Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.

com November 2, 2012 GISC9231D2 Mrs. Janet Finlay Program Internship/Project Coordinator, GIS-GM Postgraduate Program Niagara-on-the-lake Campus, Niagara College Room E301 135 Taylor Road, S.S #4 On, L0S 1J0 Dear: Mrs. Janet Finlay: Re: Submission of GISC9231D2 Please accept this letter as my formal submission of Deliverable 2: GPS Stereoscope Usage, Elevation Estimates and Photogrammetry for GISC9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. For this assignment, students were required to interpret Stereoscopic Aerial Photographs and conduct basic Photogrammetric Calculations. Additionally, all results were to be displayed in a formal report. For this assignment Brooke Leigh and I worked as a group. All group members made an effort to attend group meetings, communicate effectively and assist each other. As a result, the contribution percentage is as follows: Nobuhle Matanga 50 % and Brooke Leigh 50 %. To conclude, we have attached a copy of our GISC9231D2 Stereoscope Usage, Elevation Estimates and Photogrammetry Report. . Please do not hesitate to contact us for any additional information at 1-289-241-7627 or 1-416-509-8070. Thank you for your time and attention. We look forward to hearing from you. Sincerely,

Nobuhle Matanga BSC GIS-GM Graduate Candidate N.M. /n.m Enclosures: 1) [Stereoscope Usage, Elevation Estimates and Photogrammetry Report] [], [ [], [], [ Page 1 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Date: November 2, 2012

GISC9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing Deliverable 9231-D2 - Stereoscope Usage, Elevation Estimates and Photogrammetry

Prepared By: Nobuhle Matanga, Brooke Leigh Prepare For: Mrs. Janet Finlay TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 2 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

List of Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21

Image of Lens stereoscope set up atop overlapped stereopair images...5 Image of Aerial Photo 6080_61.6 Image of Aerial Photo 6080_62..6 Image of Locations for Measurement.6 Image of Aerial Photo 72019_906 Image of Aerial Photo 72019_916 Image of Topography Map (30/4h).6 Image of St Catharines CDB stereopair imagery7 Image of Clock on Aerial Photo 6080_61...8 Image of Clock on Aerial Photo 6080_62...8 Image of True Vertical Air Photograph Titled Aerial Photograph..8 Image of Stereopair flight line.9 Image of Airphoto Scale Variables...10 Image of Example image of Radial Distortion, Relief Displacement...15 Image of Modified Parallax Model...17 Image of NOAA Solar Calculator with determine values 23 Image of Aerial Photos 6080_61 and6080_62 Flight Lines........A1 Image of Location for Measurements .A2 Image of Topographic Map NTDBS_30M4h showing Grimby Aerial of Interest.A3 Image of Aerial Photo 72019_90 showing intersection of CN railway and Maple. A4 Image of Aerial Photos 6080_62 Showing Shadows of Point E.A5

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Introduction Photogrammetry is the science of calculating spatial and geometrical information from photographs. Photogrammetry can be utilized for hardcopy photographs, digital elevation models, orthophotos and thematic GIS data. For this assignment photogrammetric calculation were conducted using hardcopy photographs, specifically stereoscopic aerial images. Stereoscopic aerial images are used to simulate 3D images. During this exercise students used the lens stereoscopy method (Figure 1).

Figure . Lens stereoscope set up atop overlapped stereopair

Purpose The purpose of this assignment is to become familiar with stereoscopic aerial images, and the setup of stereoscopic aerial images. Additionally students were required to conduct basic photogrammetric calculations.

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Equipment For the first part of the assignment students used a stereoscope as well as two aerial photographs entitled as follows: Image 6080_61: Left image of stereopair, St. Catharines CBD (Figure 2) and Image 6080_62: Right image of stereopair, St. Catharines CB(Figure 3). The locations for measurement are also provided (Figure 4).

Figure 2. Aerial Photo 6080_61

Figure 3. Aerial Photo 6080_62 Figure 4. Locations for Measurement

For the second part of the assignment students used two aerial photographs entitled as follows: Image 6080_61: Left image of stereopair, St. Catharines CBD(figure 2), Image 6080_62: Right image of stereopair, St. Catharines CB(Figure 3), Image 72019_90 (Figure 5) and Image 72019_91(Figure 6). The locations for measurement are also provided (Figure 4). Students also used a topographic map of Grimsby area (Figure 7).

Figure 7. Topography Map 6. Aerial Photo Figure 5.

SECTION A Approximate Stereopair Viewing Method a) The aircraft was flying south to north when the aerial photos were taken. The orientation and direction of these photos was given to the student in the Terms of Page 5 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Reference for this Deliverable 9231-D2 (Assignment #2) on page 3, where the aerial photo 6080-61 is the southernmost image and aerial photo 6080-62 is the northernmost image (Figure 8). Additionally considering the numerical system used for the photos 6080-61 vs. 6080-62 one can conclude that 6080-61 was taken first and 6080-62 was taken second. Finally, the direction of the aircraft is confirmed by the clocks located on each airphoto.

Figure 8. St Catharines CDB stereopair imagery

b) The photos of the stereopair were not taken at the same time, image 6080_61 was taken first and image 6080_62 was taken afterwards. This was determined by the clocks located at the top of each image. Image 6080_61 was taken at approximately 1:45:11 pm (Figure 9) and image 6080_62 (Figure 10) was taken at approximately 1:45:16 pm. The numbering system used to differentiate these images also supports this conclusion. Page 6 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Figure 9.

Enhanced Image of Clock on

Figure 10.

Enhanced Image of Clock on

c) The aerial images 6080_61 and 6080_62 are tilted vertical aerial photographs. Vertical images are never perfectly vertical because the angular attitude of the aircraft at the instant of exposure cause tilts (Lillesand, Kiefer, and Chipman 126). As a result there is a slight involuntary inclination of the camera axis. Essentially these tilted vertical aerial photographs are vertical images that are very slightly, unintentionally titled (figure 11).

Exact Stereopair Viewing Method d) Using the exact method one can determine the baseline, flight plane, for the stereo pairs. The principle point, metric centre, of each image is determined using the fiducial marks located at the corners of each picture. the Figure 11. Image of True Vertical Air Photograph vs. Titled Aerial Photograph flight line is simply line a line through the principle point

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Figure 12. Image of Stereopair flight line

e) See Appendix A, A1 for marked up aerial photos showing O and O as well as the flight lines on each figure.

Introductory Photogrammetry f) In order to determine the scale of the vertical photographs, one need to determine the altitude and focal length (Figure 13), in this case these values are provided by the imagery contractor. The recorded altitude (h) is 438 metres and the focal length (f) is 182.5 millimetres.

Figure 13. Image of Airphoto Scale Variables

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Scale Equation for vertical photographs f S = H h

And H = H - h S = Therefore f H'

Where (S) is Scale, (f) is focal point, (H) is flying high, (h) is the height of the ground above sea level and (H) is altitude. Given: Altitude (H): 438 metres (m) Focal length (f): 182.5 millimetres (mm)

Step 1: Convert focal length to metres. 182.5mm f = = 0.1825 m 1000

Therefore the focal length in metres is 0.1825 Step 2: Determine scale 1 0.1825m = S= =1 : 2400 2400 438m

To conclude the scale of the vertical photographs that we have examined is 1:2400. Page 9 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Section B
Relief Displacement in the Grimsby area 1. In order to determine the average scale for airphoto 72019-90, one needs to determine the altitude, focal length, the average elevation of the area of interest. In this case, the focal length and the flying height are given. The focal length is 6 inches; the flying height is 6,500 feet. The highest point of elevation is 650 and the lowest is 250. These points were obtained using the contour lines on the topographic map NTDBS_304M, within the area of interest (Appendix A3). Scale Equation for vertical photographs f Savg = H havg

And H = H - havg Therefore f Savg = H'

Where S is Scale, f is focal point, H is flying high, h is height of the ground above sea level and H is altitude. Given: Flying height (H): 6,500 feet, Focal length (f): 6 inches Step 1: Determine average height of the ground above sea level (h)
havg = hlow + hhigh 2

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com
havg = 250ft + 650ft 2

havg = 450 ft

Therefore average height of the ground above sea level for the area of interest is 450 feet. Step 2: Determine average altitude (H) H = H - havg H = 6500ft 450ft H = 6050ft Step 3: Determine average scale f Savg = Havg ' 1 6 Savg = 1008 6050 Therefore the average altitude is 6050 feet

Savg = 1 : 1008

To conclude the average scale is 1: 1008 2. In order to determine the minimum and maximum scales for airphoto 72019-90, one needs to determine the altitude, focal length, the lowest and the highest areas of elevation. In this case, the focal length and the flying height are given. The focal length is 6 inches and the flying height is 6,500 feet. The highest area of elevation is 650 feet and the lowest is 250 feet. These points were obtained using the contour lines on the topographic map NTDBS_304M, within the area of interest (Appendix A3). Page 11 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Scale Equation for Vertical Photographs f Savg = H h

And H = H - h Therefore Savg = f H'

Where (S) is Scale, (f) is focal point, (H) is flying high, (h) is height of the ground above sea level and (H) is altitude. Given: Flying height (H): 6,500 feet (ft) Focal length (f): 6 inches hhigh: 650 feet (ft) hlow: 250 feet (ft) Step 1: Elevation Determine the altitude (H) for the Highest H = H - hhigh H = 6500ft 650ft H = 5850 ft Therefore the altitude for the highest elevation is 5850 feet

Step 2: Determine the Maximum Scale Page 12 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Savg = f H'

1 6 S= 975 5850

S = 1 : 975

Therefore the maximum scale is 1:975 Step 3: Elevation Determine the Altitude (H) for the Lowest H = H - hlow H = 6500ft- 250ft H = 6250 but it Therefore doesnt show in box the altitude for the lowest point is 6250ft

Step 3: Determine the Scale f Savg = H'

1 6 S= 1041 6250

= 1 : 1041

Therefore minimum scale is 1: 1041 To conclude the maximum scale is 1:975 and the minimum scale is 1: 1041.

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

3. Relief displacement is the perception that areas of higher elevations appear larger than areas of lower elevations (Figure 14). This is caused by the fact that areas of higher elevation are located closer to the camera at the time of exposure (Lillesand, Kiefer, and Chipman 138). In order to determine the relief displacement at the intersection of CN railway and Maple Avenue, one needs to determine the radial distance on the photograph from the principle point to the displaced image point, the height above the datum of the object point and the flying height. The flying height of 6,500 feet is given. The height of the datum of the object point is 290 feet. The height of the datum of the object point was obtained using the contour lines on the topographic map NTDBS_304M, within the area of interest (Appendix A3).

Figure 14 Example image of Radial Distortion, Relief Displacement

Relief displacement Equation d = rh/H. Where, (d) is relief displacement, (r) is radial distance on the photograph from the principle point to the displaced image point, (h) is the height above datum of the object point and (H) is flying height. Given Height above datum of the object point (h): 290 feet (ft) Flying Height (H): 6,500 feet (ft)

Step. 1 Determine Radial Distance Radial distance is measured on the aerial photo using the fiducial points. The fiducial points are used to determine the principal point. The Radial distance is calculated Page 14 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com from the principal point to the intersection of CN railway and Maple Avenue. The measured radial distance from the principal point to the intersection of CN railway and Maple Avenue is 84 mm. This measurement was obtained using the airphoto 72019-90 (Appendix A4). Step. 2 Determine Relief Displacement d = rh/H. d = (84) (290)/ (6500). d = 3.8mm Therefore the relief displacement at a radial distance of 84 is 3.8 millimetres Step. 3 Determine Relief Displacement Sensitivity (looking a different of +/- 1 mm) a) d = rh/H. d = (83) (290)/ (6500). d = 3.7 mm Therefore the relief displacement at a radial distance of 83 is 3.7 millimetres b) d = rh/H. d = (85) (290)/ (6500). d = 3.8 mm Therefore the relief displacement at a radial distance of 85 is 3.8 millimetres To conclude the relief displacement is sensitive to radial distance changes of 2mm for numbers greater than the estimate and sensitive to radial distance difference changes of 1mm for numbers lower than the estimate.

4. From the topographic map, Mountain Road and Russ Street (south of the escarpment) line up exactly with roads north of the escarpment but they do not they line-up exactly on each airphoto because they have been distorted on the topographic map to do so. All map projections have some kind of distortion and depending on the map, some distortions can be seen as acceptable. Map projections are able to preserve one

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com feature of land, but may in turn sacrifice another feature that is not relevant to the actual purpose of the map created. Elevation Measurement in the St. Catharines CBD 1. Image parallax displacement refers to the apparent change in relative position of stationary objects when located at the same object from a different viewing position (Lillesand, Kiefer, and Chipman 153). Parallax displacement is what allows for 3D vision with stereopairs. Additionally, objects closer to the aircraft often appear to move relative to the features at lower elevations. (Lillesand, Kiefer, and Chipman 154). With photogrammetry parallax displacement can be measured on air photos and used to calculate the elevation of points on a terrain. a) In order to determine the elevation of point A (hA), one needs the height of the aerial platform, the parallax of a known point, the parallax of point K and the parallax of point A. Parallaxes are determined by calculating the difference in the distance of a point on two aerial photos, and their respective principle points (O) (Figure 15). The locations of the point A and Point K are given (Appendix A2). The measurements were obtained using aerial photo 6080_61 as well as 6080_6 (Appendix A1). For the purpose of this assignment students used the modified parallax equation.

Figure 15. Modified Parallax Model

Equation for the Parallax of Point K (Pk) pk = xK ' xK "

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

pk

) is the distance between point K and the xK " principle point on the aerial photo 6080_61 and ( ) is the distance between point K and the principle point on the aerial photo 6080_62. Where ( Equation for the Parallax of Point A (Pa) pa = xA' xA"

) is the parallax of point K, (

xK '

pa

) is the distance between point A and the xA" principle point on the aerial photo 6080_61 and ( ) is the distance between point A and the principle point on the aerial photo 6080_62. Where ( Equation for the Elevation Point A (hA)

) is the parallax of point A, (

xA'

h A = hK +

( p a p k )( H hK )
pa

Where (hA) the elevation of point A, (hk) is is the elevation of point K, (H) is the flying high, (PA) is the parallax between the known point A on each airphoto, (Pa) is the parallax between point A on each airphoto. Given Elevation of point K (hk):108.9 metres (m) Height of aerial platform (H):438 metres (m) Step 1: Determine the Parallax of Point A ( Pa ) pa = xA' xA"

pa = 20mm (55mm) = 76mm

pa =

76mm/1000=0.076m Page 17 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Therefore the parallax of point A is 0.076m

Step 2: Determine the Parallax of Point K ( Pk ) pk = xK ' xK "

pk = 61mm (12mm) = 73mm

73mm /1000 = 0.073m Therefore the parallax of point K is 0.073m Step 3: Determine the Elevation of Point A (hA)

h A = hK +

( p a p k )( H hK )
pa

h A = 108.9m +

( 0.076m 0.073m )( 438m 108.9m )

0.078m

h A = 108.9m +

( 0.003m )( 329.1m )
0.076m

h A = 108 .9m +

( 0.9873m)
0.076 m

h A = 108.9m + 13m

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

h A = 121.9m
To conclude the elevation of point A (hA) is approximately 121.9 meters.

b) In order to determine the elevation of point B (hB), one needs the height of the aerial platform, the parallax of a known point, the parallax of point K and the parallax of point B. Parallaxes are determined by calculating the difference in the distance of a point on two aerial photos, and their respective principle points (O) (figure 15). The locations of the point A and Point K are given (Appendix A2). The measurements were obtained using aerial photo 6080_61 as well as 6080_6 (Appendix A1). For the purpose of this assignment students used the modified parallax equation. Equation for the Parallax of Point K (Pk) pk = xK ' xK "

pk

) is the distance between point K and the xK " principle point on the aerial photo 6080_61 and ( ) is the distance between point K and the principle point on the aerial photo 6080_62. Where ( Equation for the Parallax of Point B (Pb) pb = xB ' xB"

) is the parallax of point K, (

xK '

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com
pb

) is the distance between point B and the xB" principle point on the aerial photo 6080_61 and ( ) is the distance between point B and the principle point on the aerial photo 6080_62. Where ( Equation for Elevation point B (hB)

) is the parallax of point B, (

xB '

hB = hK +

( pb p K )( H hK )
pb

Where (hB) is the elevation of point B, (hk) is the elevation of point K, (H) is the flying high, (Pk) is the parallax between the known point K on each airphoto, (Pb) is the parallax between point B on each airphoto.

Given: Elevation of point K (hk): 108.9 metres (m) Height of aerial platform (H): 438 metres (m) Step 1: Determine the Parallax of Point K (Pk) pk = xK ' xK "

pk = 61mm (12mm) = 73mm

pk =

73mm /1000 = 0.073m Therefore the parallax of point A is 0.073m Step 2: Determine the Parallax of Point B (Pb) pb = xB ' xB"

pb = 13mm (85mm) = 72mm

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com
pb

=72mm/1000=0.072m Therefore the parallax of point B is 0.072m Step 3: Determine the Elevation point B (hB)

h B = hK +

( p a p k )( H hK )
pa

hB = 108.9m +

( 0.072m 0.073m )( 438m 108.9m )

0.072m

hB = 108.9m +

( 0.001m )( 329.1m )
0.072m

hB = 108.9m +

( 0.3291m )
0.072 m

h B = 108.9m + ( 4.57)m

hB = 104 .33m

To conclude the elevation of point B (hB) is approximately 104.33 meters. 2. In order to calculate the elevation above ground level of point E, on the aerial photo 6080-62, the chimney atop city hall one needs to determine the photo length of the shadows on the aerial photo, the photo scale and the sun angle. To determine the sun angle one needs to know the date and year the photo was taken as well as the latitude and longitude coordinates of the area of interest. The measured length of the buildings shadow is 5mm and the measured length of the chimneys shadow is 3.5 mm. (Appendix A5). Therefore the total shadow length is 8.5 mm. Equation for the Elevation above Ground Level of Point E

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

h =

L tan S

Where (L) is the photo length of the shadows on the aerial photo, (S) is the photo h scale, is the sun angle and ( ) is the elevation above ground level of point E Given The photo was taken at 1:45 pm on April 12th 1980 St. Catharines latitude and longitude coordinates: 43.10.0 N, 79.15.0 W in degrees minutes seconds. Calculated Building Shadow: 5 millimetres (mm) Chimney Shadow: 3.5 millimetres (mm) The total shadow length: 8.5 millimetres (mm) Photo Scale: 1:2400

Step 1: Determine the Sun Angle The latitude and longitude coordinates, the date and time of the photo were entered into the old version of the NOAA Solar Calculator which then computed the Sun angle (Figure 16). The calculated solar (elevation) angle is 43.09.

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Figure 16 NOAA Solar Calculator with determine values

Step 2: Determine the elevation above ground level of point E L tan h = S

h =

8.5 tan 43.09 1 / 2400

h = 8.5 tan 43.09x 2400

h = 19083.31mm
h = 19083.31mm / 1000

h = 19.1m

To conclude the elevation above the ground level of point E is 19.1 meters

Conclusion

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com To conclude, during the photogrammetry unit the students learnt how to interpret the flying direction and time of an airphoto using the approximate and exact method. They learnt how to determine vertical scale, relief displacement, elevation and using photogrammetry. At the end of the unit students were able to successfully interpret aerial photos and conduct photogrammetry calculations.

REFERENCES

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com Works Cited Textbooks Lillesand, Thomas, Ralph Kiefer, and Jonathon Chipman. Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 6th Edition. Danvers: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008. 123-188. Print. Lectures

Finlay, Janet. Lecture 5- Stereoscopy. GISC9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing.

Niagara College. PDF.

Finlay, Janet. . Lecture 6 Intermediate Photogrammetry . GISC 9231 Introduction

to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF.

Finlay, Janet. Lecture 7- Advanced Photogrammetry. GISC9231 Introduction to

Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF. Websites

Cornwall, Chris, Aaron Horiuchi, and Chris Lehman. Solar Position

Calculator. NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory. N.p., 11 2012. Web. 1 Nov 2012. <http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/grad/solcalc/azel.html>. Images

Figure 1: Lens stereoscope set up atop overlapped stereopair images. Photograph. Terms of Reference for Deliverable 9231-D2 (Assignment #2). Niagara College. October 22, 2012.

Figure 2: Aerial Photo 6080_61. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012. Figure 3: Aerial Photo 6080_62. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012. Page 25 of 28

Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Figure 4: Locations for Measurement. JPEG file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 5: Aerial Photo 72019_90. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 6: Aerial Photo 72019_91. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 7: Topography Map (30/4h. JPEG file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 8: St Catharines CBD Stereopair Imagery. Photograph. Terms of Reference

for Deliverable 9231-D2 (Assignment #2). Niagara College. October 22, 2012.

Figure 9: Enhanced Image of Clock on Aerial Photo 6080_61. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 10: Enhanced Image of Clock on Aerial Photo 6080_62. TIF file. GIS Data (X :). GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. October 17, 2012.

Figure 11: Image of True Vertical Air Photograph vs. Titled Aerial Photograph. . Lecture 6 Intermediate Photogrammetry. GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF.

Figure 12: Image of Stereopair flight line. Photograph. Terms of Reference for Deliverable 9231-D2 (Assignment #2). Niagara College. October 22, 2012.

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

Figure 13: Image of Airphoto Scale Variables. JPEG file. . Lecture 6 Intermediate Photogrammetry. GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF.

Figure 14: Example image of Radial Distortion, Relief Displacement.JPEG file. . Lecture 6 Intermediate Photogrammetry. GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF.

Figure 15: Modified Parallax Model.JPEG file. Lecture 7- Advanced Photogrammetry. GISC 9231 Introduction to Remote Sensing. Niagara College. PDF.

Figure 16: Screen Shot of NOAA Solar Calculator with determine values. JPEG file. November 1. 2012.

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Nobuhle Matanga, Geographer Address: 21 Almond St, St Catharines, Ontario, L2T 1K1 Phone: (289)-241-7627 Email: nobuhlematanga@gmail.com

APPENDIX A

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