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RONALD ADLER Instito de Fisica ' Universidade Federal de Pernambuco . Recife, Brazil
SECOND EDITION
McGRAW-HILL KOGAKUSHA, LTD. Tokyo Auckland Beirut Bogota Diisseldorf Johannesburg Lisbon London Lucerne Madrid Mexico New Delhi Panama Paris San Juan Sao Paulo Singapore Sydney
Contents
xi xiii 1
1 7
CHAPTER
TENSOR ALGEBRA
-1.1 Definition of Scalars, Contravariant Vectors, 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 and Covariant Vectors Einstein's Summation Convention Definitions of Tensors ,Tensor Algebra Decomposition of a Tensor into a Sum of Vector Products Contraction of Indices The Quotient Theorem Lowering and Raising of IndicesAssociated Tensors Connection with Vector Calculus in Euclidean Space Connection between Bilinear Forms and Tensor Calculus
1 7
18 20 21 24 25 28 29 80 32 35
Vi
Contents
CHAPTER
VECTOR FIELDS IN AFFINE AND RIEMANN SPACE 2.1 Vector Transplantation and Affine Connections 2.2 Parallel DisplacementChristoffel Symbols 2.3 Geodesies in Affine and Riemann Space 2.4 Gaussian Coordinates
41 42 50 53 61
CHAPTER
TENSOR ANALYSIS
3.1 Covariant Differentiation 3.2 3.3 8.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Applications of Tensor Analysis Symmetric and Antisymmetric Tensors Closed and Exact Tensors Tensor DensitiesDual Tensors Vector Fields on Curves Intrinsic Symmetries and Killing Vectors T E N S O R S IN P H Y S I C S 4-1 Maxwell's Equations in Tensor Form 4-2 Proper-Time and the Equations of Motion via an Example in Relativistic Mechanics 4-3 Gravity as a Metric Phenomenon 44 The Red Shift
67
67 75 80 87 90 94 98 105 105 120 131 135
CHAPTER
CHAPTER ET
Contents Pseudo-Euclidean and Flat Spaces The Einstein Field Equations for Free Space 5.8 The Divergenceless Form of the Einstein Field Equations 5.9 The Riemann Tensor and Fields of Geodesies 5.10 Algebraic Properties of the Riemann Tensor ' . 5.6 5.7
VII
CHAPTER
THE SCHWARZSCHILD
1 8 5
185 196 199 209 214 219 221 222
CHAPTER
237
237 238 241 243 250 253 256
viii
Contents 7.8 Distinguished Surfaces and the Rotating Black Hole 7.9 Effective Potentials and Black Hole Energetics
CHAPTER
THE M A T H E M A T I C A L S T R U C T U R E OF THE EINSTEIN DIFFERENTIAL S Y S T E M ; THE P R O B L E M OF CAUCHY 8.1 Formulation of the Initial-Value Problem 8.2 Structure of Einstein's Equations 8.8 Separation of the Cauchy Problem-into Two Parts ' 8.4 Characteristic Hypersurfaces of the Einstein Equation System 8.5 Bicharacteristics of the Einstein System 8.6- Uniqueness Problem for the Einstein Equations 8.7 The Maximum Principle for the Generalized Laplace Equation
CHAPT ER
THE L I N E A R I Z E D EQUATIONS
9.1 Linearization of the Field Equations 9.2. The.Time-independent and Spherically Symmetric Field ,9.3 The Weyl Solutions to the Linearized Field Equations .. . 9.4 Structure of the Linearized Equations 9.5 Gravitational Waves
CHAPT ER
10
THE GRAVITATIONAL F I E L D E Q U A T I O N S FOR NONEMPTY SPACE 10.1 The Energy-Momentum Tensor 10.2 Inclusion of Forces in T<"
Contents 10.3 The Electromagnetic Field and T<" 10.4 The Field Equations in Nonempty Space 10.5 Classical Limit of the Gravitational Equations
CHAPTER
FURTHER CONSEQUENCES OF THE FIELD EQUATIONS 11.1 The Equations of Motion 11.2 Conservation Laws in General Relativity: Energy-Momentum of the Gravitational / Field 11.8 An Alternative Approach to the Conservation Laws: Energy-Momentum of the Schwarzschild Field 11.4 Variational Principles in General Relativity Theory: A Lagrangian Density for the Gravitational Field 11.5 The Scalar Tensor Variation of Relativity Theory
11
CHAPTER
12
Observational Background The Mathematical Problem in Outline The Robertson-Walker Metric Further Properties of the Robertson-Walker Metric 12.5 The Red Shift and the Robertson-Walker Metric: Hubble's Law 12.6 The Apparent Magnitude-Red Shift Relation .
CHAPTER
COSMOLOGICAL MODELS 18.1 Einstein's Equations and the RobertsonWalker Metric 13.2 Static Models of the Universe
425
13
Contents 13.3 18.4 13.5 13.6 Nonstatic Models of the Universe The Godel Solution and Mach's Principle The Steady-State Model of the Universe Converse of the Apparent Magnitude-Red Shift Problem 431 437 448 454
CHAPTER
14
T H E R O L E OF R E L A T I V I T Y IN S T E L L A R S T R U C T U R E AND G R A V I T A T I O N A L COLLAPSE
14.1 Relativistic Stellar Structure . 14.2 A Simple Stellar ModelThe Interior Schwarzschild Solution 14.3 Stellar Models and Stability 14-4 Gravitational Collapse of a Dust Ball
CHAPT ER
15
485
486 491 500 507 518
INDEX
535