Unofficial Art Resource 2013

UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 1
Unofficial Art Resource

2013: A World in Motion
Table of Contents
PREFACE................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2! I. UNDERSTANDING ART ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 3! ANALYZING ART ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3! PANOFSKY AND HIS THREE MEANINGS ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4! ELEMENTS OF ART.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 4! PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN........................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6! II. IMMIGRATION, MIGRATION, EMIGRATION ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8! MIGRANT MOTHER ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 8! MIGRATION ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 9! MIGRANT MISERIES (SEMEKAZI) ........................................................................................................................................................................................................10! TO RAISE THE WATER LEVEL IN A FISHPOND ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11! THE LONG MARCH ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 12! A LINE MADE BY WALKING.................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 13! BORDERXING GUIDE ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 14! TRANSBORDER IMMIGRANT PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 15! III. MOVING GOODS......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 17! SLAVE SHIP ............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 17! PANAMA CANAL MURALS .................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 18! PICTURE OF WESTERN TRADERS AT YOKOHAMA TRANSPORTING MERCHANDISE ....................................................................................................................... 20! MCDONALDS HAMBURGERS INVADING JAPAN................................................................................................................................................................................. 21! IV. LAND, SEA, AIR, AND SPACE ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 23! EL AUTOBUS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23! BERLIN LEOPOLDPLATZ PLATFORM .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 24! NASA SPACE COLONY ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 25! GUNPOWDER DRAWING PROJECT ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 25! V. PEOPLE IN MOTION .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 27! SHIVA AS LORD OF DANCE (NATARAJA) ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 27! THE PEASANT DANCE .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 28! THE LITTLE FOURTEEN-YEAR-OLD DANCER ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 29! MARTHA GRAHAM LETTER TO THE WORLD (THE KICK) ............................................................................................................................................................... 31! IMPRESSIONS LIJIANG .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 32! VI. ART SPOTLIGHTS ......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34!
This resource is dedicated to all the World Scholars Cup members for releasing resources for previous years and hosting great tournaments. This resource is also dedicated to all the editors, testers, commenters, etc1. Thank you all. Scholars of Taiwan: Terran, Kevin, Herbert, David, Justin, Vivian, and Jennifer
You know who you are :D
Preface
You dont have to be reading this.2 This is definitely an unofficial resource, even though you might like it, and want it to be official. You might be reading this because you have absolutely no idea on how to research. You might be reading this because, well, why not?
This is not an ordinary resource. This is not a resource published by the World Scholars Cup. Seven of us, after knowing that we might not get resource guides this year, decided to embark on a huge exploration mission to make guides we all like. Feel free to use this resource as a starting point, but remember this years exploration has no finite endpoint. You might read something in this guide that wont make an appearance at the tournaments. You may find something in the tournaments that you dont recall reading in this guide. Dont use this guide as your only source of information. Here is one tip from the World Scholars Cup website. Ask yourself, or your teammate, or someone else why the specific topic was put in the outline. How does the artwork, concept, history, or anything relate to this years theme A World in Motion? Go beyond facts, and discuss implications and effects on society. Updates This is version 1.0. Future updates will be described here. This guide will be as dynamic as possible. Updates will be made to it if necessary. If you find a typo, report it. If you find something misleading or potentially incorrect, report it. If you find something interesting you might want to add, also report it. We feel that we dont have enough footnotes, so well need more, too. The feedback form will be linked below. Feel free to discuss and talk about this resource, or anything related to this years theme online. Discuss with over 800 scholars (and alpacas) in the World Scholars Cup Group here: http://www.facebook.com/groups/alpacascholars/. Provide feedback here: http://is.gd/fbackart13 Remember, you dont have to be reading this.
This quote came from my favorite WSC resource, the Economics Fundamentals guide.
I. Understanding Art
Try defining art. You probably cant. Is art a product of human imagination? Is it a keen eye for reproducing reality? Is it something that shocks people? Now try rating a random artwork. Something you consider a piece of junk may be considered priceless by someone else. How can you compare van Goghs cubist paintings to, uh, Duchamps urinal? Should you consider skill, meaning, or popularity?
Analyzing Art
Before looking at methods of judging art, lets backpedal and look at the scholarship of art. Art historian Ernst Gombrich divides art scholars3 into connoisseurs, critics, and historians. Art connoisseurs are knowledgeable and enjoy looking at artwork. They focus on more than just aesthetics (visual qualities and beauty), but also look at the authenticity of a work. They know how to look at art and evaluate works. Art critics focus on aesthetics and try to compare works, looking at how one work is better than the other. Art historians are more academic, and focus on the nature, style, and history of art. Formal Analysis If you are an art historian, formal analysis is one of the most basic skills you will learn. Formal analysis aims to describe the form of an artworkits colors, textures, line, shapes, spacing, composition, size, and content. Take note that when one does formal analysis, one does not refer to anything outside the work itself. What does this mean? If you were to perform a formal analysis on Adam and Eve (1504), a famous engraving by Albrecht Drer, you would tell us that it shows in black and white a nude man and a woman standing in nature. You would describe a bird, rabbit, cat, cow, and elk surrounding them, and the snake coiled around a tree trunk biting a womans hand. You would talk about how the elements are placed in relation to each other. You would not claim that the man and woman represent Adam and Eve, or infer that the scene is the Garden of Eden. In other words, you are describing what you see, but not what it means. Stylistic Analysis Another important tool in the art historians tool kit is stylistic analysis. Scholars4 often use stylistic analysis to talk about a works style a set of visual guidelines an artist uses to create art. For example, a certain type of work may be characterized as abstract if it avoids realistic representation and is full of colorful geometric shapes.
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The World Scholars Cup divides scholars into two divisions: Junior and Senior. Remember that you are a scholar too.
Two works may have the same content but different styles. Picassos works are characterized as cubist, as they depict 3D subjects in fragmented, multi-perspective 2D shapes. How is stylistic analysis different from formal analysis? Stylistic analysis emphasizes categorizing a work, comparing trends across a range of artwork. For example, if you compare Monets works, you see that they all have thick dabs of paint, many textured brush strokes, and soft colors. Thus, you can categorize Monets work as Impressionist5.
Panofsky and his Three Meanings

Now that we have two ways to analyze art, lets look at ways to view art. The earlier art tools will help you, but we will also focus on the historical and cultural context (the meaning) of the work. We will use the method of analysis outlined by Erwin Panofsky, a German art historian, in his Studies in Iconology. Though Panofskys method isnt applicable to all works of art, it is a useful framework. In Studies in Iconology, he details three layers of artistic/historical understanding. Checkpoint 1: Natural Subject Matter The natural subject matter is a works most basic layer, and doesnt consider cultural meaning. In other words, you perform a formal analysis. Checkpoint 2: Conventional Subject Matter (Iconography) The conventional subject matter adds in cultural knowledge. You would, for example, explain symbols and metaphors. For example, a western viewer would recognize a man and woman standing next to a snake as Adam and Eve. Checkpoint 3: Intrinsic Meaning (Iconology) In this final layer, art scholars add historical context. For example, you would look at Drers life and consider how his life affected his portrayal of Adam and Eve. You might ask, Why did Drer draw Adam and Eve like this? Why pick a Biblical subject? The final layer is, in summary, the what does it mean? layer.
Elements of Art
Even after youve nailed Panofskys Three Meanings, you might find it hard to define the elements of art, or parts of a work you perceive with your senses. For example, if a work uses lines, what kind of lines are they? How do you describe the color schemes used? Is a form geometric or biomorphic? Learning to properly
You wouldnt want to classify Degas as an Impressionist. Hed be mad.
describe these elements will help you accurately talk about artworks (not to mention make you sound very professional6). Value Drawings, and paintings especially, rely on value (also known as tone). Value refers to the lightness and darkness of an artwork. Value can be tints and shades of black and white, but remember that colors have values also. Values can create the illusion of space. Darker values can be used to represent shadows, while lighter values represent highlights. Transitional values are smooth (think about the smooth change in values when drawing a sphere), while broken values create edges and texture (think about the way value changes abruptly at the edge of a cube) Texture Texture is a valuable part of the artists toolkit because it engages another sense besides sight - texture is tactile, meaning that is appeals to our sense of touch. Texture is intense and evocative. Often, texture is what makes a work come to life, giving it energy and depth. Texture can be created using fabrics or other materials that feel a certain way to the touch. Thats not all, though. The illusion of texture can be created using lines, value and variety of color. For example, lots of abrupt value changes can show the texture of crumpled paper. Flowers and Fruit, by Paul Cezanne, uses short brush strokes and uneven coloring to create bumpy textures. Color (Hue) Colors, or hues, are an appealing and complex element. The interaction of different colors can prick your nerves in different ways. Clashing colors can make you feel sick, while harmonious color combinations make you feel zen. Colors evoke emotions - red is fiery, angry and passionate, while blue is calm and maybe sad. Descriptions of colors are usually based off the color wheel. Colors ranging from yellow to violet-red are warm colors, while colors ranging from yellow-green to violet are cool colors. A complementary color scheme uses colors directly across each other, such as blue and orange, and is often loud and energetic. Analogous color schemes, on the other hand, uses colors next to or close to each other on the color wheel, and are usually relaxing. Primary colorsred, blue, and yellow are the basic colors; they cannot be made by combining other colors7. Secondary colors are the combination of primary colors, such as green (yellow + blue). Tertiary colors are the combination of a primary color and a neighboring secondary color, such as indigo (blue + violet). Line Lines are used to define spaces and shapes in an artwork. Though lines can be explicit, lines can also be implied. For example, Three Little Cats, by Jennifer8, uses three cats of different sizes to create a diagonal line. Direction of line can
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Some would say that you are prompt, polite, productive, and prepared. I dare you to try. 8 Jennifer wrote this section.
be very important-horizontal lines are calm, vertical lines are strong, while diagonal lines are full of movement. Shape Shapes are 2D boundaries defined by lines. When thinking of shapes, your geometry class might come to mind. Note, however, that the shapes you study in geometry are most likely geometric shapes9 - these give works a structural and clean feel. Organic (or natural) shapes are ones that curve without a set pattern, much like things found in nature-and of course they give a work a natural, living feel. Shapes are often considered in terms of figure (the shape on top) and ground (the shape in the bottom/surrounding area). Another way of saying this is positive and negative shapes, respectively. Form Forms are, very simply, 3D shapes. The important distinction to make is that forms are three dimensional (or at least have the illusion of being so). Analyzing forms is much the same as analyzing shapes-there are organic, curvilinear, and geometric forms. Space Two important parts of studying space, or elements in relation/proportion to each other, are perspective and positive vs. negative space. A simple explanation: positive space is the foreground, while negative space is the background. Take note that you are describing space, not objects; in Cat Family, for example, you would say that the positive space is triangular, not that the positive space is cats. Around 1000 years ago, the Chinese painter Guo Xi wrote, Distant people have no eyes. Perspective suggests depth. Objects in the far usually look hazy and have a bluish tinge this is atmospheric (or aerial) perspective. When an artist shrinks an object in the distant, linear perspective is being used. When there is linear perspective, imagine a canvas with diagonal lines from the bottom of the artwork that meet at a single point. That point is the vanishing point, and the lines are orthogonal lines. When angled lines are used, but dont meet at a fixed point, the image is said to have isometric perspective.
Principles of Design
Okay, now you should know how to talk about art. But how do you decide how one artwork is better than the other? Or, how do artists know how to use these elements? You do this using the principles of design, a framework for organizing elements of art so that they are cohesive.
As opposed to?
Balance Balance, or how visual weight is distributed through a work, can strongly affect the feeling of a work. Traditionally, works have more symmetrical balance, where the elements on the left and right of the work are the same, or similar. This is because eyes are drawn naturally towards the center, and the work is more harmonious. Using asymmetrical balance can also be interesting and effective, but trickier to use. Another type of symmetry is radial balance, where elements radiate from a central point (circular balance, in other words). Contrast Contrast refers to differences in elements of art. Contrast has the effect of making a part of a work pop out at you; often, its interesting, lively, and has the effect of drawing attention to part of a work, or creating a focal point. Contrast most commonly shows up as color contrast. Think back to the color wheel (or scroll up and jog your memory), which colors would contrast each other the most? If you are thinking about complementary colors, you are not wrong. Generally, the farther two colors are in the color wheel, the more they contrast each other. Contrast can come in many forms; a dull blue next to a neon blue shows intensity contrast, while a smooth surface next to a bumpy one shows texture contrast. Rhythm (Movement) Rhythm, defined as the repetition of visual movement, is a tricky principle to understand. It is similar to repetition and pattern, but note the keyword movement. To help you understand rhythm, lets look at the works Nude Descending a Staircase, by Marcel Duchamp, and Elasticity10, by Umberto Boccioni. Both show things moving. Instead of portraying movement realistically, though, both artists repeated the moving parts of the work-Boccioni repeated the horses moving legs, while Duchamp repeated the moving limbs of the person. This adds excitement and energy to both works. Unity Unity is basically the cohesiveness of a work. At the end of the day, after an artist applies various elements of art and principles of design, all these parts of a work must work together. If youre in the mood for metaphors, think of a work as a puzzle, where all the different shaped pieces must fit together to create an image that makes sense. With these tools in hand, observe, analyze, and enjoy the WSC selected artworks!
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Economists need not worry. You dont have to calculate the PED right now.
II. Immigration, Migration, Emigration

If youre going to San Francisco, be sure to wear flowers in your hair. And if youre going to take pictures of others, be sure to take accurate notes. And if youre going to be marching to protest, be sure you know where youll be walking or youll face treacherous paths. Oh, and if youre going to read the section below be sure to uh, be prepared.
Migrant Mother
Dorothea Lange Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn was born in New Jersey in 1895 and studied photography in New York City. In 1919, she moved to San Francisco and became a portrait photographer. When her father abandoned her at the age of 12, she took on her mothers maiden name, Lange. At the age of seven, Lange contracted polio, which weakened her right leg, giving her a permanent limp. During the Great Depression, she started taking pictures of the unemployed and homeless. She met economics professor Paul Taylor and they both documented farm workers. Their work was noticed by the Federal Resettlement Administration (RA, later called Farm Security Administration, FSA) and Lange was offered a job there. Her photos were brought to attention and were distributed in newspapers. Her most known photo was of a woman named Florence Owens Thompson. The Great Depression The Roaring Twenties (1920I saw and approached the hungry and desperate mother, as if drawn by a 1929) was a decade of prosperity in magnet. I do not remember how I explained my presence or my camera to the USA. The economy grew her, but I do remember she asked me no questions. I made five exposures, tremendously, stock prices soared working closer and closer from the same direction. I did not ask her name or and many were borrowing money her history. She told me her age, that she was thirty-two. She said that they to invest in stocks, hoping to strike had been living on frozen vegetables from the surrounding fields, and birds a fortune. People thought this that the children killed. She had just sold the tires from her car to buy food. blissful period would never end. There she sat in that lean-to tent with her children huddled around her, and That is, until the stock market seemed to know that my pictures might help her, and so she helped me. crashed on Black Tuesday, There was a sort of equality about it. October 29, 1929. Suddenly, income decreased drastically. Dorothea Lange, speaking about Migrant Mother in 1960 Stocks were no longer worth as much as before. Panicked, people rushed to banks to withdraw their savings, and soon the banks closed down one by one. Unemployment skyrocketed. Some people even moved to other countries. Many lost their jobs and
their life savings; it didnt matter whether the person was rich or poor, the Great Depression affected everyone. Many programs were started to reverse this depression, although most of them were not effective. President Herbert Hoover passed the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act, which increased tariffs on imports by as much as 50%, so consumers could buy domestic goods and improve the economy. Other countries were distressed that America made it harder for them to export, so they too increased their tariffs. This made international trade even worse, and deepen the depression. As banks failed, many families and businesses had to default on their debts, meaning that they said something like were sorry we really cant pay our debts. Many families found themselves homeless, and had to live in Hoovervilles around the nation. Hoovervilles, named after the President at the time, were badly built houses and shantytowns made by the homeless. Some were made of wood, some of cardboard - it depended on what materials they could gather. Migrant Mother (Florence Owens Thompson) Sometime in 1936, Thompson and her family were on the highway, looking for work, when their car stopped suddenly by a pea-pickers camp. Thompsons sons and husband went to get the car repaired, while she waited with her other children in a temporary camp. While waiting for his husband, Lange came by and took six pictures over 10 minutes. The one featured in the WSC curriculum, was the most famous and published photo out of all six of them. The pictures were taken by a Graflex camera, and the original negatives were 4x5 film. Though the negatives are numbered, it is not possible to determine which photo was taken first. Thompson claimed Lange said she would not publish the photos, although Lange did almost instantly. The picture itself was claimed to be the ultimate photo of the Depression Era. Lange, however, was criticized for her inaccurate notes. It was reported that the Thompsons actually didnt sell their tires. Around the late 70s, Thompsons identity was discovered. She was quoted saying I wish she [Lange] hadn't taken my picture. I can't get a penny out of it. She didn't ask my name. She said she wouldn't sell the pictures. She said she'd send me a copy. She never did. Since Lange was funded by the government, the picture was in the public domain. Lange did not get royalties from the image, though it did make her a celebrity.
Migration
Jacob Lawrence Jacob Lawrence was born in 1917 in New Jersey. When he was 13, he moved to New York and was enrolled into an arts and crafts settlement house in Harlem. He dropped out of school at 16, but attended classes at the Harlem Art Workshop. His teacher, an African-American artist called Charles Alston, told Lawrence to join the Harlem Community Art Center. Sculptor Augusta Savage found Lawrence a scholarship to attend the American Artists School.
At the same time, Lawrence was able to work and study with other Harlem Renaissance artists. The Harlem Renaissance was an African American cultural movement during the 1920s and 1930s primarily taking place in the neighborhood of Harlem in New York City. During this time, African American art, literature, poetry, music and drama flourished. Like many Harlem Renaissance artists, Lawrences works focuses on the daily struggles and history of African Americans, using it as a form of protest. Some artists aims to bring awareness to issues such as oppression of the blacks and lack of civil rights. Most of Lawrences work focused on the history and struggles of African Americans. When he was 23, he completed a narrative painting set of sixty panels he called Migration of the Negro, now named The Migration Series. The series depicts the migration of African Americans from the South to the North after World War I, and their struggle to adapt. More about this can be read in the History Resource. By the age of 24, Lawrence became the first African American artist to be represented in a New York gallery. Migration (1947) The painting studied is not the sixty panel Migration Series, but another work titled Migration. The main character in the artwork is surrounded by a lot of faceless people in a train station. They all have many bags of luggage they want to take with them up North. Having the faces removed gives a sense of anonymity; all of them share the same goal to seek a better life up North.
Migrant Miseries (Semekazi)

Willie Bester Bester was born in 1956 in a small town near Cape Town, South Africa. His father was a Xhosa, and his mother was colored, according to apartheid. As a kid, he and his friends made small wire cars; his car was usually the most decorated one. At the age of seven, he learned to paint. Bester needed to leave school to help his parents, because when he was 10, his family was removed due to the Group Areas Act. Under the apartheid government, three acts collectively known as the Group Areas Act was passed. This act assigned racial groups to certain sections to live and work. Most of the areas were restricted to Whites, and many non-Whites were removed and had to move to other places. Later on, pass laws that limited non-white entry into white areas were also enacted. As a teenager, Bester joined the South African Defense Force for a year. Afterwards, he joined another military camp for unemployed black youth. At the age of 30, Bester went back to art. The Community Arts Project gathered a group of artists in District Six. Besters art was used to express politics, and he became active in the anti-apartheid movement. District Six is one of the residential areas in South Africa affected by apartheid. Before the apartheid, District Six was made up of different races, including some Xhosas, some Afrikaans, whites, and Indians. In 1966, the government designated District Six to be a whites-only area; removal began two years later. Many of the people were pushed to a small town called Cape Flats. In District Six, buildings were destroyed, except religious buildings. After apartheid ended, the government started bringing people back to the district.
Migrant Miseries (Migrant Laborer) In Migrant Miseries, Bester highlights the conditions of laborers that work for a company that promises to pay pension, but dont. The main focus of the art is Semekazi, a retired construction worker. Semekazi did not have a house, and to support his wife and his four children, he had to rent a hostel. He applied for pension after his construction business, though the company refused to pay him pension because he was listed as dead. He later received state pension, and sold scrap metal. Shortly after this work was made to commemorate him, he was murdered. Migrant Miseries is a collage made of 2D and 3D items found in Cape Town then painted on by Bester. The first thing seen in the collage is Semekazis bed, which also acts as a prison for him. The bed is chained to a Bible. The Bible refers to Semekazis beliefs - he donated some money to the church every month. Ironically, the Bible is placed next to his pass book, which he carried with him to prevent harassment. Semekazis wife and children are also featured in the collage. Above them, there is a row of numbered cups, symbolizing that they were treated anonymously, and were discriminated altogether. There is a strong divide between the rural life and urbanity. To Bester, industrial life was like imprisonment, shown by the bars in his bed and the chains. Bester felt that Semekazi was imprisoned to industry, and was never going to get what was promised to him - his retirement pension.
To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond

Zhang Huan Zhang was born in Henan Province, China in 1965. In 1988, he earned his BA in He Nan University and he got his MA in 1993 in Beijings Central Academy of Fine Arts. He is mainly a performance artist, although he also makes photographs and sculptures. Zhang was not politically motivated, and wanted to find something else to do instead of painting. He moved to an area called Beijing East Village and made friends with other artists living there. In the East Village, people were interdependent. Residents in the East Village and Zhang started to use their bodies for art. Zhang Huans solo performances were masochistic. In one of them, he hung himself to the ceiling while a medic siphoned off his blood. In another one, he was locked in a box. Watch it on YouTube Watch this short documentary where Zhang talks about his performances and his return to China. is.gd/zhdoc
In a performance, titled Pilgrimage: Wind and Water in New York, he placed a Chinese style bed with ice cubes as a mattress in a plaza. Zhang crossed the courtyard laying down, similar to a Buddhist prostration, to the ice bed. When he arrived, he removed his clothing and laid on the bed for 10 minutes. Some of his performances deal with identities - in Family Tree, calligraphers wrote Chinese sayings on his face. By the end, his face was all black, covered by unreadable text. Afterwards, he returned to China from New York, and felt settled again after his discomfort of living in the West.
To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond Zhang Huan describes this performance on his website as: I invited about forty participants, recent migrants to the city who had come to work in Beijing from other parts of China. They were construction workers, fishermen and labourers, all from the bottom of society. They stood around in the pond and then I walked in it. At first, they stood in a line in the middle to separate the pond into two parts. Then they all walked freely, until the point of the performance arrived, which was to raise the water level. Then they stood still. In the Chinese tradition, fish is the symbol of sex while water is the source of life. This work expresses, in fact, one kind of understanding and explanation of water. That the water in the pond was raised one meter higher is an action of no avail. A Chinese proverb states that one person cannot make a difference in a larger environment. Zhang disagrees; if people are in a great pond, the water level must increase due to physics. The performance is shown as a series of photographs. The basic message was that art can change the world.
The Long March

Li Keran Li was born in 1907 in Xuzhou, and enrolled in the Research Section of the Hangzhou State Xihu Art College. In 1931, he joined the August One Art Association, which was eventually disbanded by the Kuomintang. He arrived in Chongqing, China after a Japanese invasion and worked under Zhou Enlai, the first Premier of China by producing war propaganda. In addition to assisting the propaganda effort, he taught at the Beiping State Art Institute. Later on, he studied traditional Chinese painting from masters and became a professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts. Though a great landscape artist, his works were not appropriate during the Cultural Revolution. He was prosecuted because his skills did not fit with political demands. Mao and the Long March Mao Zedong was born in 1893 in Hunan, where he attended primary school in 1901. By the time he graduated, he was a young revolutionary with great visions ahead of him. From 1919 and on, he switched between jobs until he located a stable occupation as a librarian; that was when he was first exposed to Marxist ideologies and developed a determined attitude to free China through social and political revolutions. The CCP (Chinese Communist Party), co-founded by Mao Zedong,
Chen Duxiu, and Li Dazhao, was established in 1921. Due to the major differences between the KMT (Kuomingtang), they often waged wars against each other, until creating the First United Front to cooperate in order to banish the warlords from China; after so, the KMT double-crossed the CCP, causing Mao to pull the CCP to Jiangxi, far away from the KMT government. From 1928 to 1934, Mao and his comrades were able to repel KMT-led assaults repeatedly, until the KMT was able to successfully surround Mao in summer of 1934. With no chance of victory, Mao and his comrades packed up their supplies and went on the now-immortalized Long March. The march itself lasted from October of 1934 to October 1935. The CCP traveled first to the west and then up north, combating the KMT army as they Read a Translation of Maos Poem went. After successfully taking over the city of Zunyi, the The Red Army fears not the trials of the March, CCP held a major meeting called the Zunyi Meeting of 1935, where Mao, after winning several debates, was Holding light ten thousand crags and torrents. established as second-in-command of the CCP. The The Five Ridges wind like gentle ripples CCP arrived in Yanan, covering a total of 6250 miles, And the majestic Wumeng roll by, globules of clay. and due to the gruesome trip, the CCP lost more than Warm the steep cliffs lapped by the waters of Golden Sand, 80,000 members from 100,000 that set off from Jiangxi. Cold the iron chains spanning the Tatu River. From so, the KMT won a major victory against the Minshan's thousand li11 of snow joyously crossed, CCP, but the CCP has created a long-lasting image that The three Armies march on, each face glowing. will influence China for years to come. The Long March This landscape painting was based on Mao Zedongs poem, The Long March, which was in turn based on The Long March. Mao and his Red Army had to get away from the Kuomintang and go through a series of marches through China. Many people died as a result of it, because they had to go through high mountains and other treacherous environments. In this painting, we see cliff faces and narrow mountain roads, with small people everywhere. Some people are smaller than others due to perspective, but they are all doing a common thing - escaping the KMT by going through these roads. The people are drawn as indistinct figures, emphasizing the large number of people and their constant movement. The painting was painted to mark the anniversary of the founding of New China. In 2008, the painting was sold at an auction for 108 million yuan (17 million USD).
A Line Made by Walking

Richard Long Richard Long was born in 1945 and is one of the Britains most known land artist. He is also a sculptor, photographer, and painter. Land art, or Earth art, is a type of art where physical landscapes are used to create art. Viewers need to see the whole work in context.
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About 500 meters, or 1640 feet.
Land art evolves. It decays. It changes. Landscapes are reshaped. Natural structures are placed. Though it does not move, one could still consider it to be in motion. Some works of land art disappear after a few days, and others are distorted over time. Artists may document their work with photographs so people can see them without traveling. For others, youll have to go see it in person before it disappears. He became well known for his sculptures made by his epic walks to remove areas of the world. Due to his respect to nature, he never altered the environment much, occasionally moving stones or drawing lines by tracing. Occasionally, he would have more mysterious works, but he never made them deliberately exotic or interfering. His work is presented through different manners. Additionally, the meaning of his work is in the visibility of his actions, not the representation of a landscape. A Line Made by Walking Long made this work while studying at St. Martins School of Art in London. He went to the English countryside, and walked back and forth on a straight line in the grass, creating a line. He then took a photo of the line he made in black and white. In this work, there is balance between the action and the object. In the photograph, we see an empty grass field, with the center brighter than the sides, because he walked through it. In the distant, there are giant bushes, against a light gray (or maybe blue in real life) sky. Viewers are first drawn to the dark bottom part of the work; then, our eyes follow the path the people take, which is light, contrasting the rest of the works muted tones. Extending into the horizon, we see mountains fading into the work through atmospheric perspective, which gives the work a sense of vastness. There is a sense of hope. The mountains in the distance, rendered in lighter tones, shows that life have many unknown possibilities. Using Longs characteristic portrayal of objects in motion, this work shows how things dont have to be permanent.
BorderXing Guide
Heath Bunting Bunting was born in 1966. He was a co-founder of net.art. Net.art is a group of artists that worked with Internet art, to parody the avant-garde movements. In another definition, net.art is art where the Internet is the main medium. He enjoys hacking things around him, and most of his work focused on creating open and democratic systems by modifying technologies and social systems. He built his first computer when he was 14. Bunting is also known for being a prankster with his work, and finds form through everyday acts of resistance. By breaking down the division between art and daily life, he prioritizes action. Most of his work can be found through the Internet. Unfortunately, the BorderXing Guide is not accessible in most locations. His work focuses on privacy and freedom infringement, though he injects some playfulness. Additionally, he highlights issues such as the corporate ownership of our identities, and DNA.
BorderXing Guide One of Buntings project - BorderXing Guide, takes place on a website. It documents walks that go through national boundaries, but without any government intervention such as customs, immigration, etc. It comments that movement between borders is restricted by governments and powerful people. Not everyone can view the project, though. You might have an Internet connection, but you might not be able to access it. If people wanted to look at it, they had to travel physically to a location where access was allowed, or apply for access. The project itself was like how borders restrict movement; it challenged the liberties of the Internet, by making it only accessible from some places. According to Florian Schneider, borders are there to be crossed. Their significance becomes obvious only when they are violated - and it says a lot about a societys political and social climate when one sees what kind of border crossing a government tries to present.
Transborder Immigrant Project

Ricardo Dominguez Dominguez was born in 1959, and is now an artist and a visual arts professor. He personally calls himself an artivist, a mix between artist and activist. His works are often controversial, because of several acts of civil disobedience, especially with the Electronic Disturbance Theater. On an occasion, he organized electronic sit-ins, where he and a group of people would overload websites with denial-of-service attacks. He and his group believe that the Internet should also be used for direct action, in addition to communication and data exchange. The Electronic Disturbance Theater is a group of activists that practice non-violent acts of defiance. With FloodNet, they successfully overloaded websites of oppressors of the revolutionary Mexican Zapatista group. They encouraged people to download a Java Applet that would constantly refresh a website. The goal was to support the Zapatista rebel group, after a paramilitary group surrounded a church and attacked everyone in the small town of Acteal, in Mexico. Transborder Immigrant Project The Transborder Immigrant Projects goal was to help immigrants crossing the border between Mexico and the United States. It was inspired by UCSD art professor Brett Stalbaums project Virtual Hiker, which had an algorithm that created a virtual hike based on the immigrants. Because of the program, Ricardos team wanted to see how GPS technology can help immigrants cross the border The Transborder Immigrant Tool was an app built on a cheap Motorola i455 cell phone. Not only was the phone cheap, the GPS system was crackable, so they could insert their own algorithms even with no mobile plan. The interface was designed to be universal; most migrants are from indigenous communities, and dont necessarily speak Spanish. The app was designed like a compass, and also makes the phone vibrate when its near something important, so migrants can focus on the environment instead of the phone. Additionally, the program focuses on making walking art, by finding the most aesthetic crossing. The phone also reads inspirational poems to the immigrants, aiming to motivate them on their hard journey.
Ricardo wanted to have the project up and running by 2008. Ricardos group was able to fund for 500 phones, but he also wanted to add some phone time to each tool, for emergency reasons. However, as of 2010, there was not much progress. As a disturbance art, and not entirely political, the activists are harder to stop. These devices were thought to link together both art and politics. However, the project was not deployed; there was still controversy. Dominguez was threatened with city, county, state, and federal criminal charges by the United States government.
III. Moving Goods

If this was a Science Resource, you would expect equations related to work. But this is not a Science Resource. You will not see anything related to joules or F d cosine theta. People move a lot of stuff, or goods all the time and the movement of goods can have several impacts on society. Keep that in mind while reading this chapter.
Slave Ship
J. M. W. Turner Joseph Mallord William Turner only had training in art. From a young age, he showed promise of becoming a great artist by copying other prestigious and famous drawings. In 1789, at the age of 14, Turner was in the Royal Academy. At the age of 15, his first exhibit was held in the British Royal Academy. Despite holding the title of Father of British Watercolor Painting, Turner painted more in oil, as it was ranked higher than watercolors. Oil paints are usually opaque and are made of pigments mixed with oil. Watercolors are thinner and see-through, because the pigments are mixed with water. Turner was a Romantic painter, and his work focused on the power of nature. Most of his paintings explored the effect of technology and the division between humanity and nature. His trademarks include using watercolor techniques with oil paints, and painting with bright colors. In many of his pieces, he first paints his paper with wet paint before layering on the final image Additionally, Turner painted many landscapes that glorified nature. When he died, he painted around 280 oil paintings, thousands of watercolors and many other drawings. He filled up around 300 sketchbooks of work. The Zong Massacre Unlike the United States, Great Britain abolished the slave trade in 1807 with the Slave Trade Act. Although slave trading was now gone, slavery itself was not abolished until the 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. The abolitionist movement started in Britain after the Zong Massacre. In 1781, the slave ship Zong travelled from Africa to Jamaica through the Middle Passage, which was the common route for slave ships travelling to the Americas. Like most slave ships, the Zong was overcrowded and had inadequate supplies widespread sickness was typical of such vessels. This time however, far too many slaves became sick and started dying. Jamaica was still a bit more than a week away, after faulty navigation (i.e. mistaking Jamaica for another island) led the ship astray for 300 miles. The trouble was apparent; they only had four days of water left - the ship holders would not get to claim a loss payout if the Africans died when they arrived. If they were to drown, though, the ship holders could still claim money. Captain Luke Callingwood ordered for 142 people to be thrown overboard. Ten crewmembers were disgusted by this act, and also jumped overboard. When the ship arrived, the ship owners asked for a payout for the loss of the people. They said that throwing them overboard was necessary to protect funds. However, the first mate of the Zong
reported that there were still 420 gallons of water on the ship. Furthermore, it rained on one of the days, so another 11 days worth of water couldve been collected. However, the details may not have been entirely accurate. The first mate, James Kelsall and another passenger wanted to avoid being charged for this event and so may have exaggerated some details. Regardless, people wanted this to be called murder. In the past, you could kill your slave, but not someone elses, because that would be property destruction12. An Anti-slavery Poem Publicity spurred change. In 1811, Arthur Hodge was tried for killing his slave. Turner wrote this poem, which was displayed along side the painting at an anti-slavery conference. The Slave Ship (Slavers Throwing overboard the Dead and DyingTyphoon coming on) Aloft all hands, strike the top-masts and belay; The Slave Ship presents itself dramatically, with many colors. To the left, the slave ship is seen far from the viewer. To the right, there are slaves struggling before the ocean takes them away. The split emphasizes the inhumane acts of the slave traders, and urges us to sympathize with the slaves. The traders arent as important, and are placed in the background. There is also a division between nature and society. The slaves seem to be a part of nature and the ocean. The ship, along with the slavers, are inhuman and unnatural. Turner paints waves that seem to be destroying the ship at the same time. The vibrant sunlight and the colors give us a sense of motion, albeit filled with turmoil. The Slave Ship suggests that slavery is a crime against nature - and nature will fight back. To the ships crew, the slaves are just goods that need to be transported to Jamaica, nothing more. To Turner, their act is offensive and inhumane.
Yon angry setting sun and fierce-edged clouds Declare the Typhon's coming. Before it sweeps your decks, throw overboard The dead and dying - ne'er heed their chains Hope, Hope, fallacious Hope! Where is thy market now?
Panama Canal Murals

William Van Ingen Van Ingen was born in Philadelphia and studied at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, under Thomas Eakins. Later in his life, he moved to New York City and studied under stained glass masters. He is known for murals in the Library of Congress and the US Mint. The Panama Canal A canal is a constructed waterway for ships to go through. The purpose is to decrease travel times or create better shipping links between two places. They can also be built to allow some cities far from the sea to get a shipping link. The Panama Canal is a canal that connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean across the Caribbean Sea. Before the canal was built, ships had to sail below the tip of South America if they wanted to transport goods from one side to another - a treacherous journey.
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And not considered murder.
In the 1500s, the Spanish made plans to create a route in Panama to justify trips to the Americas. However, due to fighting in Europe, these plans were never started. During the California gold rush in 1849, the idea was revived. In 1880, the French began to work on a canal in Panama. However, they went bankrupt, and construction halted once more. In 1902, the US Congress (the Spooner Act) bought the assets from the French, but there was a condition - the US had to form a treaty with Colombia (which controlled Panama at the time) and allow the Colombians to use and control the canal. Things went wrong, and the US failed to negotiate with Colombia and sided with Panama, which resulted in Panamanian independence. The US signed the HayBunau-Varilla Treaty, which leased the Canal Zone, the land 5 miles from each side of the canal, to the US. Additionally, the United States could intervene in Panamas domestic affairs to prevent disorder. The US in turn granted Panama independence and money. In 1979, the Panama Canal Treaty was signed, slowly granting the Panamanians control over the canal. Control was granted to the Panama Canal Authority in 1999. However, the age of this canal is starting to show - post-Panamax ships are too big to cross the canal, and some ships find it faster to actually go another route than wait long times at the canal. Some people want to increase the size of the canal, but environmentalists fear for the loss of diversity in the land. Panama Canal Murals The four murals are now stationed in the Panama Canal Administration Building in Panama, and tells the story of the construction. The first mural depicts the construction of a culvert, a tunnel that directs the flow of water. The second mural depicts the construction of the Gatun Dam spillway. Gatun Lake was formed by the damming of the Chagres River, and became the largest man-made lake at the time. The dam had 14 spillway gates. The third one shows an epic construction of a lock gate, and the fourth one shows the digging of a mountainous area to make the canal.
George Washington Goethals supervised the construction of the Canal and also ensured the preservation of the construction in art. Goethals requested Van Ingen to produce the murals, at $25 per square foot. Van Ingen traveled to Panama and saw the process of construction, and produced charcoal sketches of the activities going on at the time. He returned to New York and painted the murals on separate panels. The completed work was shipped to Panama under his supervision. The murals display a lot of color and detail, at different perspectives, which give us a sense of epicness and motion. They show how technology has the power to alter landforms and assist human activities. In the first mural, the construction of the culvert is detailed. The background is also crowded, showing that there is a lot going on - progress is going well. The second mural shows workers laying down groundwork for construction, and the third shows the actual construction with cranes moving heavy metal bars around. The depiction of the bar hanging in midair gives a sense of bustling motion, as we can imagine the crane moving the bar even as we lay our eyes on the mural. All four panels, especially the fourth panel, have backgrounds of sunny skies and fluffy clouds, which convey a sense of hope and expectation-the building of the Panama Canal was a new, unprecedented feat, a symbol of progress.
Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise

Hashimoto (Utagawa) Sadahide Sadahide was born near Edo (which was the former name of Tokyo). Starting from 1826, Sadahide painted illustrations in books, and from 1830, he started producing color prints of women and actors. He is best known for yokohama-e, or ukiyo-e woodblock prints depicting scenes in Yokohama. The port in Yokohama was opened to the public in 1859, and ukiyo-e artists produced these prints because of their curiosity to foreigners. Sadahide himself was also interested in foreigners, even before the opening of the port. He compiled drawings on a book about the Opium War, and illustrated for a book written by an explorer that ventured the island of Hokkaido. Instead of being mainstream13, he focused on pushing borders. In 1850s, he produced a world map that was quite accurate. Starting in 1860, Sadahide began to focus on these yokohama-e, and produced 55 prints that year. The next year, he made 40. In 1862, he only produced 3 and produced none at all the following year. By then, everyone was already used to these foreigner paintings and began to focus on more domestic affairs. After this period, he started painting panoramic and birds-eye view images of other cities. Sadahide is known for incorporating Western artistic elements into his work. Not only did he use Western perspective along with ukiyo-e elements, he also used shading to show juxtaposition against flat planes. For example, he also painted birds-eye view pictures of cities, using perspective and exaggerated specific objects for emphasis. His works influenced future artists of his type. The Port of Yokohama During Japans feudal period, there was a policy of Sakoku, or locked country. Foreigners could not enter nor leave the country of Japan. On 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry arrived at Japan with several warships, demanding that Japan open up its ports. This resulted in the signing of the Treaty of Peace and Amity, which opened up two Japanese ports for United States trade. Originally, one of the ports that would be opened was in the town of Kanagawa, but the shogunate of the time decided that the town was too close to a main road. Instead, port facilities were built in a small fishing village - Yokohama. The city grew to become the base of foreign trade in Japan, and the
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He probably made his prints using the Instagram equivalent for woodblock prints. #woodblockgram
first English newspaper was published there. Foreigners could live in a region in the city called Kannai, or inside the barrier. The city grew to become a booming industrial city, but was broken and rebuilt several times. In 1923, the Great Kanto earthquake destroyed the city. Shortly after being rebuilt, it was destroyed again in World War II. Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise Picture of Western Traders is a woodblock print made by joining 5 standard wood blocks. In the picture, many ships and sailboats are seen, all with foreign flags, implying that they are from different countries. Workers are putting merchandise onto the ships and we see interactions between the people on the ship. In contrast with the giant vessels, there are small, peaceful waves that resemble waves in traditional Japanese paintings. There is contrast between the Japanese and the foreigners, both in reality (as depicted in the picture) and in artistic style.
There is an anecdote, where Sadahide dropped his brush in the water while making sketches for the print, and that he had to use a foreigners pencil to complete it. Whether true or not, this woodblock print captures the motion and energy of the people in Yokohama.
McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan

Masami Teraoka Teraoka was born in Onomichi, Hiroshima-ken on the inland sea. His father inherited his grandfathers kimono store. His father did not want him to continue the business. Instead, he wished for Masami to become a creative artist. His early watercolors were inspired by ukiyo-e woodblock prints, and focused on the blending of Eastern and Western culture. His series, McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan was concerned about the homogenizing of tastes due to the advent of fast food. Ukiyo-e are Japanese woodblock prints focused on historical tales, landscapes, or theaters. Ukiyo literally translates to floating world, which is a place of entertainment without the responsibilities of the everyday world. Around the 1980s, he became involved in paintings with a darker theme - AIDS. Many of his works focused on political issues, including the abuse of children by priests. These later pieces have some inspiration from Renaissance paintings, although they still have some woodblock print style. To Teraoka, his work had to be expressive to bring out the complexity of volatile national and international issues.
McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan In most of Teraokas prints, he finds a way to express his Japanese culture. Geishas and samurais are his way of depicting traditional Japanese people and culture. His McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan series contains three different woodblock print style paintings showing the influence of American culture in Japan. In the first image of the series, titled Chochin-Me, there is a Japanese woman, dressed in traditional Japanese clothing. To the right to her legs, there is a half wrapped cheeseburger. The burger, most likely from McDonalds, is shown as an invader, introducing Japan to the consumer culture and fast food it is not needed there. The woman stepping on the burger shows that Japan does not need McDonalds. In the second image, titled Geisha and Tattooed Woman, we see two women. The tattooed woman in the foreground is eating her soba noodles. The geisha in the back wonders whether she should bite into the hamburger, and consults the tattooed woman, though she is eating her noodles and cannot answer. The last image is titled Tokyo Ginza Shuffle, and is similar to the first painting. Many people wearing traditional Japanese clothing are seen dancing#, with hamburgers lying on the ground. Again, this shows that they are not a necessary part of Japanese culture.
IV. Land, Sea, Air, and Space

For the past years, World Scholars Cup tournaments have taken place on land. Imagine a tournament on sea, or even in the air. Imagine a Scholars Scavenge in a space colony. Thats enough imagination now. Soon, these imagined venues may possibly be WSC tournament hosts.14
El Autobus
Frida Kahlo Kahlo, though born in 1907, wanted to be born in 1910. To her, it was a significant year, because it was the beginning of the Mexican Revolution against elitist president Porfirio Daz. Groups came to support Dazs opponent, Francisco Madero. Rebel leaders Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata put Madero in office the following year, although he was not effective; no reforms happened. The rebels and the United States turned against him, and placed Victoriano Huerta in power. Still, Huertas rule was not long. In order to protect the USs economic interest, President Wilson supported Venustiano Carranza. The Mexican Constitution in 1917 gave the president dictatorial power, but also gave workers rights and limited the Catholic Church. Still, reforms were slow to happen. Carranza died in 1920, and rebellion still continued. It was only in 1934 did reforms finally start taking shape Kahlos early life was filled with conflict; she contracted polio at the age of six and got into an accident at age 18. She made use of these tragic events, making portraits on an easel in her hospital bed. Her heritage is also conflicting, her mother is Mexican and his father is German-Jewish. Kahlo married Diego Rivera, another artist, in 1929. They divorced ten years later, but remarried the following year. Kahlos works can be described as surrealist, focusing on the subconscious mind. Surrealism is most connected to paintings by Salvador Dal. However, her works are also of magical realism, in which impossible things are shown normally. Magic realism is often used in Latin American works, and tries to convince that fantasy is a part of life. El Autobus In Autobus, Kahlo paints her life right before her bus accident. After wandering around Mexico City with her boyfriend, Alex Gmez Arias, they caught a bus that would take them home. The bus was new and had benches along the sides. After they boarded the bus, it drove off. However, as it was about to turn to a different road, a streetcar appeared. The bus driver attempted to pass the streetcar, but was not able to. According to Alex, the seats on the bus kept bending until the seats couldnt hold it anymore, and snapped into many pieces. The train (streetcar) ran over many people. Kahlo was pierced by a handrail. Alex also recounted that a person on the bus carried a bag of gold, which spilled all over Kahlos bleeding body.
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I hope.
Doctors thought Frida was not going to survive. Her spinal column was broken in three pieces, her collarbone and pelvis were broken, her right leg was fractured, her shoulder was out of joint, and she received an abdominal wound from the handrail. In the painting, we see her to the far right, next to the person holding the bag of gold. There is also another woman, a worker, a Native woman, and a kid. In addition to showing what it was like before her accident, we also get to see people of different social classes in daily life. In the background, there is a drastic contrast between the factories and the empty field, perhaps mirroring the abrupt changes of the Mexican Government.
Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform

Suh Yong-Sun Suh Yongsun is a Korean painter and sculptor. From 1975, he studied at Seoul National University and later became a professor at the university. The National Museum of Contemporary Art in Korea selected him to be Koreas Artist of the Year in 2009. Suh is known for dealing with a diverse range of subjects. In the early 1980s, he began painting pine trees, and grew to paint history paintings and other works depicting people in the city, usually New York and Berlin. His paintings draw out the pains of the individual living in the pressure of large and growing cities. Figures in his urban paintings are roughly drawn using intense color and texture. They are often masked, reflecting the alienation and feeling of meaninglessness people living in large cities sometime experiences due to the fast pace and hectic-ness of cities. He think that these people are simple and fragile, caught in the web of a metropolis and meaningless plight, not having a real purpose and feeling extremely lonely. His works also explore historical turbulence and the conflicts of natural desires in human beings, and how people struggle to understand history. He believes that people have fallen victim to mankinds lust for power and wealth, throughout history and today. Using art, he hopes to bring social and political awareness to this issue. Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform The Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform is one of the U-Bahn (underground) stations in Berlin, and serves as an interchange between two of the lines. Suh uses strong colors in this artwork, and highlights the people in an intense shade of red. There are only three or four people in the platform. Based on the dark colors, it is safe to say that they are alone at night, tired from the stress a city brings people.
NASA Space Colony

Rick Guidice and 1970s Space Colony Art In the 1970s, the NASA Ames Research Center conducted a study about space colonies and the possibilities of humans living in space. The colony selected is called Cylindrical Colony and is a concept of a space colony that holds more than a million people. NASA also has designs and concept arts for other types of colonies, such as Bernal Spheres and Toroidal Colonies that hold 10,000 people. The design study was to see whether it would be possible for regular people to settle in space. The space settlements were designed to have their own environment, gravity, and resources. This idea was already thought of in the 70s, though it was at the time (and probably now even) not economical and arduous. According to NASAs article on the space colony study, settlements are good at holding a growing population. They can also provide great views of space. Eventually, they say, Earth will not be inhabitable. Colonizing space will not be taking land away from other natives. Now, every year, NASA hosts a Student Space Settlement Contest for students to design a space colony. In the concept art, we see the interior of a space colony, with a river, hills, and houses. However, look towards the sky, and instead of only seeing stars, there are other planets. Other concept arts show similar scenes, but with a different perspective. One thing that is constantly present throughout the different works is nature - the land is green with an abundance of trees and vegetation. This implies that a fresh and clean environment may not be present on Earth anymore, but is an important part of human lives.
Gunpowder Drawing Project

Cai Guo-Qiang Cai was born in Quanzhou, China. His father was a calligrapher who worked at a bookstore, and thus Cai was exposed to Western literature and Chinese art at an early age. He was familiar with the Cultural Revolution in China, as he participated in demonstrations and was used to explosions. His city was known for producing gunpowder, and he saw it being used in both good ways and bad, in destruction and reconstruction. In his early twenties, Cai acted in martial arts films and studied stage design. Cai uses a lot of traditional themes, including feng shui and Chinese medicine. He has said that Mao Zedong has influenced not only him but also many artists from his generation. His gunpowder drawings follow one of Maos principles - destroy nothing, create nothing. The Cultural Revolution The Cultural Revolution was an extension from the internal party purge in the summer of 1966. Lin Biao, one of Maos trusted military advisors, started to organize students in an attempt to get rid of the old, and come in with the new. Lin held massive rallies between August and November of 1966,
each appealing to great throngs to honor their great leader, Mao Zedong, praising him constantly to a sacred status. His attempts were well received by the general public, allowing them to run wild as the Red Guard. Mao believed this to be an excellent time to get rid of inner turmoil in the CCP, as he believed that his trusted comrades have been corrupted by neo-capitalism, and China was in dire need for an extension to the continuous revolution that he has spoke of. However, Mao was not willing to put trust into the young Red Guards, who have no experience compared to the PLA. The Red Guards savagely attacked any intellectuals or any source of capitalism; Mao also did not just stay put, as in August 1966, he accused his personal aides, Deng Xiaoping and Liu Shaoqi of being erroneous. He later dismissed both of them from their positions in the CCP, and putting both into solitary confinement. From 1966 to 1967, the Cultural Revolution was in full bloom, so much that people would weep and burst out in tears every time Chairman Mao waved his hand at Tiananmen Square. The Red Guards continued their terrorizing savagery, insulting anything old: teachers, parents, and tradition itself was a source of evil. Victims of the Red Guards were forced to heavy beating, and then confessing to all sorts of crimes. Revolutionaries that Mao has envisioned to be great supporters of the Marxist-Leninist line were also turned upon; those that did not commit to Mao or faltered were accused of treason. When the situation became alarming that the Red Guards have run out of control, Mao had to pull in PLA troops to contain the violence: the PLA is to set examples of true commitment to the nation that the Red Guards were to follow. Mao then took a turn for the Cultural Revolution, he instructed youths out of the cities and into the countryside to experience how life was like for 80% of the Chinese people which should deepen their understanding of revolution. This backfired, as the urban youths looked upon themselves as a higher status, and they realized they were being used. The final downturn came when Lin Biao, the closest successor to Mao, was accused of assassination of the Chairman. Actually, Mao realized that Lin Biao posed too much of a risk in the power struggle that will start after his death. Lin was later killed in an air crash, and Mao used this chance to accuse Lin of being a great traitor and Soviet spy. However, most of the citizens found this to be contradicting: years ago Lin was praised and now accused? Mao began to lose support for the Cultural Revolution, which slowly died down in 1972 to 1976. Gunpowder Project While Cai Guo-Qiang was in Japan, he explored the use of gunpowder. Gunpowder allowed him to go against the suppressive art tradition in China, and was spontaneous. He began to develop controlled explosions with gunpowder. In these gunpowder works, Cai applies gunpowder to stencils, and then ignites it. The gunpowder blast creates images, usually with unexpected results. Gunpowder has a strong cultural meaning. It is a symbol for violence, but is also related to ones desire for longevity. One of his projects, titled Saraab, showcased in Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art, presents an Arab perspective on modern art. The artwork Route is a gunpowder-made imitation of a nautical chart. The Miniatures series contained a creative process - volunteers prepared the stencils, and gunpowder was ignited, transferring the designs to paper. This project questions creation in destruction and ornament in art. It also poses another question - is the artist the sole creator of an artwork?
V. People in Motion
The name of this chapter happens to also be a line from San Francisco. That was also quoted in the second chapter. Except this time, people are actually portrayed in motion. Begin your exploration of people in motion here, and be prepared to debate motions about people in motion while in motion.
Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva In the Hindu religion, there are three main gods that are part of the triumvirate and are responsible for the world. The first god, Brahma, is the creator of the universe and all creatures. Interestingly, he is the least worshiped god in the Hindu religion. According to a story, Brahma created Shatarupa, a woman to help aid him in creation. However, she was so pretty that Brahma couldnt stop looking at her, to the point that it was causing her embarrassment. When she went one way, Brahma would grow a head in that direction. She even tried jumping to avoid his gaze, but Brahma would just grow a head on the top of his head. Some sources say that Shatarupa tried to transform into other creatures, but Brahma just changed his form to the male version of that creature. Shiva was not happy with his behavior, and chopped off his fifth head. Additionally, because Brahma distracted his mind to material cravings, Shiva cursed that people should not worship him. To repent, Brahma had to continuously say the four Vedas (Hindu religious text) from each head. A happier view speaks of Brahmas role as the creator being over - Vishnu and Shiva take over with their roles. Vishnu is the second god in the triumvirate. He is the preserver and protector of the universe. In times of trouble, he is to return to Earth and balance good and evil. According to Hindu beliefs, he has been incarnated nine times and will return once more. The Vaishnava worship him the most, and consider him the greatest god out of all. The nine incarnations are: fish, turtle, boar, halflion/man, dwarf, hunter, ideal man, mentally advanced man, Buddha, and the tenth one is predicted to be a man on a white horse. Vishnu carries four objects that represent what he is responsible for. He has a conch that makes the sound om, which represents the sound of creation. The chakra represents the mind. The lotus flower stands for liberation, and the mace represents mental and physical strength. Shiva has the role of the destroyer. He destroys the world, so he can recreate it. Hindus believe that destruction is used to remove the imperfections of the world to provide change; destruction is constructive. He is seen as both the source of good and the source of evil. Important features are: a third eye for wisdom and energy, a cobra necklace for his power of destruction, the vibhuti (three lines drawn across the forehead with white ash) for his superhuman power, and the trident for the Hindu triumvirate. His wife, Parvati, balances him. Sometimes, Shiva is split into half-man and halfwoman. Lord of Dance Shiva is often portrayed as Nataraja, the lord (or master) of dance, because the rhythm of dance is a metaphor for the balance in the universe. The most important dance, the tandava, is the cosmic dance of death, performed at the end to destroy the universe. A legend says that Shiva almost performed it at the wrong time.
Shiva was depicted as Nataraja first in the Chola dynasty (300 BCE - 1279 CE), made with bronze. It depicts Shiva dancing in a ring of flames, with his left leg lifted. His upper right hand holds a damaru, an hourglassshaped drum used to symbolize the sound of creation. His upper left hand contains Agni, which is fire that signifies destruction. The contrast from the upper hands shows the balance between creation and destruction. The second right hand shows the Abhaya mudra (fearlessness). According to Hindu religion, those who follow dharma will be protected from evil and ignorance. The second left hand points towards the lifted foot, meaning liberation. Shiva stands on a dwarf - the demon called Apasmara, symbolizing his victory over ignorance. The flames stand for the Universe, and his face, with no expression, means balance. Nataraja Sighting at CERN A 2 meter tall statue of Shiva as Nataraja was placed in the European Center for Research in Particle Physics as a gift from India to celebrate the centers association with India. In an article, Fritjof Capra highlights the parallel between the dance of subatomic particles and Shivas dances, which unites mythology, art, and physics.
The Peasant Dance

Pieter Bruegel the Elder Bruegel was a Flemish Renaissance painter known for drawing landscapes and genre painting. Genre paintings are paintings that represent everyday life, such as markets or parties. They can be realistic or romanticized. In genre paintings, the identities of the figures are not known; they are just generic people doing what they do in everyday life. Bruegel the Elder was sometimes called Peasant Bruegel, to distinguish him from the other Bruegel. It was said that he dressed up like a peasant to go through weddings and interact with the others; this gave him inspiration for his genre paintings. During the Flemish Renaissance, Dutch paintings focused more on nature and beauty, and incorporated several Renaissance elements, although the lightness of Italian Renaissance art has not been incorporated. In the beginning, he was the apprentice of Pieter Coeck van Aelst, and married his daughter. In 1551, Bruegel became a master in the painters guild - and later travelled to Italy. He specialized in genre paintings, usually with a landscape element, but occasionally painted religious works. He depicts village life realistically, without sentiment. His paintings show 16th century social and physical aspects. He also drew several paintings of protest. It was reported that he asked his wife to burn some of his paintings that might caused his family to be persecuted politically. The Peasant Dance
In The Peasant Dance, there are many people, probably peasants, in the foreground. People are running around; some are dancing, others are sitting on the bench drinking. Behind the bench, there are two people kissing, and in the back, there is a person trying to make another person dance. Right in front of the kissing couple, there are people arguing. We cant be sure what theyre arguing about, but it doesnt matter - they disagree with something even though everyone else is dancing. The dance they are in is most likely a kermesse, which was a festival, sort of like a fun fair, that takes place (originally) on the anniversary of a church. In kermesses, there is dancing, feasting, and sporting. By looking carefully at this painting, we can see that this carnival is not all good - people are arguing! Bruegel isnt only showing peasants dancing; hes including some of the immoral things going on. Some of the seven sins, such as gluttony, lust, and anger (wrath), are depicted. The arguing men are mad at each other, for whatever reason. The man with the bagpipe offered alcohol by a drunk and prideful man. Even more, this is a day where they should all be celebrating the anniversary of the church; its somewhat religious, but they are turned away from the church in the background. All these partygoers have their minds on material goods, not spirituality. Extension: The Peasant Wedding Another of Bruegels work, The Peasant Wedding, was painted around the same time. This artwork also displays some similar themes, especially of greed and anger. The bride in the painting is sitting in the center of the table, alone, and the groom is not present. Its possible that this painting and The Peasant Dance were related and connected to each other.
The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer

Edgar Degas Degas was born with a long name, Hilaire-Germain-Edgar De Gas, in Paris. Most of his paintings and sculptures were related to dance. Though considered one of the founders of impressionism, he preferred to be associated with realism more. Degas was masterful in his depiction of movement, dances, and female nudes. Though he ended up becoming a classical painter, he began his life wanting to be a history painter because of his academic studies. He studied at the Lyce Louis-le-Grand, a rigorous secondary school starting from age 11, and graduated with a baccalaurat certification. He went on to copy artworks in the Louvre, although his dad wanted him to go to law school. He obliged, but did not focus on his work much.
In 1855, he met French Neoclassical painter Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, who gave him unforgettable advice. That year, he was accepted by cole des Beaux-Arts and studied drawing. Degas moved to Italy the following year and started researching for a history painting he was planning. In 1859, Degas returned to France into a large studio so he could start on The Bellelli Family, the history painting. It was not finished until 1867, though he completed numerous artworks before it. The Franco-Prussian War halted his art production in 1870, because he joined the National Guard. Unfortunately, he was found to have an eye defection that would cause him to worry for the rest of his life. Two years later, he moved to New Orleans to stay with his brother and other relatives. He painted family members while staying in the US for that year.
Draw lines, young man, and still more lines, both from life and from memory, and you will become a good artist. Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres advice to Degas
His next few years contained a lot of important moments of his life. He returned to France in 1873 and his father died the year after. He also discovered that his brother had a lot of business debt. He sold some inherited artworks to pay off the debt and started to depend on his own producing fine pieces beginning in 1874. Degas joined an independent society that would later be known as the Impressionists. Interestingly, he had conflicts with other members - he did not like the landscape painters and mocked them for painting the outdoors. He also did not like how the members constantly sought for attention and publicity. He called for the group to also exhibit works by non-Impressionists (a term he disliked anyways). The group disbanded in 1886. By selling his paintings, he was able to also collect paintings he liked. Degas worked with a wide range of materials, including photography, pastel, and sculptures. Reportedly, he worked until 1912 and stopped. He spent his last years blind until his death in 1917. The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer (Little Dancer of Fourteen Years) The sculpture, sculpted around 1881, is not your average sculpture - it was sculpted in wax15. The subject of this sculpture was Marie van Goethem, a student at the Paris Opera Ballet dance school. The sculpture was not full size, but was about the Maries size. After the sculpture was complete, a real tutu, ballet slippers, and a wig were put on her. After Degas death, several bronze recasts were done - each one wearing different tutus depending on the museum. The sculpture was not well received. During the Sixth Impressionist Exhibition, critics compared the dancer to a monkey and an Aztec. The sculpture was placed in a glass case, so it looked like a medical specimen. When Degas died, his siblings decided to have bronze repetitions of his sculptures, resulting in 28 bronze sculptures of the dancer.
15
This would never survive Dubai. Dont bring it to the Global Round!
Martha Graham Letter to the World (The Kick)

Barbara Morgan Morgan was an American photographer famous for her works dealing with modern dancers, such as Martha Graham, Merce Cunningham, and Jose Limon. She was trained in art from UCLA, and also read from the Chinese Six Canons of Painting about the essence of life form. The reading reinforced her fathers teachings - that all things are made of dancing atoms. As a faculty member in UCLA, she advocated modern art, compared to the other staff who were used to traditional styles. In 1932, she had her first son, and a second one followed 3 years later. In order to remain an artist while looking after two sons, she pursued photography. This way, she would not be limited to daytime, and could work at night. She did not consider herself a photographer until she set up a studio with a darkroom so she could develop her own work. In 1952, Morgan, along with other photographers, including Dorothea Lange, cofounded Aperture, a photography magazine. Barbara was influenced by the American Modern Dance movement after watching a performance of the Martha Graham Dance Company. Barbara thought that photographers who dealt with the Depression only added to defeatism without giving hope or courage while the dances were heartening. Martha Graham If Picasso can be considered the influencer of modern art, then Graham is probably the influencer of modern dance. Graham was born in Pennsylvania and studied at the Denishawn School of Dancing and Related Arts. She traveled to other schools and then established her own Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance. Her dances focus on serious issues in a dramatic manner. Chronicle was influenced by the Wall Street Crash, the Great Depression, and the Spanish Civil War. It focused on depression and isolation. Letter to the World Emily Dickinson The photograph titled The Kick or Letter to the World was based on Grahams 1940 performance - Letter to the World and also Emily Dickinsons poem Letter to the World. The performance and the dance express the experience of sadness over disappointment in love.
The photograph shows a lot of energy from the skirt. Grahams motion is contrasted with the dark background. It combines the similar themes from Martha Grahams dance and Dickinsons poem with Morgans photography skills, expressing human sadness creatively using dance and photography.
This is my letter to the world, That never wrote to me,-The simple news that Nature told, With tender majesty. Her message is committed To hands I cannot see; For love of her, sweet countrymen, Judge tenderly of me!
The photo expresses so much emotion that even without the poem, one can understand the sadness behind it.
Impressions Lijiang
Zhang Yimou Zhang was born in China and is a director, producer, writer, actor, and also once a cinematographer. In China, he is one of the Fifth Generation of Chinese filmmakers. His father was a dermatologist and was also an officer in Chiang Kai-Sheks National Revolutionary Army. His uncle and brother went to Taiwan after the defeat during the Chinese Civil War. During the Cultural Revolution, he worked on a farm and at a cotton mill, and took up painting and photography. In Beijing Film Academy, he majored in photography, and has an Honorary Doctorate Degree from Boston University and Harvard University.
In 1987, Zhangs first film was released, titled Red Sorghum. It won several awards. Over the years, he directed many more films that also won many awards. His 1989 drama Ju Dou was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. He was chosen to direct the Beijing portion of the closing ceremonies of the 2004 Summer Olympics. He also directed the opening and closing ceremonies of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. Additionally, he was the runner-up for Time Magazine Person of the Year. Lijiang Lijiang, a city in Yunnan Province, China used to be one of the centers of silk embroidery and part of the Ancient Tea Route. Also known as the Southern Silk Road, the tea route was a trade link of tea from Yunnan, China to India, Tibet, and central China. The Old Town of Lijiang was known for its system of waterways and bridges Impression Lijiang Zhang has directed several musicals called Impressions. In addition to Impressions Lijiang, to be detailed below, Zhang has also done Impression West Lake, Impression Hainan, and more. These outdoor musicals are co-directed with Wang Chaoge and Fan Yue. Impression Lijiang is one of the Impressions performances. This particular performance shows the life of the Naxi and Mosuo minority groups. These groups, unlike others, are primarily matriarchal. The performance depicts the women working hard while the men drink. To balance this, there are also parts of the performance where there are men involved in the dangerous activity of tea trading, because it involved negotiations on the trail.
Sample parts of the performance here: is.gd/impressl Listen to the main theme here: is.gd/litheme
Impression Lijiang is staged on Jade Dragon Snow Mountain (Yulong Mountain) at 3100 meters. The production used 100 horses, and over 500 minority people who are not professional actors. As a result, the show itself is a celebration of the minority culture in the area. The set and costumes were designed by Fan Yue - the use of many colors make the performance colorful and stunning. After the show, the performers will invite viewers to pray and burn wishes in a cauldron. However, the location is somewhat hard to reach - but there is an airport in the small city, so there is still a way to travel to Lijiang to watch the performance.
VI. Art Spotlights

Remember art spotlights? To prevent formatting issues, well be putting all the art spotlights in this section instead. Due to time constraints, there may be some missing parts. If you know something that fits here or find an error, be sure to report it in the feedback form!
Selection Migrant Mother Migration
Artist Dorothea Lange Jacob Lawrence Willie Bester Zhang Huan Li Keran Richard Long Heath Bunting Ricardo Dominguez J. M. W. Turner William B. Van Ingen Hashimoto Sadahide Masami Teraoka Frida Kahlo
Year 1936 1947
Size 4 x 5 in. -
Location Library of Congress De Young Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco Private collection N/A Private collection Tate Gallery, Britain Online -
Medium Film Egg tempera on cardboard Collage (mixed media assemblage)
Classification Photograph Cubism
Migration Miseries To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond The Long March A Line Made by Walking BorderXing Guide Transborder Immigrant Project The Slave Ship Panama Canal Murals
1993 1997 1959 1967 2001-11 2007
125 x 125 cm N/A 96 x 146.5 cm 37.5 x 32.4 cm N/A N/A
Performance Ink and wash Photograph and graphite on board The Internet (and the world) Java 2 Platform Micro Edition App on Motorola i455 Oil on canvas Mural Landscape painting Land art Net.art Disturbance art
1840 1914-15
90.8 x 122.6 cm 93 m2
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Panama Canal Administration Building Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithonian Institute Various locations
Romantic Mural
Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise McDonalds Hamburgers Invade Japan El Autobus
1861
5 prints of 10 x 15 in. 56.3 x 36.5 cm 26 x 55.5 cm 205 x 418 cm
Color woodblock print Watercolors / color screenprint on Arches 88 paper Oil on canvas
Ukiyo-e
1982
1929
Dolores Olmedo Patio Museum, Mexico City Private collection
Primitivism
Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform
Suh YongSun
2008
Acrylic on canvas
Selection NASA Space Colony
Artist Rick Guidice and Don Davis Cai GuoQiang Unknown Pieter Bruegel the Elder Edgar Degas
Year 1975
Size Various
Location NASA Ames Research Center Various The Metropolitan Museum of Art, NYC Kunsthistorisches Museum, Austria Various
Medium -
Classification Concept art (?)
Gunpowder Drawing Project Shiva (as Lord of Dance) The Peasant Dance
1995 c. 11th century 1567
Various H: 68.3 cm D: 56.6 cm 114 x 164 cm H: 104 cm (varies)
Copper alloy Oil on oak panel
Contemporary art Sculpture -
The Little Fourteen-YearOld Dancer
187980
Partly tinted bronze, with cotton skirt and satin hair ribbon on a wooden base Gelatin silver print Performance
Sculpture
Martha Graham Letter to the World Impression Lijiang
Barbara Morgan Zhang Yimou (codirector)
1940 2008
42.7 x 57.2 cm 400 performers
Private collection Jade Dragon Snow Mountain, Lijiang, China
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UNOFFICIAL ART RESOURCE | 1

Unofficial Art Resource

You know who you are :D

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Panofsky and his Three Meanings

You wouldnt want to classify Degas as an Impressionist. Hed be mad.

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II. Immigration, Migration, Emigration

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Migrant Miseries (Semekazi)

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To Raise the Water Level in a Fishpond

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The Long March

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A Line Made by Walking

About 500 meters, or 1640 feet.

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Transborder Immigrant Project

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III. Moving Goods

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Panama Canal Murals

And not considered murder.

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Picture of Western Traders at Yokohama Transporting Merchandise

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McDonalds Hamburgers Invading Japan

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IV. Land, Sea, Air, and Space

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Berlin Leopoldplatz Platform

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NASA Space Colony

Gunpowder Drawing Project

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Shiva as Lord of Dance (Nataraja)

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The Peasant Dance

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The Little Fourteen-Year-Old Dancer

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Martha Graham Letter to the World (The Kick)

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VI. Art Spotlights

Selection Migrant Mother Migration

Year 1936 1947

Medium Film Egg tempera on cardboard Collage (mixed media assemblage)

Classification Photograph Cubism

1993 1997 1959 1967 2001-11 2007