Mechanics of Solids Stress and Strain

Dr. Seshu Adluri

F Forces - Introduction I t d ti

Forces and Moments

External

Surface Tractions (Exterior) Interior (Body Forces, etc)

Internal

Equilibrium
External-external External-internal Internal-internal

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Forces

External forces ( (Applied pp forces, Reactions) )

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

I t Internal l Forces F
Why do they develop? Deformation Internal equilibrium Force F transmission t i i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Forces

Internal te a forces o ces and Free body Diagrams

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Forces
Normal forces Shear force Moment

Torsion T i Bending

Coplanar loads

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

A l i of Analysis fF Forces
Identify external forces, geometry, etc. Identify the unknown Reactions Draw free-body diagrams of any identified parts Apply equations of equilibrium Solve for unknowns

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress St

Quantifies the intensity of internal forces in a body

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress St

Normal stress & Shear stress

F Li Lim A0 A
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress St

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress St

Units
Pa,

kPa, MPa, GPa, psi, ksi, . (N, lb, kip, mm, m, in.)

Average stress on c/s Total force and total moment Force F and d moment t diagrams di

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

N Normal l St Stress

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

E d Eff End Effects t

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

E d Eff End Effects, t etc. t

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

A Average St Stress

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress field fi ld

Stress field is generally g y complex p but can be pp to approximated simpler models

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Shear Stress

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Sh Shear St Stress

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Sh Shear St Stress

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

E Example l

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

E Example l

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress - Review R i

Forces
External Internal Equilibrium

(surface, body forces, reactions)

Stress
Normal, Normal

Shear General state of stress in a solid

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St i Strain

Effects of strain

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

N Normal l St Strain i

Elongation in the direction of strain

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

N Normal l St Strain i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Sh Shear St Strain i

Change in the original angle of 90o

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St i d f Strain-deformation ti fi field ld

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M t i lT Material Testing ti in i T Tension i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

T Tensile il T Test t Specimen S i

ASTM standards are used for testing materials to ascertain their properties The standards are available in the library, online and with ith l laboratory b t

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M t i lF Material Failure il M Modes d i in T Tension i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress-Strain St i C Curve - steel t l

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

B i concepts Basic t

Hooks Law (Robert Hook, 1676) Youngs Modulus (Thomas Young, 1807) Elasticity

Linear Nonlinear N li

Plastic deformation Strain hardening

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St i energy Strain

Work done by the applied force deforms the body body. The energy of the work is transferred to the body. It is stored in the body y as strain energy gy and is released if the load is elastically removed. Area under the stress-strain curve gives strain energy density (per unit volume) For elastic deformation, strain energy gy =

The factor indicates gradual application of the load. The full force is not acting on the full displacement.
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M d l of Modulus fR Resilience ili

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M d l of Modulus fT Toughness h

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress Strain Curves Stress-Strain for different steels

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress Strain Curve different Stress-Strain different steels

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

S Strength h
Material Yield ( (MPa) ) 20 35 - 500 70 - 550 170 - 410 90 - 470 82 - 690 170 - 450 55 - 330 760 Ult.Stress(MPa) ( ) 70 100 - 550 200 - 620 410 - 590 300 - 590 7.0 - 70 200 - 830 450 - 620 10 - 70 230 - 380 830 Elongation g ( (%) ) 60 1 - 45 4 - 60 15 - 50 4 - 50 5 - 60 10 - 35 10 - 50 4
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Aluminum [Al]
Aluminum Alloy Brass Brass; Noval Brass; Red (80% Cu, 20% Zn) Brick ; Regular g Bronze; Bronze; Manganese Concrete (Compression) Copper [Cu] Copper Alloy

S Strength h
Material Yield (MPa) 120 - 290 210 20 - 70 80 - 280 170 - 1100 140 - 620 1.0 - 7.0 210 - 1600 Ult.Stress(MPa) 30 - 1000 69 - 480 340 100 - 170 140 - 340 450 - 1200 310 - 760 40 - 70 7.0 - 20 12 - 54 340 - 1900 Elongation (%) 0-1 35 5 - 15 2 - 20 2 - 50 2 - 50 50 100 - 800 55 - 30 3 - 40
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Glass
Iron (Cast) Iron (Wrought) Magnesium [Mg] Magnesium Alloy Monel (67% Ni, 30% Cu) Nickel [Ni] Nylon; Polyamide Rubber Solder; Tin-Lead Steel

S Strength h
Material Stone; Granite (Compression) Stone; Limestone (Comp.) (Comp ) Stone; Marble (Compression) Titanium [Ti] Titanium Alloy Tungsten [W] Wood; Ash (Bending) Wood; Douglas Fir (Bending) Wood; Oak (Bending) Wood; Southern Pine (Bending) Yield (MPa) 40 - 70 30 - 50 40 - 60 40 - 60 Ult Stress(MPa) Ult.Stress(MPa) 70 - 280 20 - 200 50 - 180 500 900 - 970 1400 - 4000 50 - 100 50 - 80 50 - 100 50 - 100 Elongation (%) 25 10 0-4 Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Loading & unloading general general material

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

L di & unloading Loading l di -Hysteresis H t i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress-Strain St i C Curve -concrete t

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress-Strain St i C Curve -aluminium l i i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress-Strain Curve natural rubber

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

St Stress-Strain St i C Curve cast t iron i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Stress Strain Curve plastics Stress-Strain plastics (temperature dependent)

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

L t l strain Lateral t i &b behaviour h i

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

L t l strain Lateral t i &P Poisons i R Ratio ti

lateral =

longitudinal = = lateral

longitudinal

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

L t l strain Lateral t i &P Poisons i R Ratio ti

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

L t l strain Lateral t i &P Poisons i R Ratio ti

Normally Poissons ratio is r calculated for homogeneous and longitudinal = isotropic material material. L If material different properties in two perpendicular directions, it is called = lateral as orthotropic material. This will longitudinal have two different Poissons ratio values. l For anisotropic materials, the properties change in many directions.
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

lateral =

Sh Shear M Modulus d l

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Sh Shear M Modulus d l

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Sh Shear M Modulus d l

E G= 2(1 + )

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M d li Moduli
Steel E=200,000 MPa, G=77,000 MPa, n=0.28-0.33 Concrete: E=20,000 30,000 MPa, G=

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M d li Moduli
E (GPa) Magnesi m Allo Magnesium Alloy 45 G (GPa) 17 66 4 2.0 2 0 10-4 1.0 10-3

Poisson's Ratio 0 35 0.35 0.32 0.4 0.45 - 0.5 0.27 - 0.33 0 2 - 0.3 0.2 03 0.2 - 0.3 0.2 - 0.3 -

Steel E=200,000 170 Nylon; Polyamide MPa, G=77,000 MPa,2.1 - 2.8 7 0 10 7.0 n=0.28-0.33 4.0 10 Rubber Steel 190 - 215 Concrete: E=20,000 Stone; Granite (Compression) 40 - 70 30 30,000 000 MP MPa, G G= Stone; Limestone (Compression) 20 - 70
(67% Ni, 30% Cu) Monel
-4 4

-3

75 - 80 -

Stone; Marble (Compression) Wood; Ash (Bending) Wood; Douglas Fir (Bending) Wood; Oak (Bending) W d Southern Wood; S th Pine Pi (B di ) (Bending)

50 - 100 10 11 10-11 11-13 11-12 11 14 11-14

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

M d li Moduli
E (GPa) Al min m [Al] Aluminum 70 G (GPa) 26 26 - 30 36 - 41 36 - 44 39 40 - 47 47 19 - 34 32 - 69 75 Poisson's Ratio 0 33 0.33 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.1 - 0.2 0.33 - 0.36 0 0.2 - 0.27 0.2 - 0.3 0.3
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

Steel E=200,000 70 - 79 Brass MPa, G=77,000 MPa,96 - 110 B i k (Compression) Brick (C i ) 10 24 10-24 n=0.28-0.33 Bronze; Regular 96 - 120 Concrete: Bronze; Manganese E=20,000 100 Ceramic 300 - 400 30 000 MP 30,000 MPa, G G=
Aluminum Alloy
Concrete 18 - 30 120 48 - 83 83 - 170 190 Copper [Cu] Copper Alloy Cork Glass Iron (Cast) Iron (Wrought) 110 - 120

And now now, a new material comes to life

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

A pin i and d a tube b

A-frame connector with square tube (1 ) and simple pin haul 4tonne trailer. Friction coefficient between road and tires: 0.3 (static), 0.14 (rolling) Angle A l of f th the f frame at t the th apex is i 60o Normal stress: y=36ksi, safety factor=2, Find thickness of tube, pin diam.
P/2 P P/2 Plan W/2
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

shear: y=0.6y, S.F.=3

W/2

A pin i and d a tube b

Total horizontal force in the tube P=W=0.3*4tonne*2.205kip/t=2.646k Stress in the tube, P/Atube < Y/safety factor. Neglecting g g the loss due to p pinhole area in the tube, , Atube=(2b+2h)t ( ) tube Using b=h=1.75, ttube > 2.646*2/(36*(2*1.75+2*1.75)=0.021, Use 1/8 The pin is in double shear Shear stress in the pin, P/(2Apin) < y/safety factor Apin> 2.646*3/(2*0.6*36) = 0.18375 sq.in. Apin=d2/4, dpin > 0.4834. Use 1/2 pin.
P/2 P P/2 W/2
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

W/2

A whale h l of f a problem bl

Dead Whale dragged on an ice sheet 20ton whale Friction coefficient = 0.25 Ice sheet 2 2 thick, thick 100 100 wide Rope 200 long Max strain in the rope 1% Nylon rope, E = 1500 MPa Find rope diam., elongation

Please dont go and kill whales this is just an example!

Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri

A whale h l of f a problem bl

P W = 0.25 P= 0 25*20ton*2kip/ton*4 20ton 2kip/ton 4.448kN/kip 448kN/kip=44 44.48kN 48kN Stress =P/Arope, strain =/E <1% (=0.01) Arope> P/(0.01*E)=2966 sq.mm. drope>61.4mm, use 2.5 rope (63.5mm) Actual strain =P/EArope=44.48*1000/(E**d2/4)=0.0094 Elongation =actual*Lrope=0.0094*200*304.8mm/ft=571mm
W P

W
Stress & Strain -Dr. Seshu Adluri