Bibliography of Late Antique East Iran

Important Primary and Secondary Sources for the Study of the Eastern Iranian lands during the Late Antiquity

Ammianus Marcellinus, Works, ed. and tr. J. C. Rolfe, 3 vols., London and Cambridge, Mass. 1963-72. Michael Alram, Die Geschichte Ostirans von den Griechenknigen in Baktrien und Indien bis zu den iranischen Hunnen, in W. Seipel, ed., Weihrauch und Seide. Alte Kulturen an der Seidenstrasse, Milan and Vienna, 1996, pp. 119-40. _____. Alchon und Nzak: Zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Mittelasien, in La Persia e lAsia Centrale da Alessandro al X secolo, Atti dei convegni Lincei 127, Rome, 1996, pp. 517-54. _____. A Hoard of Copper Drachms from the Kapisa-Kabul Region, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 6, 1999-2000, pp. 129-50. _____. A Rare Hunnish Coin Type, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 14953. Franz Altheim, Geschichte der Hunnen, 5 vols., Berlin, 1959-62. _____ and Ruth Stiehl, Geschichte Mittelasiens im Altertum, Berlin, 1970, pp. 690-99. Harold Walter Bailey, A Kharohi Inscription of Senavarma, King of Oi, JRAS, 1980, pp. 21-29. Bardesanes of Edessa, Ketava de-namusa de-atravat, ed. and tr. H. J. W. Drijvers as The Book of the Laws of Countries: Dialogue on Fate of Bardaian of Edessa, Assen, 1965. Craig Benjamin, The Origin of the Yeh-chih, in Craig Benjamin and S. N. Lieu, eds., Walls and Frontiers, Silk Road Studies 6, Turnhout, 2003, pp. 131-51.

A. Biswas, The Political History of the Hunas in India, New Delhi, 1973. A. D. H. Bivar, Die Sassaniden und Trken in Zentralasien, in G. Hambly, ed., Fischer Weltgeschichte XVI, 1966, pp. 61-72. _____. Hrit and the Chronology of the Kusanas, BSOAS 33/1, 1970, pp. 1021. _____. Hayila, in EI 2 III, 1971, pp. 303-4. _____. Political History of Iran under the Arsacids, in Camb. Hist. Iran III/1, 1983a, pp. 21-99. _____. The History of Eastern Iran, in Camb. Hist. Iran III, 1983, pp. 181-231. _____. The History of Eastern Iran, in Camb. Hist. Iran III/1, 1983b, pp. 181-231, esp. pp. 191-209. _____. The Historical Origins of the Art of Gandhara, Pakistan Archaeology 26, 1991, pp. 61-72. _____. A Current Position on Some Central and South Asian Chronologies, Bulletin of the Asia Institute, N.S. 14, 2000, pp. 69-75. _____. Mithraism: a Religion for the Ancient Medes, Iranica Antiqua 40, 2005, pp. 341-58. Priscus: R. C. Blockley, ed. and tr., The Fragmentary Classicising Historians of the Later Roman Empire II, Liverpool, 1983, pp. 222-400. Procopius, Perserkriege, ed. and tr. O. Veh, Mnchen, 1970. Claudius Ptolemaeus, Geographica, ed. C. Mller, I, Paris, 1883. Osmund Bopearachchi, Natn, A Hitherto Unknown Iranian Ruler in India, in Joe Cribb, Helen Wang, and Katsumi Tanabe, eds., Studies in Silk Road Coins and Culture: Papers in Honour of Prof. Ikuo Hirayama on His 65th Birthday, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 6, Kamakura, 1997, pp. 67-73. _____. Franz Grenet, Naten, un souverain iranien inconnu entre Grecs et Kouchans, Studia Iranica 22, 1993, pp. 299-307. Bona, Das Hunnenreich, Stuttgart, 1991. C. Edmund Bosworth, Nzak, Tar-khn, in EI 2 VIII, 1995, p. 67. M. L. Carter, A Selection of Ancient Gold Coins from Afghanistan in the Herbert E. and Dorothy C. Schwarz Collection at the American Numismatic Society, Bulletin of the Asia Institute 7, 1993, pp. 207-19.

Edouard Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue (Turcs) occidentaux, 2nd ed., Paris, 1903. Chronicon miscellaneum ad annum 724 pertinens (= Liber Calipharum), ed. E. W. Brooks, Paris and Leipzig, 1904. Jamsheed Choksy, The Enigmatic Origins of the Tokharians, in Carlo C. Cereti and F. Vajifdar, eds., ta-e Dorun: The Fire Within: Jamshid Soroush Soroushian Commemorative Volume, San Diego, 2003, pp. 107-19. Joe Cribb, The Heraus Coins: Their Attribution to the Kushan King Kujula Kadphises, in Martin Price, Andrew Burnett, and Roger Bland eds., Essays in Honour of Robert Carson and Kenneth Jenkins, London, 1993, pp. 107-34. _____. Numismatic Evidence for Kushano-Sasanian Chronology, Stud. Ir. 19, 1990, pp. 151-93. _____. A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great, pt. 2: The Rabatak Inscription, Its Historical Implication and Numismatic Context, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4, 1995-96, pp. 98-142. Alexander Cunningham, Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians: Little Kushns, The Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd Series, 13, 1893, pp. 184-202. Idem, Coins of the Later Indo-Scythians: Ephthalites or White Huns, Numismatic Chronicle, 3rd Series, 14, 1894, pp. 243-93. Raoul. Curiel, Inscriptions de Surkh Kotal, JA 242/2, 1954, pp. 189-205. _____. Le trsor du Tp Marandjan, in Raoul Curiel and Daniel Schlumberger, eds., Trsors montaires dAfghanistan, MDAFA 14, Paris, 1953, pp. 101-31. K. Czegldy, Zur Geschichte der Hephthaliten, in AAASH 28, 1980, pp. 213-17. Gholam Djelani Davary, Baktrisch: Ein Wrterbuch auf Grund der Inschriften, Handschriften, Mnzen und Siegelsteine, Heidelberg, 1982. Neilson C. Debevoise, A Political History of Parthia, Chicago, 1938; repr., New York, 1968. Jan Jakob Maria De Groot, Chinesische Urkunden zur Geschichte Asiens I. Die Hunnen der vorchristlichen Zeit, Berlin, 1921. K. Walton Dobbins, The Stpa and Vihra of Kanishka I, Asiatic Society Monograph Series 5/18, Calcutta, 1971. _____. The Kamra Kharoh Inscription of Vsika, East and West 25/1-2, 1975, pp. 105-09.

K. Enoki, On the Nationality of the Ephthalites, Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 18, 1959, pp. 1-58 _____. On the Date of the Kidarites (1)-(2), Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko 27, 1969, pp. 1-26; 28, 1970, pp. 13-38. Elizabeth Errington, Numismatic Evidence for Dating the Kanishka Reliquary, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 8, 2002, pp. 10120. _____ & V. Sarkosh Curtis 2007, From Persepolis to the Punjab, Exploring, Ancient Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. London 2007. Harry Falk, The Yuga of Sphujiddvaja and the Era of the Kuanas, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 7, 2001, pp. 121-36. _____. Appendix, to Errington, 2002, pp. 11-13. Erich Frauwallner, Die buddhistischen Konzile, ZDMG 102, 1952, pp. 240-61. Richard N. Frye, The History of Ancient Iran, Munich, 1984, chap. 12. _____. Napki Malka and the Kushano-Sasanians, in Dickran K. Kouymjian, ed., Near Eastern Numismatics, Iconography, Epigraphy and History: Studies in Honor of George C. Miles, Beirut, 1974, pp. 115-22. Grard Fussman, Chronique des tudes kouchanes (1975-1977), JA 266, 1978, pp. 41936. _____. Documents pigraphiques kouchans (III): Linscription de Senavarma, roi dOdi: une nouvelle lecture, Bulletin de lcole Franaise dExtrme-Orient 71, 1982, pp. 1-46. _____. Chronique des tudes kouchanes (1978-1987), JA 275/3-4, 1987, pp. 333-400. _____. Numismatic and Epigraphic Evidence for the Chronology of Early Gandharan Art, in Marianne Yaldiz and Wibke Lobo, eds., Investigating Indian Art: Proceedings of a Symposium on the Development of Early Buddhist and Hindu Iconography Held at the Museum of Indian Art, Berlin, in May 1986, Berlin, 1987, pp. 67-88. _____. Linscription de Rabatak et lorigine de lre saka, JA 288/2, 1998, pp. 571-651. Grard Fussman and Jean Claude Gardin, Surkh Kotal en Bactriane II: monnaies, ceramiques, petits objets. Paris, 1988. _____. and Olivier Guillaume, Surkh Kotal en Bactriane II: les monnaies, les petit objets, MDAFA 32, Paris, 1900.

Roman Ghirshman, Les Chionites-Hephtalites, MDAFA 13, Cairo, 1948. Robert Gbl, Dokumente zur Geschichte der iranischen Hunnen in Baktrien und Indien, 4 vols., Wiesbaden, 1967. _____. Iranisch-Hunnische Mnzen 1: Nachtrag, Iranica Antiqua 16, 1981, pp. 173-82. _____. Supplementa Orientalia I, Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses 2, 1983, pp. 97-112. _____. System und Chronologie der Mnzprgung des Kunreiches, sterreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Kl., Vienna, 1984. _____. Supplementa Orientalia II, Litterae Numismaticae Vindobonenses 3, 1987, pp. 203-16. _____. Das Antlitz des Fremden: Der Hunnenknig Prakasaditya in der Mnzprgung der Guptadynastie, Anzeiger der sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philhist. Kl. 126, 1990, pp. 131-38. _____. Supplementa Orientalia III, Quaderni ticinesi di numismatica e antichit classiche 22, 1993, pp. 229-42. _____. Donum Burns: Die Kunmnzen im Mnzkabinett Bern und die Chronologie, Vienna, 1993. _____. Antike Numismatik I, Mnchen, 1978, pp. 107-8. _____. System und Chronologie der Mnzprgung des Kuanreiches, Vienna, 1984. _____. Histoire gnrale des Huns, des Turcs, des Mongols et des autres Tartares occidentaux, 5 vols., Paris, 1756-58. Franz Grenet. Trois documents religieux de Bactriane afghane, Mlanges offerts Raoul Curie. Studia Iranica 1982, pp. 155-162. _____. Un plat sasanide d'Ardashir II (379-383) au bazar de Kabul, Studia Iranica 1983, pp. 195-205. _____. Lonomastique iranienne A Khanoum, Bulletin de Correspondance Hellnique CVII, 1983, pp. 373-381. _____. Notes sur le panthon iranien des Kouchans, Studia Iranica 1984, pp. 253-262. _____. Lart zoroastrien en Sogdiane: tudes d'iconographie funraire, Mesopotamia, 21, 1986, pp. 97-131.

_____. Les Huns dans les documents sogdiens du Mont Mugh , dans Etudes iranoaryennes offertes Gilbert Lazard (= Cahiers de Studia Iranica 7), Paris 1989, pp. 205222. _____. Fouilles de la mission franco-sovitique l'ancienne Samarkand (Afrasiab): premire campagne, 1989, Comptes rendus de l'Acadmie des inscriptions et belleslettres (CRAI) 1990, pp. 356-380. _____ & O. Bopearachchi, Nashtn, un souverain iranien inconnu entre Grecs et Kouchans, Studia Iranica 22, 1993, pp. 299-307. _____. The second of three encounters between Zoroastrianism and Hinduism: plastic influences in Bactria and Sogdiana (2nd - 8th c. A.D.), G. Lazard and D.R. SarDesai (eds.). James Darmesteter Memorial Lectures, The Asiatic Society of Bombay, 1994, pp. 41-57. _____. J. Moulirac, Un modle de vase rituel de Samarkand dcrit par al-Brn , Studia Iranica 24, 1995, pp. 297-300. _____. Documents sur l'histoire du zoroastrisme en Asie centrale, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, section des Sciences Religieuses, Annuaire, figure104, 1995-96, pp. 209212. _____. Etude de documents sogdiens; II) Documents sur le zoroastrisme en Asie centrale, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, section des Sciences Religieuses, Annuaire, t. 105, 1996-97 [1998], pp. 213-217. _____. La perception du zoroastrisme d'Asie centrale par les cultures trangres; II) Etude de textes sogdiens, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, section des Sciences Religieuses, Annuaire, figure 108, 1999-2000 [2001], pp. 175-180. _____. Regional interaction in Central Asia and Northwest India in the Kidarite and Hephtalite periods, Indo-Iranian languages and peoples, ed. N. Sims-Williams (Proceedings of the British Academy, 116), Oxford, 2002, pp. 203-224. _____. Zoroastre au Badakhshn, Studia Iranica, 31, 2002, pp. 193-214. _____. An archaeologists approach to Avestan geography, in Birth of the Persian Empire, ed. V. Sarkoosh Curtis and S. Stewart, Tauris Publishers, London, 2005, pp. 2951. _____. The cult of the Oxus : a reconsideration, in Tsentral'naja Azija ot Akhemenidov do Timuridov : arkheologija, istorija, tnologija, kul'tura (Sankt-Peterburg, 2-5 novembre 2004). Tezisy dokladov, ed. V.P. Nikonorov, Sankt-Peterburg, 2005, pp. 377380.

_____ & E. de la Vaissire) Lempire kouchan, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, section des Sciences historiques et philologiques, Annuaire, 19, 2003-2004, paru 2005, pp. 79-81. _____ & E. de la Vaissire) LAsie centrale entre les Kouchans et les Turcs , Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, section des Sciences historiques et philologiques, Annuaire, 20, 2004-2005, paru 2006, pp. 92-95. _____. Lentre du paradis est Samarkand. Les donnes mythiques de la chronique persane locale, Studia Asiatica (Bucarest), 6, 2005 [2006], pp. 21-43. _____. & A. ur-Rahman et N. Sims-Williams, A Hunnish Kushanshah, Journal of Inner Asian Art and Archaeology, 1, 2006. _____. Dcouverte dun relief sassanide dans le nord de lAfghanistan, CRAI 2005 [2006], pp 115-133. _____. Iconographic and historical comments, in F. Grenet, J. Lee, Ph. Martinez, J. Lee, After Alexander : Central Asia before Islam, ed. G. Herrmann and J. Cribb, Proceedings of the British Academy, Oxford, 2007, pp. 257-261. _____ & P. Riboud, A reflection of the Hephtalite empire : the biographical narrative in the reliefs of the tomb of the sabao Wirkak (494-579), Bulletin of the Asia Institute, 17, 2007, pp. 133-144. _____. La connaissance des Yashts de l'Avesta en Bactriane et en Sogdiane, daprs les donnes iconographiques, Vestnik Drevnej Istorii 1993 n4, pp. 149-160. _____. Une nouvelle hypothse sur la date des reliefs de Xalchajan, Vestnik Drevnej Istorii 2000 n2, pp. 130-135. J. de Guignes, Mmoire sur lorigine des Huns et des Turcs, Paris, 1748. Anthony F. P. Hulsew and Michael Loewe, China in Central Asia. The Early Stage: 125 BC AD 23, Sinica Leidensia XIV, Leiden, 1979. Gustav Haloun, Zur e-Tsi-Frage, ZDMG 91, 1937, pp. 243-318. Jnos Harmatta, Late Bactrian Inscriptions, AAASH 17, 1969, pp. 297-432. Hans Wilhelm Haussig, Byzantinische Quellen ber Mittelasien in ihrer historischen Aussage, in J. Harmatta, ed., Prolegomena to the Sources on the History of Pre-Islamic Central Asia, Budapest, 1979, pp. 41-60. _____. Die Geschichte Zentralasiens und der Seidenstrasse in vorislamischer Zeit, 2nd ed., Darmstadt, 1992.

Walter Bruno Henning, Argi and the Tokharians, BSO(A)S 9/3, 1938, pp. 545-71. _____. The Name of the Tocharian Language, Asia Major, N.S. 1/2, 1949, pp. 158 62. _____. Surkh-Kotal und Kanika, ZDMG 115/1, 1965, pp. 7587. Oskar von Hinber, Beitrge zur Erklrung der Senavarma-Inschrift, Abhandlungen der Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaftlichen Klasse, Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur, Stuttgart 1, 2003. Helmut Humbach (with contributions by Adolf Grohmann), Baktrische Sprachdenkmler, part 1, Wiesbaden, 1966; part 2, 1967. _____. The Peroz Hephthalite Coin, in B. Ya. Staviski, ed., Buddiskie kompleksy v starom Termez, Osnovnye itogi rabot 1978-1989 gg. (The Buddhist complexes in old Termez. Main results of the work, 1978-89) Moscow, 1996, pp. 209-12. _____. Vayu, iva und der Spiritus Vivans im ostiranischen Synkretismus, in Monumentum H. S. Nyberg I, Acta Iranica 4, 1975, pp. 397-408. P. Huyse, Die dreisprachige Inschrift buhrs I. an der Kaba-i Zardut (KZ), Corp. Inscr. Iran. Part III, Vol. I, Texts I, 2 vols., London, 1999. K. R. Jayaswal, The Statue of Wema Kadphises and Kushan Chronology, Journal of the Bihar and Orissa Research Society 6, 1920, pp. 12-22, esp. p. 17. G. K. Jenkins, Indo-Scythic Mints, Journal of the Numismatic Society of India 17/2, 1955, pp. 126. Marcus Junianus Justin, M. Iuniani Iustini Epitoma Historiarum Philippicarum Pompeii Trogi: accedunt prologi in Pompeium Trogum, ed. Otto Seel, Stuttgart: Teubner, 1972. E. Kiessling, Hunni, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE VIII/2, cols. 2583-2615. Sten Konow, Kharoshh Inscriptions, Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum II/1, Calcutta, 1929. _____. Kalawan Copper-Plate Inscription of the Year 134, JRAS, 1932, pp. 949-65. Shushin Kuwayama, The Hephthalites in Tokharistan and Northwest India, Zinbun 24, 1989, pp. 89-134. _____. The Horizon of Begram III and Beyond: A Chronological Interpretation of the Evidence for Monuments in the Kapisa-Kabul-Ghazni Region, East and West 41/1-4, 1991, pp. 79-120.

_____. Not Hephthalite but Kapisian Khingal: Identity of the Napki Coins, in Ex Moneta: Essays on Numismatics, History and Archaeology in honour of Dr. David W. MacDowall, ed. by A. K. Jha and S. Garg, New Delhi 1998, II, pp. 331-49. Lippold, Hephthalitai, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE, suppl. XIV, cols. 127-37. Boris A. Litvinsky [Livinski] and I. R. Pichikiyan [Pichikyan], The Temple of Oxus, JRAS, 1981, 2, pp. 133-67. _____. The Hellenistic Temple of the Oxus in Bactria (South Tajikistan) I. Excavations, Architecture, Religious Life, Moscow, 2000 (in Russian, English summary). Otto Maenchen-Helfen, Die Welt der Hunnen (German ed. by R. Gbl), Vienna, Cologne, and Graz, 1978. Josef Markwart, Ernshahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenaci, Berlin, 1901; repr., Wiesbaden, 1970. G. Moravcsik, Byzantinoturcica, 2 vols., Berlin, 2nd ed., 1958 Michael A. N. Loewe, Crisis and Conflict in Han China, London, 1974 Heinrich Lders, Mathur Inscriptions, Gttingen, 1961. Bertille Lyonnet, Les nomades et la chute du royaume grco-bactrien: quelques nouveaux indices en provenance de lAsie centrale orientale. Vers lidentication des Tokhares - Yueh-Chi? in Paul Bernard and Frantz Grenet, eds., Histoire et cultes de lAsie Centrale prislamique: sources crites et documents archologiques, Paris, 1991, pp. 153-61. David William MacDowall, The Rabatak Inscription and the Nameless Kushan King, in Warwick Ball and Leonard Harrow, eds., Cairo to Kabul: Afghan and Islamic Studies Presented to Ralph Pinder-Wilson, London, 2002, pp. 163-69. J. P. Mallory and Victor H. Mair, The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples, London and New York, 2000. Andr Maricq, Classica et Orientalia: Res Gestae divi Saporis, Syria 35, 1958, pp. 297360. John Hubert Marshall, Taxila: An Illustrated Account of Archaeological Excavations Carried out at Taxila... between the Years 1913 and 1934, 3 vols., Cambridge, 1951. Michael Mitchiner, Some Late Kushano-Sassanian and Early Hephthalite Silver Coins, East and West 25/1-2, 1975, pp. 157-65.

Gritli von Mitterwallner, Mnzen der Spten Kus, des Hunnen Kirada/Kidara und der fruhen Guptas, Munich, 1983. Bratindra Nath Mukherjee, Shh-j-k-heri Casket Inscription, British Museum Quarterly 28/1-2, 1964, pp. 39-46. _____. Kamra Inscription of Vajheshka (Vsishka), Indian Museum Bulletin 7/2, 1973, pp. 111-17. K. Narain, The Tokharians : a History without Nation-State Boundaries, Shillong, 2000. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea : Karl Mller, ed., Geographi Graeci Minores I, Paris, 1855, repr., Hildesheim, 1990, pp. 257-305; tr. Wilfred H. Schoff, The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea: Travel and Trade in the Indian Ocean by a Merchant of the First Century, New York, 1912. S. Parlato, La presunta invasione eftalita in India, in Paolo Daffin, ed., Indo-SinoTibetica: Studi in onore di Luciano Petech, Studi Orientali 9, Rome, 1990, pp. 257-81. Walter Posch, Baktrien zwischen Griechen und Kuschan. Untersuchungen zu kulturellen und historischen Problemen einer bergangsphase, mit einem textkritischen Exkurs zum Shiji 123, Wiesbaden, 1995. Edwin G. Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-Europeans, JRAS, 1966, pp. 9-39. _____. Why Tocharians? Journal of Indo-European Studies 23/3-4, 1995, pp. 415-30. V. de Saint-Martin, Les Huns Blancs ou Ephthalites des historiens byzantins, Paris, 1849 Richard Salomon, The Inscription of Senavarma, King of Odi, Indo-Iranian Journal 29, 1986, pp. 261-93. Daniel Schlumberger, Marc Le Berre, and Grard Fussman, Surkh Kotal en Bactriane I: les temples architecture sculpture inscriptions, MDAFA 25, Paris, 1983. Klaus Schippmann, Grundzge der Geschichte des sasanidischen Reiches, Darmstadt, 1990. Nicholas Sims-Williams, A New Bactrian Inscription of Kanishka the Great, pt. 1: The Rabatak Inscription, Text and Commentary, Silk Road Art and Archaeology 4, 1995-96, pp. 77-97. _____. From the Kushan-Shahs to the Arabs. New Bactrian Documents Dated in the Era of the Tochi Insciptions, in M. Alram and D. Klimburg-Salter, eds., Coins, Art and Chronology. Essays on the pre-Islamic History of the Indo-Iranian Borderlands, Vienna, 1999, pp. 245-58. N. Sims-Williams, Bactrian Documents from Northern Afghanistan I: Legal and Economic Documents (Studies in the Khalili Collection, III). Oxford 2000.

_____. Bactrian documents from Northern Afghanistan II: Letters and Buddhist Texts. London, 2007. _____ & Fr. de Blois, The Bactrian Calendar: New Material and New Suggestions, in Languages of Iran: Past and Present. Iranian Studies in memoriam David Neil MacKenzie, ed. D. Weber, Wiesbaden, 2005, pp. 185-96. Denis Sinor, ed., The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Cambridge, 1990. Vincent A. Smith The Kushan, or Indo-Scythian Period of Indian History, B.C. 165 to A.D. 320, JRAS, 1903, pp. 1-64. _____. Invasion of Panjb by Ardashr Bbakn (Bbagn), The First Sasanian King of Persia, A.D. 226-41, JRAS, 1920, pp. 221-27. _____. Early History of India, 4th ed., Oxford, 1924. David Brainerd Spooner, Shh-jk-her, in Archaeological Survey of India, Annual Report, Simla, 1908-09, pp. 38-59. Bertold Spuler, Wanderungen der Steppenvlker bis zum 5. Jh. n. Chr., in Grosser Historischer Weltatlas I. Erluterungen, 4th ed., Mnchen, 1976, pp. 260-63. Boris J. Staviskij, La Bactriane sous les Kushans: Problmes dhistoire et de culture, tr. Paul Bernard, M. Burda, and Franz Grenet. Paris, 1986. M. A. Stein, tr., Kalhanas Rajatarangini: A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmir, Translated, With an Introduction, Commentary, & Appendices, 2 vols., Westminster, 1900; repr. Delhi, 1979. E. A. Thompson, The Huns, rev. P. Heather, Oxford and Cambridge, Mass., 1996. K. Vondrovec,Die anonymen Clanchefs: Der Beginn der Alchon-Prgung, Numismatische Zeitschrift 113/114, 2005, p. 243258. W. Watson, Iran and China, in Camb. Hist. Iran III/1, 1983, pp. 537-47. Robert Werner, Das frheste Auftreten des Hunnennamens Ye-chi und Hephthaliten, Jahrbcher fr Geschichte Osteuropas, N.S. 15, 1967, pp. 487-558. Richard Bertram Whitehead, A Find of Ephthalite or White Hun Coins, Journal and Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal, N.S. 9, Numismatic Suppl. 21, 1913, pp. 48183. _____. Catalogue of Coins in the Panjab Museum, Lahore I. Indo-Greek Coins, Oxford, 1914; repr., Chicago, 1969. Walter Emile van Wijk, On Dates in the Kanishka Era, Acta Orientalia 5, 1926, pp. 168-70. Geo Widengren, Xosrau Anshurvn, les Hephthalites et les peuples turcs, Orientala Suecana 1, 1952, pp. 69-94.

M. Yamada, Huna and Hephtal, Zinbun 23, 1989, pp. 79-113. E. V. Zeymal, The Circulation of Coins in Central Asia during the Early Medieval Period (FifthEighth Centuries A.D.), Bulletin of the Asia Institute 8, 1994, pp. 245-67. _____. The Kidarite Kingdom in Central Asia, in Boris A. Litvinsky and Zhang Guang-da, eds., The History of Civilizations in Central Asia III: The Crossroads of Civilizations: A.D. 250 to 750, Paris, 1996, pp. 119-33.