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Achilles tendon is the strongest and thickest tendon in the body.

Despite being strong, it is susceptible to injury, especially at site about 4-5 cm proximal to the calcaneus. This is because of two factors: 1. It narrows considerably near its insertion to the calcaneus, and 2. The blood supply at this site is precarious. It is a common sports injury. It occurs as a result of sudden and forceful dorsiflexion of the foot when the gastrocnemius is contracting strongly. The Rupture may also occur in the middle aged in a degenerated tendon. The patient presents with pain and swelling in that area, with inability to walk on tip toes. On examination, a gap is felt in the tendon just proximal to the calcaneus. The following two test help in the diagnosis: 1. Heel raise test: The patient fails to raise heel from the ground is standing on the affected leg alone 2. Simond-Thompson Test: The patient lies prone with the feet at the edge of the couch. Both calf muscle are squeezed. The normal foot goes into plantar flexion, while on the affected side the foot remains limp and doesnt go into plantar flexion. Treatment: Conservative: It can be treated by an above knee plaster of Paris (PoP) Cast with the knee in 30 degree of flexion and the foot in equinus for 8 weeks. Surgical: Surgical treatment is employeed mode often, which consist of repair of the tendon. Textbook of Orthopaedics . Prakash P Kotwal & Mayilvahanan Natarajan. 2005 Elsevier http://books.google.co.id/books?id=uvYMNEybqkYC&printsec=frontcover&hl=i d#v=onepage&q&f=false http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/achilles-tendonrupture/DS00160/DSECTION=prevention http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DK7FkMd1pMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq =rupture+tendon&source=bl&ots=Do9PYQdreS&sig=Wi0ZqENNHcamuSdWN76CNb2aYU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ih5kUJ7dLqGiigfp1ICQBQ&ved=0CCkQ 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rupture%20tendon&f=false http://www.scribd.com/doc/58390635/Medscape-Complete-Ruptures-of-theAchilles-Tendon http://www.emedicinehealth.com/achilles_tendon_rupture/page9_em.htm#oth er_therapy http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/achilles-tendonrupture/DS00160/DSECTION=tests-and-diagnosis http://books.google.co.id/books?id=1sWk1GYCvKoC&pg=PA878&lpg=PA878&d q=tendon+achilles&source=bl&ots=E3Na_Qs5WI&sig=wG8QEDTFsKrfx7E6KZ_

mPqL2dPo&hl=id&sa=X&ei=TbpjUKrbHsaIrAezwYHQCw&ved=0CF8Q6AEwCg# v=onepage&q=tendon%20achilles&f=false http://books.google.co.id/books?id=SPEWfSPseQUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=r uptur+tendon+achilles&source=bl&ots=gMGZ3hd_Ql&sig=77t0EHQEx10g3Gdm_ G2yuUKFphE&hl=id&sa=X&ei=R71jUMm7GtHQrQfinoGoCg&ved=0CFcQ6AEwC Q#v=onepage&q&f=false http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DK7FkMd1pMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq =rupture+tendon&source=bl&ots=Do9PYQdreS&sig=Wi0ZqENNHcamuSdWN76CNb2aYU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ih5kUJ7dLqGiigfp1ICQBQ&ved=0CCkQ 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rupture%20tendon&f=false http://books.google.co.id/books?id=sG5uN6KaU8C&pg=PA866&lpg=PA866&dq=rupture+tendon&source=bl&ots=auizfQrs6Q&si g=Znh5dF20sQ5-Yl5dbRJNjS5eD8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ih5kUJ7dLqGiigfp1ICQBQ&ved=0CFwQ6AEwC A#v=onepage&q=rupture%20tendon&f=false http://books.google.co.id/books?id=DK7FkMd1pMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq =rupture+tendon&source=bl&ots=Do9PYQdreS&sig=Wi0ZqENNHcamuSdWN76CNb2aYU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ih5kUJ7dLqGiigfp1ICQBQ&ved=0CCkQ 6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=rupture%20tendon&f=false http://books.google.co.id/books?id=XHnzT9GFu7UC&pg=PA198&lpg=PA198&d q=rupture+tendon&source=bl&ots=66uagelUuV&sig=quZ88cFg4rywY7nmpGg4GvO9q4&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ih5kUJ7dLqGiigfp1ICQBQ&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw #v=onepage&q=rupture%20tendon&f=false Whiting, Wiliam C; Ronald F Zernicke (2008) Biomechanics of Musculoskeletal Injury Second Edition. Human Kinetics: USA. Mafulli, Nicola; Per Renstrom; Wayne B L (2005) Tendon Injuries : Basic science and clinical medicine. Springer : London. Banks, Alan S. et al. (2001) Foot and ankle surgery Third Edition. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins : USA. Atkinson, Todd S; Mark Easley (2001) Complete Ruptures of the Achilles Tendon. Medscape Orthopaedics.

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