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u
x
u
xx
+
J
2
(u
tt
c
2
1
u
xx
)
xx
,
where c =
_
E/ is the linear longitudinal wave velocity,
c
1
=
_
/ = c/
_
2(1 +) is the linear shear wave velocity, and
J =
_
(y
2
+ z
2
)d =
4ab
3
(a
2
+ b
2
) is the polar moment of inertia of the
rectangular cross section .
X
Y
Z
0
The scaling
Wave amplitude
Wave length
_
Bar width
Wave length
_
2
15.3 Scattering in split bars: mathematical problem
Assuming that the split area is {x > 0, a < y < a, z = 0}, using the
planar cross section hypothesis and the symmetry of the structure, we
consider the (1+1) - dimensional formulation of the problem:
u
tt
u
xx
= 2[6u
x
u
xx
+ u
xxxx
], (1)
u
+
tt
c
2
u
+
xx
= 2[6u
+
x
u
+
xx
+u
+
xxxx
], (2)
u
|
x=0
= u
+
|
x=0
, (3)
u
x
+ 2[3(u
x
)
2
+ u
xxx
]|
x=0
=
c
2
u
+
x
+ 2[3(u
+
x
)
2
+u
+
xxx
]|
x=0
. (4)
Here, we used asymptotic relations u
ttxx
= u
xxxx
+ O() and
u
+
ttxx
= c
2
u
+
xxxx
+ O() to simplify equations (not essential, we can
consider any asymptotically equivalent versions of the equations), and
introduced dimensionless parameters
c
2
=
c
2
+
c
2
, =
+
+
, =
J
+
2
+
(c
2
+
c
2
1+
)
(c
2
c
2
1
)
+
.
The same problem (1) (4) appears in the continuum approximation for
long weakly nonlinear waves in an inhomogeneous FPU chain (see
Lecture 6).
15.4 Weakly nonlinear solution: matched multiple-scales
expansions and radiation conditions
The weakly nonlinear solution of such problems can be constructed using
matched asymptotic multiple-scales expansions, some natural radiation
conditions and subsequent use of integrability theory of the leading order
equations by the inverse scattering transform (KK and Samsonov 2008):
For x < 0, we look for a leading order solution in the form
u
= I (
, X) + R(
, X) +P(
, X) + O(
2
), (5)
where
= x t and
+
= x ct,
+
= x + ct, and the slow space variable X = x.
15.4 Weakly nonlinear solution: matched multiple-scales
expansions and radiation conditions
We assume that the right-propagating incident wave I (
, X) is known
and dened by a solution of the KdV equation:
I =
_
I d
, where
I
X
6
= 0. (7)
We need to nd the reected wave
R =
_
Rd
, where
R
X
6
+
R
= 0, (8)
and the higher-order terms:
P = 3[RI
+ IR
] +(
, X) +(
, X).
Here, we impose the rst radiation condition: there must be no
corrections to the given incident wave in the disturbance caused by it.
Therefore, we choose the function (
, X) = 0. The function (
, X)
has to be found from the continuity conditions.
15.4 Weakly nonlinear solution: matched multiple-scales
expansions and radiation conditions
Similarly, in the split area (x > 0), we look for the leading order
transmitted wave
T =
_
Td
+
, where
T
X
6
c
2
T
T
+
+
c
2
+
= 0, (9)
and the higher-order corrections
Q = q(
+
, X) + r (
+
, X).
Here, we impose the second radiation condition: if the incident wave is
coming only from the left, the waves on the right-hand side must be
right-going. Therefore, r (
+
, X) = 0. The function q(
+
, X) should be
found from the continuity conditions.
15.5 Weakly nonlinear solution: continuity conditions
Then, from continuity conditions we can nd the initial conditions for
the KdV equations, dening both reected and transmitted strain
waves at x = 0 in terms of the given incident wave:
R|
x=0
= C
R
I |
x=0
and
T|
x=0
= C
T
I |
x=0
, (10)
where we introduced the reection coecient
C
R
=
c 1
c + 1
, (11)
and the transmission coecient
C
T
=
2
c(1 + c)
. (12)
Note, that if c = 1, i.e. if c
= c
+
, then the reection coecient
C
R
= 0, and there will be no leading order reected wave.
15.5 Weakly nonlinear solution: continuity conditions
We can now obtain
|
x=0
=
_
1
1 + c
(cf (t, X) + g(t, X))
_
x=0
,
q
+
|
x=0
=
_
1
c(1 + c)
(f (t, X) g(t, X))
_
x=0
, (13)
where by now both functions f (t, X) and g(t, X) are completely dened
in terms of the leading order incident, reected and transmitted waves:
f (t, X) =
_
3(R + C
R
I )I
x=0
,
g(t, X) =
_
3
_
(1 + C
R
)
2
C
2
T
_
I
2
_
1 + C
R
c
2
C
T
_
I
3(R C
R
I )I
x=0
. (14)
15.5 Weakly nonlinear solution: continuity conditions
This allows us to restore the dependence of (
, X) and q(
+
, X) on
their respective characteristic variables
(
, X) =
1
1 + c
_
[cf (
, X) + g(
, X)] d
,
q(
+
, X) =
1
c(1 + c)
_ _
f
_
+
c
, X
_
g
_
+
c
, X
__
d
+
, (15)
while, with the same accuracy as in the formulation of the problem, the
dependence of both functions on the slow space variable X is inherited
from the dependence of the leading order incident, reected and
transmitted waves. The constants of integration should be found from
some additional physical conditions. We require that both the incident
and transmitted waves propagate into unperturbed medium, and use the
continuity condition for displacements.
15.6.a Incident solitary wave
We assume that the leading order right-propagating incident strain
wave is given by an exact solitary wave solution of the KdV (incident)
equation:
I =
v
2
sech
2
v
2
(
vX).
Requiring that the incident wave propagates into unperturbed medium
lim
t
(I |
x=0
) = 0,
we obtain, by integration:
I =
v
_
tanh
v
2
(
vX) 1
_
. (16)
We should describe the leading order reected and transmitted waves, as
well as the higher-order corrections. Since experimentally measured
quantities are the strains u
x
and u
+
x
, we aim at nding the explicit
leading order asymptotics of these functions for large t and x.
15.6.b Transmitted wave
The leading order transmitted wave eld in the delaminated area can be
described using the results from the integrability theory of the KdV
equation by the Inverse Scattering Transform (Gardner, Green, Kruskal
and Miura 1967) and our formulae for the transmitted wave.
To write KdV (transmitted) in the canonical form
U
6UU
+ U
= 0,
we introduce the following variables: U =
T, =
c
2
X, =
+
.
The transmitted wave is dened by the spectrum of the Schrodinger
equation associated with the (transmitted) KdV equation:
+ [ U()] = 0, (17)
where, the potential is given by
U() = A sech
2
l
, A =
v
c(1 + c)
, l =
2c
v
.
The discrete eigenvalues for such a potential are:
= k
2
n
, k
n
=
1
2l
_
(1 + 4Al
2
)
1/2
(2n 1)
_
> 0, n = 1, ..., N
(e.g., Landau and Lifshitz 1959).
15.6.b Transmitted wave
Key steps:
If U() > 0 (i.e., A < 0), then the discrete spectrum is empty.
Indeed, from (17),
=
< , (
d
2
d
2
+ U()) >
< , >
=
<
1 + 4A)/2, =
.
15.6.b Transmitted wave
Further substitution = (1 T
2
)
/2
w(u), u = (1 T)/2 maps
(18) to a hypergeometric equation
u(1 u)w
+ [c (1 + a + b)u]w
abw = 0, (19)
with a = , b = + + 1, c = + 1.
n=0
(a)
n
(b)
n
n!(c)
n
u
n
, where
2
F
1
[...] is the
hypergeometric function, and (a)
n
= a(a + 1)(a + 2) . . . (a + n 1)
is the Barnes symbol. This yields
= (1 T
2
)
/2
2
F
1
(a, b; c;
1 T
2
).
(Another linearly independent solution of (19) is not nite at
u = 0.)
1 +
4
2
1/2
+ 1
#
,
where =
Al = 2
s
c
1 + c
. (20)
Parameters , and c depend on material properties and geometry of
the waveguide. There is always one solitary wave for small , while more
solitons will emerge as increases. Asymptotically, as +, the
solution evolves into a procession of solitary waves propagating to the
right, and some dispersive radiation (a dispersive wave train) propagating
to the left (e.g., Drazin 1983):
U
N
n=1
2k
2
n
sech
2
k
n
( 4k
2
n
n
) + radiation.
Thus, a single incident soliton can scatter into several transmitted
solitons (a soliton train). This phenomenon is known as ssion (Tappert
and Zabusky 1971).
15.6.b Transmitted wave
The phase shifts of the solitary waves are given by
1
=
1
2k
1
log
_
c
1
2k
1
_
, and
n
=
1
2k
n
log
_
c
n
2k
n
n1
m=1
_
k
n
k
m
k
n
+ k
m
_
2
_
for n > 1. (21)
The constants c
n
are equal to c
n
=
_
_
2
n
(x)dx
_
1
, where
n
(x) is
the eigenfunction corresponding to the n-th eigenvalue k
2
n
:
n
= const
_
1 tanh
2
x
l
_
k
n
l
2
2
F
1
_
1 n, 2k
n
l + n, k
n
l + 1,
1 tanh
x
l
2
_
. (22)
Here, an arbitrary constant should be chosen to normalize the
eigenfunction at innity:
n
e
k
n
x
as x +.
15.6.b Transmitted wave
Is ssion possible if the waveguide is made of one and the same material?
The answer is entirely dened by the geometry of the waveguide. Indeed,
in this case, c = 1, = 1 and =
J
+
+
=
4+
2
4(1+
2
)
, where = b/a. This
yields
N =
_
largest integer <
1
2
_
_
1 + 32
1 +
2
4 +
2
+ 1
__
.
Thus, the number of secondary solitons depends on , and there will be
either two (for < 2
2) or three (for 2
U
X 100
Figure: Two secondary solitons and dispersive radiation in the transmitted
wave eld.
15.6.c Reected wave
The reected wave eld is dened by the spectrum of the Schrodinger
equation, where the potential U() is given by
U() = B sech
2
m
, B =
v(c 1)
2(c + 1)
, m =
2
v
.
Here, the sign of the coecient B depends on the sign of the reection
coecient C
R
=
c1
c+1
, and is negative if c < 1. In this case the reected
wave eld does not contain any solitary waves, and the initial pulse
degenerates into a dispersive wave train. If c > 1, there will be at least
one reected solitary wave accompanied by radiation.
If the structure is made of one and the same material, then the reection
coecient C
R
= 0, and there will be no leading order reected wave.
15.6.d Higher-order corrections
The expansions of the strain elds u
x
and u
+
x
are given by
u
x
= I
x
(
, X) + R
x
(
, X)
+
_
3[R
+ 2
I
R + I
R
]
+
1
1 + c
g(
, X)
_
, (23)
and
u
+
x
= T
x
(
+
, X)
1
c(1 + c)
g(
+
c
, X), (24)
respectively. Here, the long-wave corrections in (23) describe diraction
in the vicinity of the jump, and higher-order correction to the reected
wave, while (24) gives higher-order correction to the transmitted wave.
15.6.d Higher-order corrections
As it was mentioned before, there is no leading order reected wave if
c = 1. However, a small (i.e., higher-order) reected wave exists in
higher-order corrections to the strain eld u
x
:
u
x
= I
x
(
, X) +r (
, X), where
r (
, X) =
v
2
8
sech
4
v
2
(
+ vX)
_
1 + 2 3 + (1 ) cosh
v(
+ vX)
.
5
0
5
10
15
15
10
5
0
X
0.004
0.002
r
Figure: Higher-order reected wave.
There is also a similar correction to the transmitted strain wave eld.
15.7 Application to a symmetric multi-layered bar
We can consider the case of a symmetric n-layered elastic bar, under the
assumption that all interfaces are perfect when x < 0 and completely
split when x > 0. We assume that layers are identical, of the width 2a
and the height 2b/n. For example, if all elements of the structure are
made of one and the same material, the number of secondary solitons in
the split area is given by
N =
_
largest integer <
1
2
_
_
1 + 8n
2
1 +
2
n
2
+
2
+ 1
__
.
It depends on the geometry of the waveguide via the ratio = b/a and
the number of layers n, for example:
n = 2 n = 3 n = 4
= b/a 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
N 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 4
15.8 Experimental observations
Experiments in the Ioe Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
St. Petersburg, using holographic interferometry and laser induced
generation of a compression solitary wave in two- and three-layered
PMMA bars, bonded using ethyl cyanoacrylate-based (CA) adhesive.
Figure: Splitting induced generation of soliton trains from a single incident
soliton (from [2]).
Lecture 15 References
1. K.R. Khusnutdinova, A.M. Samsonov, Fission of a longitudinal strain
solitary wave in a delaminated bar, Phys. Rev. E. 77 066603 (2008).
2. G.V. Dreiden, K.R. Khusnutdinova, A.M. Samsonov, and I.V.
Semenova, Splitting induced generation of soliton trains in layered
waveguides, J. Appl. Phys. 107, 034909 (2010).
3. P.G. Drazin 1983 Solitons, London Mathematical Society, Lecture
Note Series 85, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
4. L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz 1958 Quantum mechanics
Nonrelativistic theory, Pergamon Press, Reading.
5. G.B. Whitham 1974 Linear and Nonlinear Waves, Wiley, New York.
6. R. Grimshaw (ed.) 2007 Solitary Waves in Fluids, Advances in Fluid
Mechanics, Vol 47, WIT Press, UK.
7. H. Hochstadt 1986 The functions of mathematical physics, Dover,
New York.
8. M. Abramowitz and I.A. Stegun 1972 Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, Dover.