GROUP DISCUSSION QUESTIONS

Page 703 1. Since we want the cube root of a number, we choose f ( x ) = x 1/ 3 . Next, we pick a = 27 because it is the number closest to 26.5 and its cube root is easily recongized. 2. We use the method of Example 3. 1 1 2 2 f ( x ) = x 1/ 3 , f ( x ) = x 2 / 3 = 2 / 3 , f ( x ) = x 5/ 3 = 5/ 3 . 3 3x 9 9x Therefore, 1 1 2 2 f (27) = 271/ 3 = 3, f (27) = = , f (27) = = . 2/3 5/ 3 3(27) 27 9(27) 2187

f (27) 1 1 ( x 27) 2 = 3 + ( x 27) ( x 27) 2 . 2! 27 2187 Approximating f ( x ) near x = 27 using P2 ( x ) , we find 1 1 3 26.5 = f (26.5) P(26.5) = 3 + (26.5 27) (26.5 27) 2 2.981367. 27 2187 3 The exact value of 26.5 accurate to six decimal places is 2.981366. P2 ( x) = f (27) + f '(27)( x 27) +
Page 706

1. f ( x ) =

2 5 8 / 3 10 x = . with a = 27 and x = 26.5, we see that for x in the 9 3 27 x 8/ 3 10 interval [26.5, 27], f ( x ) 0.001602 = M . Using (3), we have 26.58/ 3 0.001602 3 R2 (26.5) 26.5 27 0.000033375, 3! and this is the required upper bound.

FG H

IJ K

Page 715

1. The terms of {an } are 1, -1, 1, -1, ..., and {an } evidently diverges. Similarly, the terms of {bn } are -1, 1, -1, 1, ..., and {bn } diverges. Thus lim an and lim bn do not
n n

exist.
861 11 Taylor Polynomials

2. an + bn = ( 1) n +1 + ( 1) n = ( 1) n [( 1) + 1] = 0.

So lim(an + bn ) = 0.
n n

3. The results do not contradict the limit properties. Property 2 states that if lim an exists and lim bn exists, then so does lim(an + bn ) and furthermore,
n n n

lim(an + bn ) = lim(an ) + lim(bn ).

n n

It does not assert the converse.

Page 720

1. a. Sn = 1 + 1 + " + 1 = n .  

n terms
1 1 1 3 2. a. S8 = S4 + 1 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 > 2 +

b. lim Sn = lim n =
n
4 2

1 1 1 1 8 8 8 8

g=

, etc.

1 > Sn 1 for n = 2, 3, ..., and the result follows. n c. The results of (i) and (ii) imply that lim Sn = . b. Sn = Sn 1 +
n

Page 742

1. The series

a ( x a)
n n=0

2n

converges if x a < R or if x a < R . Therefore,

the radius of convergence of the series

Page 752

a ( x a)
n n=0

2n

is

R.

1. Replace x in (A) by 1 + x to obtain the first formula, and by 1 - x to obtain the second formula. 2. Subtract the second equation in (a) from the first, obtaining x 3 x5 x7 ln(1 + x ) ln(1 x ) = 2 x + + + +" 3 5 7 or ln 3. p =

FG 1 + x IJ = 2FG x + x + x + x +"IJ . H 1 xK H 3 5 7 K
3 5 7

FG H

IJ K

p 1 1+ x . , (1 x ) p = 1 + x , p xp = 1 + x , x (1 + p) = p 1, and so x = p +1 1 x 1+ x 2 1 1 4. To compute ln 2, let p = 2 and therefore x = = in the formula for ln 1 x 2 +1 3

FG H

IJ K

11 Taylor Polynomials

862

to obtain the desired approximation. 5. The method based on (b) leads to a series that converges much more rapidly.
Page 762
3 2 3 2 . xn . xn xn 15 6 xn + 2 2 xn 15 2 . = 2 2 3 xn 3 xn 6 3 xn 3 xn 6

1.

x n +1 = x n

2 With x0 = 1, we see that the denominator 3x0 3x0 6 = 3 + 3 6 = 0 and so x1 is not defined. Similarly, x0 = 2 leads to division by zero. Therefore, the Newton-Raphson Method fails for these initial guesses. 2. Using the initial guess x0 = 2.5:

2(2.5)3 1.5(2.5) 2 2 x1 = 2.1049382716; 3(2.5) 2 3(2.5) 6 x2 2.00623950823; x3 2.0000241838; x4 = 2.00000000036 Thus, the initial guess x0 = 2.5 leads to the root -2. The other computations are similar.

3.

Page 763

1. xn +1 = xn

= x n 3 x n = 2 x n . 1 2 / 3 xn 3 2. With the initial x0 0, we find

1/ 3 xn

x1 = 2 x0 , x2 = 2 x1 = 2( 2 x0 ) = 4 x0 , x3 = 2 x2 = 2(4 x0 ) = 8 x0 etc. and so the sequence diverges.

863

11 Taylor Polynomials

3.

EXPLORING WITH TECHNOLOGY QUESTIONS Page 702

1. f ( x ) = xe x , f ( x ) = (1 x )e x , f ( x ) = (2 x )e x , f ( x ) = (3 x )e x f ( 4 ) ( x ) = (4 x )e x . So f (0) = 0, f (0) = 1, f (0) = 2, f (0) = 3, and f ( 4 ) (0) = 4. Therefore, P1 ( x ) = f (0) + f (0) x = x f (0) 2 P2 ( x ) = f (0) + f (0) x + x = x x2 2! f (0) 2 f (0) 3 1 P3 ( x ) = f (0) + f (0) x + x + x = x x2 + x3 2! 3! 2 ( 4) f (0) 4 1 1 P4 ( x ) = P3 ( x ) + x = x x2 + x3 x4 . 4! 2 6 2.

3. Near x = 0, the approximation of f by Pn (n = 1, 2, 3, 4) is relatively good, but the approximation is less accurate if x is "far" from the origin.

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864

Page 714

1.

2.

3.

Page 720

1.

2.

Page 745

1.

2. Pn (3) does not converge to f(c). Observe that x = 3 is not in the interval of convergence.
865 11 Taylor Polynomials