverse channel exists because the mobile uses a specific offset of the Long PN sequence
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 15
Section B
Page 16
Walsh #1
FEC Walsh #12 FEC
x sin wt
SS
I
Walsh #23
FEC FEC
a Channel Element
Walsh #27
Walsh #44
FEC more
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
A Forward Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency Q the unique Short Code PN Offset of the sector the unique Walsh Code of the user
Page 17
Page 18
Access Channels
A Reverse Channel is identified by: its CDMA RF carrier Frequency the unique Long Code PN Offset of the individual handset
Long Code offset Receiver, Sector X
Vocoder
Channel Element
Long Code Gen
Vocoder
Channel Element
a Channel Element
Long Code Gen Vocoder Channel Element Long Code Gen Vocoder more more Channel Element more
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
Page 19
ACCESS CHANNELS are used by mobiles not yet in a call to transmit registration requests, call setup requests, page responses, order responses, and other signaling information an access channel is really just a public long code offset unique to the BTS sector Access channels are paired to Paging Channels. Each paging channel can have up to 32 access channels.
REG
1-800 242 4444
Although a sector can have up to seven paging channels, and each paging channel can have up to 32 access channels, nearly all systems today use only one paging channel per sector and only one access channel per paging channel.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 20
GPS
GPSR
BTS
GPS
GPSR
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU
DMS-BUS
LPP ENET
LPP
CDSU
Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU
CDSU
Sa Sb Sc
DS0 in T1
DTCs
Chips
Channel Element RF
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Vocoder
PSTN
Page 21
CHANNEL ELEMENT
9600 bps 4800 bps R = 1/2 19.2 2400 bps ksps Convolutional 1200 bps Encoding and or Symbol Repetition 14400 bps Puncturing 28.8 7200 bps ksps (13 kb only) 3600 bps 1800 bps (From Vocoder) User Address Mask (ESN-based)
M U X
1.2288 Mcps
Q PN
Page 22
9600 bps 4800 bps 2400 bps 1200 bps or 14400 bps 7200 bps 3600 bps 1800 bps
R = 1/3 Convolutional Encoder & Repetition R = 1/2 User Address Mask Long PN Code Generator 28.8 ksps 28.8 307.2 ksps Orthogonal kcps Data Burst Randomizer Modulation 1.2288 Mcps
I PN (no offset)
1/2 PN Chip Delay
Block Interleaver
1.2288 Mcps
Direct Sequence Spreading
Q PN (no offset)
Page 23
Section C
Page 24
Vocoders compress speech, reduce bit rate, greatly increasing capacity CDMA uses a superior Variable Rate Vocoder full rate during speech low rates in speech pauses increased capacity more natural sound Voice, signaling, and user secondary data may be mixed in CDMA frames
20ms Sample
Pitch Filter
Codebook Coded Result
Feedback
Formant Filter
bits 288
Page 25
Help!
Forward RF
The BTS continually reduces the strength of each users forward baseband chip stream When a particular handset sees errors on the forward link, it requests more energy The complainers chip stream gets a quick boost; afterward, continues to diminish Each network manufacturer uses FER-based triggers and initial, minimum, and maximum traffic channel DGU values
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 26
BSC
Bad FER? Raise Setpoint
BTS
Stronger than setpoint? Setpoint
Reverse RF
TX RF Digital
Occasionally, as needed
Handset
Three methods work in tandem to equalize all handset signal levels at the BTS Reverse Open Loop: handset adjusts power up or down based on received BTS signal (AGC) Reverse Closed Loop: Is handset too strong? BTS tells up or down 1 dB 800 times/second Reverse Outer Loop: BSC has FER trouble hearing handset? BSC adjusts BTS setpoint
Page 27
Receiver>>
LNA DUP x
TXPO
x
PA LO
~ LO
IF
Open Loop
Closed Loop Pwr Ctrl IF x IF Mod x I Long PN Orth Mod FEC Vocoder
x
Q
<<Transmitter
Typical TXPO: TXPO = -(RXdbm) -C + TXGA C = +73 for 8K vocoder systems TXGA Transmit Gain Adjust +76 for 13K vocoder systems =Sum of all closed-loop power control commands from the BTS since the beginning of this call
+23 dBm in a coverage hole 0 dBm near middle of cell -50 dBm up close to BTS 0 dB -10 dB -20 dB
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
Time, Seconds
Page 28
Course 134
Page 29
As this spreadsheet shows, actual traffic capacity is influenced strongly by the degree of soft handoff actually in progress
Page 30
Page 31
Signal Bandwidth determines how many RF signals will fit in the operators licensed spectrum
Robustness of RF signal determines tolerable level of interference and necessary physical separation of cochannel cells
30
30
Users
4
200 kHz
2 3
Number of users per RF signal directly affects capacity In the following page, we will develop the number of users and traffic in erlangs per site for each of the popular wireless technologies
CDMA 22 Users
1250 kHz
Vulnerability: EbNo @ 6 dB
1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
Page 32
A
825
B
846.5
8 9 0
8 9 4
891.5
Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. Technology Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db Freq Reuse Factor, N RF Signal BW, kHz Total # RF Carriers RF Sigs. per cell @N # Sectors per cell #CCH per sector RF Signals per sector Voicepaths/RF signal SH average links used Unique Voicepaths/carrier Voicepaths/Sector Unique Voicepaths/Sector P.02 Erlangs per sector P.02 Erlangs per site Capacity vs. AMPS800
800 Cellular (A,B) 12,500 12,500 12,500 AMPS TDMA CDMA 17 17 6 7 7 1 30 30 1250 416 416 9 59 59 9 3 3 3 1 1 0 18 18 9 1 3 22 1.66 13.253 18 54 198 18 54 119 11.5 44 105.5 34.5 132 316.5 1 3.8 9.2
A
15 1850 MHz.
1900 PCS (A, B, C) 1900 PCS (D, 15,000 15,000 15,000 5,000 5,000 TDMA GSM CDMA TDMA GSM 17 12 6 17 12 7 4 1 7 4 30 200 1250 30 200 500 75 11 166 25 71 18 11 23 6 3 3 3 3 3 1 0 0 1 0 22 6 11 6 2 3 8 22 3 8 1.66 13.253 66 48 242 18 16 66 48 145 18 16 55.3 38.4 130.9 11.5 9.83 165.9 115.2 392.7 34.5 29.49 4.8 3.3 11.4 1.0 0.9
E F
5 5
D
5
B
15
C
15
A
15
D
5
B
15
E F
5 5
1910 MHz.
1930 MHz.
Page 33
f
Fwd/Rev Spectrum kHz. 12,500 1,800 3,050 4,300 5,550 6,800 8,050 9,300 10,550 Technology AMPS CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA Req'd C/I or Eb/No, db 17 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Freq Reuse Factor, N 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RF Signal BW, kHz 30 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 1250 Total # RF Carriers 416 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 RF Sigs. per cell @N 59 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 # Sectors per cell 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 #CCH per sector 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 RF Signals per sector 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Voicepaths/RF signal 1 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 SH average links used 1 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 1.66 Unique Voicepaths/carrier 1 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 13.3 Voicepaths/Sector 18 22 44 66 88 110 132 154 176 Unique Voicepaths/Sector 18 13 26 39 53 66 79 92 106 P.02 Erlangs per sector 11.5 7.4 18.4 30.1 43.1 55.3 67.7 80.2 93.8 P.02 Erlangs per site 34.5 22.2 55.2 90.3 129.3 165.9 203.1 240.6 281.4 Capacity vs. AMPS800 1 0.64 1.60 2.6 3.7 4.8 5.9 7.0 8.2 11,800 CDMA 6 1 1250 9 9 3 0 9 22 1.66 13.3 198 119 105.5 316.5 9.2 13,050 CDMA 6 1 1250 10 10 3 0 10 22 1.66 13.3 220 132 119.1 357.3 10.4 14,300 CDMA 6 1 1250 11 11 3 0 11 22 1.66 13.3 242 145 130.9 392.7 11.4
Page 34
Course 134
www.nortel.com
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 35
SUPPORT FUNCTIONS
Page 36
GPS
GPSR
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
CDSU
CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU
LPP ENET
LPP
CDSU
Packets
CDSU CDSU CDSU
CDSU
Sa Sb Sc
DS0 in T1
DTCs
Chips
Channel Element RF
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Vocoder
PSTN
Page 37
GPS
GPSR
BSC-BSM
BTS
GPS
GPSR
CDSU CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU
TFU1
CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2
Sa Sb Sc
DTCs
CDSU
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Current Product Capabilities: Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 38
Primary functions CDMA Call Processing BSC LPP ENET LPP Unch. T1 Mobility Management HLR-VLR access Ch.T1 CDMA DTCs SBS Intersystem call delivery (IS-41C) Inter-MTX handover (IS-41C) IOC Billing Data Capture Ch MAP, Calling Features & Services T1 VDUs CCS7 Collecting System OMs, Pegs Billing PSTN & High reliability, redundancy
DMS-BUS
Other MTXs
Page 39
BSC
BSM
CDSU CDSU
TFU1
MTX LPP
CDSU CDSU
DISCO 1 DISCO 2
BTSs
SBS
Vocoders Selectors
Primary functions vocoding soft handoff management FER-based power control routing of all traffic and control packets Scaleable architecture expand SBS to keep pace with traffic growth expandable DISCO
Page 40
BTS
GPS
GPSR CDSU DISCO TFU
BSC
Ch. Card ACC
Sa Sb Sc
Page 41
BSM
Ethernet LAN
X-Windows terminals
BSM Workstation
BCN Links
GPS
GPSR CDSU TFU1 CDSU CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2 CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
BSC
BTS
TFU
GPS
GPSR
CDSU
CDSU CDSU CDSU CDSU
Sa Sb Sc
Base Station Manager Primary functions: OA&M for CDMA components Configuration management BSC, BTS configuration and parameters Fault management Alarm Reporting Performance management interface for CDMA statistics and peg counts collection Security management Unix-based
SBS
Vocoders Selectors
Page 42
GPS
BSC-BSM
One T-1 can carry all traffic originated by a one-carrier BTS; special consideration required if daisy-chaining
BTS
GPS
GPSR TFU Sufficient channel
elements required for traffic of all sectors: one CE per link; 20 CE per Channel Card
SLM
CM
CDSU CDSU
CDSU DISCO
Ch. Card ACC
TFU1
CDSU DISCO 1 DISCO 2
LPP ENET
CDSU
Txcvr RFFE Codes/sector Sa64 Walsh A A Txcvr RFFE Codes/sector Sb64 Walsh B B
Codes/sector Txcvr RFFE Sc64 Walsh C C Forward RF Capacity: links use available BTS TX power
DTCs
DTC & ENET: One port per Vocoder plus one port per outgoing trunk.
CDSU
SBS
IOC
Vocoders Selectors
Sufficient vocoders/selectors required in BSC SBS, one per simultaneous call on the system. 8 Vocoders per SBS card, 12 cards per shelf, 4 shelves per SBS cabinet.
Reverse RF Capacity: links cause noise floor rise, use mobile power
PSTN
PSTN trunk groups must be dimensioned to support erlang load.
1-2001 Current Product Capabilities: Each BSC can have up to 4 DISCO shelves About 240 sites, roughly 6000 erlangs capacity Each MTX can have up to 2 BSCs Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 43
Course 134
Page 44
Receiver
RF
Duplexer & Bandpass Filters Power Amplifier
chips IF
Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Traffic Correlator PN Generator Walsh Generator Search Correlator (Pilots) PN Generator Walsh =0
symbols bits
Viterbi Decoder
RF
LNA
IF
Mixer
IF BPF
IF
Vocoder
LO
Local Oscillator
(Synthesized)
audio messages
RF
Mixer
LO
IF IF
IF IF Modulator
chips
symbols
Direct Seq. Spreading Data Burst Randomizer Orthogonal Modulator
Baseband Filtering
Quadrature Spreading
Transmitter
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 45
Searcher PN W=0
Every frame, handset uses combined outputs of the three traffic correlators (rake fingers) Each finger can independently recover a particular PN offset and Walsh code Fingers can be targeted on delayed multipath reflections, or even on different BTSs Searcher continuously checks pilots
Page 46
Handset
RF
Rake Receiver PN Walsh PN PN Walsh S Walsh Voice, Data, Messages Pilot Ec/Io
Searcher PN W=0
CDMA soft handoff is driven by the handset Handset continuously checks available pilots Handset tells system pilots it currently sees System assigns sectors (up to 6 max.), tells handset Handset assigns its fingers accordingly All messages sent by dim-and-burst, no muting! Each end of the link chooses what works best, on a frame-by-frame basis! Users are totally unaware of handoff
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Page 48
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Page 50
MSG_SEQ
ACK_REQ ENCRYPTION ERRORS_DETECTED
3
1 2 5
POWER_MEAS_FRAMES
LAST_HDM_SEQ NUM_PILOTS
10
2 4
Sync Channel
Sync Channel Msg BTS
Paging Channel
Access Parameters Msg System Parameters Msg CDMA Channel List Msg Extended System Parameters Msg Extended Neighbor List Msg Global Service Redirection Msg Service Redirection Msg General Page Msg Order Msg
Access Channel
Registration Msg Order Msg
Mobile Station Acknowldgment Long Code Transition Request SSD UpDate 2011Confirmation many others..
Base Station Acknowledgment Lock until Power-Cycled Maintenance required many others..
Channel Assignment Msg Feature Notification Msg Authentication Challenge Msg Status Request Msg
Origination Msg Page Response Msg Authentication Challenge Response Msg Status Response Msg TMSI Assignment Completion Message Data Burst Msg
Page 52
Alert With Information Msg Service Request Msg Service Response Msg Service Connect Msg Service Option Control Msg Status Request Msg Flash With Information Msg Data Burst Msg Extended Handoff Direction Msg
Authentication Challenge Msg TMSI Assignment Msg Send Burst DTMF Msg Set Parameters Msg Power Control Parameters Msg. Retrieve Parameters Msg Analog Handoff Direction Msg SSD UpDate 2011Msg Mobile Station Registered Msg
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Page 54
B
846.5
B
891.5
E F
E F
C
1990 MHz.
1910MHz.
Mobile scans forward link frequencies: (Cellular or PCS, depending on model) History List Preferred Roaming List until a CDMA signal is found. NO CDMA?! Go to AMPS, or to a power-saving standby mode
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
FREQUENCY LISTS:
HISTORY LIST
Last-used: Freq/SID x Freq/SID y Freq/SID z Freq/SID t Freq/SID u etc.
Page 55
-20 Chips 0 PN 0
2. Put Rake finger(s) on strongest available PN, decode Walsh 32, and read Sync Channel Message
Active Pilot
Handset
RF
x
Rake Fingers
F3 PN168 W32
Srch PN??? W0
LO
Reference PN
Page 56
After reading the Sync Channel, the mobile is now capable of reading the Paging Channel, which now monitors constantly Before it is allowed to transmit or operate on this system, the mobile must collect a complete set of configuration messages Collection is a short process -- all configuration messages are repeated on the paging channel every 1.28 seconds The configuration messages contain sequence numbers so the mobile can recognize if any of the messages have been freshly updated as it continues to monitor the paging channel Access parameters message sequence number Configuration message sequence number If a mobile notices a changed sequence number, or if 600 seconds passes since the last time these messages were read, the mobile reads all of them again
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 57
32K 512
Keep Rake finger(s) on strongest available PN, decode Walsh 1, and monitor the Paging Channel
Active Pilot
Handset
Rake Receiver
F1 PN168 W01
RF
x
Rake Fingers
LO
Page 59
NEIGHBOR LIST
98/05/24 23:14:11.486 [PCH] Neighbor List Message MSG_LENGTH = 216 bits MSG_TYPE = Neighbor List Message PILOT_PN = 168 Offset Index CONFIG_MSG_SEQ = 0 PILOT_INC = 4 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 220 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 52 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 500 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 8 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 176 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 304 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 136 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 384 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 216 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 68 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 328 Offset Index NGHBR_CONFIG = 0 NGHBR_PN = 112 Offset Index RESERVED = 0
Page 60
Page 61
Idle Mode on the Paging Channel: Meet the Neighbors, track the Strongest Pilot
Ec/Io 0 All PN Offsets
-20 Chips 0 PN 0
SRCH_WIN_A Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W01 F2 PN168 W01 F3 PN168 W01 Srch PN??? W0
Active Pilot
Rake Fingers
32K 512
SRCH_WIN_N
Reference PN
The phones pilot searcher constantly checks the pilots listed in the Neighbor List Message
Neighbor Set
If the searcher ever notices a neighbor pilot substantially stronger than the current reference pilot, it becomes the new reference pilot and the phone switches over to its paging channel on the next superframe. This is called an idle mode handoff.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 63
PAGING
FW FC
FW TFC
Call is Established!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 64
Lets Register!
Page 65
Registration
Registration is the process by which an idle mobile lets the system know its awake and available for incoming calls this allows the system to inform the mobiles home switch of the mobiles current location, so that incoming calls can be delivered registration also allows the system to intelligently page the mobile only in the area where the mobile is currently located, thereby eliminating useless congestion on the paging channels in other areas of the system There are many different conditions that could trigger an obligation for the mobile to register there are flags in the System Parameters Message which tell the mobile when it must register on the current system
Page 66
An Actual Registration
SYSTEM PARAMETERS MESSAGE
18:26.826 [PCH] System Parameters Message Pilot_PN: 32 CONFIG_MSG_SEQ: 14 SID: 16420 NID: 0, REG_ZONE: 0 TOTAL_ZONES: 0 Zone timer length (min): 1 MULT_SIDS: 0 MULT_NIDS: 0 BASE_ID: 1618 BASE_CLASS: Reserved PAG_CHAN: 1 MAX_SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 HOME_REG: 1 FOR_SID_REG: 1 FOR_NID_REG: 1, POWER_UP_REG: 1 POWER_DOWN_REG: 1 PARAMETER_REG: 1 Registration period (sec): 54 Base station 00000.00 Lon., 00000.00 Lat. REG_DIST: 0 SRCH_WIN_A (PN chips): 28 SRCH_WIN_N (PN chips): 100, SRCH_WIN_R (PN chips): 130 NGHBR_MAX_AGE: 2 PWR_REP_THRESH: 2 PWR_REP_FRAMES (frames): 15 PWR_THRESH_ENABLE: 1 PWR_PERIOD_ENABLE: 0, PWR_REP_DELAY: 1 (4 frames) RESCAN: 0, T_ADD: -14.0dB T_DROP: -16.0dB T_COMP: 2.5dB, T_TDROP: 4s EXT_SYS_PARAMETER: 1 EXT_NGHBR_LIST: 1 GLOBAL_REDIRECT: 0
The System Parameters Message tells all mobiles when they should register. This mobile notices that it is obligated to register, so it transmits a Registration Message. REGISTRATION MESSAGE
16:18:27.144 Access Channel: Registration ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 1 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0 ACK_TYPE: 0 MSID_TYPE: 3, ESN: [0x 01 99 0d fc] MFR 1, Reserved 38, Serial Number 69116, IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 1) [0x 01 8d 31 74 29 36] 00-416-575-0421 AUTH_MODE: 0 REG_TYPE: Timer-based SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 MOB_P_REV: 1 EXT_SCM: 1 SLOTTED_MODE: 1 MOB_TERM: 1
The base station confirms that the mobiles registration message was received. Were officially registered!
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The base station confirms that the mobiles page response was received. Now the mobile is waiting for channel assignment, expecting a response within 12 seconds.
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Only about 400 ms. after the base station acknowledgment order, the mobile receives the channel assignment message.
The base station is already sending blank frames on the forward channel,using the assigned Walsh code. BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:14:47.581 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order
The mobile sees at least two good blank frames in a row on the forward channel, and concludes this is the right traffic channel. It sends a preamble of two blank frames of its own on the reverse traffic channel. MOBILE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
18:14:47.598 Reverse Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 0 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 0 ENCRYPTION: 0 Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order
The mobile station acknowledges the base stations acknowledgment. Everybody is ready!
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Now that both sides have arrived on the traffic channel, the base station proposes that the requested call actually begin. SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
18:14:47.835 Reverse Traffic Channel: Service Connect Completion ACK_SEQ: 1 MSG_SEQ: 3 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 SERV_CON_SEQ: 0
The base station orders the mobile to ring, and gives it the calling partys number to display.
Now the switch completes the audio circuit and the two callers can talk!
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Origination
ORIGINATION MESSAGE The mobile sends an origination message on the access channel.
17:48:53.144 Access Channel: Origination ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 6 ACK_REQ: 1 VALID_ACK: 0 ACK_TYPE: 0 MSID_TYPE: 3 ESN: [0x 00 06 98 24] MFR 0 Reserved 1 Serial Number 170020 IMSI: (Class: 0, Class_0_type: 0) [0x 03 5d b8 97 c2] 972-849-5073 AUTH_MODE: 0 MOB_TERM: 1 SLOT_CYCLE_INDEX: 2 MOB_P_REV: 1 EXT_SCM: 1 DualMode: 0 SLOTTED_MODE: 1 PowerClass: 0 REQUEST_MODE: CDMA only SPECIAL_SERVICE: 1 Service option: (6) Voice (13k) (0x8000) PM: 0 DIGIT_MODE: 0 MORE_FIELDS: 0 NUM_FIELDS: 11 Chari: 18008900829 NAR_AN_CAP: 0
The base station confirms that the origination message was received.
The base station sends a Channel Assignment Message and the mobile goes to the traffic channel.
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The base station is already sending blank frames on the forward channel,using the assigned Walsh code. BASE STATION ACKNOWLEDGMENT
17:48:54.757 Forward Traffic Channel: Order ACK_SEQ: 7 MSG_SEQ: 0 ACK_REQ: 1 ENCRYPTION: 0 USE_TIME: 0 ACTION_TIME: 0 Base Station Acknowledgement Order
The mobile station acknowledges the base stations acknowledgment. Everybody is ready!
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Now that the traffic channel is working in both directions, the base station proposes that the requested call actually begin. SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE MSG.
17:48:55.137 Reverse Traffic Channel: Service Connect Completion ACK_SEQ: 1, MSG_SEQ: 0, ACK_REQ: 1, ENCRYPTION: 0, SERV_CON_SEQ: 0
SERVICE CONNECT COMPLETE is a major milestone in call processing. Up until now, this was an access attempt. Now it is officially a call.
Now the switch completes the audio circuit and the two callers can talk!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 78
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Ending A Call
A normal call continues until one of the parties hangs up. That action sends a Release Order, normal release. The other side of the call sends a Release Order, no reason given. If a normal release is seen, the call ended normally. At the conclusion of the call, the mobile reacquires the system. Searches for the best pilot on the present CDMA frequency Reads the Sync Channel Message Monitors the Paging Channel steadily Several different conditions can cause a call to end abnormally: the forward link is lost at the mobile, and a fade timer acts the reverse link is lost at the base station, and a fade timer acts a number of forward link messages arent acknowledged, and the base station acts to tear down the link a number of reverse link messages arent acknowledged, and the mobile station acts to tear down the link
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 80
The base station acknowledged receiving the message, then sent a release message of its own.
The mobile left the traffic channel, scanned to find the best pilot, and read the Sync Channel Message.
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Feature Notification
FEATURE NOTIFICATION MESSAGE
98/06/30 21:16:44.368 [PCH] Feature Notification Message MSG_LENGTH = 144 bits MSG_TYPE = Feature Notification Message ACK_SEQ = 0 MSG_SEQ = 0 ACK_REQ = 1 VALID_ACK = 0 ADDR_TYPE = IMSI ADDR_LEN = 56 bits IMSI_CLASS = 0 IMSI_CLASS_0_TYPE = 3 RESERVED = 0 MCC = 134 IMSI_11_12 = 00 IMSI_S = 9055170325 RELEASE = 0 RECORD_TYPE = Message Waiting RECORD_LEN = 8 bits MSG_COUNT = 1 RESERVED = 0
The Feature Notification Message on the Paging Channel tells a specific mobile it has voice messages waiting. There are other record types to notify the mobile of other features.
The mobile confirms it has received the notification by sending a Mobile Station Acknowledgment Order on the access channel.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 83
Lets do a Handoff!
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PILOT SETS
T_DROP T_COMP
Exercise: How does a pilot in one set migrate into another set, for all cases? Identify the trigger, and the messages involved.
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-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32000 32K
PN 0
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN168 W61 F3 PN168 W61 Srch PN??? W0
168 220
500 512
Active Pilot
Rake Fingers
The call is already in progress. PN 168 is the only active signal, and also is our timing reference. Continue checking the neighbors. Neighbor Set
Reference PN
T_ADD
!
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If we ever notice a neighbor with Ec/Io above T_ADD, ask to use it! Send a Pilot Strength Measurement Message!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
Just prior to this message, this particular mobile already was in handoff with PN 168 and 220. This pilot strength measurement message reports PN 500 has increased above T_Add, and the mobile wants to use it too.
The base station acknowledges receiving the Pilot Strength Measurement Message.
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The base station sends a Handof Direction Message authorizing the mobile to begin soft handoff with all three requested PNs. The pre-existing link on PN 168 will continue to use Walsh code 61, the new link on PN220 will use Walsh Code 20, and the new link on PN500 will use Walsh code 50.
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The mobile searcher quickly re-checks all three PNs. It still hears their pilots! The mobile sends a Handoff Completion Message, confirming it still wants to go ahead with the handoff.
The base station confirms it has received the mobiles Handoff Completion message, and will continue with all of the links active.
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In response to the mobiles Handoff Completion Message, the base station assembles a new composite neighbor list including all the neighbors of each of the three active pilots. This is necessary since the mobile could be traveling toward any one of these pilots and may need to request soft handoff with any of them soon.
The mobile confirms receiving the Neighbor List UpDate 2011Message. It is already checking the neighbor list and will do so continuously from now on. The handoff is fully established.
98/05/24 23:14:03.245 [RTC] Order Message MSG_LENGTH = 56 bits MSG_TYPE = Order Message ACK_SEQ = 7 MSG_SEQ = 7 ACK_REQ = 0 ENCRYPTION = Encryption Mode Disabled ORDER = Mobile Station Acknowledgement Order ADD_RECORD_LEN = 0 bits Order-Specific Fields = Field Omitted RESERVED = 0
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-20
Chips 0 10752 14080 32000 32K
PN 0
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN500 W50 F3 PN220 W20 Srch PN??? W0
168 220
500 512
Active Set
T_DROP
Rake Fingers
Reference PN
T_ADD
Neighbor Set
Continue checking each ACTIVE pilot. If any are less than T_DROP and remain so for T_TDROP time, send Pilot Strength Measurement Message, DROP IT!! Continue checking each NEIGHBOR pilot. If any ever rises above T_ADD, send PSMM, ADD IT! Keep watching CANDIDATES vs ACTIVES using T_COMP, too.
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 91
-20 Chips 0 PN 0
SRCH_WIN_A
Rake Fingers
SRCH_WIN_A
Active Set
Pilots of sectors now used for communication
32K 512
Mobile Rake RX F1 PN168 W61 F2 PN500 W50 F3 PN220 W20 Srch PN??? W0
T_DROP
T_DROP
Neighbor Set
Pilots suggested by system for more checking
T_ADD
Remaining Set
T_ADD
All other pilots divisible by PILOT_INC but not presently in Active, Candidate, or Neighbor sets
SRCH_WIN_R
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The searcher checks pilots in nested loops, much like meshed gears. Actives and candidates N N occupy the fastestspinning wheel. N Neighbors are A next, advancing N A A one pilot for each N Act+Cand. revolution. Remaining is slowest, N N advancing one pilot each time the Neighbors revolve.
R R N R R R R N R
N
N C C
A
A N N
A
A A A
A
A A A
C
C A A
N
N C C
A
A N N
A
A A R
A
A A
C
C A
N
N C
A
A N
A
A A
A
A A
C
C A
N
N C
A
R N
A
A A
A
A A
C
A A
N
C C
A
N N
A
A A
A
A A
C
A A
N
C C
A
N N
A
A A
A
A A
C
A A
N
C C
A
N N
A
A A
A
A A
C
A A
Only 3 of 112 remaining set pilots have been checked thus far!
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 93
Course 134
Handoff Perspective
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Course 134
Page 100
ISSHO Overview
Before ISSHO, mobiles could not enjoy soft handoff between BTSs on different BSCs. This caused major problems: Hard handoffs were the only type available, with annoying muting If the disjoint BTSs were on the same frequency, serious interference and capacity problems plagued the boundary area If the disjoint BTSs were on different frequencies, auxiliary trigger mechanisms (RTD and Pilot_Beacon) were necessary to allow the system to determine when the handoff should be implemented ISSHO allows mobiles to handoff over simultaneous links through BTSs on more than one BSC This improves call quality, reduces drops, eliminates muting However, ISSHO requires special networking between the BSCs involved so that packets from all BTSs can be routed to the vocoder responsible for the call
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA Page 101
BSC2 CIS
SBS
BTS
BTS
Border
BTS
BTS
ISSHO networks multiple BSCs CISs together into one virtual CIS, using T1 links or ATM If both BSCs are on the same MTX, this is an Inter-BSC soft handoff If BSCs are on different MTXs, this is an intersystem soft handoff BTSs on the two BSCs must be on the same frequency All packets from all BTSs in handoff with the mobile are routed to one common Vocoder in one BSC
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Course 134
Page 103
Start
MRU
PRL
Is better SID available?
Acq Idx
Yes
Go to last Strongest Is SID frequency PN, read permitted? from MRU Sync No Signal Denied SID
F3 F2 F1
Legend
Steps from the CDMA standards Steps from proprietary SDAs Proprietary SDA databases
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3
Use Freq. # 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1
6153000124 6153000125 6153000126 6153000127 6153000128 6153000129 6153000130 6153000131 6153000132 6153000133
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Course 134
Nortel SHORA:
Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm
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T_Add
-20
-3
Pilot Strength (Ec/Io, db)
T_Add
-20
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IS-95B Improved Handoff Algorithm Uses additional soft handoff parameters to make handoffs smarter -- slopes and intercepts Only by IS-95B-equipped mobiles can use these parameters pre-existing mobiles cant benefit from the improvements Net system improvement depends on IS-95A/IS-95B user mix Nortels Proprietary Soft Handoff Reduction Algorithm (SHORA) Uses additional intelligent algorithms in system to evaluate all handoffs requested by mobile Handoff performance of all mobiles is improved, not just IS95B-capable mobiles
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Neighbor-to-Active transition:
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SHORA Parameters
After each PSMM is received from the mobile, Nortels SHORA analyzes the reported strengths and applies the following parameters New values of T_Add, T_Drop, T_Comp, and T_Tdrop are then communicated to the mobile for use in future handoffs
Valid Parameter Name Range, dB T_ADD_OFFSET_A 0-4 dB T_ADD_OFFSET_B 0-4 dB T_DROP_OFFSET_A 0-4 dB T_DROP_OFFSET B 0-4 dB T_COMP_OFFSET_A -2 to +2 dB T_COMP_OFFSET_B -2 to +2 dB T_TDROP_OFFSET_B -2 to +2 sec DELTA_6 0 to 15.5 DELTA_5 0 to 15.5 DELTA_4 0 to 15.5 DELTA_3 0 to 15.5
Step Datafill To Disable, Size, db Values Set Value 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB 0-8 0 0.5 dB -4 to +4 0 0.5 dB -4 to +4 0 0.5 sec. -4 to +4 0 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31 0.5 dB 0 - 31 31
Function Offset added to T_ADD when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_ADD when 3 or more active Offset added to T_DROP when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_DROP when 3 or more active Offset added to T_COMP when 2 pilots active Offset added to T_COMP when 3 or more active Offset added to T_TDROP when 3 or more active Strongest vs 6th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 5th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 4th strongest pilot strength delta Strongest vs 3th strongest pilot strength delta
Recommended Initial Value Comments 1 - 2 db 1 - 2 db depends on level of 1 - 2 db reduction desired, 1 - 2 db higher = more reduction 0 0 not recommended for 0 use 1 to 4 db depends on level of 1 to 4 db reduction desired, 1 to 4 db experiment for optimum 1 to 4 db results in specific
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Course 134
Nortel MPHHO:
Multiple Pilot Hard Handoff
Page 120
Hard handoff is triggered when the system detects all the following conditions are met: All Active pilots are defined as CELL_BORDER in pilot database records The shortest measured RTD on any active sector must exceed the datafilled BorderRefPilotRTDThresh Method BTSs send RTD measurements to IHM IHM sorts meas in order of increasing delay Minimum RTD is compared against maximum BorderRefPilotRTDThresh of all active sectors If min. meas. RTD > max RTDThresh, HO!!
Frequency F1
RTD = round trip delay IHM = Intersystem Handoff Manager PDB = Pilot DataBase
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Pilot Beacon Trigger is activated whenever Mobile sees pilot beacon, sends PSMM The SHM in the BSC recognizes the reported pilot is from a CELL_PILOT_BEACON in the PDB The MultiPilotHHOEnabled flag is set to allow MPHHO If all the above are true, the SHM sends orders to set up the MPHHO If SHORA is enabled, only SHORA-acceptable pilots are set up in handoff If SHORA is not enabled, SHM sets up links for all requested pilots
Course 134v1.7 (c) 2011 AA
MTX2
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RTD Trigger
Pilot_Beacon Trigger
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Course 134
Nortel EHHO:
Enhanced Hard Handoff
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Course 134
Nortel MMHHO:
Multi-Mode Hard Handoff
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Bibliography
Wireless Communications Principles & Practice by Theodore S. Rappaport. 641 pp., 10 chapters, 7 appendices. Prentice-Hall PTR, 1996, ISBN 0-13-375536-3. If you can only buy one book, buy this one. Comprehensive summary of wireless technologies along with principles of real systems. Includes enough math for understanding and solving real problems. Good coverage of system design principles.
The Mobile Communications Handbook edited by Jerry D. Gibson. 577 pp., 35 chapters. CRC Press/ IEEE Press 1996, ISBN 0-8493-0573-3. $89 If you can buy only two books, buy this second. Solid foundation of modulation schemes, digital processing theory, noise, vocoding, forward error correction, excellent full-detailed expositions of every single wireless technology known today, RF propagation, cell design, traffic engineering. Each chapter is written by an expert, and well-edited for readability. Clear-language explanations for both engineers and technicians but also includes detailed mathematics for the research-inclined. Highly recommended.
CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook by Jhong Sam Lee and Leonard E. Miller, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 089006-990-5. Excellent treatment of CDMA basics and deeper theory, cell and system design principles, system performance optimization and capacity issues. Highly recommended. Wireless Telecom FAQs by Clint Smith, 2001 McGraw Hill, ISBN 0-07-134102-1. Succint, lucid explanations of telecom terms in both wireless and landline technologies. Includes cellular architecture, AMPS, GSM, TDMA, iDEN, CDMA. Very thorough coverage; an excellent reference for new technical people or anyone wishing for clear explanations of wireless terms.
CDMA RF System Engineering by Samuel C. Yang, 1998 Artech House, ISBN 0-89006-991-3. Good general treatment of CDMA capacity considerations from mathematical viewpoint.
"CDMA: Principles of Spread Spectrum Communication" by Andrew J. Viterbi. 245 p. Addison-Wesley 1995. ISBN 0-201-63374-4, $65. Definitive very deep CDMA Theory. You can design CDMA chipsets after reading it, but beware lots of triple integrals; not very relevant to operations. Prestige collectors item among CDMA faithful. "Mobile Communications Engineering" 2nd. Edition by William C. Y. Lee. 689 pp. McGraw Hill 1998 $65. ISBN 0-07-037103-2 Lees latest/greatest reference work on all of wireless; very complete and well done. "Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook" by Simon, Omura, Scholtz, and Levitt. 1227 pp., 15 illus., McGrawHill # 057629-7, $99.50 Definitive technical reference on principles of Spread Spectrum including direct sequence as used in commercial IS-95/JStd008 CDMA. Heavy theory.
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Bibliography (concluded)
Wireless and Personal Communications Systems by Garg, Smolik & Wilkes. 445 pp., Prentice Hall, 1996, $68. ISBN 0-13-234-626-5 $68. This is the little brother of The Mobile Communications Handbook. Good explanation of each technology for a technical newcomer to wireless, but without quite as much authoritative math or deep theoretical insights. Still contains solid theory and discussion of practical network architecture.
"Voice and Data Communications Handbook" by Bates and Gregory 699 pp, 360 illus., McGraw-Hill # 05147-X, $65 Good authoritative reference on Wireless, Microwave, ATM, Sonet, ISDN, Video, Fax, LAN/WAN
"Communication Electronics" by Louis E. Frenzel, 2nd. Ed., list price $54.95. Glencoe/MacMillan McGraw Hill, April, 1994, 428 pages hardcover, ISBN 0028018427. All the basic principles of transmission and their underlying math. If you didnt take signals & systems in school, this is your coach in the closet. Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications by Bernard Sklar. 771 pp., Prentice Hall, 1988. $74 ISBN# 0-13-211939-0 Excellent in depth treatment of modulation schemes, digital processing theory, noise. "Wireless Personal Communications Services" by Rajan Kuruppillai. 424 pp., 75 illus., McGraw-Hill # 036077-4, $55 Introduction to major PCS technical standards, system/RF design principles and process, good technical reference "PCS Network Deployment" by John Tsakalakis. 350 pp, 70 illus., McGraw-Hill #0065342-9, $65 Tops-down view of the startup process in a PCS network. Includes good traffic section. "The ARRL Handbook for Radio Amateurs (1997)" published by the American Radio Relay League (phone 800-5940200). 1100+ page softcopy ($44); useful exposure to nuts-and-bolts practical ideas for the RF-unfamiliar. Solid treatment of the practical side of theoretical principles such as Ohms law, receiver and transmitter architecture and performance, basic antennas and transmission lines, and modern circuit devices. Covers applicable technologies from HF to high microwaves. If you havent had much hands -on experience with real RF hardware, or havent had a chance to see how the theory you learned in school fits with modern -day communications equipment, this is valuable exposure to real-world issues. Even includes some spreadspectrum information in case youre inclined to play and experiment at home. At the very least, this book will make dealing with hardware more comfortable. At best, it may motivate you to dig deeper into theory as you explore why things behave as they do.
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