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HARVARD LAW SCHOOL LIBRARY

Received JUL 2 9 1938

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THE e-t

AiN I AKBARI

BY

ABUL FAZI^ ALLAMI, i

TRANSLATED FROM THE bRIGINAL PERSIAN.

BY COLONEL H. S. JARRETT, 8BCBETARY AMO MEMDBB, BOARD OF BXAMINEBS, CALCUTTA^

PUBLISHED BY THE ASLA.TIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL.

VOL. II.

CALCUTTA : jPrimted at thb ^aptist ^ission ^rsss. 1891.

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^Uv

JUL 2 9 1938

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PREFACE.

Though the reason that has compelled a change of authorship in the continued translation of the Ain i Akhari i3 doubtless universally known, the regretful duty of its formal announcement is imperatirei in the introduction of this volume. The early and somewhi^t sudden death of Professor Blochmann is a loss which Oriental literature may be permitted to share with his personal friends, and its regrets, though differing in kind and measure from theirs, will not be less grateful to his memory from its independence of associations in which friendship bears a part, and as a testimony to his appreciation in a wider sphere where partial judgments have no sway. This is not the place to pass in review his services to letters which have been adequately commemorated elsewhere by the Asiatic Society of Bengal for whom he so largely laboured, but as commissioned by their authority to continue the work which death has snatched from an able hand, it is fitting that these few words from his successor should record the unfortunate necessity of their action. It was at one time supposed that the manuscript of the whole translation had been completed by Professor Blochmann and prepared for the pressj but whatever the origin of the rumour, no trace of the work was discovered amongst his papers, and the interval of five years between the conclusion of the first volume and his death, leaves little doubt that the report had no foundation. His preface deplores or excuses the delay that had already occurred in the translation of the volume then issued, and could not have omitted mention of the early completion of the whole were the manuscript of the remainder ready for publication. The enumeration of the diflGlculties which stood

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ir PRBFICT. in his way is expressed in terms which imply that they had not been overcome, else his silence, when silence might be interpreted to his prejudice, is inexplicable. It may be, therefore, safely assumed that want of leisure, or other weighty reason, had hindered his continuance of a work which had become the preoccupation of his most serious study and which he hoped to leave to posterity as a record that he had not toiled in vain. But the event was otherwise ordained. While sensible of the hpnour conferred upon me by the Asiatic Society in selecting ijie for the duty of entering upon the labours and sharing the reward of my predecessor, I cannot but express my diffidence in presenting this second volume to public notice under their auspices, lest a comparison should discredit the wisdom of the choice. But whatever the verdict of those competent from linguistic

knowledge and acquaintance with the abrupt, close and enigmatic style of the original to judge of the merits of the translation, no pains at least have been spared to render it a faithful counterpart consistently with a clearness of statement which the text does not everywhere show. The peculiar tone and spirit of Abul Fazl are difficult to catch and to sustain in a foreign tongue. His style, in my opinion, is not deserving of imitation even in his own. His merits as a writer have, in general, been greatly exaggerated. Omitting the contemporary and interesting memoirs of Al Baddoni, whose scathing comments on the deeds and motives of king and minister have an independent value of their own, the accident that Abul Fazl's works form the most complete and authoritative history of the events of Akbar's reign, has given them a great and pectQiar importance as state records. This they eminently deserve, but as exemplars of style, in comparison with the immutable types of excellence fixed for ever by Greece and Bome, they have no place. His unique position in Akbar's

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PBEFAGE. V court and service enhanced the reputation of all that he wrote, and his great industry in a position which secured wealth and invited indolence, fully merited the admiration of his countrymen. B/Cgarded as a statistician, no details from the revenues of a province to the cost of a pine-apple, from the organisation of an army and the grades and duties of the nohility to the shape of a candlestick and the price of a curry-comb, are beyond his miscrospic and patient investigation : as an annalist, the movements and conduct of his sovereign are surrounded with the impeccability that fences and deifies Oriental despotism, and chronicled with none of the skill and power, and more than the flattery of Velleius Paterculus : as a finished diplomatist, his letters to recalcitrant generals and rebellious viceroys are Eastern models of astute persuasion, veiling threats with compliments, and insinuating rewards and promises without committing his master to their fulfilment. But these epistles which form one of his monuments to fame, consist of interminable sentences involved in frequent parentheses difficult to unravel, and paralleled in the West only by the decadence of taste, soaring in prose, as Gibbon justly remarks, to the vicious affectation of poetry, and in poetry sinking below the flatness and insipidity of prose, which characterizes Byzantine eloquence in the tenth century. A similar affectation, and probably its prototype, is to be found in the most approved Arab masters of florid composition of the same epoch, held by Ibn Khallikan's erade and undisciplined criticism to be the perfection

of art, and which still remains in Hindustan the ideal of every aspiring scribe. His annals have none of the pregnant meaning and poiht that in a few masterly strokes, efxalt or brand a name to all time, and flash the actors of his dxama across the living page in scenes that dwell for ever in tiie memory. The history of nearly forty-six years of his

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VI PREFACE. master's reign contains not a line that lives in household words among his own countrymen, not a heautiful image that the mind delights to recall, not a description that rises to great power or pathos, nor the unconscious simplicity redeeming its wearisome length which lends such a charm to Herodotus, and which in the very exordium of Thucydides, in Lucian's happy phrase, breathes the fragrance of Attic thyme. His narrative affects a quaint and stiff phraseology which renders it often obscure, and continues in an even monotone, never rising or falling save in reference to the Emperor whose lightest mention compels the adoring prostration of his pen, and round whom the world of his characters and events revolves as its central sun. Whatever its merit as a faithful representation, in a restricted sense, of a reign in which he was a capable and distinguished actor, it lacks the interesting details and portraiture of the life and manners of the nation which are commonly thought to be below the dignity of history but which brighten the pages of Eastern historians less celebrated than himself, and are necessary to the light and shade of a perfect picture. His statistical and geographical survey of the empire which this volume comprises is a laborious though somewhat lifeless compilation, of the first importance indeed as a record of a past and almost forgotten administration to guide and instruct the historian of the future or the statesman of to-day, but iminf ormed by deductive comment and illustration which might relieve the long array of bald detail. His historical summaries of dynasties and events in the various S6bahs under their ancient autonomous rule, are incoherent abridgments, often so obscurely phrased as not to be understood without a previous knowledge of the events to which they relate and his meaning is rather to be conjectured than elicited from the grammatical analysis of his sentences. The sources from which he drew his information are never

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* PREFACE. Vii acknowledged. This of itself would have been of no moment and their indication might perhaps have disturbed the unity of his design had he otherwise so incorporated the labours of others with his own as to stamp the whole with the impress of originality, but he not seldom extracts passages word for word from other authors undeterred by the fear, or heedl^s of the charge, of plagiarism. Such, in my opinion, is the reverse of the medal which represents Abul Fazl unrivalled as a writer and beyond the reach of imitation. The fashion of exaggerating the importance and merits of a subject or an author by those who make them their special study, especially when that study lies outside the common track of letters, inevitably brings its own retribution and ends by casting general discredit on what in its place and of its kind has its due share of honour or utility. The merit and the only merit of the Ain i Akbari is in what it tells and not in the manner of its telling which has little to recommend it. It will deservedly go down to posterity as a unique compilation of the systems of administration and control throughout the various departments of Government in a great empire, faithfully and minutely recorded in their smallest detail, with such an array of facts illustrative of its extent, resources, condition, population, industry and wealth as the abundant material supplied from official sources could furnish. This in itself is praise and fortune of no common order and it needs not the fictitious ascription of unparalleled powers of historiography in its support. The value of the Ain in this regard has been universally acknowledged by European scholars and it may not be out of place to quote here the opinion of the learned Beinaud on this work in his 1st vol. of the Geographic d 'Abulfeda, as it accurately represents its nature and worth and the style and quality of its literary ocHiipositicm.

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Viii FEEFAOE. L 'Indemusulmane nous offre, dans les commencements du xvii* sitele, un ouvrage de compilation, qui est d'un grand int^rfet pour la gdographie; c'est le traits persan, compost par Aboul-Pazel, ministre de 1* empereur mogol Akbar, et intitule Ayyn-Akbery ou Institutes d* Akbar, par suite de 1' int^rfet qu* Akbar avait apport^ h. sa composition.

L' empire fond^ dans 1' Inde par Babour, un des descendants de Tamerlan, avait pris, sous le r^gne d' Akbar, une grande extension et s' ^tendait depuis V Afganistan jusqu 'au fond du golfe du Bengale, depuis V Himalaia jusqu'au Dekhan. Gritce k Texcellent gouvemement dtabli par Akbar, les provinces, pendant longtemps ravag^es par les guerres intestines, avaient acquis une physionomie nouvelle. D*un autre c6t4, les vues lib^rales de I'empereur et de son ministre n'avaient rien de commun avec I'esprit ^troit et exclusif qui caract^rise Tislamisme, et ils avaient fait traduire en persan les meilleurs livres de la litt^rature sanscrite. Aboul-Eazel, se mettant a la t^te d'une soci^t^ de savants, entreprit une description g^ographique, physique et historique de Tempire, accompagn^e de tableaux statistiques. Ghacun des seize soubah ou gouvernements dont se composait alors Tempire mogol, y est decrit avec une minutieuse exactitude ; la situation g^ographique et relative des villes et des bourgs y est indiqude ; T^num^ration des produits naturels et industriciS y est soigneusement trac^e, ainsi que la nomenclature des princes, soit idolbtres, soit musulmans, auxquels les soubah avaient i^ soumis avant d'etre enclaves dans Tempire. On trouve ensuite un expos^ de T^tat militaire de Tempire, et r^numdration de ce qui composait la maison du souverain, etc. L'ouvrage se termine par un precis, fait en g^n^ral d'apr^s les sources indigenes, de la religion brahmanique, des divers syst^mes de la philosophic hindoue, etc. L'auteur^ par une recherche d'^rudition deplac4e a effects le style des anciens auteurs persans ; on a souvent de

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PEEFAOB. IX la peine a le comprendre. En 1783, Francis Gladwin, enconrag^ par le gouvemeur g^n^ral Hastings, publia une version anglaise abr^g^e de Touvrage. Plao^ aussi favorablement qu'il V 6tait et aid6 des oonseils des indigenes, il vint k bout de difficult^s qui auraient 4t4 partout ailleurs insurmontables. La version anglaise, plusieurs fois r^imprim6e, se r^pandit h la fois dans Tlnde et en Europe, et cette publication n'a pas ^t^, surtout dans les commencements, sans influence sur les progr^s des etudes indiennes. Maintenant, si on entreprenait une nouvelle Edition de la version de Gladwin, Ton pourrait la rendre d'un usage encore plus utile. L*ouvrage fourmille de noms indigenes, particuli^rement de mots sanscrits, et ces mots, en passant k travers les caract^res de Talphabet arabe, ont souvent subi d* horribles alterations. Au temps de Gladwin, Ton n'^tait pas assez avanc6 dans les etudes indiennes pour rendre k ces mots leur veritable physionomie, Maintenant, un indianiste

qui saurait passablement le persan, rdtablirait facilement les termes dans leur veritable 4tat. Pour ma part, dans le cours de mes travaux sur Tlnde, j'ai fait subir des corrections k la transcription, au fur et a mesure des besoins. Je ne dois pas n^gliger de dire un mot sur la table des noms de lieux, reproduite dans la version anglaise en caract^res arabes avec leur transcription, et dispos^e d'aprfes Tordre des sept climats. Non-seulement beaucoup de noms sont alt^r^, mais encore les noms sont places au hasard. En ce qui conceme la confusion, elle existe dans le texte original. Svidemment, la personne qui dans le principe, f ut charg^e de dresser cette table, 6tait pen au courant de la geographic. . The criticism of Gladwin's version is just and this delieate animadversion I desire to imitate. His diB.culties with varying and corrupt MSS. from which he had to translate were very considerable, and it is much to his credit that he has on the whole succeeded so well. But it is not to be

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I r

PREFACE.

denied that omissions are frequent and considerable and that he has often misconstrued his author and thus led those who followed and relied on him astray. In the Tables of Longitudes and Latitudes in the fourth book, the geographical names whether Persian or English are quite untrustworthy and very few are correctly spelt or transliterated. Much of the burden of this blame is to be laid on the original text which has been composed or transcribed without intelligence, discrimination or geographical knowledge, and for purposes of reference is so frequently incorrect as to be worthless. The fourth and fifth books which form the concluding volume of this work are now in course of translation and if the little leisure I can command will permit of it, I trust that their publication will not long be delayed. The constant elucidation which the text requires, involves no inconsiderable research which, while it lightens the exertion and encourages the patience of the reader, is among the translator's most anxious and laborious tasks. I have dispensed with two indices, such as are appended to the first volume, the advantage of which I have not been able to discover.

There appears to me no more reason for distinguishing geographical from other proper names than for disjoining names of men from those of women, or animate from inanimate objects. I have therefore included all in a single index. The names of the towns and villages in the list of Sarkdrs, twice recorded by Abul Fazl both under the Ten Years' Settlement (p. 88. et aeq.) and in the histories of the Stibahs, have not been separately entered, to avoid augmenting the index without necessity. A reference to the S6bah and then to the Sarkdr will suffice to trace the location of any particular town. H. S. Jarrett.

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CONTENTS.

BOOK THIRD.

Page

The Divine Era, ... ... 1

The Era op thb Hindus, ... ... 15

Thb KhatXi Era, .

19

The Turkish Era, ... ... 20

Names of the twelve years op the Cycle, 21

The Astrological Era, ... . . ib.

The Era op Adam, .* tb.

The Jewish Era, ... ib.

The Era of the Deluge, ..

... 22

The Era op Bukht Na^ar (Nebuchadnezzar), *. ib.

The Era op Philippus (ARRHiDiius), ... r.. 23

The Coptic Era,... ... ,. ib.

The Stro-Macedonlln Era, ...

. 24

The Augustan Era, .. ... 25

The Christian Era, , , , ... 26

The Era op Antoninus op Rome, ... .. ib.

The Era op Diocletian op Rome,

# ... ib.

The Era op the Hijra, ... ... ib.

The Era op Yazdajird, . 28

The Maliki Era, ... 1.. 29

The Kh/niEra,... ... ... ib.

The Il/hi Era, ... .. ! 80 SL'in I.The Commander op the Forces, . a. 37 II.' The Foujd/r, ... ..

... 40 99 IILThe MIr Adl and the ^izi,... ..

4.1 99 IV.The Kotw/l, .. t* ib. w V.The Collector op the Revenue, 43

 VI.The Bit(kchi, ... ... ... 47 VII.-The Treasurer, ... . 0 49 W VIII-The Il/hi Gaz, ... ..ff # 58 19 IX.-

-The TanA, . t. 61 > X.The BioHA, ... ... 62 f> XI.Land and its classipication, and the proportionate

dues op Soyerbignty, ... . ib.

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CONTENTS.

9f

A'in XII.-*Ohaohae LAND, ... XIII. Bahjablakd, , XIV. The Nineteen Ybabs' Bates, XV. The Ten Years' Settlement, MiLWAH, Account op the twelve SiJbahs, The SdBAH of Bengal, Obissa, Sarkdr OF Udne'e, Lakhnaittt, I, Fat^/bXd, Ma^mi^d/b/d, KHALiFAX/BiD, ... Bogl/, PrfBNITAH, T^jpi5h, Ghob/gh^t, PiNJABAH, BXbbaeXb^d, BXzoh/, SonXbg/o^, Sylhet, Chittagono,

8HABiFi(B/>, SvLkmisihii}, ... ,1 S/tg/on, MADi^RAN, J ALB SAB, ... ,. I, Bhadbak, '...

 KkTkK (Outtack), Kalang (PanppXt), BXj Mahandbah, s07ebeigns of bengal, Si$bah of BehXb, Sarkdr Bbhab, MONGHTR, GHAHPiBAN, HXjIPIJB, S/ban, TiBHUT,

Page

.* 67 at ib. *.. 69 88

112 115 ib. 126 129 131 182 ib. t* 184 . ib.

ib. .. 135 ib. 186 187 t ib. 138 tc. 189 ib. ,,, ib.

140 ib. 141 a* 142 t* 143 ib. 0** 144 # ib. ib. 149

158 154 t 156 ib. t. ib. ... 156

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COlfTlHTS.

ZIU

Sarkdr SdBAH Sarkdr

ft ft

t l ff 99

Sl$BAH Sarkdr

SdSAH Sarkdr

9> 19

SdBAH SarAwV

99 99 99 99 99 >9

oy BOHTiS, Allah/bXd, AllahXrId, I, Gh/zip^b (EastX . BbnXbbb (East), JaukpiJa (NobthX M/nikpi}b, .. ,1 OHAiriDAH (Ohava^a) South, ,, ^hathehora (soutu), ,, K/linjab (South),

 KoBABAH (Corah) West, ,, EZabbah (WB8T), OUDH, .*. OUDH, ,, GobakhpiJb, Bahbaioh, ,, KnAIB^BiD, LUCKNOW, II AGBA| AOBA, Ei^LPI, EoL (KoaX OWiCUOR, fRij, . BkilinrJkX, NlBVAX, AlWAR, Tij/rih, N^BNOI., Sah/r, M/lwah, Ujjiin, lUlsiN, KUKAXIJ, Ohandb'bi, BiJA'aAiiA ,. Mahdo

Pag ,. 187 . tfr. ,. 161 ,. 162 .. ib. ,. 163 >. 164 . 165 . 166 . ib. . 167 . ib. . 170 . 178 . 174

. 176 . ib. . 177 ,. 179 ,. 182 . 184 . ib. ,. 186 . 187 I. ib. ,. 188 ,. 189 ,. 190 . 191 ,. 192 . 193 ,. 196 ,. ib. ,. 198 ,. 199 ,. ib. ,. 201 ,. 203 .. 204 . 206

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XIV

CONTENTS.

Page Sarkdr OF HiNpiAH, ...

... , ... 207 NazarbXb, . ... 208 Mar6s<5r, .. ... lb. G/eR<$N,

... 209 i K<5trI Pab/tah,

... ... ih. S07BRBIGNS OV Mi^LWAH,

... 210 SubXh or DiCNDE^S, ... 222 Sarkdr Di^NDE'S, * ... ... 225 SfjBiH Ber^r, ... ... 228

SarJcdr GAWIL, # . ... 232 PANiR, tt ... 233 Khbrtjlh, . tt ... ib. }> Narn/lah, tt ... 234

ft ,y Kallam (Ealamb), ttt ... 235 B^IM,

... ib. Mi^HdB,

... ... ib. Manikdruo,

tt tt. 286 PifTHRI,

 tt ... ib. >9 Tbling/nah,

t ... 287 > B/nOHAR (BiCMQHAR), tt ft ib. >f Mahkar, ... lb. >t Batt/lah (Pit/lw/ri), t

... %b. Si5bah GuJAr/t (GuZERi^T), tt ... 288 PABftAKAHB OF THB TiMBB'l TRIBE, a ... 246 8(vrkdr OF Ajpmad/b^, ... 262 19 Pattan, North, t. ... 254 N/d6t (Nandod) North,

. ib. >f Baboda, South, ... ... 256 }> Bahr6oh (Broach) South, tt ... 16. OhjCmpane'r, . ... 266 SdRAT, tt

 ib. GODHRiC, > ... 257 9> S6RATH, ttt tt. 258 Port DUTisg, t .tt 259 Prinoee \ OF Gujarat, ... 259

StfBAH Ajmer (Ajmerb) ,... 0 ... 267 iSarArdr Ajme'r, ,,, ... ... 272 > CHiT<$R, * tta ... 278 >} Eantanbh<5r, ... ... 274

 JODHPtfR, ... 276

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CONTENTS.

XV Tage Sarlcdr of SiBrfHi,

. ... i6. NiCoOB,

.tt ... ih. Bikane'b,

... ... 277 Si}ba.h of Dehu (Dblhi),

a. ... 278 Sarkdr of Delhi,

... 285 Bad/on,

... 288 KUMiON,

... 289 p Sahbhal,

... ib. ,, SAHiCaANPl^B,

... ... 291 1, ff Jn>B WARIy

t* ... 293 H19/B FiBdzAH (HisbXb), ... i6. SmHiNi), ... ... ... 296 SOVBBEIGNS OF DeLHI, ... * ... 297 S6bAH of Li^HOB,

 ... 810 Sarkdr of the Bet Klandhab Do/b, ..* ... 316 B/biDo^b, ... ... 818 ,, ,, Bechn/u DOi^B, 0. ... 819 Chenhat (Jboh) Do^b, ... ... 821 SiNDH SiOAB DoiB, ... ...

... 322 Betond the Pivb bivebs (Bib^n I Panjhad), 325-330-333 SdBAH OF MULT^N, ... ... 826 Sarkdr of Mult/n. Foub Do/bs, * ... 328 Be't Jir.ANDHAB Do^B,

328-331 B/bi Do/b,

*. 829-332 Rbchn/u Do/b, ...

830-333 Bind S^gab Do/b,

... .* ih. Sarkdr of Dip/LFtjB,

... ... 331 Bhakkab (Bukkur), . ... 333 Kings of MultXn,

... ... 834 Sarkdr of Tattah,

... ... 836 HXjKifN,

... ... 840 ,, ,, SsWISTiN,

a. ... %b. Na9ibpiJb,

... 841 ,, ChakabhXlah,

... ih. Pbincbs of Tattah,

. ... ih. St^BAH OF K/bUL,

...

... 347 Sarkdr of Kashmir,

t. ... ih. The MabbXj Tract,

... ... 868 Kamb/j Tract, ...

... 370 Soyebeigns of KashmIr,

... 871

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XVI

vuni^fiiv. Page Sarhdr op Pakli, .. . 390 Saw/d (Sw/t), ... ... 391 Daub, Baku and Ibakhail, . ... 893 ^andah/b, ... ib. Dbpbndencies of ^andah/b, ... 397 SabkIb of KXbul, ... 898 Dbpbndencies of K/bul, ... 411 in XVI. The Kab6h, or K6s, ... 414

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ADDENDA.

CORRIGENDA.

1 line 21 for Taffil read Taf^fl. 8-

36 i*

Ans^ II Ans&rfl. 9

81 )i Mathematioiam II Mathematioian. 12

9 ^ml II 4imal. 14 3

 Sadhpdr M Siddhapdr. 30

note cnrions It envioas. 32

6 )i wahab It Wahb. 32

If Marabbih II Manabbih. 33

2 II *Ali Abi. 88

34 II if II of. 42

28

II or II nor. 46

note i ,^14. II {^i^ 66

,, It yshnri VTahrf. 50

6&8

11 l^wAkn II Fadd&n. 57

27 II Tamaha II Tamghab. 65

15 ,, pignut It water ohestnat. 118

30

II Tatoa II Tatoa. 127

note 4 II after I G. 11 and. 133

28 II Mardfdebh ,, Mfliriifdeh. 135

27

II Audalgao? II Andalg^o?. 136

35 Aubel II Anbel. 136

36 AabaH Amb&ri. 154

note

i Jai Ohanpa II Jai Champa. 359

24 II B^bal II B&bil. 388

87 i 1 Ironoolast II Iconoclast.

ADDENDA.

XV n

Page 125, line 9, to Sherganj add the following note : Cisaa SinenBis, Briason. Cissa Venatoria, Blyth the green }\j. It is found in the Soutb Eastern Himalayas and in the hill ranges of Assam, Sjlhet, Arakan and Tenaaserim. These birds wander aboat from tree to tree and pick grasshoppers, mantides and other insects, are frequently tamed and caged and are amusing and imitatiTe. They sing lustily a loud screeching strain and are highly carnivorous . The ihrike-like habit, in confinement, of placing a bit of food between the bars of their oage is in no species more exemplified than in this Jerdon, II, 812. Page 56, line 6, to l^udan add following note : The text has ' k^d&n,' with a variant ' kulUn.' I accepted the former without in eaiigation at the time, but the true reading is Fadd^n (^t<3i) which means a cert ain neasiire of land, subdivided into 24 ij^ira^ loosely reckoned as the quantity wh ich a yoke of oxen will plough in one day and commonly defined as consisting of 333 1 |afa6^, ihe latter being 24 kah4ah, and the kab4ah being the measure of a man's f ist witii the thumb erect, or about 6i inches. Lane's Arab. Lex.

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book: TUXRTy, IMPERIAL ADMINISTEATION. Since somewhat of the recent imperial institutions regulating the Army and the Household have been set down, I shall now record the excellent ordinances of that sagacious intellect that energizes the world.

ATN 1. THE DIVINE ERA. The connection of monetary transactions without fixity of date would Blip from the grasp, and through forgetfulness and falsehood raise a tamult of strife ; for this reason every community devises a remedy and fixes an epoch. Since thought fosters well-being and is an aid to facility (of action), to displace obsolete chronology and establish a new usage is a necessity of gOYernment. For this reason, the prince regent on the throne of felicity in the 29th year of the Divine Era,^ for the purpose of refreshing that pleasure-ground of dominion and revenue, directed its irrigation and rendered blooming and lush the palace-garden of the State. (Compassing events within a determinate time, the Persian calls makross (date) ; the Arab has converted this into muarrakh (chronicled), and thence " tarikh (date) is a household word. Some derive the Arabic from irdkhy a wild bull. This conjugation of the measure of tdjaHl^ means, to polish. As ignorance of the time of an event grew less, it became dis-

1586. See Vol. I, p. 196. The Usefol TaUes pablished as an appendix to the loamal of the Asiatic Society, state tkat the date of the establishnient of the CCB is the thirtieth of Akbar's reign. It gives the epooh of the Ilahy era as falfingon Friday the 5th Babi us S4ni A. H. 908, corresponding with the 19th fchniAiy 1666. It is ased on inscriptipBSj eoins aand reoords of Jehangir's and teialloiwiiii^ raigna, but generally conpM vHb the Hejira date. 1

' I can find no anthority for this statement no dictionary that I have consnlted gives this meaning. Lane says that * tarikh' is an arabioized word according to some, borrowed apparently from the Hebrew H"!" " * month," or from t the Chaldean. Others say it is pnre Ara* bio. Al Biriini quotes Maimdn-b-Mihraii for the etymology of "Mahroz'* and * Tarikh.' A^har-iil BilfLijay* Sac(iaa's translation, p. 34.

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tingnisbed by ibis name. Some assert tbat it is transposed from ' tdhhir wbicb is referring tb late period to an antecedent age. Otbers understand it to be a limit of time wherein an event determines. Tbej say " sncb a one is the tdrikh of bis tribe," tbat is, from wbom dates tbe nobility of bis line.^ It is commonly understood to be a definite day to wbicb subsequent time is referred and wbicb constitutes an epocb. On tbis account tbey cboose a day distinguisbed by some remarkable event,^ sucb as tbe birtb of a sect, a royal accession, a flood or an eartbqaake. By considerable labour and tbe aid of fortune, by constant divine worsbip and tbe observance of times, by illumination of tbe understanding and felicity of destiny, by tbe gathering together of far-seeing intelligences and by varied knowledge especially in the exact sciences and tbe Almigbty favour, observatories were built : wonderful upper and lower rooms with diversity of window and stair arose on elevated sites little affected by dust. By tbis means and with tbe aid of instruments sucb as tbe armillary sphere and others double-limbed and bi-tubular,* and tbe quadrant of altitude,* the astrolabe, tbe globe and otbers, the face of astronomy was illumined and the computation of the heavens, tbe position of tbe stars, tbe extent of their orbits in length and breadth, their distance from each other and from tbe earth, the compai'ative magnitude of the heavenly bodies and tbe like were ascertained. So great a work without the daily increasing auspicioasness of a just monarch and his abundant solicitude, is not to be

The Arabic phrase is, ^Uy ;^p ^^ This passage is so strikingly similar to the opening of the 3rd chapter of Al Biruni's Athar ul BfiJfiya that it can scarcely be accidental. There is nothing to hinder the supposition that Abfil Fazl Tras acquainted with that writer's works and not a little indebted to him. I cannot determine accurately what these may be. No dictionary renders the expressions. It is possible that the first may be the ska'phium of Aristarchus which was a gnomon, the shadow of which was received on a concave hemispherical surface, having the extremity of its style at the centre, so that angles might be measured directly by arcs instead of the tangents. The second may refer to the invention of Archimedes to

ascertain the apparent diameter of the sun by an apparatus of double cylinders. There was another, too, of Aristarchus to find the distance of the sun by mea^nring the angle of elongation of the moon when dichotomized. The kitah vl PihHst mentions only the astrolabe and the

urmillary sphere, p. 284. S^iUot (Prologom^nes des Tables Astron. d'Olong Beg) speaks of a ** gnomon h trou " lued by Nafiruddin T<^. * So I venture to interpret the term. Dozy (Supplem. Diet. Airab.) quotes Berbrugger on this word "Buba^a-elmoudjihf le quart de oerole horodictiqae, instrument d'une grande simplicite dont ou fait usage pour oonnaitre I'heure par la hauteur du soleil." Moudjib should be " mu}2kyydb*

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3 aocomplislied. The gathering together of learned men of liheral minds is not achieyable simply by means of ample wealih, and the philosophic treatises of the past and the instiintions of the ancients cannot be secured without the most strennons endeayoors of the sovereign. With all this, thirty years are needed to obeerve a single revolution of the seven planets.^ The longer the period and the greater the care bestowed upon a task, the more perfect its completion. In this time-worn world of affliction Divine Providence has vouchsafed its aid to many who have attained considerable renown in these conitrnctions, such as Archimedes, Aristarchus and Hipparchus in Egypt, from whose time to the present, the 40th year of the divine era, 1769 years have elapsed* ; such as Plotemy in Alexandria who flourished some 1410 years ago ; as the Caliph M&mtin in Baghdad, 790 years past, and Sind^ bin 'Ali

^ The ancients gave the name of planets to the five planets risible to the naked eye, and the snn and inoon. The names of U five Mercnry, Venns, Mars, Jnpiter, and Saturn first oooor in the cosmical scheme of PhilolanB. (Lewis. Astron. of the Ancients) The thirty years must lefep to that planet of the seven occul^iBgthe longest period in its revolution, aamely , Saturn which wasthemost remote tiien known. It takes 29 years and 5^ nonths (very nearly) to return to the same place among the fixed stars, whether tl centre of motion be the Snn or the Sarth. The Gopemican system had been pidilished fifty-six years before Abdl Ibd began this volume.

' It is needless to say that all these I are very inexact. Archimedes flou. 287-212 B. C. Aristarchus somevftera about 280-264 B.O. and Hipparchus ii plaeed by Snidas at from B. G. 160 ti 146, and yet they are all bracketed toiMher. The date of Plotemy, illustrious M ha is as a mathematician, astronomer Mi gaogiBpfaer, is uncertain. He obIKviist Alezaadria, A. D. 139 and was llbft m A. D. 161. Mam^ snooeeded ii fta OaK^iato on 4he 24th September iMi Mb mmoA all Greek works that he ' ta be translated, and in

particular the Almagest of Plotemy. The real title of this work is MtydKri ^6trra^is rijf 'Affrpopofilas. There was another called fiadijfiartic/i trbrra^is. The Arabs, to distingpiish the two probably called the greater work /irydA?; and afterwards firyurrri and Almagest is a compound of the Greek with a prefix of the Arabic article. MamiiSn is said to have made the delivery of certain Greek MSS. at Gonstantinople, one of the conditions of peace with Michael the HI. He ordered the obliquity of the Ecliptic to bo observed at Baghdad which was found to be 23** 35', and less than some preceding observations had indicated. Another important operation was the measure of a degree of the terrestrial meridian. There is still preserved, a work composed under M&mdn's direction entitled, ac* cording to the Latin translation, Astronomia Elaborata a oompluribus D. X>, jnasu regis Maimun. (Encyol. Metropolitana. Art. Astron.) Ahu Tayyih Sind-b-'Ali was a Jew converted to Islam in the Galiphate of M&mtin and was appointed his astronomer and superintendent of observatorieB. A list of his books may be fo^nd in the Kit^b ul Fihrist, p. 275, and in HammerPurgstall's Literaturgeeoh der Araber, p.

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Eind Kbdlid' bin 'Abdal Malik al Marwazi 764 years since at Damascus. Hakim and Ibn^ Aa'lam also laid the foundations of an observatory at Baghdad which remained unfinished, 712 years, and Battani^ at Bacca 654 years previous to this time. Three hundred and sixty-two solar years have passed since Khwdjah^ Na^ir of Tds built another at Muragha

258, Vol. Ill, bat the latter is inexact and has in two plaoes misunderstood his original, the Fihrist : see also, SedillotProlegomfenes d'Oloug Beg, Introd. ix. * Khalid^h-* Abdul Malik, A. H. 217 (832) a native of Merv. He is included among three astronomers who first among the Arabs, instituted observations from the Shammasiyah observatory at Baghdad. His son MaJl^mmad b. Ehdlid was an astronomer in Mamdn's service. Ham. Purg. Lit. Gesch. der Arab. p. 259. Vol. III. and Sedillot. p. x. Ibn u'l 'Aa'lam A. H. 376 (A. D. 985), stood in great credit with Adl^ad ud daulah, but finding himself in less estimation with his son Shamsud Daulah, he left the court but returned to Baghdad a year before his death. His astronomical tables were celebrated not onlj in his own time but by later astronomers. He died on his return from a pilgrimage to Mecca. Ibid. p. 311. Vol. V. Of Al Hdkimi, I can learn nothing. Muhammad b. Jdbir al Battdni, (Albatenius) a native of Harran and inhabitant of Bakka. His observations were begun in A. H. 264 (A. D. 877-8) and he continued them till A. H. 306. He died in 317 A. H. He was the author of the astronomical work entitled the Sabean tables. It is doubtful whether he embraced Islamism. His ancestors were Sabeans and he was probably so himself. In his table he marked the positions of the fixed stars in A. H. 299 (A. D. 911-

12) Among other works he wrote a treatise on the mode of calculating the amplitude of the Zodiacal signs for every latitude, which would be of use in the

history of spherical trigonometry : also an explanation of Ptolemy's qitudripartitum. cf. Ibn KhallikAn. art al Battdni and the Fihrist, p. 279. In the Encyclopedia Metropolitana it is stated that he was sumamed the Ptolemy of the Arabs. He corrected the determination of Ptolemy respecting the motion of the stars in longitude, ascertaining it to be one degp:e in 70 instead of 100 years ; modern observations make it one degree in 72 years. He also determined very exactly the eccentricity of the ecliptic and corrected the length of the year, making it consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes, 24 seconds, which is about 2 minutes short of but 4 minutes nearer the truth, than had been given by Ptolemy. Ho also discovered the motion of the apogee. His works have been collected and published in two vols. 4to. under the title of De Scientia Stellarv.m, of which there are two editions, one in 1537 and the other in 1646. * No^iru^ddin is the surname of Muhammad-b-Hassan or Ibn Mul^mmad at Tusi, often simply called Khwajah Na^iru'ddin (A. H. 697-672, or according to some 687). Hulaku the Tartar chief placed him at the head of the philosophers and astronomers whom his clemency had spared in the sack of Moslem towns, and gave him the administration of all the colleges in his aoquired dominions. The town of Muragha in Azarbayj&n was assigned to him and he was ordered to prepare the astronomical tables which were termed Imperial (Elkhin). He studied and explained the elements of Euclid and wrote on the

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near Tabriz and 156 is the age of that of Mirza Ulugh Beg^ in Samarkand.

Basad signifies 'watching' in the Arabic tongue and the watchers, therefore, are a body who, in a specially-adapted edifice, observe the movements of the stars and stndy their aspects. The results of their investigations and their discoveries regarding these sublime mysteries are tabulated and reduced to writing. This is called an astronomical table (zij) . This word is an Arabicized form of the Persian,* ztk which means the threads that guide the embroiderers in weaving brocaded stuffs. In the same way, an astronomical table is a guide to the astronomer in recognising the conditions of the heavens, and the linear extensions and columns, in length and breadth, resemble these threads. It is said to be the Arabic rendering of zih from

spherics of Theodosins and Menelaas in 663 and 670. The Akhla^ i Na^iri, a work on morals was translated into Persian by this savant from the Arabic original the Kitab ut Taharat, written by Aba AH b. Maskawaih, minister of the hoQse of Bnwaib, with additions on domestic and political subjects. Gf. d'Herbelot art. Nassiraddin. S^dillot. Prolog. Introd. p. xcvii. Abnl Pharaj-ed. Poooke. 1663, p. 548 in which his death is placed in 675 A. H. * Ulngh Beg ( -^ c!l "^t -^'l was the son of Shah Bnkh and grandson of Tamerlane bom at Snltanieh A. H. 796, (A. D. 1393). In 810 he possessed tlie government of some provinces of Khorasin and Mazander^n and in 812, that of Tnrkistdn and Transoxania. He bowever, quickly abandoned politics ad devoted himself passionately to ^ favourite studies. He desired that kis tables should be scrupulously exact nd procured the best instruments ihexL available. These at this period, were of extraordinary size. The obli<Ittity of the ecliptic was observed in A, D 995 with a quadrant of 15 cubits' diM (21 feet 8 inches). The sextant of Abu Mu^ammed al Khojandi used in ^ had a radios of 40 cubits (57 feet

9 inches). The quadrant used by Ulugh Beg to determine the elevation of the pole at Samaroand, was as high as the summit of St. Sophia at Constantinople (about 180 feet). The astronomical tables were first published in A. H. 841 (A. D. 1437). The ancient astronomy had produced only one catalogue of the fixed stars, that of Hipparchus. Ulngh Beg, after an interval of sixteen centuries, produced tbe second. Like all

orientals he fell into the slough of astrology. The stars foretold his assassination. His suspicions pointed to his son, whom unmerited ill-treatment drove into rebellion and this brought about the catastrophe he dreaded. He was slain in 1449, and with his death closes the line of Arabian astronomers. A century and a half separates him from the great Keppler. Purbach, Regiomontanus, Copernicus and Tjcho Brahe filled the interval and not a little of the honour accredited to Western astronomers is due to the labour of the Arabs. The subject is exhaustively discussed by Sedillot. Prolegom. d'Oloug Beg, Vols. I and II. See Sedillot. Prolog, des Tab. Ast. Tome I, p. 686. Note 1. whore the words of the text are almost literally given from Shah Kulji.

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6 the frequent necessitj of its use, which the intelligent will understand. Some maintain it to be Persian, signifying a mason's rnle, and as he, through its instrumentalitj determines the evenness of a building, so an astronomer aims at accuracy by means of this astronomical table. Many men have left such compilations to chronicle their fame. Among these are the Canons of 1. Ma^a'r the Turk. There are two of this family whom SMllot terms the Benoa Amadjonr, vim,, ^ ^0 if^y^\ jy^ ^ (^t ij^ cr^*^f J L^j^by^ ^' Hammer-Porgstall makes them the same person bat adds another name jy^'Ul/t ^ idDf*^ ^^^Iftityt Aooording to him, they were brothers, and the former was the anther of the Canon called al Bedi&or " th e Wonderfnl ;'* the latter of works on other astronomical tables with disputed titles. H e appears to quote from the Fihrist and from Casiri who borrows from Ibn Jounis, bat the Fihr ist distinctly states that Aba'l Qasan was the son not the brother of AH b. Amajdr. Ibn Joanis speaks of Aba'l ]j|liLsim also, and as a native of Herat, AvpUfiit^yj ^^ which

evidently refers to his Turkish orig^ bat mis -translated by Casiri and copied b y HamPurgstall 'descended from the Pharaohs." (Sedillot. p. xxxix note). The Benon Am ajur were astronomers of repute and made their observations between the years 885 -933, leading the way to important discoveries. (Sed p. xxzv et seq), 2. Hipparohus. 3. Ptolemy. 4. Pythagoras. 6 Zoroaster. 6. Theon of Alexandria. 7. Sa'ma't the Greek. Another reading is S4bdt/ J:bL#) but I cannot recognize nor trace the name satis * factorily. The epithet ^ytj^ inclines me to believe the name to be that of a Ore ek astronomer in Islamic times. 8. Tha'bit-b-Kurrahb Hardnwasanativeof Harrin, of the Sabean sect, and rose to eminence in medicine, mathematics and philosophy, bom A. H. 221 (A. D. 8 36) died in A. H. 288 (A. D. 901). He was much favoured by the Caliph Al Mua'tadhid who kept him at Court as an astrologer. He wrote on the Spherics of Theodosius, and retranslated Euclid already turned into Arabic by Hunain-b-Isha^ al Ib^di. H e was also author of a work in Syriac on the Sabean doctrines and the customs and ceremonies of their adherents. Ibn Khali. D'Herb. Sedillot. p. xxv. et seq. For a list of his works, see the Fihrist, p. 272. 9. Hxisa'in b. Sina'n. (var. Shabin.) I believe the first name to be an error. The Fihrist mentions a son of Sinin wit h the patronymic Abul J^asan who is no doubt here meant. He was grandson of Thitbit-b-^urrah, and named also Thibit according to P'Herb. as well as Abdl ^as an after his grandfather. (Sedillot). Equally proficient in astronomy with his gran dfather, he was also a celebrated physician and practised in Baghdad. He wrote a history of his own time from about A. H. 290 to his death in 360. Abdl Fiuraj speaks of it as an excellent work. See also Ibn Khali. De Slane. Vol. II. p. 289 and note 7. His

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hiAet nmkn tiie son of Tli^bij>-b*Karrali, died at Baghdad A. H. 331. They were both Huranians, the last representatives of ancient Greek learning through whom Greek tdenoes were oommnnicated to the illiterate Arabs. Sin^ made a collection of met eorologioal obsenrations called the Kit&b nl anwi, compiled from ancient sonrces, incorporated by Albironi in his Chronology, and thereby preserved to ns the most comp lete Ptoapegma of the ancient Greek world. Bee Albirdni. Ghronol. Saohan's Transl. p. 427. n. 10. Thal>it.b-Ma'8a. I can find no such name The Fihrist g^res ThiLbit-b- Ah^sa, head of the Sabean sect in Harrin. 11. Muhammad-b- Ja'bir sl Batta'ni. See p. 4, note 3. 12. Ahmad-b-'Abdu'llah Jaba'. Jafaa is a copyist's error for Habsh ^Ji^J^ He was one of Al Itf amiin*s astrono mers, and distinguished by the title of Al 9&sib or the Keckoner. He was employed by Mamin at Sinjar to observe the obliqnity of the Ecliptic and to test the measure ments of geometrical degrees. He compiled a set of tables by the Caliph's order. Ham. Pnr g. B. m, p. 260. Abn'l Fara] (ed. 1663, p. 247} says that he was the author of thre e Canons ; the first modelled on the Sindhind, the second termed Mumtahan or ProTen (after his return from his observations) and the third the Lesser Canon, kno wn as tte ' Shih*. He lived to the age of a hundred. Though Ham. Purg. writes the name Hnbaysh ^^^^U^) and Habsh, the Fihrist and SediUot oonfirm the latter reading. A Hsi of this astronomer's works will be found in the last named work. 13. Abu'Bayha'n. Abu Bayban-Mubammad-b-Abmad Albirdni, bom 862. A. H. (A. D. 978), d. 440. (A. D. 1048). For further particulars I refer the reader to Sachan's preface to the Indioa and the Chronology of this famous Savant. 14. Khalid-b-'Abdu'l Malik. See p. 4 note 1. 15. Tahya-b-Mansu'r. More correctly Yahya-b-Abi Ma^s^r, was one of Al M^mun's most famous astro-

Bomen. Abu'l Faraj (p. 24B). says that he was appointed by that Caliph to the Sh amoUnya^ observatory at Baghdad and to that of Mount Kasiun at Damascus. The Pibzist gives a list of his works (p. 275) and (p. 143) his genealogy and descen dants who appear to have shared and augmented their father's fame. He died about 833 (A H. 218) in Milmfin's expedition to Tarsus and was buried at Aleppo. 16. Ha'mid Marwaru'di. This is doubtless, Abu 9^mid, A^mad-b-Mubammad as $^hni. ^^h&n is a town aear Marw. Ibn Khallik&n's derivation of Marwarrdd will explain the difference i n the titular adjectives of place. I transcribe De Slane. Y. I, p. 60. " Marwarrudi me ans ^athe of MarwarHidf a well-known city in Ehorasdn, built on a river, in Persian ar-rud, ttd situated 40 parasangs from Marw as Sh4hj&n ; these are the two Marws so freq uently mentioned by poets : the word Shahj&n is added to the name of the larger one from irhioh also is derived the relative adjective Marwaai ; the word rud is joined t o that of the oUier dty in order to distinguish between them. ManoarHid has for relative lAjeetive Xarwarr6di and Marwazif also, according to as Sam^ni." Sh&hjin is, of course, Uljbiii. Abu 9&mid, was one of the first geometricians and astronomers of his ti me (1 879. A. H. 989J, and a maker of astrolabes at Baghdad and was employed to cer tify t^ oorrectness of the royal astronomical reports. Ham Purg. B. Y. 818.

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8 17. Mughl'thi. Perhaps, Mngbni f^^>kj\ tabolae astronomioae snfficienfces, mentioned by Hdji Khalifa, p. 568, Art. ^\ 18. Sharki. (Var. Sharfi.) probably AbuT K^im as Saraki (<V;-Jl) o^ whom Casiri writes. 'AbMoassam Alsaraki Aractensis (of BAkka), AstrologiaB jndiciaris B et astronomisQ dootrina, uti etiam Tabalamm et Spherse peritia hand ignobilis, inte r familiares atque intimos Saifeldanlati Ali-ben-Abdalla-ben Hamdan, per ea tempor a Regis, habitns est, qaibnscnmqne Sermones Academioos freqnens conf erebat (Saife ldanlatus SyrisB Bex, anno Egiras 356 obiit. (Sedillot, p. xlviii.) 19. Abu'l Wafa'-Nu'rha'ni. An error for B6zjdni. Bdzjin is a small town in the Nisdbur district in the direction of Herdt. He was bom A. H. 328 (939) d.

388 (998). In his 20th year he settled in Irak. A list of his works will be found in the Fihrist, p. 283. Ham. Pnrg. B. V. 806. His Canon was termed " as Shimil." His most importi nt work was the Almagest, which contains the formulas of tangents and secants emplo yed by Arab geometricians in the same manner as in trigonometrical calculations of the present day. In the time of Al Battdni, sines were substituted for chords. By the introd uction of tangents he simplified and shortened the expression of circular ratios. His a nticipation of the discoveries of Tycho Brahe, may be seen in Sed. p. ix. 20. The Ja'mi*. (Plura continens) ^ 21. The Bali'gh. (Summum attingens) > of Eyakushy&r. 22. The 'Adhadi. ^ Kushydr-b-Kendn al ^anbali, t5*t^^t c>^ C^"* J^A wrote three Canons, according to Hdji Khalifa. Two were the J4mi' and the Salf ( C'^^ ) (Biligh is however, confirmed by D*Herbelot art Zig). These works were on stellar computati ons, on almanacs, the motions of the heavenly bodies and their number, supported by geometrical proofs. His compendium (mujmal) summarises their contents (p. 564.) The Jami' is again mentioned lower down as a work in 85 chapters applied by the auth or to rectify or elucidate the Persian era. He added to it a supplement in illustra tion of each chapter of the Jami' entitled t*^' ilLor^^^iUt ^ii^ rpj^^ ^.^^^.^ Canon is called simply jUJi^J^ ^j translated into Persian by Md-b-'Umar-b-Abi Talib at Ta brizi. This was probably dedicated te Adljad 'ud Daulah Alp Arslan lord of Khorasan who had condescended to accept this title from his creatare the feeble Kaim bi amri' lla h at Baghdad. Hence, I conjecture, the name Ad^adi. 23. Sulayma'n-b- Muhammad. Untraceable. This name does not occur in one of the MSS. of the Ain. 24. Abu Ha'mid Ansa'ri. The only descendant of the Au^ars that I can find among the astronomers is Ibn u s 8hitir. d. 777 A. H. (1375) j the name was Alau'ddin, patronymic not given. See Haj. Khal. pp. 557. 566. It is possible that the celebrated Abu ^amid al Ghazzali may be meant. 26. Safa'ih. Evidently the name of a Canon and not of its author. 26. Abu'l Farah Shira'zi. 27. Majmu'a'. Apparently the name of a Canon mentioned by Hiji Khalifa.

auctore Ibn Shari'. ( y^ L^O oollecta de astrologia judioiaria. 28 Mukhte'r^^^^l^b^l/I V^ U^ J^^\ auct. Shaikh Abu Mansiir

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9 Stkimaii b. al Qosam-b-fiar^owaih. Another work of the same name (Dilectos e Ubrifl eleotlonis diemm, astrologicae) was composed by the physician Aba Na^r Ya ^^ya b. Jaru> at Takriti for Sadid nd Danlah Abn'l Ghan&im Abdii*l Karfm. 29. Abn'l Hasan Tu'si. This name oocnrs in the Fihrist (p* 71) as that of a aohohur learned in tribal history and poetry. A son of the same name is mentione d as a diatingaished doctor, bnt there is no notice of his astronomical knowledge. 30. Ahmad-b-IshalL SarakhsL The name of I^fyaif. does not occur in the genealogy of any Sarakhsi that I can discover. The text probably refers to Abmad*b-Md. b. at Tayyih, the well known prec eptor of the Caliph al Mnatadi^d by whom he was pnt to death in A. H. 286 (899) fo r rerealing his pupil's confidences. D' Herb, states that he wrote on the EUraytnY fl of Porphirius, and Albiruni (Chronology) mentions him as an astrologer and cites a prophecy of his where he speaks of the conjunction of Saturn and Mars in the sign of Canc er. 31. Qhara'ri. Probably Al Faziri. Abu Is\^ik Ibrahim-b-Qabib the earliest maker of astrolabes among the Arabs, who was the author of a canon and several a stronomical works. Fihrist, p. 273, date not giren. 32. Al Ha'ru'ni. It is difficult in such bald mention of names, where so many are alike, to be su re of the correctness of allasion. This is, probably, HiLrdn-b-al Muuajjim, an astr ologer, native of Baghdad and an accomplished scholar. His great grandfather was astrologer to the Caliph al-Mansur and his son Yahya served al Fadhl-b-Sahl in the sa me capftcity, died A. H. 288 (901). Ibn Khali. IV. p. 605. 33. Adwa'r i Kira'in (Cycles of conjunctions) the name of a Canon whoso author I cannot discover.

34. Ya'ku'b-b-Ta'u's. I may safely hazard the emendation T^ik (OX^) for 'fiuB, This astro. nomer is mentioned by Albirdni. Ham. Purg. gives his date A. H. 218 (833) and a Hst of his works apparently copied from the Fihrist, p. 278. 86. Rhwa'razmi. HQba>mmad<b-Mti8a, by command of al Mmun, compiled an abridgment of the Sindhind (Siddh&nta) ; better known as a mathematioism than as astronomer see Sedniot, I. zvi. He was the author of a Canon according to the Fihrist, p. 274. 86. Yu'sufl. The secretary of Al M6mtin, Abu*t Tayyib-b-'Abdi'Uah is the only name I discover in this relative form. The Fihrist, (p. 123) mentions no astrono mical works of his. Perhaps, Yusnf-b-Ali Thatta (1043) or Ibn Yiisuf al Ma^i^i may be meant : the text is too vague to determine accarately. 87. Wa'fl the work of Ulugh Beg " fi Mawdfi ul aa'mil nn Najdmiya, (de tnmsitibus operationum astronomicarum) is the only ^itle approaching that of the text that I discover. 38. Jauzharayn Jauzhar the Arabic form of Gauzhar, is the head and tail of Draco. The two points in the Ecliptic which mark its intersection by the orbi t of a planet in ascent and descent, are called its Nodes or two Jauzhars (Istila^ &t u'l Punoon, arts. -*ii and -ik^^) , There is a Canon called Jbj^arf^*^ ^ de motu TOO capitis et caudoe draconis, by Shaikh Ibn ul Kidir al Barallusi see Haj-Khal l pi56L 89. Sama'a'ni. D'Horbelot mentions under this surname Abu Saa'd Abdu 2

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10 Earim Mnl^ammad, ibe author of a work on Mathematics entitled Ad&b fi ist'im&l i l Hisdb. A. H. 506 62. The Fihrist p. 244, records another Sama'^n as a commentator on the Canon of fPtolemy, and a third Ibn Sama'dn, the slave of Abn Ma'sha r, and author of an astronomical work. 40. Ibn Sahra.

The variants of this name suggest its doubtful orthography. Ibn Abi Safari \iS^^ i^* i:^* ) is mentioned by Ham. Pxirg. as an astrologer of Baghdad whose predictions were fortunate. He lived in the latter half of the century, 132 232, (749 846) the most brilliant period in the annals of Arab literature. 41. Abu'U Fadhl Ma'sha'llah, incorrectly Mdshd^a in the text. Born in Al Man?ur'8 reign, he lived to that of Al Mdmun. His name " What God wills ** is simply a rendering of the Hebrew Mischa. The Fihrist calls him Ibn Athra /c^ I l o^ and notes his voluminous writings, copied by Ham. Purg. B. III. 257. 42. 'Aa'simi untraceable. 43. KabiY of Abu' Ma'shar a native of Balkh, a contemporary and envious rival of Al Kindi. At first a traditionist, he did not begin the study of astron omy tiU after the age of 47. He died at Wdsit exceeding the age of 100, A. H. 272, (885) An astronomer and astrologer of great renown. In the latter capacity, he paid the p enalty of success in a prediction by receiving a flogging at the command of Al Mus ta'in ; upon which his epigram is recorded *^y^ ^-S-^^L " I hit and got hit." Thirtythree of his works are named in the Fihrist, p. 277. He was known in Europe as A lbumaser and his works translated into Latin, see Sachau's Albiruni (Chronol.) p. 3 75, also Haj. Ehal. art. z{j. 44. Sind-b-'Ali. See note p. 8. 45. IbnAVlam Do. p. 4. 46. ShahryaYa'n. This Oanon occurs in Albiruni (Chronol.) with the addition of the word Sh^h. Sachau confesses his ignorance of it. Haj. Khal. gives a Canon called Shahrydr w hich is well-known translated into Arabic by At Tamimi from the Persian. Fihrist, 244 . v. also Sachau' s preface to Albirtini's India, p. xxx. 47. Arkand. In Albiruni called "the days of Arkand." The more correct form according to Reinaud, Memoire sur 1' Inde., p. 322, would be the Sanskrit A hargana See Sachau's note p. 375 of Albiruni's Chronol. from which I quote. Albirdni made a new edition of the Days of Arkand, putting into clearer words and more idiomatic Arabic, the then existing translation which followed too clos ely the Sanskrit original. 48. IbnSu'fl. Al Shaikh Md. b. Abi'l Fatl^ as Sufi al Mi^ri wrote an epitome of the Canon of

Ulugh Beg with additional tables and notes. It was with reference to this epitom e that the work of Al Barallusi, Bihjat ul Fikr fi Hall is Shams Wal ^amr was written, of which the Jaazhar, one of its three parts, is alladed to in 38. 49. Sehela^n Ka^shi. Sehelan, Sehilan or Ibn Sehil&i according to D'Hei-belot was the name of the Minister of Sultdn ud Daulah of the Buyide family, whose enmity with his brother Mushraf ud Doulah was due to the policy or personal feeling of that Btatesman. A canon might have been published under his patronage and name.

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11 50. Ahwa^. D*Herbelofc allndes to seyeral authors nnder this name ; odo a oommentator on Euclid. The Fihrist names M4-b-l8^d^ al Ahwazi, without date. He appears to have written on agriculture and architecture. 61. The 'XJru'8 of Abu' Ja'far Bu'shanji. Bdshanj, according to Yakdt (Mu'jam il Bnldiin) is a small town about 40 miles from Herat, which has g^ren birth to some eminent scholars, but I can find no as tronomer among them. 62 Abu"! Fath Shaikh Abu'l Fat^ as Sufi who amended the tables termed Samarcandi. Haji Khal, 566. III. 63. A'kkali Raliibi- untraceable. 54. Masa'u'di. The Canon Masudious is extant in 4 good copies in Earopoan Ubraries, and waits for the combination of two scholars, an astronomer and an Ar abic pbilogist, for the purpose of an addition and translation, v. Saohau, pref. to A lb. India, p. xvi. 55. Mua'tabar of Saisjari. The surname of Abu'l FatI; Abdurrahman, called the ti^asurer ; he was a slave of Greek origin, in the service of A'li al Ehizin al Marwasi and much in his favour. On the completion of his Canon, the Su ltan Sanjar sent him a thousand dinars which he returned. Haj. Khal. III. 564. 56. Waji'z-i-Mua'tabar is doubtless, as its name imports, an epitome of the foregoing.

57. Ahmad Abdu'l Jali'l Sanjari, author of two treatises on stellar inflaences. D'Herbelot mentions him as an astrologer of note, but adds no partic ulars. 58. Muhammad Ha'sib Tabari. Untraceable. '^ These are names of tables which I do not find mentioned. By the term Taylasin is meant a paradigm

69 'Adani. , AA mi ' -t I Blowing astronomical calculations, in the shape of half * /K > * ^ an oblong quadrangpilar field divided by a diagonal. It ' -^..^^ / . is named after the form of the Scarf (Taylas&n) worn by learned men in the East. A model will be found in Albirdni's Chronology. (Sachau), p. 133. 63- Sulta'n *Ali Khwa'razmi Ali. Shah-b-M<j[-b-il KAsim commonly known as 'Ala'uddin Al Ehwdrazmi, the author of a Canon called Shdhi the royal ; also of a Persian opitome from the Elkhdni Tables, called the ^mdat ul Elkhdniya. Haj . Khal. p. 665, III. 64. Fa'khir 'AU Nasabi. The variants indicate a corrupt reading untraceable. 65. The 'Alai of Shirwa'ni. Fariduddin AbuM ^lasan Ali-b-il Karim as Shinrani, known as Al Fahhad, eminent among the later astronomerF, the author of ereral canons besides the one mentioned See Haj. Khal. p. 567, in two places. There are two other Canons called 'Alai. H. K. 556-7. 66- Balliri var. Z^hidi untraceable. 67. Mostawfi mentioned by Haj. Khal. without author's name. 68. Muntakhab (Seleotus) of Yazdi. 69. Abu' Basa' Yazdi. Tasd is a town between Naysabur and Shiraz. I find no record of either the i or the astronomer.

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12 70. Kaydu'^rah. 71. IkliOi. Al Ikin ia the 17th Lnnar Station three stars in the head of Scorpio. I infer from the absence of any mention of saoh astronomers that these canons are named after stars. I can learn nothing of ^ydorah. 72. Ka%iri~perhaps called after Nibim*d-DanlaJli- b-Qamdin, temp. Mntii bi'llih, A. H. 394. (946 A. D.) 78. Mulakhkhas. (Simunariom). 74. Dastu'r. Dasttir n*l Ami fi Tafl^i^^ il JadwaVa Persian commentary by Malmdd-b-Mahd.-b-Ki4hiz^a (known as Menem Chelebi, (tr^ in H. K. and D'Herb.) of the Canon of Ulogh Beg. See H. K. p. 660, III. and Sedillot, civ. I. 76. Murakkab. (Compositns). 76. Miklamah. (Oalamarinm). 77. 'Asa'. (Bacnlns). 78. Shatsalah. Var. Shashtalah. 79. Ha^il. (Gommodnm). 80. Khatal. A name of N. China : its people possessed an Astronomical Calendar in common with the Aighnr Tribe, . D*Herb. Art. Igor. 81. Daylami. This is a bare list of tables of whose anthers there is no certain record. Two o f them, Kha^i and Daylam point to the oonntries where they were in yogpie. Knblai Khan the brother of Hnlika after his conqnest of China, introdnoed into the Cele stial Empire the astronomical learning of Baghdad, and Cocheon-king in 1280, receired the tables of Ibn Tunas from the hands of the Persian Jamila'ddin. For the exten t of Chinese science at this time, see SediUot. ci. I. 82. Muf^ad. (Simplex) of McL-b-Ayyub. This Canon is in H. K. withont the anther's name. 83. Ka^mil (Integer) of Abu Bashid. There is a commentary of the ShdmU of al Bdzj&ni by Qasan-b-Ali al Ij^nnm^ti, entitled the K&mil, mentioned in H. K. p. 565. III. 84. Elkha'ni.

There are the tables of Na^fm'ddin fusi. 85. Jamshi'di. Ghiythn*ddn Jamshid together with the astronomer known as K&dbiz4dah, assisted Ulagh Beg in the preparation of his Canon. The former di ed dnring the beginning of the work, the latter before its completion. H. K. 659. D*Herbelot (Art. zig. Ulng. Beg.) reverses this order and asserts that Jamshid f inished it. I snspeot that he has copied and mistaken the sense of H. K. 86. Gurga'ni. Another name for the Canon of Ulngh Beg. See Sed. p. cxiz. Whatever they set down, year by year from an astronomical table, as to the particular motions and individual positions of the heavenly bodies^ they call an Almanac. It embodies, in fact, the diurnal progression of a planet from its first entrance into Aries to a determinate point in the ecliptic, in succession, and is in Hindi called pairah. The Indian sage considers astronomy to be inspired by divine intelligences. A mortal endowed with purity of nature, disposed to meditation, with accordant

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harmony of condnct, transported in sonl beyond the restraints of sense and matter, may attain to such an elevation that earthly and divine forms, whether as nniversals or particularized, in the sublime or nethermost regions, future or past, are conceived in his mind. From kindliness of dispoflition and in the interests of science they impart their knowledge to enquirers of auspicious character, who commit their lessons to writing, and this writing they term SiddhdrU. Nine such books are still extant ; the Brahm-Siddhdnty the Suraj'Siddhdnty the 86m-8iddhdnty the BrahcupatSiddhdnty inspired by Brahma, the sun, moon, and Jupiter respectively. Their origin is referred to immemorial time and they are held in great veneration, especially the first two. The Ghu*g-Siddh4nt,^ the NiLrad-Siddhant, the Pdrdsar Siddhant the Pulast-Siddhimt, the Bashistah.Siddh&nt,^these five they ascribe to an earthly source. The unenlightened may loosen the tongue of reproval and imagine that these mysteries acquired by observation of Stellar movements, have been kept secret and revealed only in Boch a way as to ensure the gratitude of reverential hearts, but the keensighted and just observer will, nevertheless, not refuse his assent, the more especially as men of innate excellence and outward respectability of character have for myriads of years transmitted a uniform tradition. Among all nations the Nychthemeron^ is the measure of time and this in two aspects, firstly,. Natural, as in Tur&n and the West, from noon to noon, or as in China and Chinese Tartary* from midnight to midnight ; but the reckoning from sunset to sunset more universally prevails. According to the Hindu sages, in Jagmot^ the eastern extremity of the

^ These iMfc are named after five celebrated Bishis or Mqiub. The antiqnitj of Indian astronomy is a matter of dispute among the learned. The onrioBs inquirer may refer to the 8th Vol. f the Asiatic Besearobes where Mr. Beostley reduces its age, maintained by HoDsieiir Bailly to date back to the oommenoement of the Kali Tag, 8102 B, C to within a few hundred years, a&d fixes the date of the Siiraj-Siddhint "-"the most ancient astronomical treatwe of the Hindos and professed to IwM been inspired by divine revelation VH899 years ago, to 1038 of oar <Bk Xr. Bentley is in torn learnedly answered by a writer in the EdiivTf* Review for July 1807. Sir W.

Jones' essay on the Chronology of the Hindus may be read in conjunction with the preceding papers, r. Alb. India, Gap. XIY. where the names of the Siddh&nts and their sources are difPerently given. ' This term for the twenty-four hours of light and darkness was used by the later Greeks and occurs in 2 Cor. zi. 25. vwjce^ifMpop 4v t5 /9v0 vcvoiijjca Its precision of meaning commends its use which Sachau has adopted. jiyki\ is the name of a Chaghtai tribe eponymously applied to this country, see D'Herb. Art. Igur and the observations thereon Vol. IV, p. 300. * Cf Albiriini's India, Edit. Sachau. p. 133. Cap. XXVI. This word should

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14 globe, they reckon it from sunrise to sanrise ; in Rdraak ^the extreme west, from sunset to sunset ; in Ceylon, the extreme south, from midnight to midnight and the same computation obtains in Dehli : in Sadh-

pur, the extreme north, from noon to noon. Secondly, the Equated also called Artificial, which consists of a complete revolution of the celestial sphere measured by the sun's course in the ecliptic. For facility of calculation, they take the whole period of the sun's revolution and divide equally the days thereof and consider the fractional remainder as the mean of each day, but as the duration of the revolutions is found to vary, a difference between the natural and artificial day arises. The tables of Al-Battani assume it as 59 minutes, 8 seconds, 8 thirds, 46 fourths, 56 fifths and 14 sixths. Those of Elkhdni make the minutes and seconds the same, but have 19 thirds, 44 fourths, 10 fifths and 37 sixths. The recent Gurgd.ni tables agree with the Khwajah^ up to the thirds, but give 37 fourths, and 43 fifths. Ptolemy in the Almagest accords in minutes and seconds, but sets down 17 thirds, 13 fourths, 12 fifths and 31 sixths. In the same way ancient tables record discrepancies, which doubtless arise from varying knowledge and difference of instruments. The cycle of the year and the seasons depend upon the sun. Prom the time of his quitting one determinate point till his return to it, they reckon as one year. The period that he remains in one sign is a solar month. The interval of the moon's departure from a given position to its return thereto with the sun in conjunction or opposition or the like, is a lunar month. And since twelve lunations are nearly^ equal to one annual revolution of the sun, they are called a lunar year. Thus both the year and the month

be " Jamk<5t.'* Albirdni qaotes from the Siddhdnta. The 4 cardinal points mentioned are given as the names of 4 large towns the globe is described a spheroid, half land, half water : the mountain Mfm occupies the centre, through which the Equator (Nalkash) passes. The Northern half of the mountain is the abode of angelic spirits, the southern that of Daityas and Nags and is therefore called Dai tan tar. When the sun is in the meridian of Miru, it is midday at Jamk<5t, midnight at Bumak and evening at Saddpur. The latter name is spelt by Abiruni with a double d. See a map of this peculiar geographical system prefixed, to Qladwin's transla-

tion of the Afn and in Bloohmann's text edition, following the preface. * Na?iru'ddin fusi, author of the Elkhani tables. * A synodical month, the interval between two conjunctions of the sun and moon, is 29 d. 12 h. 44. m. It waa founded on the most obvious determination of the moon's course and furnished the original month of the Greeks, which was taken in round numbers, at 30 days. By combining the course of the sun with that of the moon, the

tropical year was assumed at a rough computation to consist of 12 unations or 360 days. See Astron. of the Ancients, Lewis, p. 16.

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15 are solar and lunar : and each of these two is Natural when the planetary revolutions are regarded and not the computation of days, and Equated when the computation is in days and not in the time of revolution. The Hindu sage divides the year, like the month, into four parts, allotting a particular purpose to each. Having now given a short account of the night, the day, the year and the month which form the basis of chronological notation, we herein set down somewhat of the ancient eras to complete our exposition. Era of the Hindus. The creation of Brahma is taken as its commencement and each of his days is an epoch. They assert that when 70 kalps are completed, each consisting of 4 Yugs^ and the total of these being 4,320,000 years, a Mann appears. He is the offspring of the volition of Brahma and his cooperator in the creation. In each of his days fourteen^ successive Manns arise. At this time which is the beginning of the 61st year of the age of Brahma, there have been six Manus, and of the seventh, 27 kalps have elapsed, and three Yugs of the 28th, and of the fourth Yug, 4,700 years. In the beginning of the present Yug, B^jd Judhishthira conquered the universe and being at the completion of an epoch, constituted his own reign an era and since that time to the present which is the fortieth of the Divine era, 4,696 years have elapsed. It continued in observance 3,044 years. After him Bikramajit* reckoned from his own accession to the throne and thns in some measure gave relief to mankind. Ho reigned 135 years. In this year 1652 years have since then gone by. They relate that a yoath named Sdlbdhan,^ was victorious through some supernatural agency and

* Fta., the Satya or Krita, Treta, Dwapar and Kali j the first comprises 1,728,000 years J the second, 1,296,000, the third, 864,000, the fonrth 432,000 being a total of 4,320,000. * The first is Svayambhuva (as sprung from Svayam-bhu, the self-existent,) the author of the famous Code : the nett five are Svarochesha, Uttama, Timasa, Baivata, Chakshusha; the terenth is called Yaivasvata, or the Snn-bom and is the Manu of the pre-

inrt period, conjectured to be Noah, as the first is thought to be Adam. FHnsep'a Useful Tables. * Thia era to which the luni-solar system is ezoInsiTely adapted is called

Sanvat, Vulg. Sambat. It began when 3044 years of the Kali Tug had elapsed, . e., 67 years before Christ, so that if any year, say 4925 of the Kaii Yug be proposed and the last expired year of Vikramaditya be required, subtract 3044 therefrom and the result, 1881, is the year sought. To convert Samvat into Christian years, subtract, 57; unless they are loss than 58 in which case deduct the amount from 68 and the result will be the date B. C. This era is in general use throughout Hindustan properly so called. Useful Tables, Part II, p 26. Salivdhan, a mythological prince of Deccan who opposed Vikramaditya

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took the B&J& prisoner on the field of battle. Since the captive was not deserving of death, he treated him with consideration and asked him if he had any request to make. He replied that thongh all his desire was centred in retirement from the world and in the worship of the one Supreme Creator, he still retained the wish that his era might not be obliterated from the records of the age. It is said that the boon was granted, and although he introduced his own era, he did not interfere with the observance of tho other. Since this era, 1517 years have expired, and they believe that it will continue in use for 18,000 years more, after which Rajah Bijiydbhinandan will institute a new era from his own reign which will last 10,000 years. Then N4g4 Arjun will come to the throne and promulgate another era which will continue for 400,000 years, after which Kalki,^ whom they regard as an avatar, will establish a fresh era to last 821 years. These six are considered the principal eras and are called Sdkd, for there were many epochs and each termed " Sanpat."* After the invasion of Sdlbdhan, the era of Bikramdjit was changed from " Sdk4 " to " Sanpat." After the expiration of these six, the Sat^ Yug will re-commence and a new epoch be instituted.

The Hindti astronomers regard the months and years as of four kinds 1st, " Saurmis," which is the sun's continuance in one sign of the Zodiac, and such a year consists of 365 days, 15 ghajris,^ 30 pals, and 22^ hipals ; 2nd, " Chdndramds," which is computed from the first day of the moon's increase to the night of the new moon. This year is of 354 days, 22 ghafis^ and one * paV The beginning of the year is reckoned from the entry of the sun into Aries. This month consists of 30 lunar days

raja of Ujjain. His capital was "Pratislitli&na on the Godaveri. The Siki era, dates from his birth and commences on the Ist Bysdkh, 3179. K. Y. which fell on Monday, 14th March, 78 A. D. Julian style. -Ibid. p. 22. * Vishnu, in his future capacity of destroyer of the wicked and liberator of the world. This is to constitute the tenth and last avatar and is to take place at the end of the four yugs. He is to re-appear as a Brahman, in the town of Sambhal, in the family of Vishnu Sarmd. Properly * Sanwat.* Sdkd signifieB an era or epoch and is generally applied to that of Salivdhan.

The text is here in error. The full stop after o^ nullifies the sense. It should be omitted together with the alif of OwMif The sentence is then complete and the raeaniog obvious and consistent. vSaaw is the ordinary Persian transliteration of the Sanskrit ^f^. A ghafi is 24 minutes, a pal 24 seconds, a bipalf a second. This would give 6 hours, 12 minutes and 22^ seconds, whereas according to our calculation, it should be 5 hours, 43 m. 47i8. very nearly. 8aur and Chandra signify * solar ' and * lunar * Mds is a * month.* This minus the 'pal' is our calculation exactly.

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17 {tUhi). Each twelve degrees of the moon's course, reckoning from its departure from conjunction^ with the sun is a Hthi : and from the slowness or speed of the moon's progress there is a difference in the number of ghtris from a maximum of 65 to a minimum of 54. The first, tithi is called Pariw4 ; the second Diij ; the third Tij ; the fourth Chauth ; the fifth Panchami^ ; the sixth Ghhafh ; the seventh Saptamii^ ; the eighth Ashtami^ ; the ninth Naumi^ ; the tenth Dasmin ; the eleventh Ek^dasi ; the twelfth Duiulasi ; the thirteenth Tirtidasi ; the fourteenth Ohaudas : the fifteenth Piiranmdsi ; and from the 16th to the 29th, they use the same names up to the 14th. The 30th is called Am&was. From Pariwd the 1st to the 15th they call Shuklapachoh, and the other half Kishnpachch. Some begin the month from the 1st of Kishnpachch. In their ephemerides generally the year is solar and the month lunar. And since the lunar year is less than the solar by ten days, 53 gkafia 29 pals and 22^ hipalsy on the calculation of a mean rate of motion of thet nm and moon, the difference, after 2 years, 8 months, 15 days and 3 gharis, would amount to one month, and according to the reckoning in the ephemeris would occur in not more than 3 years or in less than 2 years and one month. According to the first calculation, there is this difference in every twelve months and in such a year they reckon one month twice : according to the latter system, in every solar month when there are two conjunctions ; and this must necessarily occur between Chait and Kn&r (dsin) and does not go beyond these seven months. They term this intercalary month Adhik (added), vulgarly called Laund.^ The third kind of month is Sawan Mds. They fix its commencement at any day they please : it is completed in thirty days. The year is 360 days.

' The year oommenoes at the tme imtant of conjnnotion with the sun and mooiijthat is on the new moon which immediately precedes the beginning of the solar year, falling, somewhere within the 80 or 31 days of the H^ month Chaitra. The day of oonjnnciion (amdvasya) is the last day of the expired month ; the first of the new month being the day af tor conjunction. The titkit are computed according to ^Sppannt time, yet registered in civil tiaae. For the comprehension of this perplexing notation I refer the reader to the Useful Tables, Part II, p. 24. * When two new moons fall within 3

one solar month, the name of the corresponding lunar month is repeated, the year being then intercalary or con-

taining 13 months. The two months of the same name are distinguished by the terms ctdhika (added) and nija (proper or ordinary). U. T. p. 23. * As the place of the sun's and moon's apogee, the equinoctial precession, and the obliquity of the ecliptic are necessary, among other subordinate bases of calculation, for the true computation of the lunar days, I leare the verification of the text to the possessors of this knowledge.

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The fonrtli, Nacbhattar, is reokoned from the time the moon quite any mansion to her return thereto. This month consists of 27 days and the year of 324. The number of the seasons is, with them, siz^ and eacb tbey call Bitu. The period that the sun remains in Pisces and Ai*ies, they term Basant : this is the temperate season : when in Taurus and Gemini^ Qirekhamy the hot season ; in Cancer and Leo, Batrkha^ the rainy season ; in Virgo and Libra, Sard^ the close of the rainy season and the beginning of winter ; in Scorpio and Sagittarius, Hemanty winter ; in Capricomus and Aquarius, Shishra, the season between winter and spring. They divide the year likewise into three parts : to each they give the name of Kdly beginning from Phigun. They call the four hot months Bhupkdl; the four rainy months Barihakdl and the four cold months Sttkdh Throughout the cultivable area of Hindustan, there are but three seasons. Pisces, Aries, Taurus and Gemini are the summer ; Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, the rains; Scorpio, Sagittarius, Capricomus and Aquarius, the winter. The solar year they divide into two parts* Tne first beginning with Aries to the extreme of Virgo they term Uttargoly which is the sun's progress to the north of the Equator, and from the beginning of Libra to the extreme of Pisces, BakkhangSl, the sun's course to the south of the Equator. Also from the first of Capricorn to the end of Gemini, they call Uitardyany the sun's northern declination (the summer solstice) : and from the 1st of Cancer to the end of Sagittarius Bachchhandyany or the sun's southern declination (the winter solstice). Many eyente, occurring in the first of these divisions, especially death, are deemed fortunate. The Nycthemeron they divide into 60 equal parts and to eacb they give the name of ghaUs, more commonly ghari, Eacb ghaj^ is subdivided into the same number of parts, each of which they call pal. In the

same way they apportion the pal, and each part they term ndri and also hipal. Each ndri is equal to six respirations of a man of an equable temperament, undisturbed by running, the emotions of anger and the like. A man in good health respires 360 times in the space of one ghart^ and 21,600 times in a Nycthemeron. Some afi&rm that the breath whioh is respired, they term Swds and that which is inspired Parstodgy and both together they called a pardn. Six pardns make a pal, and 60 pcUs a gharu An astronomical hour which is the 24th part of a Nycthemeron

^ Of two sidereal montbii each, the nooession of which is always the same : hat the yicissitiides of climate in them

will depend upon the position of the equinoctial oolnre. U. T. II, 18.

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19 k equal to 2^ ghafts, Each night and each day if again divided into 4 parts, each of whioh ia oalled a pahr, bnt these are not all equal* The Khafdi era. They reckon from the creation of the world, which in their belief took place 8,884 Wans and 60 years preyiona to the present date. Each Wan m 10,000 years. They belieTe that the duration of the world will be 300,000 ITofw^-according to some 360,000. They employ the natural solar year 9iDd the natural lunar month. They begin the year from the sun's mid passage though Aquarius. Mat^'u'ddin^ Maghrebi places it at the 16th degree, others between the 16th and 18th> They divide the Nycthemeron into 12 Ohdghs. Each of which is subdivided into 8 Kehs, and to every one of these they give a different name. They divide the Nycthemeron also into Feneks. For this computation of time they have three cycles, viz^ 8hdng TFan, Jung Wang^ and Khd Wan^ each comprising 60 years and each year of the cycle is deOued by a double^ notation. The revolution x)f the cycle is marked by a series

^ He was a distinguished philosopher axid mathematictAn in the servioe of the Saltan of Aleppo. Somamed al Itfngh-

r^ from his having been edaoated in Spain and Africa. On the taking of Aleppo by Huli^, he was spared in the name, and for the cause of science associated in A. H. 658 with Nasira'ddinf^i in the superintendence of the obserratory at Moriigha, and shared in tiie composition of the Elkh&ni tables. D'Herbelot. See D'Herb. {Vol. IV. p. 42.) on this Bomeaclatore and his tables of the ojdes. The word J*V may also grammatioallj bat in point of fact less accurately apply to the cycle. The following exfbaation taken from the Useful Tables vffl efaioidate the text. They have two Mtiet of words, one of ten and the other flf twelve words ; a combination of the tot words in both orders is the name of the lot year : the next in each series tn taken for the 2nd year, and so to tU lOfeh; in the 11th, the series of 10

being exhausted, they beg^ again with the first combining it with the eleventh of the second series : in the 12th year, the second word of the first series is combined with the twelfth of the second : for the 18th year, the third word of the first list with the first of the second list is taken, that list also being now exhausted. Thus designating the series of 10 by Roman letters, and that of 12 by italics, the cycle of 60 will stand thus.

laa 21 ai 41 ae 2bb 22 bk 42 bf

dec 23 cl 43cg 4dd 24dm 44dh 6 ee 25 e a 45ei 6ff 26fb 46fk "^gg 27 go 47 gl 8hh 28 hd 48hm 9ii 29 ie

49 ia 10 kk 30 kf 50 kb Hal 31 ag 61 a 12 bm 82 bh 52 bd 13 ca 33 oi 53 ce 14 db 34 dk 54df

L.

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20 of ten and a series of twelve symbols. The first is employed for the notation of the year and the daj ; the second is similarly applied and is likewise horary. By the combination of these two series, they form the cycle of 60 and work ont detailed calculations. The Turkish Era. Called also the Aightiri. It is similar to the foregoing, except that this cycle is based on the series of 12, They reckon their years and days after the same manner, but it is said that some astronomical tables also employ the series of 10. The commencement of their era is unknown. Abu Baihdn (Albirdni) says^ that the Turks add nine to the incomplete Syromacedonian yeai*s and divide it by 12 : and in whatever animal the remainder terminates, counting from the Sign of the Mouse, the year is named therefrom. But weighed in the balance of experiment, this is found wanting by one year. The intention, undoubtedly, is to carry tbe remainder down the animal signs of the series, and, beginning from the Mouse, to adopt the name of the animal in which it terminates. Although the commencement of the era is unknown, yet we gather sufficient information regarding the year of the cycle and its name. And if 7 years be added to the imperfect years of the Maliki era, dividing by 12, whatever

15 eo 35el 56 eg 16 fd 36 fm 66 fh 17 go 87 ga 57 gi 18hf 38hb

58 hk 19 ig 89 io 59 il 20kh 40kd 60km

The Beries of 10 is designated in China by the name of tien lean or celestial signs. Their oharacters and names are 1. K4a, 2. yih, 8. ping, 4. ting. 6. woo. 6. he, 7. hang, 8. kin, 9. jin. 10. letoey. The series of 12 are the horary characters and are named teche, terrestrial signs, they are as follows : 1. tsxe, 2. chow. 3. yin, 4. moon. 5 shin, 6. 8ze. 7. woo. 8. we, 9. shin, 10. yew, 11. seo, 12. hoe. These characters being substituted for their equivalent letters in the cycle, will show the Chinese name of every

year ; for example. Kea Ue is the first year. Kong yin the 27th. Their months are Innar of 29 and 30 days. Their years ordinarily 12 months, but a 13th added whenever there are two new moons, while the son is in one sign of the Zodiac, which occurs 7 times in 19 years. The first cycle, according to the Jesuits, began in February 2397 B. C. ; we are now, therefore, in the 72nd cycle, the 28th of which will beg^ in 1890. To find the Chinese time, multiply the elapsed cycle by 60, and add the odd years : then if the time be before Christ, subtract the sum from

2398 ; but if after Christ, subtract 2397 from it ; the remainder will be the year required. * This reference I have not been able to trace in Albirdni's Atl^ar ul Bi^ya, or his India.

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21 remains is the yeai* of the animal reckoning from the Monse. This will prove correct according^ to the following series. Names of the twelve years of the Cycle, 1. Sijkdn, the Mouse. 2. (Ti, the Ox. 3. Pdrs, the Leopard. 4. Tamshkdn the Hare. 5. LSty^ the Dragon. 6. Y*ildn, the Serpent. 7. Tunty the Horse. 8. J^u, the Sheep. 9. Btj, the Ape. 10. Takhdkuy the Cock. 11. YU, the Dog. 12. TonA;ti the Hog. They add the word el to each of these words, which signifies year. The Astrological Era* The astrologers reckon from the Creation and assert that all the planets were then in Aries. The year is solar. According to their calcnlatioo, from that time to the present 184,696 years have elapsed. The Era of Adam. Its beginning dates from his birth. The years are solar, the months lanar. According to the Elkhiini tables, 5,353 solar years have elapsed to the present date. But some of those possessing a book of divide revelation make it 6,346 solar years ; others 6,938 solar : others again, 6,920, solar, but according to what has been reported from learned Christians, it is 6,793. The Jewish Era. Begins with the creation of Adam. Their years are natural, solar r their months, artificial, lunar. They reckon their months and days like the Arabians according to an intermediate system. The year is of two kinds, viz.t Simple,* which is not intercalary, and Composite, in which an

* These 12 signs of the Zodiac exacUj correspond with the animals in the series of the Japanese Cycle given in the Useful Tables, bat the yemaonlar names are different. The calculations based on them are vaguely stated : in

llbir^ni's Chronology, some informatkm may be obtained from the Bules for the reduction of Eras. Chapters YI and yn may be read by the curious, bat will be understood only by the isamed. See also D'Herbelot art. Cbagathai and the interesting obaerva.

tions thereon, followed by tables of the denary and duodenary cycles, in Vol. IV, p. 43. * }y^ from J^ to pass or cross. Albiriini says that the Jewish leap year is called 'Ibbdr ('^'JSsy) derived from Me'uhhereth (^?i^^9) meaning a ''pregnant woman." For they compared the insertion of the supernumerary month, to a woman's bearing in her womb a foreign organism, ChronU Sach. p. 63.

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interoalal^ion is effected. Like the Hindus they intercalate a month every three years.^ The Era of the Deluge. This era is computed from this erent ; the year is natural, solar, the month natural, lunar. The year begins from theentiy of the Sun into Aries, Abu Ma'shar* of Balkh based his calculations regarding the mean places of the stars on this era from which to the present year 4,696 years have elapsed. The Era of Buhht Noffar^ (Nehtichadnezzar). This monarch instituted an era from the beginning of his own reign. The year is solar, artificial, of 365 days without a fraction. The month.

* Or 7 month* in 19 loBftT ye*r. Of. Albirdni'8 Ohronology, p. 13 where the Jewish Lnni-solar year is discussed. The Jews usually employed the Era of

the Seleucides till the 15th century, and though some insist on the antiquity o^^heir present era, it is generally believed to be not more ancient than the eentnry named. They date from the Creation which they number at 8,760 years. Their year is luni-solar, of 12 or 13 months each and each of 29 or 80 days. The civil year commences with or immediately aiter the new moon following the equinox of autumn. The length of the year of 12 months varies between 858 and 355 days ; that of 13, may contain 385. In 19 years, 12 years have 12 months each, and 7 years 13 months. A table of 19 years is given in the Useful Tables. The year must be divided by 19 and the remainder will show the year of the Cycle. If there be no remainder, it is the 19th year. To reduce the Jewish time to ours, subtract 3761 and the remainder will show the year. The ecclesiastical yeflur begins 6 months earlier with the month of Nls&u. Consequently when the given year is ecclesiastical, deduct a year in the date from Nisin to B161 inclusive. Useful Tables, P. II, p. 8.

' Albir^ni chastises what he call* the follies of this savant <m every opportunity. Abu Ma'shar had calculated on the basis mentioned in the text that the deluge had happened once in every 180,000 years and would thus continue to recur. The heavy hand of Albirdni buries the astronomer under the ruins of his owu system. See the Chronology, p. 29. Albirtini says that this word in its Persian form, BUkht-narsij means one " who laments and weeps ;" in Hebrew, * Mercury speaking " as he cherished sdence and favoured scholars. The era is based on Egyptian years. This is not the same king who sacked Jerusalem ; there is an interval of 143 years between the two. (Ohronol. p. 81). To find the day of any Julian year on which the year of Nabonassar beg^ins, subtract the given year, if B. C, from 748 and if A. 0. add to it 747. Divide the result by 4, omitting fractions, and subtract the quotient from 67 ( . e. number of days from January 1, to February 26 the Ist day of the era being 26th February 747, B. 0.) If the quotient

exceed 57, add 365, as often as necessary, before subtraction. The remainder will be the day of the year given. The first result before the division by 4

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likewise, is of 30 days and fire days are added at the e!iid of the year. Ptolemy in bis Almagest computed the planetary motions on this era. Since its commencement 2,341 years have elapsed. The Era of Phil^^ (Arrhidmus).^ Galled also Filbos or FilJ^ns. It is also known as the Era of Alexander of Maoedon. It dates from his death. The years and months are artificial, solar. Theon of Alexandria has based his calcolations of the mean places of the stars in bis Canon on this Era, and Ptolemy baa leoorded some of bis observations regarding it, in the Almagest. Of this period, 1,917 years baye elapsed. The Coptic Era.* This is of ancient date. Al Batt&ni states that its years are solar, artificial, consisting of 365 days without a fraction. The Sulfftni tables say

xncreMed bj a nnit for each 865 added to 67, will be the year of N. then begfaming. The day of the week may be known by diriding by 7 ^if no remainto, the day will be Tneiday : if there be a remainder, the day placed below it on the following table will be the day required. 0. 1. 2. ' 8. 4. 6. 6. Tm W. Th. F. Sa. Sn. H. The year of K. being giren, to find when i^ begins. Bnle, Diride by 4r ; fohtraci quotient torn 57 adding 866^ if neceosaxy, as before; the remainder win be nnmber of days from Ist January. The given year diminished, as often as 865 has been added, will shew the nnmber of Jolian years from 74ff B. 0. If leu than 748, subtract from

that nmnhtki' and the remainder will b tht fear B. 0. s if equal ov more, subtract 747 from it and the remaiader is A. 0. Useful Tables, P. II, p. 9. ^ Ha was half brother of Alexander the Great, the son of Philip and a f eaiale daasoer, Philinna of Larissa. He sad his wife Sorydioe were put to death bf (Hjaspiai B. O. 817. Of Thaoa's life no partioulara are known, save that he

was the father of the famous and hapless Hypatia. His works may be found in Smith's Class. Diet. ' This is the era of Dioclesian or the Martyrs i was much used by the Ohristian writers till the introduction of the Christian era in the 6th century, and ia still employed by the Abyssinians and Copts. It dates from 29th August, 284, the supposed date of Diocletian's assumption of sorereigBty at Chaloedon. The year consists of 865 days with an additional day erery 4th year. Diyide the date by 4 and if 8 remain, the year is bisextile. The Coptic months are aa follows : Coptic. 0. 8. Thoth. August 29. Paophi. September 28. Athyr. October 28. Cohiao. KoTcmber 27. Tybi. December 27. Kesir. January 26. Phamenoth. February 25. Pharmouti. March 27. Pashons. April 26. Pyni. May 26. Bpiphi. June 25. MewMci. July 25.

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24 that its years and months resemble the Sjro-Maoedonian. It has the same intercalations, but the Coptic intercalary days precede those of the SyroMacedonian by six months. The Syro-Macedonian Era. The years and months are artificial, solar, and they reckon the year at 365} days exactly. In some astronomical observations, the fraction in excess is less than }. According to Ptolemy, it is 14 m. 48 . The Elkhani observations make the minntes the same, bat 32 seconds and 30 thirds. According to the caJcalations of the Cathayans^ the minates are the same, and 36 seconds, 57 thirds ; to the recent Gnrgdni observations, the minntes agree, with 33 seconds ; the Maghrebi has 12 m. : the Battdni, 13 m. 36 s. Mnhiyu'ddin Maghrebi says that some of the Syro-Macedonian calculations make the fraction more than a qnarter, others less than a quarter, and thus a quarter has been taken as the medium. Others assert that the Syro-Macedonians have by observation determined the fraction to be a full i. Consequently it is a natural solar year, although Mulla 'Ali Ktishji^ makes it a solar year even on the first mentioned basis. This era dates from the death of Alexander the second,^ BicomutuSj but was not employed till 12 years after his death. Others assert that he established it in the 7th year of his reign when he set out from Macedonia, his kingdom, bent on foreign conquest. Mnhiyu'ddin Mughrebi on the other hand, states that it began with the reign of Seleucns {Nicator) who founded Antioch.^ This era was in use both with the Jews and Syrians. They relate that when Alexander the son of Philip marched from Greece to the conquest of Persia, he passed through Jerusalem. Summoning the learned Jews of Syria he directed them to discontinue the Mosaical era and to employ his own. They thus answered him. " Our forefathers never observed any era above a thousand years and this year our Era will complete the thousand ; from next year, therefore, thy command shall be obeyed." And they acted accordingly. And this took place in Alexander's 27th year. Some maintain that this Gre-

The additional days are called by the modem Copts, Nisi, in common yeazs, and Kehiis, in leap years. To reduce the years of this Era to those of the Cbristians, add 283 y. 240 d. When the Dioclesian year is the year after leap year, it begins one day later than nsaal, and in consequence, one day must be added to the Christian year, from 29th Aognst to

end of February following. Useful Tables.

* V. p. 12. ' Anno. 1445. Sedillot. Proleg. olr. Properly III. ^ Besides the capital of Syria, he ia aid to have founded 15 other cities of this name, called after his father.

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25 oianera is of Hebrew origixL Knshyir^ in his Jimi* says that there k no difference between the Syro-Macedonian and the Syrian era, except in the names of the months. The Syrian year begins on the Ist day of Tishrin nl Awwal. This happened formerly when the san was in the 4th degree of Libra, and now falls on the llth> With the Syro-Macedonians, tbafe date is the 1st of K4ndni i S&ni, when the snn is near the 20th degree of Capricorn. Battani mentions this era^ as beginning with Philip, father of Alexander Bicomntus, but that he called it after his son to exalt his fame ; and he has based on it the calculation of the mean places of the planets in his Canon. Of this era 1905 years have elapsed. The Augustan Era, He was the first of the Roman Emperors^. The birth of Jesus Chnst happened in his reign. The era begins with his accession. The year is the same as the Syro-Macedonian, and the months are Coptic ; the last month in the common years has 35 days and in leap years 36. Of this era 1623 years have elapsed.^

* V. p. 8. ' Another reading is 15th. Gladwin has I6th. There is a diacrepincy among chronologera as to the commencement of this era. So-ne deteikmine it to the let October 312 B. 0. (W. Smith, 01. Die. art Selene): the U. T. places it, 311 y. 4 m. B. C. The Syrian Greeks began their years in September, other Syrians in October : the Jews, abont the antnmnal eqninox. It is nsed in the book of Maccabees and appears to have begnn in Niflibi. Supposing it to begin on 1st September 312, B. 0. ; to rodace it to

onr era, subtract 311 y. 4 m. The following are the months nsed by Greeks and Sfrians, according to the U. T. : Syrian. Macedonian, English. Eldl. Gorpioeas. September, Tishrin I. Hyperbere- October, teens.

11. Dins. November. Kandnl. Appellaens. December. n. Andynoens. January. Sfaiiba^ Peritins. February.

Ai&T. Dystms. March. Nisin.

Xanticns. April. Ayir. Artemisins. May. Hazirdn. DsBsins. June. Tamfiz. Panoemus. July. Ab. Lona. August.

* Albirdni says that the word OaBsar in Latin, means, " he has been drawn forth after a cutting has been made' alluding to the death of his mother in parturition and his birth by means of the *' Csesarean operation," from which he received his name. An ingenious though fictitious etymology from ewdo. * The Spanish era of the Cassars is reckoned from 1st January, 38 B. 0., being the year following the conquest of Spain by Augustus. It was much used in Africa, Spain, and the south of France. By a Synod held in il80, its use was abolished in all the churches

dependent on Barcelona. Pedro IV of Arragon abolished it in 1350. John of Oastile in 1382. It continued to be used in Portugal till 1455. U. T.

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26 The Christian Era. Begins with the birth of Jesns Christ. The year consists, like the Syro-Macedonian, of 365 d. 5 h. At the end of 4 years, they add a day to the end of the second month. The beginning of their Nycthemeron is reckoned from midnight. Like the Arabians, they name the days of the week, beginning with Snnday. The commencement of their year, some take to be the entry of the son in Capricorn : others, from the 8th degree of the same. The Era of Antoninus of Borne, It begins with his accession.^ The years are Syro-Macedonian, the months Coptic. Ptolemy determined the position of the fixed stars in his Almagest on this era of which 1457 years have elapsed. The Era of Diocletian^ of Borne. He was a Christian emperor. The era begins with his accession. The years are Syro-Macedonian^ the months Coptic ; 1010 years have since elapsed. The Era of the Eijra. In pre-Islamic times, the Arabs had varioos eras, such as the bnilding of the Ka'bah, and the sovereignty of Omar^ b. Babii'a to whom was due

A D. 138. The name in the text is U^J^^^ with a variant wy^th^^' Diocletian. Abnl Fail evidently meant Constantine, bat probably following the text of Albir6ni, (Ohronol) he copied the heading of the Era of Diocletian, withont noticing in the body of the passage, the change of name to Oonstantine, as the 1st Ohristian Emperor. The nnmber 1010 is an error. Gladwin has 1410. If Abnl Fazl counts from the era of Diocletian A. D. 284, the intermediate years would be

about 1810; if from A. D. 324, the date of Oonstantine's sole mastership of the empire 1270, if from his proclamation as Emperor by the legions in 306, the number would be 1290. His father Constantins was proclaimed Gsesar by Diocletian in A. D. 292.

An error for 'Amr-b-Lohayy-bom about 167 A. D., was king of ^ijis ; for* his genealogy see Oaus. de Perc. Essai Sur I'hiit. Arab. Tabl. H, Vni, The great tribe of KhudLa'h traee their descent from him. Whilst at Bal^i in Syria, he had seen its inhabitants practising idolatry : their idols, they ayerred, protected' and faronred them, gp^anting rain at their prayers. At his request they presented him with the idol, Hobal, which he set up in Mecca and introduced its worship. It was made of red agate or cornelian and represented an old maa with a long beard. " Quam pulchre conyenit figmento isti nomen suum," says Pococke. (Spec. p. 97) " utsit ^^H ^a**" tcu" He also brought two other idols, Asaf and Nailah in the figure of a man and a woman and placed them upon

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27 ihe rise of idolatry in Hijaz, and this continued in nse till the year of the Elephant,^ which they, in turn, observed as a fresh epoch. Every Arab tribe constituted any important event in their history, an era. In the iome of the prophet this thread of custom had no coherence, but from the date of the Hijra, they gave each year a special name. Thus that year was called the ' year of Permission," that is, the permission to go from Mecca to Medina. The second year was named the " year of Gommaiid,*' i. e i^ to fight the unbelieyers.* At the accession of the second Oaliph (Omar), AbuMusa Asha'ri,^ governor of Faman made the following representation: '^Your despatches have arrived dated the month of Shab&n. I cannot discover what date is understood by Shftbdn." The Caliph summoned the learned. Some of the Jews advised the use of their era. The sage Hdrrnuz^n^ said ; " the Persians haye a computation which they call Mdhroz " and this he explained. But as there were intercalations in both, and their skill in calculation was slight, he did not accept either but adopted the era of the Hijrah. The month according to their system is reckoned from the sight of one new moon, after the sun has completely set, till the next is visibl

e. It is never more than 30 nor less than 29 days. It sometimes occurs that four successive months are of 30 days, and three of 29. Chronologers putting aside calculations based on the moon's appearance, reckon lunar months

maanta Safa and Merwa. The following referenoes deal fully with this subject. Poc. Spec 90 et seq. Caus. de Pero. I, 223. Shahraatani, p. 434. Sirat ur Baadl. Ibn Hish&m, p. 50. Sale, Prel. Disc. Eur. p. 14. The same error in the name Babia' occurs in Albiruni Clinmol. p. 89. * 570 A. D. the year in which Mahomed was bom, and the name of which commemorates the defeat of Abraha, the Kthiopian king of Taman. The story is wen known v. Sale's Kurfin, p. 499. tesi snr THistoire des Arabes. Caus. an, de Perceral, I, 268. the Srd year was called, the year of the trial 4th year of Congratulation on the occasion of marriage. 6th year of the earthquake. 6ih year of inquiring.

7th year of victory. 8th year of equality. 9th year of exception, 10th year of farewell. Chronol. Albirdni, Sachau, p. 35. * Abd Mdsa Al Asha'ri was one of the Companions, a native of Kdfah. Ho joined the prophet at Mecca and was a convert before the Flight to Medina. He was also one of the fugitives tb Abyssinia and including his journey from Yaman to Mecca, shared in the unusual distinction of three flights. His reading of the Kuran was unequalled. He died at Medina A. H. 50 or 51. Nawawi. Tahzih u*l Asmd. * Hurmuzan was a learned Persian,

taken prisoner by Abu Mdsa and sent to the Caliph Omar by whom his life was spared, though the grace was obtained with some difficulty. He subsequently became a convert. Ibid.

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28

in two ways, viz.y Natural, which is the interval of the moon's departure from a determinate position, with the snn in conjunction or opposition or the like* to its return thereto; 2ndly, Artificial; since the motions of the moon are inconstant and their methodisation as well as an exact discrimination of its phases difficult, its mean rate of motion is taken and thus the task is facilitated. In the recent (Ourgdni) tables, this is 29 days, 12 hours and 44 minutes.^ The rule is this, that when the fraction is in excess of half, it is reckoned as one day. Thus when the excess is over a half, they take the month of Muharram as 30 days, and the second month 29, and so on alternately to the last. In common years, therefore, D^i'l Hijjah is 29 days. The mean lunar year consists of 354 d. 8. h. 48 m. which is less than a solar artificial year by 10 d. 21 h 12 m. Mirza Ulugh Beg has based his new Canon on this era of which 1002 years have elapsed to the present time.* The Era of Yazdajird, He was the son of Shahrydr Aparwez* b. Hurmuz b. Noshirwan. It began with the accession of Jamshid. After him every succeeding monarch renewed its designation by his own accession and Yazdajird also reinstituted it from his assumption of sovereignty.^ The years are like the Syro-Macedonian ; but the fraction in excess was reserved till at the end of 120 years, it amounted to a whole month, and that year was reckoned at 13 months. The first intercalation was after Farwardm, and it was called by the name of that month. Then Urdibihisht was twice counted and so on. When the era was renewed under the name of Yazdajird, and his authority terminated in disaster, the continuity of intercalation was neglected. The years and months are Artificial, solar. 963 years have since elapsed.*

* This is a lunation or synodical month, the interval between two conjanotions of the Snn and Moon. The periodical month, as distingnished from this, is the time taken in transit by the moon from any point of the Zodiac back to the same point : it consists of 27 d. 7 h. 43 m. Hence a Innar month is sometimes taken in roxmd nnmbers at 28 d. and this is the length of a Innar

month according to the law of England. Lewis. Astr. of the Ano. p. 20. ' And 86 seconds. Ibid. For the prohibition of intercalation

See Albir6ni Sachau.

by Mahomed. Chronol. p. 74. * In Albirdni, Shahryar-b-Parwez. Parwez or Aparwez signifies Viotorions. All the fiye tables of the Sassanian kings in the Chronology vary somewhat, bufc are ag^reed in naming Shahryar as the father of Parwez, though he is not placed as a reigning sovereign. The U. T. however mentions him after Ardeshir III. A. D. 629. A. D. 632. " In Persia, since the age of Zoroaster, the revolution of the snn has been

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The Mdliki Era. It is also called Jaldli. The Persian Era was used at tHai period. Tbroagh the interruption of continnitj in intercalation, the commencements of the years fell into confusion. At the instance of Snl^dn Jalilu'ddin^ Malik Sh4h Saljiiki, Omar Khayyam and several other learned men instituted this era. The beginning of the year was determined from the sun's entry into Aries. The years and months were at first Natural, but now the month is the ordinary Artificial. Each month consists of 30 days and at the end of IsfanddrmuZf they add 5 or 6 days. Of this era, 516 years baye elapsed. The Khdni Era dates from the reign of Ghdz&n^ Kh4n and is founded on the Elkhdni

tables. The years and months are Natural, solar. Before its adoption the State records bore date from the Hijrah and the lunar year was current. By this means the road was opened to grievous oppression, because 31 lunar years are equal to only 30 solar years and great loss occurred to the agriculturiste, as the revenue was taken on the lunar years and the harvest depended on the solar. Abolishing this practice Qhiz&n Khan promoted the cause of justice^ by the introduction of this era. The names of the month are the Turkish with the addition of the word khdni. Of this, 293 years have elapsed.

known and celebrated as an annual festival, bat after the fall of the Magian empire, the interoalation had been neglected: the fractions of minntes and hours were mnltiplied into days, and the date of the spring was remoyed from the ngn of Aries to that of Pisces." Gibbon. DccL and PaU. Vol. X. p. 867. Ed. 1797. * A brilliant sketch of his life may be iwd in Gibbon. I need not multiply references. " The reign of Malek was ilhs^ated by the Gelalsean era: and an errors, either past or fntnre, were ecnrected by a computation of time, iriuoh surpasses the Julian and approaches the accuracy of the Gregorian style. The Gclalsan era is fixed to the IHh March A. H. 471 (A. D. 1079) Vol. X.p.867.

* Ghizin Khia, Maltimiid, eldest son of Arghun, the 8th from Mangu Khia son of Jenghiz, of the Moghul Tartar or Ilkhanian Dynasty of Persia. He ascended the throne in A. H. 694 (A. D. 1294) and was succeeded by Ghiisu'ddin Au-gpiptu Ehudi bandah Muhammad, A. H. 708. (A. D. 1808). U. T. P. II, p. 146. A history of Gh&zan Ehin was written by Shamsu*ddin Mul^ammad al Kdshi, temp Bnl^in Abu Said. Hdji Khalifah giv^es the date of the author's death about A. H. 980. which does not agree with the date of Abu Qiid in the U. T. ' A similar act of justice is recorded of the Caliph al Muatadhid in his reform of the Calendar. V. Albiruni, Chronol. p. 36.

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The Ildhi Era, His Majesty had long desired to introduce a new computation of years and months throughout the fair regions of Hindustan in order that perplexity might give place to easiness. He was likewise averse to the era of the Hijra {Flight) which was of ominous signification, but because of the number of short-sighted, ignorant men who believe the currency of the era to be inseparable from religion, His Imperial Majesty in his graciousness, dearly regarding the attachment of the hearts of his subjects did not carry out his design of suppressing it. Although it is evident to right-minded people of the world, what relevancy exists between the market-coin of commercial dealing and the night-gleaming jewel of faith, and what participation between this chain of objective connection and the twofold cord of spiritual truth, yet the world is full of the dust of indiscrimination, and the discerning are heedful of the fable of the f ox^ that took to flight when camels were being impressed. In 992* of the Novilunar year, the lamp of knowledge received another light from the flame of his sublime intelligence and its full blaze shone upon mankind. The fortunately gifted, lovers of truth raised their heads from the pillow of disappointment and the crooked-charactered, drowsy-vnlled lay in the comer of disuse. Meanwhile the imperial design was accomplished. Amir Fatljiu'llah Shir&zi,^ the representative of ancient sages, the paragon of the house of wisdom, set himself to the fulfilment of this object, and taking as his base the recent Gurg&ni Canon, began the era with the accession of his Imperial Majesty. The splendour of visible sublimity which had its manifestation in the lord of the universe commended itself to this chosen one, especially as it also concentrated the leadership of the world of spirituality, and for its cognition by vassals of auspicious mind, the characteristics of the divine essence were ascribed to it, and the glad tidings of its perpetual adoption proclaimed. The years and months are natural solar without intercalation and the Persion names of the months and days have been left unaltered. The days of the month are reckoned from 29 to 32, and the two days' of the last are called Boz o Shah (Day and Night). The names of the months of each era are tabulated for focility of reference.

* Gnlistan I. Story XVI. * What oonneotion, Madcap/ they said to him ' has a oamel with thee and what resemblance hast thou to it ? * Peace ! ' he answered ' for if the cnrioos should , to serve their

own ends, say " " This is a oamel," who would care about my release so as to inquire ir.to my condition ?" A. D. 1584.

 See Ain Akb. Vol. I, p. 33, Ao.

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wg 8

Chait

Chanweh Ar^ Ay.* Zheshewehjlkandi Aj.

Aaith Bhidov Knnwir Kitik Iffhan Xiffh fhSgan

Simweh Harweh Uweh Liiweh Oheweh Biweh

Kheweh Shabweh Shajayweh Sirweh

Oohanj Ay. Dardanj Ay. Beshanj Ay. Altfnj Ay. Yetinj Ay. Ssksanj Ay. Tdkaanj Ay. Onnanj Ay. Onbaranj Ay. Ha^bit Ay.

Tishri Marheshwan Kiilew Tebeth Shebi^ Adhir Nisin lyir Siw4n ^ Tammaz Ab 161

Thoth Bipeh Htor Eehak Tdbah

 Amsh^r Amsh^r

Thoth B&peh Hator Kehak Tdbah

Barmahit Barmddah Bashans Bonah Abfb IMisri

10.

wo

Thoth Plopi Athyr Khawit: Tybi Makhir Phamanoth Pharmdthi Pachon Payni Epiphi Meson

u. 12. 13. 14. 16. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Syio-lCaoedoman Era. li The Christian Era.

^1 S-l Era of the Hijrah. Era of Yazdijird: The Ma-

UkiEra. The Ehini Era. The Diyine Era. TuhruUil

January

Mn^arram Farwardin FarwarArimAy FarwarAwwal

Mih. Old Style din Mih . i Jalili

Khani din Mih illihi TMhrfnn'l

Febroary

Safar Ardibihisht Ac. Ac. &c. Akhir

M4h. 0. S.

like 18. Kindn'l

March

Babia' I. Khnrdid &c. AclikeS, substi'^Awwal i

Mih. 0. S.

with the tuting Klninu'l S April

Eabia' II. Tir U&k 0. Ac.

word * llihi' Akhir d

S.

" Khini" for Shebit May i Jnmida I. Amnrdad Mdh. 0. S. like 17. with the after "Ay" "Jalili."

l<4r "tt Jane 3 Jam&da II. Shari^war word Inthe4th

MAh. 0. S. "Jalili" month,

Hiifiii 1 July sS

Bajab MihrMdh. after the word

*tt

0. S. " Mah." " Tor-

Ayyfc 1 Aogost O Sha'bdn AbinM^h. , tanj"

0. S.

occurs,

HuoriQ September ^

Azar Mih.

where in

*3

0. S.

Col. 3, it

T$mia

M October Shaww^l Day Mh. 0.

is Dar-

S.

danj."

Mb

Noyember 1 D^ Ea'da Bahman Mdh. S.

AyUl

December D^i ^ijjah Isfandirmaz

H H

M4h. 0. S.

' Theee months are somewhat diffcnot in Albiruni. Chronol. p. 82. * The choice of yariants in these names n^ht haye been decided by a reference to C^esemus : the correct spellings appear to be relegated to the notes of the text.

' In the Coptic months, I haye followthe spelling of Sachau*s Albiruni (Chrono). p. 83) and the U. T. p. 10. P. II. They are to be found also in Mas^udi's

Murdj u^ Pahab. Chap. 65, and in Abdl Mahisin (Annals) Vol. I, p. 36.

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32 The events of the world recorded in chronological sequence, are accounted the science of history, and he who is proficient in them, is a historian. Many writings in this branch of knowledge regarding India, Khafd, the Franks, Jews and other peoples are extant. Of the Muhammadan sect, the first who in Hijiz occupied himself with this subject was Muhammad-b-Islji&V)^ *^e^ follow Wahab-bMurabbih,* WAlfiidi,* Asma'i,* Tabari,^ Abu A'bdu'Uah Muslim-b-Kutaybah,*

* Author of the well known work Al Maghdxi toa'a Siyar (ezpeditiones belUose etbiographisd); he was a native of Medina, and as a traditionist held a high rank, and regarded hy Al Bukh&ri and as Shifa'i as the first authority on the Moslim oonqnests. He died at Baghdad A. H. 151 (A. D. 768) other dates (1512-3) are &lso g^yen. It is from his work that Ibn Hisham extracted the materials for his life of the prophet, v. Ibn Khalakan. Others aooord the honour of being the first writer on this subject to U*rwahb-Zubayr. Haj. Khal. V. '646. * Was a native of Taman and one of the " Abn6" . e., a descendant of one of the Persian soldiers settled there. He died at $ana'i in Taman A. H. 110. in Mubarram (April May A. D. 728) (others say in 114 or 116) at the age of 90. He was a great transmitter of narrations and legends. A great part of the information given by Moslem historians regarding the antislamio history of Persia, Greece, Taman, Egypt Ac. comes from him. He was an audacious liar, OS Moslem critics of a later period discovered. Ibn Khali. De. SI. IV. p. 672-3. * Abu A'bdu'llah Mu\^ammad-b-Omar. Wal^id, al Wi^^idi, a native of Mecca, author of the well known " conquests" of the Moslems. He was born A. H. 130

(Sep. A. D. 747) and died on the eve of Monday 11 Zul ^Jijjah. A. H 207 (27th April A. D. 823), being then IJladhi of the quarter of Baghdad, situated on the

west bank of the Tigris ; vxikidi means descended from Wi^d, an ancestor of this name., I. E. III. p. 61. Abu S%id 'Abdu'l MaUk-b-Kuraib al Asma'i, the celebrated phOologer, a complete master of Arabic. He was native of Basra, but removed to Baghdad in the reign of Hardn ar Bashid. It is said he knew by heart 16,000 pieces of verse. He was bom A. H. 122 (A. D. 740) and died at Basra in the month of $afar A. H. 216 (March April A. D. 831). Others say he died at Marw. The voluminous treatises of this author are detailed by I. K. * Ibn Jarir at T&bari (native of T^barestin) author of the great commentary of the Kurin and of the celebrated his* tory. He is regarded as an exact traditionist, born A. H. 224 (A. D. 838-9) at Amol in Tabarestsn and died at Baghdad A. H.310(A. D. 923)., I. K. ' A native of Dinawar, some say of Marw, author of the Kitah uZ Ma'drif and Addb 41 Kdtib ; the first a work of general knowledge, from which Eichhoru extracted his genealogies of the Arabs published in his Monumenta kistorim Arahum : it contains a number of short biographical notices of the early Moslems. A list of other works will be found in I. K.'s biography. II. p. 22. He was bom A. H. 213 (A. D. 828-9) and died A. H. 270 (A. D. 884). Other dates given are A. H. 271 and 296 (A. D. 909). The Addb ul Kdtib or Writer's Guide is

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Aa'tiiam of K&ta^^ Mn^mmad Mnkanna',* HaHm A'li Miskawaih,^ Fakhra'ddiQ Mu^mmad-b-A'li B&M Salaiman Bin&kiti,^ Abd'l Faraj,

remarkable for its long preface, thongh itself a short work on philology, and was called by the learned * a preface without a book/ in contradistinction to Ibn as Sikkif a work, the Isl4? ul Manti^, a book without a preface. * tfuhammad-b-A'li, known as Aa'sim Eiifi; his work, the Fntiih Aa'thim (H. E.) is a short account of events from the death of the prophet to the death of 9as^ at Karbala. It was translated into Persian by A^mad-b-Md. Mustaufi : a copy of it is among the MSS. of the Aaiatic Society. In this latter the name is spelt with a u^ instead of ^ * This name occurs in the Hamibah. A poem beginning ij^j* {:H^^i^ U^ W J the 89th of the " Bih til Adab' is by Al Hukanna' al Kindi. Freytag gives hbname from the Scholia as Muhammadb-Ohmaisah. He is said to have been oaUed Mu^anna' from the veil he wore to protect the beauty of his person. He sqaandered his wealth in lavish gifts and in the time of the Omayyads was still living, of much accoxmt with his people, but in poverty. This single poem scarcely deserves to place him in therdl ml Arab writers of note. The variant Mvkaffa^ must refer to Ibn al MnlalEa'. He was known as the Kdtih or Secretary and was the author of some oeiebrated epistles. He also translated KaHla and Damna into Arabic. He was Seentary to fsa-b-A'li, uncle to the Hut two Abbaside Caliphs, as Saff&h and al Ifaiifdr. His horrible death by order cf the governor of Basra, Sofyin-bItewtjrah al Huhallabi may be read in Bai-KhalL It occurred in A. H. 142 (A. iX 789-<K)). The latter states that some <Ckii poetry may be found in the Ha5

misah. He is evidently confounding him, with Mnkanna' above mentioned. According to H. E. the Tarikhu*! Furs, an ancient history of Persia by an unknown author and the principal source of the Shahnimah was translated from the

Pehlevi into Arabic by Ibn al Mukanvna* I suspect Mukafla' is the right reading. * Abu A'U A^mad-b-Miskawaih, a Persian of good birth and disting^hed attainments. He was treasurer to Malik Adhd'ud Daulah-b-Buwaih, who placed the utmost trust in him. He was the author of several works. Abdl Faraj relates (Hist. Dynast, p. 328) that Avicenna consulted him on a certain ab struse point ; and finding him slow of intelligence an<\ incapable of solving his difficulty, left him. His death is placed about A. H. 420. Haj. hal. makes it 421 (A. D. 1030.) The latter mentions one of his works. TajdribM-Umum wa Tavxikih u*l Himam (evperientuB populorum et stvdia animorum) of much repute. * BiniUdt is placed by Ya^iiit (Mua'ja* mid BuLddm) in Transoziana. He is the author of the Baudhat ul Albdb (viridarium cordatorum) a compendium of Persian history. He lived tempore Jinghiz Khan and wrote on the history of the Khi^ kings at the request or command of Sult&n Abu Said Bahildur. H. K. See Elliot's Bibl. Index to Mubammadan Historians India p. 70. * The well known author of the Historia Dynastiarum, bom A. D. 1226 ; and died 1286 according to Chaufepi^. Pococke and D'Herbelot briefly allude to him ; Bayle at some length, whose pynioism enlivens if it does not add to the value of his notes.

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Im&dn'ddin-b*Kathir,i Mal^addasi,' Ab6 Hanifah Dinawan,' Mait^aiixuiiaab-'Abdu'llah Maea'tidi,* Ibu Khall4k4n, TAfa'i,*^ Abd Na^r Utlii;^ amongst the Persians, Firdansi, Tdsi, Ab61 Husain Bailiak,^ Ab6l

> The H&fidh rm&da'ddm, Ism&il-bA'bda'Uah ad Dimashki died in A. H. ^4 (A. D. 1872). The name of his history is 'Al Biddyah waH Nihdyah {ini' Hum et Jmia) and is continned to his own time. See H. E. There are seyeral of this name. See D*Herb. art. Mocaddes. Shamsn'ddin ^Abda'llah was the author of a geography entitled. Ahsanu'l tdksdn fi Ma*r%fcUi'la hdUmy a description of the seven climates, died A. H. 441, (A. D, 1049 : a second, Hnsfimuddin Md.-b:-A'bnl W61?id author of a work on judicial decigions ; died A. H. 648 (A. D. 1245) ; a third, probably the one alluded to, 6hah&b(iddn Abu Ma^m^id as ShAfa'i author of the work MvihCruH Qha/rdm ila* ZidratU K^ds wdl 8hdm (liber cupidinem esseitans Hierosolyma et Damascum visendi.) He died in 765, (A. D. 1863). H. K. * Abd Hanffa A^mad-b-Daud ad Dinawari, author of a work Isldh u'l MarUik (emendatio sermonis). He died 290 (A. D. 902). H. K. The author of the Murfij ud Pahab. (Prata Auria) which he composed in the reign of the Caliph Mutia BilUh. It begins with the creation of the world, and is continued through the Caliphs to his own time. He died in Cairo iu 846. A. H,(A. D. 957). See D'Herb. andH. K. The famous biographer: his work the Wafaydtu*l Aa^ydn containing the lives of illustrious men is well known. It was composed in Egypt under Sultan Baybars of the Mameluke dynasty. He has given a few particulars of his life at the close of this work which was finished in A. H. 672 (A. D. 1278-4). He was bom in 608 (A. D. 1211) and died in 681 (A. D. 1282). D'Herb. and H. K.

A'bd'ullah.b-Asa'd al Ylfa'i al Yamani, died 768 A. H. (A. D. 1366). He wrote the Mirat u*l Janin wa I'brat u*l Yakdh&n (speculum cordis et exemplum vigilantis), a historical work beginning with the Flight and continued to his own time. Another is the Baudhatu'l Rid^in (viridariumhyacinthorum) containing lives of Moslem saints. This last is not mentioned by H. K. cf. D'Herb.

' Author of the Tarikh Tamini which contains the history of the Ghaznivide Sulfcdn Yamfn u*d Daulah Ma^jmud-bSubuktakfn of whom he was a contemporary : it is brought down to the year 428 (A. D. 10367) : De Saoy haa given an analysis of it in the 4th Vol. of N&tid$ et extraits. I. K. III. p. 266. Another of his name is Al Utbi the poet of Basra; his surname was drawn from Vtba son of Abii Sufyin. It also signi^ fies descended from Vtba-b-QhaEin one of the prophefs oompanions. I. K, III, 107. ^ Abd ^asan' Ali-b-Zayd al Baiha)i afuthor of the Wishdhi Dwmyatil Koir ; a supplement to the Dnmyat u'l Ka9r of al B&kharzi the poet who died. A. H, 467. (A. D. 1075). He is mentioned in I. E. under the latter name ; alpo by H* K., but his date is omitted ; also as the author of a work called Tarikhi Baihak* V. under Tarikh / Baihak, derived from the Persian baiha, good (6iWn), aoooiding to Yal^ii^ is a collection of 8Sl villages between Nisabiir and ^4mi8, there are two others given in H. K. one the author of the Arha*(n {quadra^ ^enaria de Moribm) Abu Bakr Almad-bA'lias Shifa'f, died 458, (A. D, 1065) ^nct Abu'l Mabiain MasaHi4^b-A'U*d-64 (A*

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Bnnan author of the Tirikhi Khnsrawi,! Khwijah AMI Eozl Baihald,' Al>bfa-b-Mii9aV Al^nad-b-Sayyir,* Abu Isi^lf Bazz'az,^ Hafiiammad Balkhi,^ Abnl Ka'sim Ka'bi,7 Abul Hasan Fiun, ^adra'ddin Muhammad author of the T^ju'l Madsir,^ (corona monumentorum)^ Abd'Abdu'llah jMJ&ii,w (author of the Tabak4t.i-N*firi), Kabiru'ddin 'Irtti," Abu'l Kisim Kishi,^ author of the Zubdah (LactU flos), Eliwijah Abti'l Fail^ author of the Makhzan ul Bal&ghat (pronUuarium eloquentuB and Fadhiil ill Mul6k (virtiUee pr^ndpum pr(iBitante$),^^ 'Atau'ddin Jnwainiy brother of the Khawijah Shamso'ddin author of a Diwin, (he

D. Ili9) author of the Al AaHak u'l Ma-

lawtdn {pretiosiores partes diei et noctis) d. FHerb. art. Baiheki. * Abu*! ^nsain MniiMimmad-b-Salaiman Al Asha'ri. the Tirikh KhuBrawi, ia a history of the Persian kiiigs. H. K. giTas no fnrther partionlars or date. ' Anthor of a history of the House of Sahnktikin in sereral volnmes. H. K. 'Author of the Tarlkh KhorMn H.K. * Ahmad-b-Sayyir-b-Ayyiib. The mfidh| Abn'l J^^asan al Marwazi a traditjaoist of great repute and accuracy. Died A. H. 268. A. D. 881. Abn'l Mahiin V. n. p. 46. ' Abd Ish4-Mut^kmmad-b-al Bassis was the author of a history of Herat. EK. * Mnhammad.b.Akil al Balkhi-d-A. H. Sia (A. D. 928). (Abnl Mahisin H. p. 236.) anthor of history of Balkh H. K. ' Ahn'l Ximm AH-b-Hal^dd anthor cf a history of Balkh. H. K. See also I.K.n.p.21. *Abdl Qasan, A'bd'n'l Ghifir-bloBa'fl Al Firm, anthor of the Bijik AfsiUtdrikh l^iaabdr (cursus orationis %ipsDdiz ad historiam Nisabtro). He 4M A. H. 687 (A. D. 1132.) H. K. .tTlda is the Persian History, mentetdhj H. K. who gires no further

'^Tte Tabakdti Niri is on the xpeditioui of K^ifim'ddin

Ma^mud Sh&h-b-ntamish of Delhi. The name of the anthor is Abd Omar, Othmanb-Mubammad al Minhd], Sirhdj al Jdsjdni. So it ooonrs in the author's own preface to his work which has been printed under the superintendence of Captain Nassau Lees. The name is sometimes written,but apparently incorrectly as Jurjin : the latter city is placed by Ti^ut between Tabarist&n and Ehorsn, while Juzjin is an extensiye distract between Balkh and Marward^* See Oapt. Lees' preface for an account of this anthor.

*^ Son of Tdjn'ddin IMd, who wrote of the conquests of Sult&n A'Uu'ddin Khilji. He was a skilled rhetorician, and writer ; see a slight sketch of him in the Tarikh Firoz Sh&hi. (p. 861) of ZilLuddin Bami. *' Abn'l ^sim Jam&lu*ddin. Mubammad-d- A. H. 886 (A. D. 1482), author of the Znbdatn't Tawiirikh, in Persian. H. K. ^ Abd'l Fadbl Ubaidn'llah H. K. (In Bandhat us Safa, 'Abdullah).b.Abi Nasr Abmad-b-A'U-b-alMfkill ; both the works mentioned are historical. H. K, refers to the Bandhat us Safa without further detail. .^^ D'Herbelot and the Bandhat give the name A'lin'ddin A'ta Malik al Juwaini ; the anthor of the Jahdn JTuihd a Persian history; no other particulars are stated.

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wrote the Tarikh Jahinkushi, Eistoria, orhis terrarum victrim) Hamda'Uah Mufltaufi ^Cazwini,! Kidhi Nidhim Bay^hAwi,* Khwajah-Rashidi Tabib, H&fiz Abm,* and other trustworthy writers. For a long time past, likewise, it has been the practice to record current events by a chronogram and to make the computation of years pear from a single word, a hemistich and the like and this too they date ; as for instance, for the accession of his Majesty, they have the words "Na^rat i Akbar" (^ ^j^) victoria insignia and ''Kim Baksh" ( cr^ f^ ). Optatis respondens), but the ancients practised little; thus the following was written on Avicenna.^ The Demonstnation of Truth, Abu A'li Sina. Entered in Shaja* (j*^ 373) from non-existence into being. In Shasd ( ^-^ 391) he acquired complete knowledge. In Takaz (yC 427) he bade the world farewell. apterm a devised it

* A u thor of the Tarikh Chiz<da (prcBstantissimaeaohistoria) which ranks among the best general histories of the East, written for the Wazir Ghiathn'ddin Mn^ammad. It was first composed in 60,000 verses, and then tamed into prose about A. H. 730 (A. D. 1329-80). It begins with the creation and giyes an account of the prophets, preislamite monarchies, and subsequent Caliphate to his own time with the usual digressions in biog^phy, geography and genealogy. The various chapters of this work are detailed in H. K. See Elliot's Bibl. Index, p. 75., ' Ki^hi Nafiru'ddin Abdu'llah-bOmar al Baidh&wi-d-A. H. 684 (A. D. 1286) author of the Nidhimu't Taw&rikh (Ordo historiarum), a compendium of Persian history with an account of Moslem dynasties from the house of Umayyah to that of Ehw^bazm and the Mongols. The text has the word Nidhdm as a name instead of the titles of his work. Khwdjah Eaahidu'ddin Fadhlu'llah. the Wazir (put to death in 718 (A. D. 1318), author of the Jami'u't Taw&rikh (hietoria universalis)* He began it just before the death of Ghsin Khan A. H.704 (1304. A. D.) fiissaooessor

Khudabandah MutAmmad ordered him to complete it and preface it with his name and to add to the history of the Jingis dynasty, a more general aoooont of the nations of the world. The full details will be found in H. K. under art. ^ly^l g;*^. A more extended notice of the author and his work may be road in Elliot's Bibl. Index p. 1. Vol. I. * N6ru'ddfn Lutfullah, al Harawi-bA'bduUah, known as ^ifidh Abrd, author of the ZubdaimH Tawdr0eh composed for Bai SanJjpar Mirza, an account of the principal events and strange or extraordinary occurrences recorded in the history of the world carried down to A. H. 829 (1426 A. D.) He died in 834 (A. D. 1480). Elliot's Bibl. Index p. 81. The whole of this series of authors is taken bodily and in the same order by Abu'l Pazl from the Baudhatu's Saf without acknowledgement.

' Fur i Sfna signifies the same as Ibn 8ina, The full name of this philosopher is Abu 'Ali Susain-b-'Abdu'lliAb-Sina, as Shaikh, ar B&is. He una bom in Buhk&ra A. H. 870 (A. D. 980) and died in 428 (1036) at the age of 68. The length to which these notes have nm

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87 A'fN I. The Commander of the Forces, He ifl the vicegerent of His Majesty. The troops and* people of the province are under his orders and their welfare depends npon his jnst administration. He mnst seek the will of God in all that he nndertakes and be constant in praise and snpplication. He most never lay aside the oonsideration of the people's prosperity nor suffer his zeal to sleep. He mnst not be prompt to vain converse or asperity of manner. Vigilance and the duo distinction of ranks must be his care, especially towards subordinates near his person and officials at a distance. What is the duty of dependents must not be committed to his sons, and what these can' perform he should not execute himself. In all transactions he should confide in one wiser tlian himself and if he can find none such, he should confer with a few chosen individuals and weigh carefully their deliberations. It haps at times, the hoary sage May fail at need in counsel right, ^ And unskilled hands of tender age A chance shaft wing within the white. < He should not admit many men to his secret councils, for the prudent, sealous, warm, disinterested adviser is rare, lest one of them should provoke dissension, and opportunities for timely action escape. He should regard his office of command as that of a guardian, and exercise caution, and making a knowledge of the disposition of men a rule of government, live as it behoves his office. Levity and anger he should keep under the res^int of reason. He should reclaim the rebellious by a just insight into the conduct of affairs and by good counsel, failing which, he should be swift to punish by reprimands, threats, imprisonment, stripes or amputation of limb, but he must use the utmost deliberation before severing the bond of the principle of life. He should not pollute his tongue with abuse which is the manner of noisy vagabonds of the market place. He should refrain from the use of oaths in speech for this is imputing falsehood to himself by implication and distrust in the person he addresses. In judicial investigations, he should not be satisfied with witnesses and oaths, but

pursue them by manifold inquiries, by the stady of physiognomy and the

ooBipel me to reject information whioh the leader may easily gather for himlelf. The life of Aricenna will be found m L K. Under art 8ina D*HerbeIot tranhis life and nnder Canwn the

contents of his famons work on Medicine which has been a mine of knowledge and contention to all subsequent Moslem writers on this subject. 1 Goliath of Ba'di, Chap. UL

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3S exercise of foresight, nor, laying the burden of it on others, live absolved from solicitude. Beware lest justice to that judge belong, Whose own ill-deed hath wrought the suppliant's wrong. Let him not inflict the distress of expectation upon supplicants for justice. He should shut his eyes against faults and accept excuses, and adopt such a course of conduct as will not disparage his good breeding and dignity. He should not interfere with any man's creed. A wiso man, in worldly affairs that are transient, seeks not his own loss, why then should he knowingly abandon the spiritual life that is eternal, iar if it be true, disturbance is criminal and if otherwise it is the malady of ignorance and is deserving of kind treatment. Each division of the kingdom, he should entrust to zealous upright men and provide for the safety of the roads by the establishment of trusty guards and from time to time receive reports of them. He should select for purposes of secret intelligence honest, provident, truthful and unavaricious men, and if such needful individuals are not to be obfained, in every afEair he should associate several who are unknown to each other and inspecting their several reports thus ascertain the truth. His expenditure should be less than his income, and from his treasury ho should sup])ly the needy, especially those who loose not their tongues in solicitation. He should never be negligent of the supplies and accoutrements of the troops. He should not refrain from the practice of horsemanship, and should use the bow and the matchlock and command this exercise to his men. In attaching individuals to his own person and in the increase of confidence, he should employ a cautious circumspection. Many are the evil dispositioned and licentious of nature who profess sincerity and sell themselves at a high price. He should turn his attention to

the increase of agriculture and the flourishing condition of the land and earn the gratitude of the people by the faithful discharge of his obligations and account the befriending of the agriculturists as an excellent service to the Almighty. He should retain impartial collectors of revenue and from time to time obtain information regarding their actions. Let him store for himself a goodly reward in the making of reservoirs, wells, watercourses, gardens, serais and other pious foundations, and set about the repairing if what has fallen into ruin. He should not be given to retirement nor be unsettled in mind which is the manner of recluses, nor make a practice of associating with the common people nor be ever surrounded by a crowd which is the fashion of blind worshippers of outward appearances. Court not the world nor to it wholly die ; Walk wisely : neither phosnix be nor fly.

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80 Let him hold in honour the chosen seifvants of Ood, and entreat the assistance of spiritually-minded anchorites and of mendicants of tangled hair and naked of foot. The imploring blessings from the sun and the solar lamp, he should not consider as its deification or a worshipping of fire.^ Let him accustom himself to night vigils and partake of sleep and food in moderation. He should pass the dawn and the evening in meditation and pray at noon and at midnight. When he is at leisure from worldly a&irs and introspection of conscience, he should study works of philosophy and act according to their precepts. If this does not satisfy his mind, he should peruse the spiritual admonitions of the Masnawi* and regardless of the letter imbibe its spirit. He should entertain his mind with the instructive stories of Kalila and Danma, and thus gaining a knowledge of the vicissitudes of life, regard the experience of the ancients as his own. Let him apply himself to the cultivation of true knowledge and put aside childish tales. Let him associate with a discreet and trusty friend aod give him permission to look carefully into his daily conduct in order that he may privately represent whatever, in the balance of his discretion, appears blameworthy and if at any time his penetration should be at fault he should not be thereat displeased for men have ever been backward in uttering a displeasing truth especially in a season of anger when reason slumbers and the spirit is aflame. Courtiers, for the most part, seek pretexts of evasion and lend a false colouring to error, and if perchance one of them should be really concerned, he will hold his peace for fear, for he is indeed difficult to find who would prefer another's benefit to his own injury. Let him not be roused to anger by the representations of detractors, but rest in the path of circumspection, for men of evil nature, dissemblers in speech, palm oft their tales with the semblance of truth and representing themselves as disinterested, labour to injure others. He should not consider himself as fixed of residence but hold himself ever ready for a summons to the presence. .Let him not be malevolent, but prefer courtesy and gentleness. He should not subvert ancient families hot let an illustrious ancestry redeem unworthy successors. Let him see

thai the younger among his followers when they meet, use the greeting " God is great,"* and the elder reply * Glorious is His Majesty." Let him not take as food a sheep or a goat of under one year and he should abstain from flesh for a month after the anniversary of his birthday. He shall nol eat of anything that he has himself killed. He should restrict himself in sensual gratification and approach not a pregnant woman. The

See. VoL I, pp. 200-202. | See Vol. I, p. 166. * Of Jal^a'ddin Rumi.

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40 food which is bestowed in memory of the deceased, he should prepare each year on his birthday and regale the needy. With heayenly treasures store thy grave provide* While yet in life none may when he hath died. When the sun advances from one sign of the zodiac to another, let him offer np a thanksgiving and discharge cannon and musketry to arouse the slumberers in forgetfulness. At the first beams of the world-illumining sun and at midnight which is the turning point of its re-ascension, let him sound the kettle-drum and enforce vigilance.

ATN II. The Fovjd&r. In the same way that His Majesty, for the prosperity of the empire, has appointed a Oommander of the forces for each province, so by his rectitude of judgment and wise statesmanship he apportions several pargaunahs to the care of one of his trusty, just and disinterested servants, appreciative of what is equitable, and faithful to his engagements ; and him they style by the above name. As a subordinate and assistant he holds the first place. Should a cultivator or a collector of the crown lands or an assignee of government estates prove rebellious, he should induce him to submit by fair words, and if this fail, he shall take the written evidence of the principal officers and proceed to chastise him. He should pitch his camp in the neighbourhood of the body of rebels and at every opportunity inflict loss upon their persons and property but not risk at once a general engagement. If the affair can be concluded with the infantry he should not employ cavalry. He should not be rash in attacking a fort, but encamp beyond bowshot and the reach of its guns and musketry, and obstruct the roads of communication. He should be vigilant against night

attacks and devise a place of retreat, and be constant in patrolling. When he has captured the rebel camp, he must observe equity in the division of the spoil and reserve a fifth for the royal exchequer. If a balance of revenue be due from the village, this should be first taken into account. He should constantly inspect the horses and accoutrements of the troops. If a trooper be without a horse, his comrades should be assessed to provide for him and if a horse be killed in action, it should be made good at the expense of the State. He must duly furnish a roll of the troops present * Sa'di-GnlisUn Preface.

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41 and absent, to the rojal court and ever bear in mind tbe daty of carrying oat its sacred ordinanees. XTN Ul. The Mir A*dl and the Kdzi. Although tbe supreme authority and the redress of grieyauoes rests with sovereign monarchs, yet the capacity of a single person is inadequate to the superintendence of the entire administration. It is therefore necessary that he should appoint one of his discreet and unbiassed servants as his judiciary delegate. This person must not be content with witnesses and oaths, but hold diligent investigation of the first importance, for the inquirer is uninformed and the two litigants are cognisant of the facts. Without fall inquiry, and just insight, it is difficult to acquire requisite certitude. From the excessive depravity of human nature and its covetousness, no dependence can be placed on a witness or his oath. By impartia* lity and knowledge of character, be should distinguish the oppressed from the oppressor and boldly and equitably take action on his conclusions. He must' begin with a thorough interrogation and learn the circumstances of the case ; and should keep in view what is fitting in each particular and take tbe question in detail, and in this manner set down separately the evidence of each witness. When he has accomplished his task with intelligence, deliberation and perspicacity, he should, for a time, turn to other business and keep his counsel from others. He should then take up the case and reinvestigate and inquire into it anew, and with discrimination and singleness of view search it to its core. If capacity and vigour are not to be found united, he should appoint two persons, one to investigate whom they call a Kdzi ; the other the Mir A'dl to carry out his finding. AfN IV. The Kotwdl The appropriate person for this office should be vigorous, experienced, aotive, ddiberate, patient, astute and humane. Through his watchfulness and night patrolling the citizens should enjoy the repose of security, and the evil-disposed lie in the slough of non-existence. He should keep a

ragistor of houses, and frequented roads, and engage the citizens in a pkdge of reciprocal assistance, and bind them to a common participation of weal and woe. He should form a quarter by the union of a certain number of habitations, and name one of his intelligent subordinates for its superiotendenoe and receive a daily report under his seal of those who enter or 6

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42 leaTe it, and of wliatever events therein occnr. And he should appoint as a spy one among the obscure residents with whom the other shonld have no acqnaintance, and keeping their reports in writing, employ a heedful scrutiny. He should establish a separate serdi and cause unknown arrivals to alight therein, and by the aid of divers detectives take account of them. He should minutely observe the income and expenditure of the various classes of men and by a refined address, make his vigilance reflect honour on his administration. Of eveiy guild of artificers, he should name one as guildmaster, and another as broker, by whose intelligence the business of purchase and sale should be conducted. From these also he should require frequent reports. He should see to the open thoroughfare of the streets and erect barriers at the entrances and secure freedom from defilement. When night is a little advanced, he should prohibit people from entering or leaving the city. He should set the idle to some handicraft. He shonld remove former grievances and forbid any one from forcibly entering the house of another. He shall discover thieves and the goods they have stolen or be responsible for the loss. He should so direct that no one shall demand a tax or cess save on arms, elephants, horses, cattle, camels, sheep, goats and merchandise. In every Stibah a slight impost shall be levied at an appointed place. Old coins should be given in to be melted down or consigned to the treasury as bullion. He should suffer no alteration of value in the gold and silver coin of the realm, and its diminution by wear in circulation, he shall recover to the amount of the deficiency. He should use his discretion in the reduction of prices and not allow purchases to be made outside the city. The rich shall not take beyond what is necessary for their consumption. He shall examine the weights and make the ser not more or less than thirty ddms,^ In the gasfi hereinafter to be mentioned, he should permit neither decrease or increase, and restrain the people from the making, the dispensing, the buying or selling of wine, but refrain from invading the privacy of domestic life. Of the property of a deceased or missing person who may have no heir, he shall take an inventory and keep it in his care. He should reserve separate ferries and wells for men and women. He should appoint persons of respectable character to supply the public watercourses, and prohibit women from riding on horseback. He should direct that no ox or buffalo* or horse, or camel be slaughtered, and forbid the restriction of persona] liberty and the selling of slaves. He should not suffer a woman to be burnt against her inclination, nor a criminal deserving of death, to be impaled, See Vol. I, pp. 16, 82, H seq, | See Vol. I, p. 88. n. and Kin 11 of

this book.

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4A nor any one to be oironmcised ander the age of twelve. Above this limit of age, the permission may be accorded. Religions enthusiasts, calendars, and dishonest tradesmen he should expel or deter from their course of condnct, but he should be careful in this matter not to molest a Gt)d-fearing recluse, or persecute barefooted wandering anchorites. He should allot separate quarters to butchers, hunters of animals, washers of the dead, and sweepers, and restrain men from associating with such stony-hearted gloomydispositioned creatures. He shall amputate the hand of any who is the pot-companion of an executioner, and the finger of such as converse with his fiftmily. He should locate the cemetery outside of, and to the west of the city. He should prohibit his adherents from wearing sombre garments in mourning and induce them to wear red. From the first till the nineteenth of the month of Farwardin, during the whole of the month of Abim, the days of the sun's passage from one sign of the zodiac to another, mz,, the first of every solar month, the sixteenth of the same, the lUhi festivals, the days of the eclipse of the sun and moon, and on the first day of the week. Be shall prohibit men from slaughtering animals, but hold it lawful as a necessity for feeding animals used in hunting and for the sick. He shall remove the place of execution to without the city and see that the Oihi festivals are observed. He shall have lamps lit on the night of the Kauroz^ (New Year's day) and on the night of the 19th of Farwardin. On the ere of a festival, as well r.s on the festival itself he shall cause a kettl edram to be sounded at each watch. In the Persian and Hindu almanacs, he shall cause the Il&hi era to be adopted and the beginning of the month according to the Hindu nomenclature he shall place in Shukla* pachoh.* AFN V. The Oolleetor of the Revenue Should be a friend of the agriculturist. Zeal and truthfulness should be his rule of conduct. He should consider himself the representative of the lord paramotmt and establish himself where every one may have easy access to him without the intervention of a mediator. He should deal with the contumacious and the dishonest by admonition and if this avail not, proceed to chastisement, nor should he be in apprehension of the land falling waste. He should not cease from punishing highway robbers, murderers and evildoers, nor from heavily mulcting them, and so administer that the cry of complaint shall be stilled. He should assist the needy husbandman with ^ See Ain 22, Sod Book. | ' See p. 17 of this book.

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advanoea of monefy and raooTer them gradvally. And when tlurough the ezartionB of tbe village headman the full rental is reoeived, be ehoold allow him half a hiswah^ on each highahj or otherwise reward him according to the meaaore of his services. He should ascertain the extent of the soil in ooiktiyation and weigh each several portion in the scales of personal observatix ui and be aoqnainted with its quality. The agricultural value of land varies in different districts and certain soils are adapted to certain crops. He should deal differently, therefore, with each agriculturist and take his case into consideration. He should take into account with discrimination the engagements of former collectors and remedy the procedure of ignorance or dishonesty. He should strive to bring waste lands into cultivation and take heed that what is in cultivation fall not waste. He should stimulate the increase of valuable produce and remit somewhat of the assessment with a view to its augmentation. And if the husbandman cultivate less and urge a plausible excuse, let him not accept it. Should there be no waste land in a village and a husbandman be capable of adding to his cultivation, he should allow him land in some other village. He should be jaei and provident in his measurements. Let him increase the facilities of the husbandman year by year, and under the pledge of his engagements, take nothing beyond the actual area under tillage. Should some prefer to engage by measurement and others by appraisement of crops, let him forward the contracts with all despatch to the royal presence. Let him not make it a practice of taking only in cash payments but also in kind. This latter is effected in several ways. First, kanMt : kan in the Hindi language signifies gr^in, and kut, estimate. The whole land is taken either by actual mensuration or by pacing it, and the standing crops estimated in the balance of inspection. The experienced in these matters say that this comes little short of the mark. If any doubt arise, tbe crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, hatdi, also called bhdoli ; the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required, otherwise the evil-minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, hhet h(Udi, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, Idng bcUdi; after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselrea, and each takes his share home to clean it and turn it to profit. If it be not prejudicial to the husbandman, he may take the value of the com-bear' The aoth part of a highah.

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4A vag kad in oash nk the madce^ rate. If onthiakixl thej sow the best kkide of produce,^ in ^e first year he should remit a fourth of the usual assesament. If at the time of colkotioD, the better produce is found to be larger in quantity than the preyious year, but less land cultiyated, and the riTenue be the same, let him not be provoked or moved to contention. He Aonld alvrays seek to satisfy the owner of the crops. He should not entrust the appraisement to the headmau of the yillage lest it give rise to leBusaness and incompetence and undue authority be conferred on highbaaded oppressors, but he should deal with each husbandman, present his demaod, and separately and civilly receive his dues. He must take security from land surveyors, assessors and other officers of revenue. He should supply the officials engaged in the land measurenents, for each day on which they are employed, with 16 ddme and 81 <ef, and as a monthly ration, oa the following scale : Flour. Oil. Grain. Vegetables Ac. s6r b6t s6r dam Superintendent of survey, ... 6. J 7. 4. Writer, ... ... ... 4. | 6. 4. Land surveyor and four thanadar8,each, 8. 1 5. He shall affix a mark to the land surveyed and shall take a bond from the headman that there shall be no concealment regarding the land, and the various crops shall be duly reported. In the process of measurement if any inferior portion of land be observed, he shall at once estimate its qnantity, and from day to day take a note of its quality and this voucher he shall deliver to the husbandman. But if this discovery be made after the collection of the revenue, he shall gather information from the neighbours and from unofficial documents and strike an average. In the same way as the harhun (registrar of collections) sets down the transactions of the assessments, the mulcaddam (chief village revenue officer) and the pattodrt (landsteward) shall keep their respective accounts. The Collector shall compare &ese documents and keep them under his seal and give a copy thereof to the clerk. When the assessment of the village is completed, he shall enter it in the abstract of the village accounts, and after verifying it anew, cause its authentication by the kdrkun and ^mtwari, and this document he Aall forward weekly to the royal presence and never delay it beyond fifteen days. After the despatch of the draft estimates to the imperial oeart, should any disaster to the crops occur, on ascertaining the exact twfT 4j*^ guoh as gugar, pan or | inferior crops, suoh as maise. iottoa ia ooatradiatinotion to t!^*^' cT^

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46 ptirtioalars on the spot, he shall calculate the extent of the loss and recording it in writing, transmit it without delay in order that it may be approved or 01 commissioner despatched. He should collect the revenue in an amicable manner and extend not the hand of demand out of season. He should begin the collection of the spring harvest from the HoU, which is a Hindu festival occutring when the sun is about to pass from Aquarius and is entering or has reached midway in Pisces, and the Autumn harvest from the Basharah, which is a festival falling when the sun is in the middle or lasfc ten days of Virgo, or the first ten of Libra. Let him see that the treasurer does not demand any special^ kind of coin, but take what is of standard weight and proof and receive the equivalent of the deficiency at the value of current coin and record the difference in the voucher. He should stipulate that the husbandman bring his rents himself at definite periods so that the malpractices of low intermediaries may be avoided. When fchere is a full harvest, he should collect the appropriate revenue and accept no adjournment of payments on future crops. Whosoever does not cultivate land liable to taxation but encloses it for pasturage, the Collector shall take for each buffalo six ddmSf and for an ox, three ddms yearly, but for a calf or a buffalo which has not yet calved, he shall make no demand. He shall assign four oxen, two cows and one buffalo to each plough and shall lay no impost on these. Whatever is paid into the treasury, he shall himself examine and count and compare it with the day-ledger of the kdrkwi,. This he shall verify by the signature of the treasurer and placing it in bags under seal, shall deposit it in a strong room and &sten the door thereof with several locks of different construction. He shall keep the key of one himself and leave the others with the treasurer. At the end of the month, he shall take from the writer (hitikcht) the account of the daily receipts and expenditure and forward it to the presence. When two lakhs of ddms are collected, he shall remit them by the hands of trusty agents. He shall carefully instruct the patwdri of each village to enter in detail in the memorandum which he gives to the husbandman, the amount he receives from the same; any balances he shall enter under each name in a book and forward it attested by the signatures of the headmen ; and these, ax) the next harvest, he shall recover without distress. He shall carefully inspect the suyurghdl^ tenures, sending

* If the word i^^^ be read instead of U^^ as oconrs in one MS., the rendering will then be " fine gold*' instead of fipeoialooin.

* An aasignment of land revenue for charitable purposes : also a grant without stipulation of any condition. See yoLi,p27a

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47

oopiei of tbem to the registry office to be compared. He should ascertain tiie correctness of the chahndmahf^ and resume the share of a deceased grantee or one who is an absentee or actually in service of the state. He should take care that land cultivated by the farmer himself and not by the tenant, as well as resumed lands, should not be suffered to tsM waste ; the property of the absentee or of him that dies without an heir he should duly keep under ward and report the circumstances. He should see that no capitation-tax be imposed nor interfere with the remission of dues granted by former governments. He shall not make the occasions of jonmoying, feasting or mourning an opportunity for exactions, and refrain from accepting presents. Whenever a mukaddam or pattodri shall bring money or, advancing to the dais, shall present a ddm in obeisance, he shall not accept it. In the same way he shall renounce halkatif which is the practice of taking a small fee from each village when the harvest is ready for reaping. He shall also waive all perquisites on handicrafts, marketbooths, police, travelling passports, garden produce, temporary sheds, enclosure, fishing rights, port-dues, butter, oil of sesame, blanketing, leather, wool, and the like malpractices of the avaricious who fear not God. He shall provide for the periodic appointment of one among those best acquainted with the district, to reside at the royal court and furnish it with the minutest particulars. Every month he shall submit a statement of the condition of the people, of the jdgtrddra, the neighbouring residents, the submission of the rebellious, the market prices, the current rents of tenements, the state of the destitute poor, of artificers, and all other contingencies. Should there be no hotwal^ the Collector must take the duties of that office upon himself.

AfN VI. The Bitihchi^ Must be conscientious, a good writer, and a skilful accountant. He is indispensable to the collector. It is his duty to take from the kani^ngc^ the

' This i a g^ant of alienated lands specifying the boundary limito thereof. GKakt according to Elliot, is a patch of reiit*free land detached from a village. A word of Torkish origin, signifying t wiitw OP scribe. * An officer in each district acquainted with its cnstoms and land-tnares and

whose appointment is nsnally hereditary.

He receives report from the paJtwMs of new cases of alluyion and dilayion, sales, leases, gifts of land &c. which entail a change in the register of mutations. He is a revenue oflBcer and subordinate to the tahsildir. Gamegy. Kachh. Technical.

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48 average decennial state of the village revenues in money and kind, and having made himself acqoainted with the onstoms and regnlations of the district, satisfy the Col lector in this regard, and lend his ntmoet assistanee and attention. He shall record all engagements made with the agrienltnrists, define the village bonndaries, and estimate the amonnt of arable and waste land. He shall note the names of the mumify the superintendent the land-surveyor and ikanaddr^ also that of the cultivator and headman, and record below, the kind of produce cultivated. He should also set down the village, the pergunnah and the harvest, and subtracting the deficiency take the value of the assets, or after the manner of the people of the country, inscribe the name, the kind of produce, and the deficiency below the date of cultivation. When the survey of the village is complete, he shall determine the assessment of each cultivator and specify the revenue of the whole village. The Collector shall take the revenue on this basis, and forward a copy of the survey, called in Hindi khasra to the royal court. When drawing out the rolls, if the former documents are not available, he should take down in writing from the patwdri the cultivation of each husbandman by name and thus effect his purpose, and transmit the roll together with the balances and collections punctually, and he shall enter the name of the tahsUdar below each village, in the day-ledger. He shall record the name of each husbandman who brings his rent and grant him a receipt signed by the treasurer. Copies of the rolls of the patwdri and mukaddam by means of which they have made the collections, together with the sarkhati that is the memorandum given to the husbandman, he shall receive from the patwdri, and inspecting them, shall carefully scrutinize them. If any falsification appears, he shall fine them and report to the Collector daily the collection and balances of each village and &cilitate the performance of his duty. Whenever any cultivator desires a reference to his account, he shall settle it without delay and at the close of each harvest he shall record the collections and balances of each village and compare them with the pattodrTSf and enter each day in the ledger the receipts and disbnrsemenls under each name and heading, and authenticate it by the signature of the Collector and treasurer. At the end of the month, he shall enclose it in a bag under the seal of the Collector and forward it to the presence. He shall also despatch daily the price-current of mohurs and rupees and other articles under the seals of the principal men, and at the end of each harvest, he shall take the receipts and disbursements of the treasurer, and forward it authenticated by his signature. The abstract and settlement of the assessment, at the close of each year, he shidl laranamit under the signature of the Collector. He shall enter the effeote and oatUe

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49 plundered in any village, in the day-ledger, and report the circnmstances. At the year's end, when the time of the revenae-collections has closed, he fiball record the balances dne from the village and deliver the record to the Collector and forward a copy to the royal conrt. When removed from office, he shall make over to the Collector for the time being his account mider the heads of balances, advances &c., and after satisfying him in this regard, take the detail thereof and repair to the Court. AtN VII. The Treasurer.^ Called in the language of the day Fofaddr^, The treasury should be located near the residence of the governor and the situation should be such where it is not liable to injury. He should receive from the culti* vator any kind of mohurs, rupees or copper that he may bring, and not demand any particular coin. He shall require no rebate on the august coinage of the realm but take merely the equivalent of the deficiency in coin- weight. Coinage of former reigns he shall accept as bullion. He shall keep the treasure in a strong room with the knowledge of the shikddr^ and the registrar, and count it every evening and cause a memorandum thereof to be signed by the Collector and compare the day-ledger with the registrar's account and authenticate it by bis signature. On the door of the treasury as sealed by the Collector, he should place a lock of his own, and open it only with the cognisance of the Collector and registrar. He shall not receive any monies from the cultivator save with the knowledge of the Collector and registrar, and he shall grant a receipt for the same. He shall cause the patwdri^s signature to be affixed to the ledger known in Hindustan as hakiy so that discrepancy may be avoided. He shall consent

^ Khixinad&r. ' The term fola is applied in Arabic, to cloths used as waist wrappers brought from Sind, and the word itself ii sapposed to be derived from that country and not to be of Arabic origin. De Sacy in his Ghrest. Arabe I, 195 quotes from M. Yarsj that these cloths are nade in the Levant and Arabia, and are used for the bath, as veils for women ind for turbans. He adds, Les pagnes sont tres-oonnnes dans nos ports neridionaoz qni font le commerce dn lerant, aoos le nom de foutes, De la

vient en portogais, Fota. The office was no doubt originally named from this distinguishing portion of apparel. In Marathi, it is termed sifi^K whence the common name Poddr applied to a banker, a cash-keeper, or an officer in public establishments for weighing money or bullion. See Wilson's Gloss, ' An officer appointed to collect the revenue from a certain division of land under the Moghul govern men t ; it was sometimes applied to the chief financial officer of a province or to the viceroy in his financial capacity. Wilson' sGlossory.

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60 to no disbarsements without the voncher of the diwdn} and shall enter into no usurious transactions. If any expenditure should be necessary that admits of no delay, he may act under the authority of the registrar and shikddr and represent the case to government. The aforementioned duties, from those of the commander of the troops up to this point, are primarily under the direct cognisance of the sovereign authority and as no one individaal can perform them, a deputy is appointed for each function and thus the necessary links in administration are strengthened. Currency of the means of Subsistence, Since the benefit and vigour of human action are referrible to bodily sustenance, so in proportion to its purity is the spirit strengthened ; the body, were it otherwise, would grow corpulent and the spirit weak : the thoughts too under such a regimen, incline to refinement and actions to virtue. The seekers of felicity, sober in conduct, are before all things particularly careful in the matter of food and do not pollute their hands with every meat. To the simple in heart who fear God, labour is difficult and their means of living straitened. They have not that luminous insight which penetrating to the essence of things, dwells in repose, but through fear of the displeasure of God, are sunk in exhaustion of soul from the pangs of hunger. As for instance in the case of the man who possessed a few cows, his legitimate property, and subsisted on their milk. By the accident of fortune, it chanced that they were carried off, and he passed some days fasting. An active fellow after diligent pursuit brought them back, but he would not accept them and replied, " I know not whence those dumb animals have had food during these past few days." In a short space this simple soul died. Many tales are told of such dull-witted creatures who have thus passed away. There are also avaricious worldlings

who do not recognize the difference between other people's property and their own, and gratify themselves at the expense of their spiritual and temporal good. The ignorant and distraught in mind, making their own necessities an occasion of spoilation and seizure, prepare for themselves eternal punishment. Simple, innocent-minded folk consider that there are no unappropriated waste lands and were they obtainable, it would be difficult to furnish the implements of cultivation, and if these could be had, the means of providing

* This term was especially applied to the head financial minister whether of the state or of a province, being charged in the latter with the collection of the

revenne, its remittance to the imperial treasnry and invested with extensive judicial powers in all civil and financial causes. Ibid,

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51 food which would enable them to labour, are not manifest. They can discoTer no mine to excavate, and if one were pointed out to them which had no owner, it wonld be extremely onerons to obtain a living therefrom. They are averse too, from the profession of arms, lest dear life be the exchange for base lucre. They withdraw themselves also from commerce for this reason that n^^y ask a high price for their goods, conceal their deficiencies and praise them for qualities which are not in them, while they close their eyes to the evident excellencies of what they purchase and disparage it for faults it does not possess, preferring their own benefit to another's loss. And they disapprove also of those who are content to hold lawful the sequestration of the goods of rival sectaries, and they affirm that if the fautor of such pretension be discerning and wise, it will seem an occasion for additional anxiety rather than a sanction to retain the property of another ; for how can the illicit seizure of what is another's be commendable on the score of a difference of faith ? On the contrary, it is a suggestion of the evil one, a phantasy of the dreams of the avaricious and unfit for the ears of the good. At the present time His Majesty has placed a lamp upon the highway before all men, that they may distinguish the road from the pitfalls, and sink not into the slough of perdition, nor pass tbeir dear lives in unprofitableness. Since there is infinite diversity in the natures of men and distractions internal and external daily increase, and heavy-footed greed travels post haste, and light-headed rage breaks its rein, where friendship in this

demon-haunted waste of dishonour is rare, and justice lost to view, there is, in sooth, no remedy for such a world of confusion but in autocracy, and this panacea in administration is attainable only in the majesty of just monarchs. If a house or a quarter cannot be administered without the sanctions of hope and fear of a sagacious ruler, how can the tumult of this world-nest of hornets be silenced save by the authority of a vicegerent of Almighty power ? How, in snch a case can the property, lives, honour, and religion of the people be protected, notwithstanding that some recluses have imagined that this can be supernaturally accomplished, but a wellordered administration has never been effected without the aid of sovereign monarchs. That fiery wilderness of talismanic power, too, is haunted by spells and sorcerers, and storms of confusion from this sea of undiscernment have arisen and arise, and many souls, through simplicity and shortsightedness, in the turbulent billows of inexperience have been and are still ever engulfed, while those who by the light of wisdom and through the grace of acceptance have bridled their desires and garnered prorisions for the long journey to come, have, in the cross-roads of distraction, become

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62 the reproach of high and low, for their folly, irreligion and nnhelief. In that assembly of ignorance should a philosopher of experience enter, he mast needs take up the fashion of fools and so escape from the contumely of the base. It is evident that in all cultivated areas, the possessors of property are numerous, and they hold their lands by ancestral descenjj, but through malevolence and despite, their titles become obscured by the dust of uncertainty and the hand of firmness is no longer stretched above them. If the cultivator hold in awe the power of the Adomer of the universe and the Elixir of the living, and the merchant turn back from evil designing and reflect in his heart on the favour of the lord of the world, the depository of divine grace, his possessions would assuredly be approved of wisdom. Thus the virtue of property lies in the pledge of intention, and a just ruler, like a saltbed, makes clean the unclean, and the evil good. But without honest coadjutors, abundant accessories of state and a fall treasury even he could effect nothing and the condition of subserviency and obedience would lack the bloom of discipline. Now the man of robust frame should, in the first place, choose the profession of arms and reflect on the assistance which he is capable of rendering, so as to regard his life as devoted to the task of preserving human society from dissolution. The means of sustenance are likewise as abundant to the labourer as forage for his cattle. But if a man is unequal to this, he should endeavour, in some way, to enter into the number of state servants. Thas the currency of the means of subsistence rests on a twofold basis, viz,, the justice of sovereign monarohs and regard to the welfare of well-disposed dependents. The base materialist understands not the language of reason and never transcends the limits of bodily sense. This unfertile soil needs the water of the sword, not the limpid spring of demonstration. In the presence of the majesty of the prince, the proud and perverse of disposition sink into obscurity

while the prosperity of the good who seek after justice is ever continuous. Of a truth, whatever be the recompense of the guardianship over the four^ priceless elements of the constitution, it is both meet and expedient and according to the Almighty will. To the watchmen over the house, the lord thereof appoints the guerdon, and to the watchmen of the universe, its shepherds.^ If the whole of a man's possessions were spent for the protection of his honour, it would be but fitting if in gratitade he further pledged his whole credit, how much the more when it is a question of the guardianship of the four great elements of State polity P But just mo* See Vol. I, p. lY. Abal Fasl's pre- I ' i. ., in the Homeric sense, noifjitvt^ oe. I XfiUtfv

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narchfl 6xact not more than is necessary to effect their purpose and stain not their hands with avarice ; and hence it is that this principle varies, as has heen stated, according to diversities of age and ooantry. From this suggestive digression, it will be evident that whatever circumspect rulers exact from their subjects after due deliberation and to subserve the interests of justice and grant to their submissive dependents, has a perfect propriety and is nniyersally in vogue. It is also clear that the maintenance of the soldier should be ampler and more choice. Next follow the cultivators and then other artisans. Ancient Oreek^ treatises aSrm that professions are circnmscribed to three classes, the Noble, the Base, and the Intermediate. The former refers to the mind and is, also, of not more than three kinds : the first concerns the pure intellect, as sagacity and capability of administration ; the second, acquired knowledge, as composition or eloquence ; the third personal courage, as military duty. The Base also is of three kinds ; the first is opposed to the common weal of mankind, such as the hoarding of grain : the second is the contrary of any one virtue, as buffoonery ; the thi rd is such as the disposition is naturally averse from, as the trade of a barber, a tanner or a sweeper. The Intermediate comprises various callings and trades ; some that are of necessity,* such as agriculture ; others which conld be dispensed with, as dyeing ; others again simple, as carpentry and ironmongery ; and some compound, as the manufacturing of scales or knives.* From this exposition the distinguished character of the military profession is evident. In short, the noblest source of maintenance is to be fonnd in a profession which is associated with just dealing, self-restraint and bravery and apart from evil doing and sensuality. The good regard

' The reference is, no donbt, to Aristotle's Politics z. (^) the tme sense of whicli . has been lost by filtration through some Arabic version or paraphrase. 'Ev dirouracs 8^ ral^ v6\(nv iari rpia lUfnj rrj^ ^oXccos, oi ficy eviropoi o-^oSpa, Si ^ iiFOpoi c^oSpa, 61 S\ rpiroi ol futroi TovTcw lirct roLvw 6/LtoA.oyctTai ri fterpcor Spurray Kai to fitaoy, ^avepov ori Kol TW fxynixfliMTiav 17 Krrjavi ^ p.i<ni P^XTtOTTf 7rdvT<ov The three classes of citizens are differently described by Theseus in the

Suppliants of Euripides but the middle class is there also adjudged to be the most serviceable to the State, v. Iket. 238. *. Scvrcpov 8^ TO fcoAov/icvov fiav avaov &m Sk tovto ircpt Tas revya^ &v avv irokiv a^vvarov otKcur^oi* TOVTUiv 8k Ttav t;(vo)v Tot? fxkv ii avdyicrf^ V7rdpxiv Set, Tots Sk cis t/dv^^ rj to Ka Xws &jv* Id. z. (A) Perhaps this distinction may lie between arts and instruments made by the arts. So Aristotle, ^ (H) j ^ctTaTxwis, 7oXA(uv yap opydyutv Sctroi ro irjy

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54 three things as necessary in a profession avoidance of tyranny, refraining from what is dishonourable, abstinence from all that is mean ; by what is dishonourable, is meant baffoonery and the like low pursuits ; by what is mean, is understood an inclination to base callings.* When an appropriate means of maintenance is secured, it is a requisite condition of economy to husband a portion of one's means, provided that the household is not thereby straitened. The mendicant should not be turned away disappointed nor subjected to the reproof of covetousness and greed. The proper control of an estate is conditional on the expenditure being less than the income ; it is permitted to indulge a little in commercial speculation and engage in remunerative undertakings,

reserving a part in coin and valuables, a part in goods and wares, and somewhat invested in the speculations of others, and yet a portion in lands and immoveable estates, and a share may be entrusted to borrowers of credit, and expenditure regulated with circumspection, justice and modesty. Let such a one be frank in kis commercial dealings and give no place in his heart to self-reproach. He should keep in view of his purpose, the will of God, not the hope of gratitude, the increase of reputation or the expectation of reward. He should also give freely to the needy whose destitution is unexposed. There is also a twofold manner of munificence which if exercised in just measure, is meritorious. Firstly, what is given in pure generosity or largesse such as a present and the like. This should be done quickly and secretly and without setting store on its amplitude or abundance, nor yet so as to cripple one's resources or exhaust them. Secondly what is called for by occasional exigencies, either in procuring comforts or removing grievances, such as what is given to oppressors or to the profligate in order that person, property and honour may escape tbeir injury. But in this he should use moderation. In procuring the conveniences of life, however, it is better that the bounty should be liberal. People of the world in the matter of living are to be resolved into tbree classes. One class are fallen into such heedlessness that spiritual needs do not enter their comprehension, much less are practically considered. Another through their luminous fortune are so immersed in the consideration of essential truths that they give no thought to their means of sustenance. But those who seek the felicity to come, the circumspect in conduct, neglect not a just appreciation of life but make external

Aristotle counts among these, the mechanical and commercial professions. ouTc jSavavo'OV j3iov ovt' ayopaiov ScZ

irjv Tovs TToXiras* iycw^s yap 6 toioGTos /?tos Kou irpo^ dptrrp^ vTrcvavrtos* A (H).

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conditions the instrnment of interior well being in the hope of admisaion among those absorbed in divine love, and so attaining to the third degree of felicity, whence after traversing the arid waste of deliverance, thej may repose in the second.^

The dues of sovereignty have thus been set forth. The circulation of the means of sustenance, thus, is seen to rest on the justice of prudent monarchs and the integrity of conscientious dependents. And because the conditions of the royal state and prerogative vary in different countries, and soils are diverse in character, some producing abundantly with little labour, and others the reverse, and as ineq[ualities exist also, through the remoteness or vicinity of water and cultivate d tracts, the administration of each state must take these circumstances into consideration and fix its demands accordingly. Throughout the whole extent of Hindustan where at all times so many enlightened monarchs have reigned, one-sixth of the produce was exacted ; in the Turkish empire, Iran and Turin a fifth, a sixth, and a tenth respectively. In ancient times a capitation tax was imposed called, khirdj. Kubdd disapproved of this practice, and resolved that the revenue should be fixed upon arable land accurately surveyed. But his death occurred before he could accomplish his design. Noshirwan (his son) carried it to completion and made the janb of ten square reeds.* This was sixty royal yards square. One fourth of this was taken as a kaJW and valued at three dirhams,* and the third part was fixed as the contribution due to the state, ^aftz is a measure called also aa* weighing eight rafl,^ and, some say, more. The dirhem is equal in weight to one mUkdh When the Caliphate fell to Omar, at the suggestion of the learned, he adopted the plan of Noshirwdn but through the vicissi-

* That is, according to the theology of the mystics, the third stage in the progressiTe spiritual life is the attraction of tlie soul to God ^1 ; the second is immersion in the Divine love *^* ^; the rapreme stage is the unitive *^' Cf reierred for his chosen saints. In the original, the word kahzah is written erroneonsly for kofbah which is corrected in the subsequent page with the following note. " According to the glossaries, 6 barleycorns make an aiiba\ (finger breadth) : 4 aaha^ a kabzah : 6 kahzahj a tarda* (cubit): 10 cubits, a kofkah : 10 kafhah, an aahl : a jarib is 1

square ashl, u e. 10 square kofhah or 100 square cubits. According to the kuddmahf 4 aaba* is equal to a lkah:fah, and 10 kabzah a cubit, and 60 cubits an ashZ, According to this, a jarib would be 60 square oubits." * A space of ground containing from about 124 to 144 cubits square. It is also a dry measure. * See Vol. I, p. 86.

* This is variously rated at 12 to 16 oz. At Bombay it is said to be equal to 86 Surat rupees. In the Bed Sea Uttoral the Eottob, as it is corruptly called, varies from 10 to 24 oz. avoirdupois. Wilson's Gloss.

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66 tudes of temporal conditions, he introdnced some alterations which may be gathered from ancient volnmes. In Tnran and Irdn from ages past, they have exacted a tenth, bnt the exactions have increased to more than a half which does not appear exorbitant to a despotic government. In Egypt they take for a Kttddn of the best soil, 3 Ihrahimii middling, 2 worst, 1 The kuddn is a measnre of land of 100 square reeds, each of which is equal to one bda\^ An Ibrahtmi is current for 40 hahira and 14 kahirs is equal to a rupee of Akbar Sh4h. In some parts of the Turkish empire, they exact from the husbandman 30 Akchehs for everv yoke of oxen. The Akcheh is a silver coin equal to 81 Ihrahimis. And from crown lands the demand is 42 Kkchehy and from each soldier 21, besides which the governor of the Subah takes 15 more. In some parts for each plough 20, and from each soldier 7 Akcheh, while the Governor takes six. In others, the Sanjakbegt^ receives 27 and the Subashi (kotw41) twelve. Other systems are also g^ven which obtain in that empire. The Mu^mmadans account conquered lands of 3 kinds ; TPshrt, Khirdji and Sulhiy, The first two are subdivided into five kinds and the last into two. Wahriy 1st, kind ; the district of Tehamah which comprises Mecca, Taif, Yemen, 0'mn, Bahrayn.* 2nd, kind ; land of which the owner has voluntarily embraced that faith. 3rd, Lands which have been conquered and apportioned. 4th, Land on which an adherent of that faith has built a mosque or planted a vine or laid out a garden or fertilized it with rain water ; otherwise other conditions apply. 6th, Waste land which has been

> A fathom tlie arms extended to ilieir full reach. This word in Turkish, (properly Sa^Jdlc with the long alif) signifieB a flag or standard : it also means a minor province of which several in one Ejalat

^^^if or Government. It is in this latter sense that the word should probably be taken, signifying the provincial governor. An Akcheh is i of a 'pdra and consequently the xb of * piastre or the ^ of a penny ; it is frequently mentioned under the name of cwper, a corruption of the Greek equivalent for the proper Turkish word.

The text has a word following " Bahrayn" which may possibly be read as a proper name. Either Rabah or Bayah, but Abu'l Fazl quotes evidently froni the Fat&wa of ^zi Khan (A. H. 592. HIij. Kbal.) where the deiinition of the limits of IPahari are laid down exactly as in the text with the omission of Babah. The Fatiwa i A'lamgfri foUows Ifjkxk Khin. From the variants of this doubtful reading g^ven in the notes, it is dear that there is some corruption and perhaps the yariant of M. S. {^) is oorreot.

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57 brought idto onltivation by permission of the owner. Khirdji 1st kind ; Persia proper and Kirmdn. 2nd, Land which a tributary sabject has laid oat as gronnds ronnd about his house. 3rd, Land which a Muslim has re-* claimed and irrigates from a source constructed from thb public revenues, ith, LaLd which has been acquired by convention. 6th, Land cultivated by means of water that pays revenue. Sulhty^ Lands of the fiani Najrdn and Bani Taghlib ;^ the details of these may be learnt from ancient documents. Likewise, in some treatises, land is regarded under three heads 1st, Land cultivated by Muslims which they deem U'shr.^ 2nd, Land of which the proprietors have accepted that faith. According to some, this is U^shri, and others say that it is TJ'shri or Khirdjiy according to the determination of the Imim. Srd, Land acquired by conquest, which some make Wshri and others khirdji, and others again affirm that its classification rests with the Imdm. 4th, Land which those outside the faith retain on convention. This they call khirdji. Tribute paid by khirdji lands is of two kinds. 1. Mukdsamah ^divided), is the 5th or 6th produce of the soil. 2. Waztfah^ which is settled according to the capability and convenience of the tributaries. Some call the whole produce of the revenue khirdji and as the share of the producing body is in excess of their expenditure, the Zakdt^ is taken from the amount under certain stipulations and this they call a tithe, but on each of these points there is much difference of opinion. The Caliph Omar, during his time, taxed those who were not of his faith at

the rate of 48 dirhams for persons of condition, 24 for those of the middle class, and 12 for the lowest class. This was called the Jaziyah (capitation tax). In every kingdom government taxes the property of the subject over and above the land revenue and this they call Tamqha^ In Idm and

* The text has The details of two tribes may Be Pero. Essoi

Tha'lab, a misprint. the sabmission of these be gathered from Canssin aur Thistoire des ^rabes.

* This word signifies a tenth and is the tithe assessed on lands nnder MasKm mle. XTshri are therefore those lao^ snbjeot to the tithe. * Wasifah signifies a stipend or any thing sfcipiilated or agreed npon ; hence, rerenue collected at a stipnlated or fixed rate for a certain quantity of land. WOfon'B Gloss. * The poor rate, the portion there8

from g^ven as the dae of God by th possessor that he may pwri/y it thereby, the root of the word, ^ denoting purity. The proportion varies, but is generally a fortieth or 2^ p. c, provided that the property is of a certain amount and has been in possession eleven months. See Lane under JrJ ' The Turkish word meaning a royal seal or stamp: sometimes written altamgha from the Turkish &I, red. The word also signifies a royal grant under the seal of some of the former native

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Tnrdn tbej collect the land tax from some, from others the Jihdt and from others again the Sdir Jihdt, while other cesses nnder the name of Wajuhdi and Farua*6t are exacted. In short, what is imposed on cnltiyated lands by way of qnit-rent is termed Mdl, Imports on manufactnres of respectable kinds are called Jihdt^ and the remainder 8dir^ Jihdi. Extra ooUeotions oyer and aboye the land tax if taken by reyenne officers are Wajukdi ; otherwise they are termed Fwr4a^dt In eyery conntiy snch demands are tronblesome and vexations to the people. His Majesty in his wise statemanship and beneyolence of mle care* fnlly examined the snbject and abolished all arbitrary taxation, disapproving that these oppressions should become established by custom. He first defined the gcutf the tendbf and the bighah and laid down iheir bases of measurement : after which he classed the lands according to their relative values in production and fixed the revenue accordingly.

AFN VIII. The IWii Oax, Is a measure of length and a standard gauge. High and low refer to it, and it is the desire of the righteous and the unrighteous. Throughout Hindustan there were three such measures current, vxz,^ long, middling and short. Each was divided into 24 equal parts and each part called fassuj.^

prmoes and reoognised by the British Government as conferring a title to rentfree land in perpetoity, hereditary and transferable. AHhoogh, perhaps, originally bearing a red or pnrple stamp, the oolonr of the imperial seal or signatnre became in Indian practice indifferent. Wilson's Qloss. * In its original purport, the word sig^nifies moving, walking, or the remainder : from the latter it came to denote the remaining or all other sources of revenne in addition to the land tax from a variety of imposts, as customs, transit dnes, houses, fees, market tax ^., in which sense it is current throghoitt India: the sereral imposts under this name were abolished by the British Government, except customs, duties on spirituous liquors and other minor items. The privilege of imposiiig local taxes

under the name of Bdir, was also taken away from private individuals, but it still applies to various items of the income from landed property not comprised in the produce of cultivation, as rent from fisheries, timber, fruit-trees, bees' -wax

Ac ; it also designates certsin admitted manorial rights or prescriptive fees and cesses levied from residents in a village, or from cultivators by the proprietors, which have long been established and are upon the record: the former of these additions are usually takeif into account, the latter not, in fixing the assessment. It is also a tax on personal property. In Marathi it also signifies the place where the oust<mis are levied. Wilson's Gloss. ' This is an arabidsed word from the Pers. y^ a weight of 4 barley-corns, the 24th part of a weight measure or day.

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A T'^xm; of the Ist kind was equal to 8 oi*diaai7 barley-corns placed together breadthways, and of the other two respectively, to 7 and 6 barleyoonis. The long gaz was used for the measurement of cultivated lands, roads, distances, f<Mris, reservoirs and mud walls. The middling was employed to measure buildings of stone and wood, bamboo-built houses, places of wonhip, wells and gardens, and the short gaz for cloth, arms, beds, seats of state, sedan chairs, palanquins, chairs, carts and the like. In some other countries, although they reckon the gaa as consisting of 24 TWtt;, they make

2 Habbah (grain). 2 Barley-corns. 6 Mustard seeds. 12 Fab. 6 Fatfla. 6 Na^r. 8 ^itmir. 12 Zarrah. 8 Habi. 2 Wahmah.

^1 Tassdj equal to 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Habbah Barley-corn Mustard seed Fak Fatila Na^ir ^itmh* Zarrah Hab&

Some make 4 Tassfij equal to 1 Ddng. 6 Ding 1 Oas. Others reckon the gaz as 24 fingers, each finger equal to the breadth of 6 barley-corns, and each barley-corn equal in thickness to 6 hairs from the mane of a cob. In some ancient books they make the ga% equal to two spans and twice round the joint (girth) of the thumb, and they divided it into 16 girih and each girth was subdivided into 4 parts which they called 4 pahr^ so that a pahr was the sixty -fourth part of a gaz. In other ancient records the gaz is reckoned of seven kinds. 1st, The Qttz i 8amda (Oa of traffic) consisting of 24 digits and two- thirds of a digit Hariin At Rashid of the House of 'Abb&s took this measure from the hand of an Abyssinian slave who was one of his attendants : the Nilometer*

In Arabic, it ia a weight of 2 barley-corns, a quarter of a 3^^ ag the 24th part of a i: the plur. is ^'"^. It also a district or province or a townUp, as ArdabU is of the ^^-^ of Qahrin. This term for an agglomeration of Tillages or townships is analo-

gous to the

vJuJiir*

of Yemen, the

^^^ of the people of Syria, the Jjf of Bl Ir6^ and the (>^S of 1 Jib4l. See Lane nnder ^J"^ * This scale is given nnder A(n II,

Vol. I, p. 8. ' The onbit of the Nilometer is sapposed to be the same as that of the Jews, which is exactly two feet Kaglish : if so

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of ^gypt is on this measure, and houses and cloths are also measnred by it. 2nd, Zirda' i kashahy (Reed-yard) called also A^dmah^ and Bauty of 24 digits : this was introduced by Ibn Abi Laila.^ 3rd, The Yusufiyah, used by the provincial governors of Baghdad for the measurement of houses : it consisted of 25 digits. 4ih, The short Hdshimtyah, of 28 digits and a third. BiUl* the son of Abi Bardah introduced it: according to some it was Abu Mdsa Ash'ari his grandfather. 5th, The long Hdshimiyah of 29 digits and two-thirds which Man^dr the A'bbaside favoured. It is also called the Malik and Ziyddtyah, Zijidfi was the so-called son of Abd Sufiyin who used it to measure the lands in Arabian I'dLl^. 6th, The Omartydh of 31 digits. During his Caliphate, Omar carefally considered the long, short and middling gaz,^ He took the three kinds together and to one-third of the aggregate he added the height of the closed fist and the thumb erect. He closed both ends of the measure with tin and sent it to Hudaifah^ and Otl^mdn^-b-Hunaif which they used for the measurement of the villages in Arabian Ir^k. 7th, The Mdniuniyah of 70 digits less a third. Mamdn brought it into use, and it was employed for measuring rivers, plains and road distances. Some in former times reckoned the cloth-measure {gaz) to be seven times the fist, and the fist was equal to four fingers closed ; according to others, one finger less. The survey gaz^ according to some, was the same seven fists : others made it seven fists together with one finger (thumb P) erect added to the seventh fist. Others again added another finger to that fist ; while some made it seven fists with one finger adjoined to each fist.

the 24 digita will be preciaely inches. Volney makes ifc 20^ French or 22 English inches. Some allowance must probably be made for the broad hand of a negro, but the other measnres will not be affected by the same error, as they most be referred to the ordinary delicate hand of a native of Asia. A finger's breadth may be safely taken as three quarters of an inch. Useful Tables, pp. 87, 88. * Mul?amroad-b-Abddr Barman, sur-

named Ibn Abi Layla, was a distinguished jurisconsult and one of the fdhiii. He was l^hi of Kdfa where he was born A. H. 74, and died in A. H. 148. D'Herb. ' The grandson of Abu Mdsa al Ashari, ^i/dHt^x of Baarah, of which his grand-

father had been Governor. See a brief notice of him in Ibn Khali. Vol. II, p. 2. See D*Herb. and Ookley, p. 868 under art. Ziad for a fuller aooount of him. ^ I think it probable that the word "long" has here been inadvertently omitted from the MSS. used for this edition. Gladwin has the word which confirms my suspicion. ' One of the most eminent of the Companions of Mu|^mmad. Omar appointed him to the government of Mad&in, where he died after the assassination of OthmiLn and 40 days after the accession of 'Ali. Ibn Hajar. Biog. Diet. ' He was governor of Basrah under the Caliph 'AU. Ibn KhaU, p. 891, Vol. IV.

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61 Snitan Sikander Lodi in Hindustin introduced another gaz of the breadth of 41 IsJeandaris and a half. This was a copper coin mixed with silTer. Hmnaydn added a half and it was thus completed to 42. Its length WM 32 digits. Bat some authors anterior to his time make mention of a similar measnre. Sher Khdn and Salim Khan,^ under whom Hindustan was released from the custom of dividing the grain and its apportionment, in measuring land used this goui. Till the thirty first-year of the Divine Era, although the Akbar 8hdhi gaz of 46 fingers was used as a cloth-measure, the Iskandari gaz was used for cultivated lands and buildings. His Majesty in his wisdom, seeing that the variety of measures was a source of inconvenience to his subjects, and regarding it as subservient only to the dishonest, abolished them all and brought a medium gaz of 41 digits into general use. He named it the Ildhi gaz and it is employed by the public for all purposes.

ArN IX. The Tandb.^ His Majesty fixed for the jarib the former reckoning in yards and

* Of the family of Sdr who reigned between the expnision and restoration of Hamaynn. ' The Tandhf Jar^b and B{gha eeem to hare been indiBoriminately need as nearly interchangeable terms. The Jarih in its origmal nse, according to Wilson (Glossazy), was a measure of capacity equal to 60 kafla or 884 madd, abont 768 pounds. It then became applied to a land measnre, or as much land as could be sown with a JarOt of seed-corn, and then appears to have been loosely used for a Ugha. In course of time it occurs as a measure of land of various extent, ud as the chain or rope for measuring. In the N. W. P. the measurements were made by a chain, and the jar^b is to 6 diains of 11 yards each, or to 60 gras or 90 ga^has or knots. A square of one Jar{b is a h(gha. Before the new system of surrey, it was usual to measure lands paying revenue with 2k jarih of 18 knots ^mly, two being coiled round the meaiuror, but free lands were measured with

the entire rope of 20 knots. In Sindh a jarih is a measure of a 150 square feet. In Telegu, it is applied to garden land or its produce. The standard bigha of the revenue surveyors of the N. W. P. is to 8,026 sq. yds. or | of an acre. In Bengal the Ugha contained only 1,600 sq. yds. or a little less than i of an acre. In Benares at the time of the settlement, it was determined at 8,186 sq. yds. In other perganahs it was equal to 2,025 to 8,600 or 8,926 sq. yds. A hachha bigha is in some places a third, in others only a fourth of a full Ugha, Akbat's higha of 8,600 Ilahi ga was considered to 3,026 sq. yds. of the htgha of Hindustan. In Outtack the higha is now considered to be an English acre. The Haratha bigha is called 20 ptfi^ or 400 sq. hUhis or rods of (each) 5 cubits and 6 handbreadths. The Guserit bigha contains only 284) sq. yds. Mr. Elliot specifies six rariations found in the Upper Provinces. See Wilson's Gloss, under

Bigha and Jan 6.

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62 chose the measurement of sixty square, but adopted the Ildki gaz. The Tandb (tent rope) was in Hindustan a measure of hempen rope twisted whioh became shorter or longer aooording to the dryness or moisture of the atmosphere. It would be left in the dew and thus fraudfully moistened. Oftentimes it would be employed in the eaiiy morning when it had got damp and had shrunk, and by the end of the day it had become dry and had lengthened. In the former case, the husbandmen suffered loss, in the latter the royal revenues were diminished. In the 19th year of the Divine era, the jar^b was made of bamboos joined by iron rings. Thus it is subject to no variation, and the relief to the public was felt everywhere while the hand of dishonest greed was shortened. AFN X. The B4gha Is a name applied to iYi^jarih. It is a quantity of land 60 gaz long by 60 broad. Shonld there be any diminution in length or breadth or excess in either, it is brought into square measure and made to consist of 3600 square ga.^ They divide the higha into 20 parts, each of which is called hiawah^ and this is divided again into 20 parts each of which is termed hiswdmah. In measuring they reduce no further. No revenue is required from 9 hisw6n$dh^ but ten they account as one hiswah. Some, however, subdivide the bisw&nsah into 20 parts, each of which they called tjLawom9a\ whioh they again divide into 20 parts, calling each tapwAnsah. This again they partition in 20 portions, and name them severally antvodnsah. A higha as measured by the tan6h of hemp, was two hUtoah and 12 hiswamah smaller in extent than the higha measured by the tanah of bamboo. This makes a difference of 10 higha in a hundred. Although the tanah of hemp was of 60 gaz^ yet in the twisting it shrunk to 56. The Ilahi goM was longer than the libandari by one hiswahj 16 hinodnsah^ 13 tanodAMoh^ 8 tapwdmdky and 4 answdneah. The difference between the two reduced the higha by 14 himoah^ 20 hiswdnsah, 13 taswdnsah^ 8 *apwdnsah^ and 4 answdnsah. In one hundred highas the variation in the two measures amounted to 22 highas, 3 hiswah and 7 hiswdnsah. ATS XI. Land and its classification^ and the proportionate dues of Sovereignty, When His Majesty had determined the gag, the tandh^ and the htgha^ ^ The text has an error of 60 for 600. I womevrhmi more tiian half an acre. U. 3600 sq. ga = 2,600 sq. yards - 0.688 or | T. p. 88.

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63 m his profound sagacity he classified the lands and fixed a different reyenue to be paid bj each. Polaj is land which is annually cultivated for each crop in succession and is never allowed to lie fallow. Paraufi is land left out of cultivation for a time that it may recover its strength. Chtichar is land that has lain fallow for three or four years. Bcmjar is land uncultivated for five years and more. Of the two first kinds of land, there are three classes, good, middling and bad. They add together the produce of each sort, and a third of this representR the medium produce, one-third part of which is exacted as the royal dues. The revenue levied by 8her Kh4n, which at the present day is represented in all provinces as the lowest rate of assessment, generally obtained, and for the convenience of the cultivators and the soldiery, the value was taken in ready money.

Produce of Polaj Land.^ Spring Hctrvest, called in Hindi Asddhi,

1" 8 8 8" II

T 8

TT s 1

II

WLeat . Jratid (Vetches) Ada False (Gicer lens) in Hindi. Masur ... Barley .. Linseed Safflower (carthamns tinctorins)... Anan Millet (Panicnm miliaoenm (in Hindi China) Ungtard Peas ... Fenngreek, {Mtthi) Kkr rice

Md. Sr. 18 18

8 18 6

10 10 18 14 24

10

ao 80

90 20

fi

Md. Sr. 12 10 20

Md. 8 7

Sr. 85

20 31

20 20 10

6 80

25 15

8 8

10 11 018

20 90

6 5 8 9 14

5 5 25 85 10

II ^1

Md. Sr. 88 85

19 38

8015

15 85 20

10 20 80

24 24 32 84 56

5 5 5 85 10

IT

11 8

Md. Sr.Md. Sr. 12 88^1 4 12{ 10 18i 8 18

6 18i

12 88i 5 7 6 86^

8 8 10 11 18

U If 28 25 80

2 6 4 ]2i 1 29 2 12

27i 85 10

' I hav0 copied the fomn of the 4 felUnring tables from Gladwin. Abnl Fazl makm the ealeolatioB for tke4th and Sth oolmnna for wheat only. For yetohes and palse he omits the 4th column and omits the 4th and 5th of all the remainder.

The fractions below a qnaspter of a seer are discarded in calculating the proportion fixed for revenne : the thirds ajfe not always mathematically exact, and fractions are sometimes raised to a unit or

altogether omitted.

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64

The revenue from musk melons, ajtodtn {Ligusttcum ajowan), onions and other greens not counted as produce, was ordered to be paid in ready money at the i^tes hereinafter mentioned. Polaj Land. The Autumn Harvest^ called in Hindi Sawani.

Molasses^ Cotton... S/idii lfu?ifcin Dark oolonred, small in grain and white, fragrant, that ripens qnickly and pleasant to taste Common rice, not of the above quality Mdsh-in Hindi Mfing (PhaseoluB mnngo) Mush Siah H. Urdh (a kind of vetch) Mo(h (lentiU), coarser than the white m^ng and better than the dark ... Jowdr (Andropogon Sorghum. Roxb.) ... , , ; Shamakh H. Sawvodn (Panicum frumentaoenm. Roxb.) iTodron** like SanwAn) but its

outer husk darkish red Sesame Kanguni (Panioum italioum; Turiyay like mustard seed, but inclined to red ... ... Anan (Panioum miliaoeum) generally a spring crop Lah4arah grows in ear, the grain like Kangv/ni Mandwah (Cynosurus ooro< nus) the ear like Sanwin, the seed like mustard seed, but some red, some white

Md. Sr 18 10

T" 8

Md. Sr. 10 7

24 17 10 iO 6 13 10 17 8 6 6

16

20 20 20

20

20 20

10 20

11

20

. It * to a rs

Md. Sr.

18 12

7 7

010

12 6 6

018

201 7 5

20 20 20 10 20 20 20

10 10 20 20

si

2031 022

Md. Sr.

14 9 5 6 3 7 6 9 4 8 8 10

10 15 10 10 80

15

80

h ^1

20

66 38 23 23 15

10

20

si's "** . o

CO o u d o

o g $

Md. Sr 10 134 20

Md. Sr. 8 18 2 20

1018 86] 10

12 7

80 384 80 80 64

2081 010 134

8 14

24 38 18 15 16

36

80] 2540 1C28

12 6 5

5 518 10

884

7 7 H 80

S fl s .2

10 18 234 284 29 18

2 274 4 124 2 O 1 29 1 29 4 1S4 2 234

I rpije 4th and 6th columns have been omitted by Abul Fazl. A variant gives Kodon and Koderam

probably the same as Kodo ^a small grain (Paspalom Kora).

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63

As a coDsideration for watching the crops a quarter of a seer (per manDd) is allowed in some places and in others more, as will be shown. The revenne from indigo, poppy, ^n, turmeric, pignut^ (trapabispinosa), hemp, kachdlu (arum colocasia) pumpkin, ^tnna (Lawsonia inermis) cucumhers, hddrang (a species of cucumber) the egg-plant (solanum melongena), radishes, carrots, Jcareld (momordica charantia) kakuraj^ tendas^^ and musk-melons, not counted as produce, was ordered to be paid in ready money at the rates hereafter mentioned.

* This is the Sing^&rali or Singhafah. In the montli of November, the nut ripens and sach of the fmit as remains nngathered, falls off and sinks to the bottom of the pond. When the water driM up in May or Jnne, these nnts or bolbs are found to have thrown oat a number of shoots. They are then carefully collected and placed in a small bole in the deepest portion of the tank Md covered with water. In the aitts when the ponds begin to fill, tiie balbe are taken np, each shoot is btoken off, enveloped in a ball of clay to ink it and thrown into the water at 9

different distances. They at once take root and g^ow rapidly until in a short time the surface of the water is covered with leaves. The fruit forms in October. The produce of a standard hig\a is about %\ mam which at the selling price of 10 sera for the rupee, represent a total value of Bs. 10. It is much more extensively consumed by the Hindus than the Mahemedaus. Carnegie's Kachhari Technicalities. * Momordica Muricata. * Also called tendu : resinous fruit of the tree Diospyros glutinosa.

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66 Parauti land when cultivated, pays the same revenue aa potaj. His Majesty in his wisdom thas regalated the revenues in the aboTementioned favourable manner. He reduced the duty on manufactures from ten to five per cent, and two per cent, was divided between the patwari and the kanungo. The former is a writer employed on the part of the cultivator. He keeps an account of receipts and disbursements, and no village is without one. The latter is the refuge of the husbandman. There is one in every district. At the present time the share of the kanungo (one per cent.) is remitted and the three classes of them are paid by the State accordding to their rank. The salary of the first is fifty rupees: of the Becoud, thirty ; of the third, twenty ; and they have an assignment for personal support equivalent thereto. It was the rule that the commissaries of the shikkdar, karkun,^ and Amin should receive daily 58 ddms as a peiquisite, provided that in spring they did not measure less than 200, nor in autumn less than 250 bighas. His Majesty whose heart is capacious as the ocean, abolished this custom and allowed only one dam for each higha. Many imposts, equal in amount to the income of Hindustdn were remitted by His Majesty as a thank-offering to the Almighty. Among these were the following ; The capitation tax. The port duties. Tax* per head on gathering at places of worship. A tax on each head of oxen. A tax on each tree. Presents. Distraints. A tax on the various classes of artificers. Bdrogha^a fees. Tahsilddr's fees. Treasurer's fees. Complimentary offerings on receiving a lease and the like. Lodging charges. Money bags.

Testing and exchanging money. Market duties.

* The registrar of the collections under a Zamindar, The Am{n was an officer employed either in the revenue department to take charge of an estate and collect the revenues on account of government, or to investigate and report

their amount : or in the judicial department, as a judge and arbitrator in civil causes. Wilson's Gloss. ' The word is kar in the text, and is probablj from the Sansk. IfT an impost, fee or cess.

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67 Sale of cattle; also on hemp, blankets, oil, raw bides, weigbing, scaling ; likewise butcher's dues, tanning, playing at dice,^ passports, turbans,* hearth-money, fees on the purchase and sale of a house, on salt made from nitrous earth, on permission to reap the harvest, felt, manufacture of lime, spirituous liquors, brokerage, catching fish, the product of the tree Al {Morinda citrifoUa) ;^ in fine all those imposts which the natives of Hindustan include under the term Sair Jihdty* were remitted. AfN XII. Ghachar land. When either from excessive rain or through an inundation, the land falls out of cultivation, the husbandmen are, at first, in considerable distress . In the first year, therefore, but two fifths of the produce is taken : in the second three-fifths ; in the third,^ four-fifths and in the fifth, the ordinary reTCDue. According to differences of situation, the revenue is paid either in money or in kind. In the third year the charges of 5 per cent, and ono ddm for each higha^ are added. AfN XIII. Banjar land. When through excessive inundations production has seriously dimi-

nished, the revenue is collected in the following proportions : Spring Harvest, Proportion of revenue from one Btgha of Banjar 'land for five years.

let year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year

Md. Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr

Wheat ... I. 20 1 2 3

as polaj Knstard ... R. 5 25 35 1 10

VetcheB NukUd ... I. 10 30 1 10 2 10

Do. ...R. 5 80 1 10

2 10 ti

* Two words follow which are marked in the text as donbtf nl, they are ****^ and iSjy^ : the latter word means simply a tax : there is doabtless an omission : the former I cannot trace. * The word is pag^ contraction of pagrif a tnrban. It was a kind of poll tax leried on every tnrban. * From which a dye is extracted. * See p. 68. * There is probably an error in the

text as the fonrth year is omitted. Gladwin has " the third and fourth years fonr-fifths each " I take the J between ^ J J^6 to be an error, as by retaining it the percentage would rise to 15 or at least to 10^. Five per cent, was levied on mannfactnres ; it may therefore have been an extra charge on land though I do not see its reason or its justice. Gladwin translates as I have done.

*.^-

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68

Proportion of Bevenw, Sfc

. Continued.

let jear2iid yearSrd year 4th year 6th year

Md. Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr

Barley ... ... ... I. 20 1 2 3 aa polaj. Do. ... ... ...B. 6 35 1 20

2 20

VTilee{p%em'lffM)Adas ... ...I. 10 30 1 10 1 30

Do. ... ... ... E. 6 30 1 10 1 30

10 26 86 1 n Do. .. ... .. E.

6 25 35 1

Linseed ... ... ... I. 10 20 30 1 10

Do. .. ... ...R. 5 5 30 1 10

Note. I stands for inundated land, and R for that which has suffered from rain. Autumn Harvest. Proportion of revenue from one Btgha of Banjar land for Jive years.

let year 2nd year 3rd year 4th year 5th year

Md . Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr. Md. Sr.

Jf(V ...I.

20 1 1 30

2 10 as polai Do. ... R.

6 20 1 1 20

Jowdr ...1.

20 1 2 3 " Do. ...R.

5 20 1 2

Moth ... R.

5 20 30 1 10 * Lah4araih ... ... R.

6 20 1 10 2

K6dr6i^ ... I.

20 1 2 3

Do. ...R.

5 20 1 20 2 20

Man^wah ...I.

20

1 2 3 " Do. ... R.

5 80 1 10 2 10

KMiri ... I.

10 26 35 1 10

Do.

...R.

5 25 85 1 10 Jy

... I.

10 25 35 1 30

Do. ...R.

6 25

85 1 10

Turiya ... I.

20 1 1 10 1 20 ** Do. ... R.

5 25 35 1 10 *' Banit/dn (Peni. Shamdhh) ...I.

10 25 36 1 10 it Do. ...R.

6 25 86 1 10

Arxan ... I.

10 30 1

1 10

Do. ... R.

6 30 1 1 10

Sesame ... R.

6 20 30 1 10 >i

In the 4th year the charges of 5 per cent, and one dam fw each higha were collected and this is still in force. In Banjar land for the Ist year, one or two sers are taken from each Ugha; in the 2nd year, 5 sers^ in the Srd year, a sixth of the produce ; in the 4th year, a fourth share together with one ddm : in other years a third

suffices. This raries somewhat during inundations. In all oases the hustandman may pay in money or kind as is naost convenient. Banjar land at the foot of the hills and land subject to inundatioas in the districts of

* For these names, see p. 64^

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69 Sanbal^ and Bahrdicb, do not remain as hanjar^ for so mncli new soil is broaght down with the overflow that it is richer and more productive than fo^;'. His Majesty, however, in his large munificence places it in the nme class. It is in the option of the cultivator to pay in ready money or by hinkufi or hhaoli. AfN XIV. The Ninetepi Years Batesfi Intelligent people have from time to time set themselves to record the prices current of the Empire, and after careful inquiry the valuation of grain was accepted on this basis. The revenue rates for a htgha of polaj land were fixed as has been stated. From the 6th year of the Divine Era which runs with the Novihnar year 968 (A. D., 1560-1) and concluding with the 24th year of this rwgn, the statistics were collected and have been tabulated for reference after the most diligent investigation. The figures are entered under the heading of each year.

' Or Sanbhal. See Vol. I, Geograph. Index. * See p. 44. ' Ninetoen years correepond with a

cycle of the moon daring^hich period the seasons are supposed to undergo a complete reyolution. Gladwin, p. 292. Vol. I.

See Table next page.

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70

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88

AIN 15. The Ten Years' Settlement. Prom tlie beginning of this immortal reign, persons of intelligence and void of rapacity, together with zealous men of experience, have been annually engaged in noting the current prices and reporting them to His Majesty, and taking the gross produce and estimating its value, they determined the rates of collection, but this mode was attended with considerable inconvenience. When Khwajah Abdul Majid Asaf Khan^ was raised to the dignity of Prime Minister, the total revenue was taken at an estimation,* and the assignments were increased as the caprice of the moment suggested. And because at that time the extent of the empire was

small, and there was a constant increase of dignities among the servants of the State, the variations were contingent on the extent of corruption and self-interest. When this great oflfice devolved on Muzaffar Khan^ and Rajah Todar Mull, in the 15th year of the reign, a re-distribution of the imperial assessment was made through the kanuvgos, and estimating the produce of the lands, they made a fresh settlement. Ten kanungos were appointed who collected the accounts from the provincial kanungos and lodged them in the imperial exchequer. Although this settlement was somewhat less than the preceding one, nevertheless there had been formerly a wide discrepancy between the estimate and the receipts. When through the prudent management of the Sovereign the empire was enlarged in extent, it became diflScult to ascertain each year the prices current and much inconvenience was caused by the delay. On the one hand the husbandman complained of extensive exactions, and on the other the holder of assigned lands was aggrieved on account of the revenue balances. His Majesty devised a remedy for these evils and in the discernment of his world-adorning mind fixed a settlement for ten years : the people were thus made contented and their gratitude was abundantly manifested. From the beginning of the 15th year of the Divine era to the 24th, an aggregate of the rates of collection was formed and a tenth of the total was fixed as the annual assessment ; but from the 20th to the 24th year the collections were accurately determined and the five former ones accepted on the authority of persons of probity. The best crops were taken into account in each year and the year of the most abundant harvest accepted, as the table shows.

* See Vol. I, p. 866, and Index. See Vol. I, p. 849.

See Vol. I, p. 848.

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89 Tfce Babak of Allahabad comprises nine sarkdrs (districts) and possesses fifteen separate revenue codes.^ 1. The Sarkdr of Allahabad inclades fifteen mabals and has three revenne codes. The sabnrban district of Allahabad comprises three mahals, viz., the SQburbB of Allahabad, Kantat, and a tract on the extreme limits of the suhdh of Agra,* and possesses one revenne code.Jaldldbdd bas three mabals and a reyenue code.

Bhadoi, seven mabals, viz,, Bhadoi, Sikandarpur, 8ardoii, Sangror, Mahj Kcfwdi, Hddidhds^ and a revenne code. 2. The Sarkdr of Benwres has eight mabals and a revenne code. The detail is as follows the suburban district of Benares, the township of Benares, Pandarhd, Kaswdr, Harhawd, BydUsi,* 3. The Sarkdr of Jaunjmr bas 41 mabals and two codes. The suburban district of Jaunpur, 39 mabals, one code, viz. : Aldemao, Angali, Bheteri, Bhaddo'h, Belheti,^ Jaunpur, Suburban Jaunpur, Ghandipur Badhar, Ghdndah, Ghiriyd Kot, GhakSsar, Kharid, Khdspur Tdndah, Khdnpur, Deogdon, Bdri, SanjhSli, Sikandarpur, Sagdi, Sarharpur, Shddi-dbddy Zafardbdd, Karydt Maftu, Karydt Dostpur, Karydt-Mendhah, Karydt Swetah, Kolah, Qhiswah, Ohosi, Kodiya, Qopdlpur, Kirdkat, Mandiaho, Muhammad-dbdd, MajhSrd, Mau, Nizdmdbdd, Naigun, Nathupur.^ 4 The Sarkdr of Ghanddah, 14 mabals and one revenue code, viz.

* The Dastur u*l A*mal is a body of instrnotions and tables for the use of oatiTe revenne officers under the Mahomedan Goyemment. Although professing to be copied from the original of Akbar, no two copies agree, owing, as Mr. lliot conjectures, to their having been made up, in various degrees of oinnpleteness, from another account left I7 the Kanungoe, the A^mal-dastur, in which orders superseding those of the Dfli*w u*l Amal were registered. Wilton's Gloss. There is probably an error here as a note to the text suggests. The MSS. all differ in the names of the various jnryanaAa of this district. ' In Tieffenthaler's Geographic de nBdoaatan (Bernoulli. Descript de Tin12

de. Vol. I) the above names with one exception are mentioned with the addition of Kheragafh. A note in the text of Abul Fazl supplies this omission. ^ This makes but six, which is the number given by Tieffenthaler whose names, however, vary somewhat from the text. * This is the name in the note to the text and I have given it, as it accords with Tieffenthaler t the text itself has

Talhanu I am extremely doubtful as to the orthography of these names the MSS. confessedly vary and many of these places have doubtless ceased to exist. The importance of their true spelling and pronunciation scarcely justifies the labour of an extensive research.

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00 the suburban district of Ohanddah, Ahirtodrdhf BhSli^ BafhSlf J\ln4ahf DhoSf BdghupHir^ the villages on the western bank of the river, MajhufArdk^ Mahdechf Mdhwdriy MahSi^ Silpiirf Naran, 5. The Sarkd/r of Qhdztpiir, 18 mahals, one code, vu.f the snbnrban district of Ohdzipur, BaU&, Paohdtar, Balkdhde, Bharidbddy Bhaldej, Ohauttd Lehhdj Sayyid^itr Namdt, Zahurdbdd, Karydt Pali, K6pd OKhit, Qanihd^ Karandahf Lakhner, Madan BendrcUf MuhammoLdahdd, Farhdrhdri. 6. The Sarkdr of JKarrah, 12 mahals, one code, vur., the township of Karrahy its suburban district, Aichhi, Atharbanf Ayisd, Bdri, Kardri, Kdtla, Kaunra commonly called KSsSn, Fatehpur Ha^iwah, Hafgdo^ Hanswah. 7. The Sarkdr of Korarahf 8 mahab, 8 codes, vur., thus detailed. Tbe suburban district of Korarah has one code and 2 mahals, i^., itself and Ohdtampiir ; K6tid, 3 mahals, K6tx&j Qondry Keranpir Kindrf and one code ; J4jmau, 3 mahals, viz. Jdjmau, Muhainpiir, Majh&on^ and one code. 8. The Barhwr of Kdlinjar, 10 mahals, one code, vig., Kdlinjar with its suburbs, Agudsi, Ajigafh, Sendha, SamSniy Shddipur, Basan, Khar4Uihf Mahdbd, MSdhd, 9. The Sarkdr of Mdnikpur^ 14 mahals, 2 codes. The suburbs of Mdnikpur have 10 mahals and one code, via,, Mdnikpur together with its suburban district, Arwal^ Bhalol, SalSn, Jaldlpur Balkhar,^ Karydt Kardrahy Karydt Faegdh, KhafSt, Na^irdbdd, B&e Bareli, etc. 4 mahals, one code, viz, Bde Bareli, ToZ^n^i, Jdes, Dalmau.

* A note to tbe text gires Rdlhup&r B8 the present name of this mahal the other names hare nearly all variants in the MSS no donbt due as mnoh to

dialectic variations in pronnnoiation as to errors of copyists. Tieflenthaler adds to the above, the fortress of Tackinar-

ghar (Ohan^r) built of stone, cm an eminence on the western bank of the Granges. * Thns in all MSB. bnt SUiot baa Kerafpur Kananda. * This is the variant in a note and ao* cords with the spelling at p. 428 of text, * Tieft. has " somomm^ Halaoa."

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03 The Bubah of Oudh comprises five sarkdrs and possesses twelve codes. 1. The Sarkdr of Oudh, 21 mahals, 3 codes. The subnrban district has 19 mahals and one code. Two parganahs are comprised in Ehair&bad. They are as follows :

Oudh with its suburban district; Anhddha, Anhonahy Pachham/rdthy BUehri, Baiodhi, Thdnah Bhaddoihy Bakthdj BaryaJbdd, B>udatdiy Selakj SultdnpuTj SdianpuTy Supahah, Sarwdpdli, Satrakahy Oawa/rchahy Manglasi Naipur, Ibrahim&bdd and Kishni are each a parganah with one code. 2. The Sarkdr of Bharmtch has 11 mahals, one code. The suburban district of BhardUch, <fec. 8 mahals, one code. Bharditch with its suburbs 6 mahals, Bahrahy Husampvry Wankduthy^ Bajhaty Banjhauliy Fakhrpur, Fort Navdgafh. Firuzdbdd, &c., two parganahs, one code, viz., Firuzdbddy Stdtdnpur, Kharomay one mahal, one code. 3. The Sarkdr of Khdirdbddy 2 mahals, 3 codes. Khairdbddy <S!k;., 12 parganahs, one code, viz.y suburbs of Khairdbddy Basdrdy Baswahy Bcurahy Ohhitdpur, Khairigafhy Sadrpdry Kheriy Kha/rkheld, and Laliarpury two mahals ; Machh<irha((ahy and Hargar&OQ, two mahals.' Pdliy &c. has 8 mabals, one code, viz.y Pdliy Barurdnjnahy BdwaUy Sdndiy Sirahy OopamaUy Ehdnkatmauy Nimkhd; Bha/rwdrahy &c. two mahals, included in Oudhy vi2,y Bharwdrah and Pildy and one code. 4. The Sarkdr oi Qorakhpury 24 parganahs, one code. The suburban district of Gorakhpur with the town, 2 mahals, Atrauldy Anhold ; Bandekpur &g, 4 mahals, Bdribhanpdrdhy Bha^todpdrdy Telpury Ohilupdray Darydpdray Dewdpdrd and Kotlahy 2 mahals, Bohli ; Bdmgafh and Qdriy 2 mahals, Bas&lpur and OhSsi 2 mahals; Kafhldy Khaldpdrdy Mahdliy Mandwahy Mandlah ; Manghar and Batanpv/Ty 2 mahals ; Maharanthoi,^ 5. The Sarkdr of Lucknow has 55 mahals, 2 codes. The suburban district of Lucknow, &c., 47 parganahs, one code. Abdthiy IsauUy Astyiuy Akhdy Unchah Gdony Balkar BijloWy^ Bdriy Bharimau Pangwdriy Bethdliy Tanhany Parsanddny PdtaUy Bdrdahdkory JhaUtery Dewiy Beorakhy Dadrah, EanbirpuTy Bdmkofy Sandilahy Saipury Sardsiy Sahdliy Sidhory 8t4hupury Sandiy SaroUy Fate^pdry Fort of Ambhafiy Kursiy KdkSri, Khanjrahy Ghdtam-

' Dangdau/n. Tieffenth. A variant in tbe text has Damakdun ; almost every name has an alternative spelling. > This name is neither in Bernoulli nor

in Elliot and is not mentioned in the account of Oadh. It has several variants. * A note snggests this to be Bijnonr.

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94 puTf Karan4a^ Kdnbhi, Lucknow with its saburbs, LoihkaTf^ Malihdbddf Mohdn, MordoHy McufidoHj Mahonah, Manaun^ Makrded^^ Hadhat rnhdr, Ondm &c., 8 parganahs, one oode, vi^.y Otuimy Bilgrdon^ Bangcarmau^ Hardoiy Sdkmpurt FcUe^pur Ohaurdsi, Kctchhdndu^ Mcddwah.

Spring Harvest of the Subah of Ottdh.

Wheat Indian Yetohes Mustard seed (Khardal) Barley Adtis Safflower Poppy Potherbs Linseed ... .. Mustard seed {Sarahaf) Anuin Peas , Oarrots Onions Fenugreek Persian Mnskm^ons Indian do. Cumin seed Coriander seed Kur rioe Ajwdnn

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Note, The difference in the two classes of mustard seed is in the size and colour of the grain.

* The text has Lashkar only Tieifenthaler, Lashkarp&r. When there are seyeral varianta in the notes, I hare ventured to seleot those that acowd

with other accounts, though differing from the selected names of the text. * Tieff. " Bdkraed aatrement Bin.'*

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96 1. The Sarhdr of Agra the royal residence. 44 parganahs, 4 codes. The suburban district of Agra, &c., 6 mahals, one code., viz,, Agra and its suburbs, Ohanufdr, Jalesar^ the citj of Agra, Dholpur, Mahdwan. Bednah &c. 33 mahals, one code; the suburbs of Bednah, 2 mahals, Oudihi, Od, Oly Bhasdwar Todahhhim, Btndwar, Ghatisafh, Khdnwd, Bajhdhar, Fafehpur known as Sikri, Seonkar Seonkri, Mathura, MahSU, MangSflah, Bhaskar, Wazirpur, HSlak, Hindon, Bdpari, Bart, Bajvfdrah. Etdwah &c. 3 mahals, one code, viz., Efdwah, Bdpri,^ ffatkdnt. Manddwar &c. 2 mahals, one code, viz., MaTiddtoar, Kakhdnmar, 2. Sarkdr of Alwar, 43 parganahs, 3 codes. The parganahs of Alwar (fee. 33 mahals, one code, viz., the suburbs of Alwar, Dhard, J)a4ekar, Bahddurpur, Pandin, KhelShar, JaldVpur, Bihrdzpur, Bdth, BdlhattO'h, BaJirkol, Hdjipur, Budahthal, Anthulah Hdhru, Pardf, Balhdr, Barodah Fathkhan, Barodahmeo, Basdnah, Hasanpur, BaddTiar, Hasanpvr 06ri, Deoli Sdjdri^ Sakhan, Kiydrah, Qhdi Seon, Kohrdnd, Monkond, Manddwarah, Naugdon Ndhargafh, Rars&ri and Harpur, 2 mahals, Harsdnd. Bachherah, Ac, 5 mahals, one code, viz., Bachherah, Khoharir^nd, Bhiwdn, Ismatlpur, Amran^ Mubdrakpur, &c., 6 mabals, one code, viz., Muhdrakpur, Harsdni, Manddwar, Khirtahali, Mojpwr. 3. 4. Sarkdrs of Tijdrah and Erdj, 4 codes. The Sarkar of Eraj^ 16 mahals, viz., Eraj, Parhdr, Bhdnder, Bijpur, Pdndur, Ohhatrah, BiytU hdnah, Shdhzddahpur, Khafdlah &o., Kajhodah, Keddr, Kunj, Khekas, Kdnfi, Khderah, Mahdli. The Sarkdr of Tijdrah, 18 mahals, 1 code, viz, Tijdrah, Indor, TJjaina, Umard Umari, P6r, Beg wan, Bandhrd, Jhamrdwat, Khdnpur, Sdkras, Sanfhdddri, Firuzpur, Fatehpur Mdngarta, Kotlah, Karherd, Nagindn. Thdnah of Kahwdr, one code. Beam, one code.

5. Sarkdr of Kanauj, 5 codes. The suburban district of Kanauj, &o. 11 mahals, one code. The suburbs of Kanauj, Bdrd, Bithur, Bilhur, Bilgrdon, Deohd, Sikandarpur, Sedli, Sedi^rakh, Malkusah, Ndnamau. Sakefh &c. 6 mahals, one code. SdkSfh, Kardoli, Bamah, Sahgr, Patidli, Sahdur. Bhdgdon, Ac. 10 mahals, one code. Bhdgdon, Sonj, Sakrdon, Sakatpur, Saror, Chhaharmau, Shamshdbdd, Pati *Alipur, Kanpal, Bhdjpur. Sikandar* pur, one code. Phapund, one code. 6. Sarkdr of Sahdr. Sahdr, Ac. 6 mahals, one code, viz.^ Sahdr, Pahdri, BhadSli, Kdmah, Koh Majdhid, Hddal. NonhSra, one code. 7. 8, 9. Sarkdr of Qwalior, Ac., one code. Sarkdr of QwaUor, 13 mabals, one code. Sarkdr of Nardrpanj, 5 mahals, one code. Sarkdr of Beanwdn, 28 mabals, one code. * A note to the text snggeBtB this i nor in the account of the proyinoe of name to be an error, as not in Elliot | Agra. Neither is it in Tieifenthaler.

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97 10. Sarkdr of Kdlpi, 16 parganahs, one code. Ulaif Bildspdr, Badh' nefh^ DerdpAr^ DeohaU^ Bdth^ Edipur, Suganpu/r, Shdhpur, suburbs of Kdlpi^ Kendr, Kkandoff Khan4ela^ city of KaXpi, Muhammaddbdd^ Hamirpur, 11. Sarkdr of Kdlf 4 codes. Thdtiah Fartda^ <&c. 10 mahals, one code, vta., Tkdnah Farida^ PahdsUy Danbhdi^ Malikpur, Shikdrpur, Nuh, ChandSs, Kharjahy Ahdr, Tapal, Suburban district of KSl^ <feo.y 4 mahals, one code, viz.^ KSl, Jaldliy Sikandar rdo, OangSri, Mdrharak, i&c, 5 mabals, one code, vt:g., Mdrharahy Balrdmy Soron, Pachldnah and Stdhpur^ 2 mahals. Akhardbdd, 2 mahals, one code, viz.^ Akbardbddj Atrauli, 12. Sarkdr of NdrnSl^ 4 codes. Suburban district of Ndrnol, <feo., 8 mahals, viz., suburbs of Ndrnol and city, Bdrhy K6f PStli, Bdbdi, Khan.' iela, Sankhdna, Kdn&ri, villages at the foot of the hill. Barodah r^nd, <&c. 2 mahals, viz., Barodah rgtndy Ldpoti, Ohdl Kaldnah, &o. 2 mahals, Chdl' kaldnahf Khoddnd. Kanodah, <&c. 3 mahals, Kanddah, Narharah, Jkojeon,

See Table next page.

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102 Subah of Ajmere, 7 Sark&rs, 9 codes. 1. Sarkdr of Ajmere, 2 codes. Suburban district of Ijmere, Ac. 24 Parganahs, i code. City and suburbs of Ajmere, 2 mabals, Ardine^ Parhaf, Bdhndi^^ JBhardnah, Bawdl, Bdhal, Bdndhan Sandheri, Bhardnda^ Tusina^ Johnair^ Deogdoi*, BSshanpur, Sdnhhatj Sarwdr^ Safheldf Sulaimdnabddy Kekri, Khdrwah^ MdhrSf, Masgiuddhddy Nardindh, Harbor ^ Anh&r^ Ac., 4 Parganahs, 1 code, viz,, AnhSr^ Bhakoi, Jhdg, Muzdbdd. 2. Sarkdr of Jodhpur, 21 Parganahs, 1 code. Suburbs and city

of Jodhpur, Asopf Endr dotty BhSdhi, Palpdrahy Beldra, Pdliy &c., 3 mabals, Bdhilahy Podhhf Bhadrdjaufty Jetdran^ Dotdrdy Sujhat, SdtahnSry Sewdnd^ KhSrway Kheonsary Kundojy Mahewah, 3. Sarkdr of OhitoTy 28 Parganahs, 1 code. Suburbs and city of OhitoTy 2 mahals, Isldmpur commonly Bdmpury Udaipury &c., 3 mahals, Aparmdly^ ArfSdy Isldmpur commonly MohaUy Bodhnur, Phulidy Banhera^ Pury Bihtn Surury Bdgory Begun, Pati HdjipuTy Jeran, Sdnwarkhdtiy Sdndri^ SamSl with the cultivated land, Kosidnahy Mdndalgarh, Mdndaly Maddriyd Nvmach Ac, 3 mahals. 4. Sarkdr of Banthanhory 4 codes, BantlianbSr Ac., 36 Pai^ganahs, 1 code. Subarban district of Banthanhdry Alhanpur, Etd4ay Aton^ Isldmpur, Iwdn Bosamery Barodahy Bhadldon, Bakldnf, Paldtidhy Bhosor^ Belonahy Bdlakhatriy Bhoripahdriy Bdrdtiy Taldd, Jetpv/ty JJiditVy Khaljipur^ Bhariy Sanhusdriy Kotd, Khanddr, Khafoliy Kaddudy Ldkhriy Londahy Lahaud^ MdngrSry Momeddnah ^c, 16 mahals. Ohdtsu Sfc.y 16 Parganahs, 1 code. viz,y Ohdfsuy Barwdrahy TJniydrdy Pdfan, Banhatdy Sarsupy Bdliy BSjri, Kharniy Nawdhiy Jhaldwahy Khankharah, 8ui Supary Maldmahy Karor, Bondiy Delhwdrahy Ac., 7 Parganahs, 1 code, viz,y Delhtodrahy Betodndhnahy Nagar, Antrorahy Deldnahy Amkhorahy Loharwdrahy Toffdy Ac., 3 Parganahs, 1 code, viz., Todd, Tonky Tori, 5. Sarkdr of Ndgor, 30 Parganahs, 1 code. Suburban district of NdgoTy Amar Samdiny Inddnah, Bhaddnahy Baldubatdniy^ BatSdhdy Barodahy Bdrah gatn, Chdel, Charodahy Jdkhrahy Khd/rijkhafUy Bendwdnahy Donpur^ Bewdsdy BStiy Basulpur, Bahot, SddSlahy Fafhpur Jhanjmdn, Kdsliy KhdSlak Kdjurahy K6Uwahy Kumhdriy KSrany Lddon, Merath, Manohar nagar, Nokhd. 6 A 7. Sarkdrs of SarShi and BikdnSr. The codes of these two Sarkd/rs are not laid down. * Bahaedif Tieff. I * Zounbara, Ihid, Bosaina, Ibid, \ * Aparpdl, Ibid. ' In the texfc Bahdu, but the abore ia the name in the aooount of this Siibah wh ich oocors later on.

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108

Spring Harvest of the SubaK of AjmerS,

Wheat

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Autumn Harvest of the Subah of Ajmer.

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104 Aiitninn Harvest of the 84hah of Ajmere. continued.

Koch f ah ... Singhdrah Lobiya Jowdri Lahdafak ,,, Kodaram ... Mandwah ... Sesame seed Shamdkh ... Mdng ... Kurt Kalt

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D. J. 18-11 116-20 22-9 42-2 81-8 88-14 26-21 84-17 11-5 42-12 11-6

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D. J. 8-24 116-20 18-14 80-0 19-0 27-24 17-22 22-24 6-0 27-10 6-8 22-9

4P

D. J. 18-11 116-20 22-9 81-8 17-22

88-14 26-21

The rates of the Sarkdrs of Bikdn^r and Sardhi are not given. The Suhah of Delhi, 8 Sarkdrs, 28 codes. 1. The Sarkdr of Delhi, 48 Parganahs, 7 codes. The old snburban district, the new ditto Pdlam, Jhdrsah, Masauddbddy Tilpat, Luni^ Shakarpur, Bdghpat, Kdsnah^ Ddsnah, Sulaimdndhdd, Kharkhudah, SSnipat, TalbSgampur, Taldlpur, Fdnipat^ &o., 2 Parganahs, 1 code, viz., Pdnipat, Ka/mdl, Safedun, ^utdnah, ChhaprSli, Tdndah JBhagwdn, Chnor, Jhanjhdnah, Kdn^hldk, OangSrkhera, Baran, Ac, 8 Parganahs, 1 code. Bara/n, Siydnah^ JSwar, Dankor^ Adh, Pothh, Senthhah, Sikarulardhdd, Merath, &c., 7 Parganahs, 1 code. MSrath, Hdpur, Bamdwah, Jaldldbad, Sarwdrah, Oarh MuktSsar, Hatndwar,^ Jhajhar, &c., 4 Parganahs, 1 code. Jhajhar, Dddri fdha, Mdndothi, BSri Dobaldhan. Bohtah, 1 Parganah, 1 code. PaUl. ditto. ditto. 2. Sarkdr of Baddon,, 16 Parganahs, 1 code. Ajdon, Anolah, Baddon and suburbs, Bareli, Barsar, P6nd, Telhi, Sahsdon, Sondsi ifondehah, Samyd, Kant, ^ot Sdlbdhan, Golah. * Hastinapur, Elliot A TieS,

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105 3. Sarkdr of Hisdr Firozah, 18 mahals, 4 codes. Suburbs of Hisdt* Firozahy <jbc., 7 parganahs, 1 code. Suburbs and city of Hdnsi, Barwdlahy Barwdy Tashdm and Agrohah, 2 mabals, Fatehdhdd. Oohd^iah, <&c., 4 parganahs, 1 code. Qohdnah, Ahroni, BJiaft^ and 16 villages. Sirsd, 1 parganab, 1 code. Muhintj &., 6 parganabs, 1 code. Muhiniy Rohtak, Jindy Khdndah, Tohdnah, Afhlcerah, 4. Sarkdr of Bewdri, 11 mabals, 4 codes. Rewdrt, <fec., 8 parganabs. 1 code. Btwdriy Bdwal^ Kof Kdsim Al% Pdfodhiy Bhoharah, GhelSt^ Batdi Jatdi, Nimrdnah, TdorUy 1 parganab, 1 code. Suhnahf 1 parganab, 1 code. Kohdnah, 1 parganab, 1 code. 5. Sarkdr of Sahdranpiir, 36 mabals, 4 codes. Deohand, &c., 26 mahals, 1 code. Deohand^ Sahdranpur, Bhatkhanjdwar, Manglor, Ndnoth Bdmpur, Sarot, Purchhapdr^ Jordd, Sikri Bhukarharij Sarsdwah, Charihdwal, Burki, Baghra, Thdnah Bhewauy Muzuffardhdd, Baepurtdtdry Ambcfh, Nakor and Toghlakpur, 2 mabals, Bhogpur, Bhaffahy Thdnah Bhtniy SanhaU rd} Khodi and Gangwah, 2 mabals, Lakhnauti Kerdnah, <&c , 2 parganabs, 1 code. Kerdnah, BSdoli, Sardhanahy &c., 7 parganab, 1 code. Sardhanah, Bhonah^ SuranpalH, Badhdnahy Jdli, Khatoli and Baghray 2 mabals. Indri. 1 mahal, 1 code. 6. Sarkar of Sirhind, 2 mabals, 4 codes. Suburbs of Sirhindy Ac, 13 parganabs. Suburbs of Sirhindy Btipary Pddly Benory Jahaty Bholahy Dordlahy Deordnahy Khordniy Masenkariy villages of Bde Sarmly Anbdlah and Kethal, Thinesary <fec., 8 parganabs. Thdnesar, Sddhurdhy Shdhdbddy Khizrdbddy Mus^afa-dhddy Bhodar, Sultdnpur, Pondri. Thdrah, tc.j 2 parganabs. Thdrahy Ludhidnah. Samdnahy <fec., 9 parganabs. Samdnahy Sunndmy Mamurpur, Mdlnery Hdpariy Pondriy Fatehpur and Bhatandahy Mdchhipur, 8. Sarkdr of Sanhaly (Samhhal) 47 mabals, 3 codes. City of Sanhal, Ac., 23 parganabs. City of Sanhaly suburbs of Sanhaly Sarsi, NarSli, Manjholahy Jadwdry Qonory Neodhanah, Deorahy Bahhdrsiy Dhakah, Bajahpury Amrohahy Ujhdri, Kachh, Agtzampury Islimpur DargUy Isldmpur BharUy Afghanpur, Chopdlahy Kandarkiy Bachhardon, Qandor, Chdndpury <fec., 16 parganabs. Chdndpury Sherkofy Bijnaury Manddwary Keratpur, Jaldldbddy Sahanspury Nahtory Nadinah,^ Akhardhddy Islimdbddy^ Seohdrd and Jhdluy 2 mabals. Lakhndry <fec., 11 parganabs. Lakhnory Shdhi, Kdhar and Kdnkhari 2 mahals. Hatamnahy Rdjpury Dddelahy LeswaJiy Sarsdwahy Basdrdy Parohi.,^ Sarkdr of Kumdon. (The names of its parganabs are not entered in theMSS.)

* Sanbalhera, Elliot. So the text and Tieff. hut Elliot. Uiot, Islamahad the diFerence in

pronanoiation is accoanted for by the Imdlah or prononnoiog Fatha like Kasra as kxt(b for kitdb ; en nes for an Nds, Elliot and Tieff. Biroi and Barohu

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110 The Suhah of Lahore contains 8 populated areas^ (Tteff. pagi et oppida)* 1. The area of Lahore, &c. has 20 mahals, 1 code. Area of Lahore, &c. 4 mahals ; metropolitan area, Bdri Dodh ; Barhidsat ;* lands of Panj Bari Shdhpur : lands of Kdlapand, Bachndu Dodb. Panjdh, 16 mahals : Tappah^ BhShiwdl of the Bari Bodh, Tappah Bharli, Tappah Phulwdrt, Fanjgardmi, Sandhwdl,^ 8dhu Mali, Sidhpur, Manhatwdlah, Ohdzipur, Ohandanwarak, Amrdki Bhatah, Barsaror^ Bachndu, Sidhpur Fanchnagar, QarhandwdL 2. Sarkdr of Jdlandhar, 30 mahals. 1 code. Jdlandhar, Sultdnpur, Shaikhpdr, Melsi, Lohi Bheri, Nakodar, TaUn, Muhammadpur, Midni Nurtya, Kharkhardon, Bahimdhdd, Jaldldhdd, Hddidhdd, Bdjwdrah, Harhdnah, and Akbardbdd, 2 mahals, Balot, Bhonkd, Hdjipur, Pati Dhindt, Ddrdah Sdhimalot, Andwarah, Dadidl, Kard Jdlar ? 8arkar(?), Deswahah, Chaurdsif Naunankal, Nobi, 3. Sarkdr of Batdlah, <fcc. 14 mahals, 1 code. Ba((dlah, Kdnuwdhan, Kaldnor, Jamdri, flanwdd and Bdba, 2 mahals, Thandof, Bdbhdwdlah, KJiokho' wdl, Paniydl, Bhalot, Kdtwahd and Bethdn, 2 mahals, Salimabad separate from Batt^lah. 4. Pati Haibatpur, &c., 6 mahals, 1 code. Haihatpur, Hoshidr Karndlah, Firozpur, Kasur, Muhammadot, Beosah, ? 5. Sarkdr of Parsaror, Ac. 7 mahals, 1 code. Paraaror, MSkri,^ MahaS' ror, Pati Zafarwdl, Pati Bdrmak, Haminagar, 6. Sarkdr of Bohtds, &c., 9 mahals, 1 code. Bohtds, Kari, Karidli, Bahni, Andarhal, Losdah, Sardahi, Maldtrai Keddri, Nandanpur. 7. Sarkdr of Sidlkdt, <fco., 11 mahals, 1 code. Sidlkot, Mdnkdt, Wan, Sddrah, Nardt, Benhd, Jimah Ohatah, Mardt, Mankoknorl Sialkot ?

' The term sawdd is usoally applied to the towns and villages of Arabian Irak, as those in Khurasan, are called rustd}Cf and in Arabia Felix mahhdlif. * This name does not oocnr in the account of Lahore later on. The variants are Barhidtf Barhdt, Barsdhdt, Barsahasdt. It is scarcely necessary to note that the words Bdri and Rachna in con-' nection with Dodb are formed by the crasis of Beds and Rdvij in the former case, and Bdvi and Chendb in the latter. Tappah denotes a small tract or division of country smaller than a parganah bat comprising one or more villages. In some parts of the North-

West, it denotes a tract in which there is one principal town or a large village with lands and villages dependent on them : or a cluster of villages acknowledging the supremacy of one amongst them and forming a sort of corporate body, although not otherwise identical. Wilson's Gloss. ^ In the account of Lahore. Sandhicdn, * In TiefiFenthaler this is placed in the Bachna Dodh. ' This and the following name in the account of Lahore Maukri and Mahror. * Uncertain for want of diacritical points.

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Ill 8. Saridr of Haedrahy Ac., 16 mahals, 1 code. Hazdrah, Chandanwat of the Ohendu Dodb, Bherah, Khdkharwdl, KhusMb, Kal Bheldk,^ Khdr Darwdzah^ Tdral, 8h6r, Shamshdhdd, separate from Bherah, Shdrjpur separate from Chandanwat, Shakarpur separate from Shdr*

Spring Harvest of the Suhah of Lahore.

4 4 i 4 u Pk 4 4 1 4 1 QQ 6

D. J D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J.

D. J. D. J. D. J. Wheat 60-13 49-6 63-17 63-17 63-17 44.18 33-17 55-23 Cabal Vetches..

64-21

...

60-10 70-16

...

36-20 33-14 36-20 33-14 31-8 36-20 84-17 Barley

46-0 36-20 38-0 88-0 ... 81-8 38-0 38-0

Adas...

26-21 24-16 24-16 24-16 22-9 23-21 29-2 Safflower

79-10 79-10 78-10 79-2 67-2 78-7 79-10 Popp7

129-17 129-17 129-17 129-17 ... 116-20 129-18 129-17 Potherhe

71-14 67-2 67-2 67-2 .. 65-20 67-0 67-2 Linseed

31-8 27-24 27-24 31-8 ... 22-9 29-22 31-8 Mustard seed .

31-8 29-2 81-8 81-8 26-21 31-8 35-21 Anon !

21-6 19-0 19-0 21-6 .. 15-16 20-3 20-8 Pew ...

24-16 26-21 27-4 2621 ( 26-21 81-8 27-24 Carrots

24-16

26-18 24-16 24-16 19-0 24-15 24-15 Onions

83-21 83-21 86-18 83-21 ... 71-13 83-21 84-24 Fenngreek

50-8 46-24

61-12 40-6 ... 60-10 67-2 36-23 Persiaii Water Melons ... 116-20 116-20 116-20 116-20 ... 89-16 111-20 111-20 Indian ditto 15-16 16-16 16-16 16-16

... 11-13 15-16 15-16 Cnmmin 67-5 84-24 84-6 87-6 ,. 81-4 84-24 87-6 Ajwdin 87-6 84-24 84-0 87-0 ... 71-4

84-34 87-6

Autumn Harvest of the Subah of Lahore.

Sngarcane (paundah) Common Sugarcane Dark oolonred rice Common rice Kalt Mash Cotton

D. J. 240-12 145-9 64-21 4d-5 82-11 36-20 80-16

D. J. 240-12 136-10 60-9 40-6 31-8 33-4 85-0

D. J. 240-12 145-0 60-15 40-6

81-8 85-20 87-6

D. J. 240-12 134-4 60-16 46-24 30-5 33-14 88-5

D. J. 240-12 123-0 68-4 46-121 32-15 33-14 89-15

D. J. 183-121 123-0 60-8 83-14 26-21 81-8 76-5

D. J.

67-0 41-9 31-8 35-20 77-6

240-12* 170-16 66-0 49-6 29-2 86-23 91-18

^ In the acconnt of Lahor, Bhalak,

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112

Autumn Harvest i yftheSuhah of Lahore.^ continued.

i 3 4 4 i. 4 c eg M a 4 1 i i 6 J

D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J. D. J.

Moth 20-9 22-9 23-23 22-9 22-9 20-3 23-12^ 23-121 Odl 1722 15-16 17-20 17-20 15-16 13-12 16-15 19-0 Turiya ,,,

33-14 85-20 26-21 ... 31-8 38-0 Arzan 20-9 17-0 17-22 22-9 15-22 14-14 17-22 29-2 Indigo 156-23 156-13 156-13

156-13 156-13 134-4 134-18 158-19 Hirma 70-0 70-0 74-23 76-0 74-23 67-6 74-23 77-24 Hemp ... 93-23 93-23 93-23 1 93-23 | 89-15 80-12

93-23 93-23 Potherbs 80-121 80-17 80-17 80-12i 80-17 60-9 70-17 80-12i Kachrah 12-8 12-8 12-8 12-8 12-8 10-6 12-8 13-11

Pdn 123-15,123-15 ... 123-15 ... ... 123-15 Singhdrah 116-20 115-20 ... 115-20 ... 115-20 Jowdri 40^6 35-20

88-0 88-0 35-20 81-8 38-0 38-0 Lahdarah 31-8 29-2 305 29-2 26-21 24-15 23-2 31-8 Kodaram 33-U 85-20 34-17 81-8

33-14 31-8 35-20 35-20 Mandwah 33-14 31-8 31-8 32.15 26-21 , 26-21 21-20 32-15 Sesame 46-24 42-12 42- 12 J 44-18 40-6 33-14

42-12i 46-24 8ha7ndkh 13-15 12-20 12-8 12-8 12-9 10-2 12-8 13-15 Mung 40-12* ,,, .a ... 40-6 26-21 44-18 44-18

Kori 13-16 12-8 12-8 12-8 15-5 10-2 12-8 12-8 Turmerio 133-0 133-0 138-0 184-4 133-0 115-20 134-4 133-20

Slubah of Mdlwah, 1. SarMr of Ujjatn, 10 mahals. City of Ujjain with suburban dis-

trict, Dipdlpur, Bafldm, Ndldi, Badhndwar, Kanel^ Anhal, Khdchrod^ Sdnwer, Pdnhihdr, 2. SarJcdr of Hindiahy 22 malials. 3. Kotriy 9 do. 4. Sdrangpur, 23 do. 5. Bijagafhf 32 do. 6. KakroUf 11 do. 7. Sarkdrs of Baisin and Chanderi^ 1 code. Sarlcdr of Baiain, Asdport, &c., 6 mahals. BUlsah, Bhori, Bhojpur, Bdldbhaf, Thdnah Mir Khdn, Jdjoi, Jhatdnawi, Jalodahy Khiljipur^ Blidnioniy Dekhwdrah, Deorod^ Dhdniah, Baisin with suburban district, Sewdni, Sarsiah, Shdhpur, Khimldsah, Khera^ Kesorah, Khdmgarhy Kargarh, Kordi, Laharpur, Mdhsamand. Sarkdr of MandOf 12^ mahals. City of Mando, Amjharah^ MakSsar, Bikthdn, Dkarmgdon, Sdnkor, Fanmdn^^ Dhdr^ Barodah, Hdsilpur, Sandsi, Kofrah, Mandwarah Ngtlchah and Nawali^ 2 mahals.

* In the account ot Mdlwah, 16 mahals is allotted to this Sarkdr, * Var. Bcmau or Peman, probably. Batman.

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118

SUahof MuUdn. Sarhdr of Dipdlpur. Dtpalpur, Ac., 14 mahals ; one Bastwr ; Dtpdlpits Lahhi bald Bhoj^ Lakhi Kalndrki, Lakhi Ttisfdniy^ Lakhi. Khokhardin, J^abulah, Lakhi Sahtmdhddj Lakhi Chahnif Lakhi Kiydmpur, Lakhi Jangli, Lakhi Adlampur, Jaldldbdd^ Tappah Sadkarah, 2 mahals. Tappah, Sadhtira\ Shakzddah Baloj, Karal,^ Khdnpur, BaMpur^ Shahzddah Hajrau, Mundi.

Spring Harvest of the Suhah of Multdn.

Wheat Cabal Vetches

Birley Aiai Safflower Poppy Pot-herbs ... Linseed Mustard seed Anan Peas* Carrots Ooioiis Fenugreek ... Peniaa mnsk melons .. Indian do. Cumin ... .. fir riee ijiotfm

Spring Harvest of the Suhah of Mdltvah.

D.J. D. J. D.J. 63-17 44-18 51-11 49^6

sd-'s 36I20 44-5 24-15 47-14 73-20 78-20 70-8 115-20 128-16 129-0 67-2 70-16 67-2

29-2 31-8 441*18 29-2 31-2 29-2

20-17 20-3 ... 28-12 25-17 22-9 86-1 71-14 74-7 72-18 69-20 39-8 44-18 116-0 115-20 22-9 15-16 15-16

73-20 74-8 77-11 ...

4 4

1 1 M.8 D. J. D. J. 29-20 40-12 46-24 80-6 D. J. 3i 2 13 69-20

4i 5 20 127-16

H 2 18 60-9 81-8

8i 2 18 16.12

31-8 ...

27-24

8i "i" 8

116-'2b 15-0 46-2 85-0 86-2 ... * ....a. ......

^ I^Adni in the account of MtUtdn, S Khtiral ibid. * if. stands for MuxafaH, see Vol. I, p. 28. * In this and the table of the Spring 15

harvest of Lahore I consider -^*^ a misprint for *-^^^^ which occurs in this order in all the previous tables. *-^>*, the FhaseoliM mwngOj is recorded only in the Autumn harvest.

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114

Autumn BarveH of the Sihah of Multdn.

Autumn Harvest of the Suhah of Mdkoah,

a as 4i 4 1 4 a

D. J. D. J. D. J. M. D. J. D. J. M. D. J. BngaroMie (jMundah) ... ... 240-12 240-11 7i 1 81 239-6

Common Sugarcane ... 134-4 126.9 143-3 4i 5 8 48-15 6 10 Dark oolonred rice ...

60-3 64-21

70-13

Common rice 49-6 49-15 49-5

553

Kalt

... 27-24 31.3

46-6

Mdsh 40-0 82-11 35.20

Cotton 98.23 87-5 89.11 2} 1 2 87-5 2f 3 1 Moth

38-0 22.9 2312 ... 26-21

Qdl 26-21 17-22 19 8-3 .. ... Anan ... ... 31.20 23-12 22-9 .

Indigo

145.9 158-19 159.22 2} 1 2 4-24 ...... Einna 76-0 76-0 76-0 ... . 2i 1 1 Hemp 85.0 91-17 93-23

Pot-herba ...

78-20 77-4 82-18

Fdn

123-0 ...

. Smgh&nih. ... ... 111-0 ... 4i 6 20 115-20 6i 4 7 Lobiya Joioari

38-0 38-0 33-14 ... .

42-12 35-20 38-0

44-18

K4H ... 13.11 12-8

15-16

Lahdardh 44-18

29.2 81-2

Kodaram

33-14 3314

Man&wah

8019 31-8

31-8

Sesame 41-9 43-15 44.18

40-12

Bhamdkh 12-8 12-8 13-11

Mdng

... ... . 40-5

Note. I cannot nnderstand nor explain the notation in Mnsaffaris and am not sure if I hare interpreted it correctly. The term Dostur u'{ 4^"^^ ^sb been translated by me, at p. 89, et 8eq, " reyenne code ** according to the definition in Wilson's Glossary, hot daat^r alone, with out the sequent words in construction, he defines to be a subdiyision of a aarhdr or agg regate of seyeral adjacent parganahtf a sense in which it is now obsolete. I haye since noticed

in Sir H. Elliot's Glossary that he considers dastAr as " perhaps " an abbreyiat ion of Da8i4r u'l 4mal (the code of instructions for Beyenue Officers) and under ' Sirh dr,* he explains it as a '* district " into which parganahs are aggregated, and his maps of the K. W. P. attempt to restore the Borkdrs and Aasturs established in Akbar's time. This meaning seems here the most appropriate and must supersede the definition I had g^yen before the opportunity of consulting his yaluable work was afforded me. Th e fiscal areas are thus designated. Each sibah is diyided into a certain number of zarkd^Sf and each saxkdr into por^afwi^ or mahaU (used as equiyalent expressions ). The term parganah is employed in the Imperial QaneUer as a fiscal diyision and the t enitorial unit and centre of local history, coinciding generally with the dominions o f a native

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115 Bija under the Moghal dynagty whose revenue dlTisionB preserved the limits of th eir petty States. The words nsed before Akbar's time to denote tracts of country lar ger Uian the par^onoA were J^ Shakk, ^^^ Khittah, *^ Arsah, jk:> Diydr, *^.h Villyet, and ^^' I^^. Thus, says Elliot, in the early historical writers before the close of the 14fth century, we find Shakk i S&minah, Ehittah i Awadh, ^rsah i Go rakpur, Dijar i Lakhnauti, Yiliiyat i Mi&n Doab, and Iktd i Karra. ACCOUNT OP THE TWELVE SITBAHS. In the fortieth^ year of the Divine Era His Majesty's dominions consisted of one hundred and five Sarkdrs (division of a Sdbah) subdivided into two thonsand seven hundred and thirty-seven townships. When the ten years' settlement of the revenue was made (which amounted to an annual rental of three Arhs? sixty-two hrdrs, ninety-seven lakha^ fifty-five thousand two hundred and forty-six dams and twelve lakhs of betel leaves), His Majesty apportioned the Empire into twelve divisions, to each of which be gave the name of Subah and distinguished them by the appellation of the tract of country or its capital city. These were Allahabad, igra, Oudh, Ajmer, Ahmaddbdd, Behdr, Bengal, Dehli, Kabul, Labor, Kultan, Malwah : and when Berr, Khandesh and A^imadnagar were conquered, thoir number was fixed at fifteen. A brief description of each is here get down, and an account of their rulers together with the periods in which they flourished, duly recorded.

THE SITBAH OF BENGAL. Since the conceptions of sovereign rule embrace the universe, I propose to begin with Bengal which is at one extremity of Hindustdn and to proceed to Zabulistan^ and I hope that Tur4n and Iran and other countries may be added to the count. The country lying to the east will be first described, followed by the north, the south, and the west. This Subah is situated in the second climate.* Its length from

* A. D. 1594-6. ' One hundred thonsand make 1 LaJeh. yy Lakhs 1 Kr6r, One hnndrd Kr6r 1 Arab. The total revenue is therefore Rupees 90,743,881-2.5. * Kibul and the adjaoent territory as fscaa Ghazna and even beyond come under this appellation which is derived hf Yiipity (Maajama'l Bnld&n) from 2ibiil {grandfather of Bostam.

* This term, literally a slope or inclination, was nsed in the mathematical geography of the Greeks with reference to the inclination of various parts of the earth's surface to the plane of the equator. Before the globular figure of the earth was known, it was supposed that there was a general slope of its surface from S. to N. and this was called wA/jua. But as the science of mathematical geography adyanced, the word was applied to belts

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Chittagong to Oarhi^ is fonr hundred feJA Its breadth from the northern range of mountains to the southern frontier of the Sarhdr of Maddran, is two hundred kos, and when the country of Orissa was added to this Suhah^ the additional length was forty-three ko$

and the breadth twenty-three. It is bounded on the east by the sea, on the north and south by mountains and on the west by the Subah of Behar. The tract of country on the east called Bhdti^^ is

of the earth's snrfaoe, divided by lines parallel to the equator, those lines being determined by the different lengths, at different places, of the shadow cast by a gnomon of the same altitnde, at noon of the same day. This diyision into climates was applied only to the N. hemisphere as the geographers had no practical knowledge of the earth S. of the eqnator. There ware 19 climates as given by Ptolemy {Qeogr, i, 23). The term was afterwards applied to the average temperature of each of these regions and henoe onr modem nse of the word, (Diet, of Antiq. 2nd ed. art Climates.) The Arabs adopted this system but restricted the number to seven. They considered three-foorths of the globe to be submerged and one-fourth above water. Of this latter H was habitable and the remainder waste or desert. The habitable portion was 83,150,000 square miles in extent, each mile being 4000 cubits, each cubit 24 digits. It was situated between the Equator and the N. pole and was divided into 7 climates. Their position and the limits of the divisions will be found in Yaktit. M. B. Vol. I, p. 25 sq. and in DeSlane's translation of Ibn Khald6n, pp. 93 168 et sq. Vol. I. An account of the corresponding geographical system of the Hindus may be seen in Wilford's Essay on the Sacred Isles of the West. Asiat. Research, Yol. YIII and in Albirimi's India, Gaps. 21 ^24. ^ This is Teliagarhi, a pass in the Santhil Parganahs, Bengal,1yiog between

the Bijmahil hills on the S. and the Ganges on the N. Formerly of strategio importance as commanding the military approaches to Bengal Proper. The ruins of a large fort still exist, through which the E. I. Bailway passes. It seems never to have been completed and was constructed in the last century by the Teli namiiiddr who was forcibly oonverted by the Mubammadans. Henoe the name of the fort and the parganak in which it is situated. Imp. Gazetteer.

I retain the ordinary spelling of Chittagong. Ghatgiof or Ghaturgrama, i. 9., /our vUUiffes, denotes its origin. Wilford has another dwivation and identifies it with the Pentapolis of Ptolemy. (Asiatic Research, XIY, p. 444.) ' The linear measures are variable all over India but the kda is for convenience generally taken at two English miles. The basis of all linear systems is the same, vt., the cubit or human forearm. Proceeding upwards four hdths or cubits a danda or staff : and 2000 dandas a has which by this calculation should be 4000 yards English or nearly 2\ miles. I refer the reader to the Useful Tables, p. 87, for a fuller account of these measures. Also to Elliot. Races, N. W. P. II, 194. ' The name given by the Mnhammadan historians to the coast-strip of the Sundarbans from Hijili to the Meghna Lat. 20* aC to 22* SO* N., long. 88 to 91^ 14' E. The name means *Mow lands overflowed by the tide" and is still applied to the Sundarban tracts of Khulna and 64kargan j Districts. I. G.

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117 reckoned a part of this province. It is ruled by Tea Afghia\ and the * Kkuibah is read and the coin straok in the name of his present Majesty. In this oonntry the mango trees grow to the height of a man or not 80 high and produce abundant fruit. Adjoining it, is an extensive tract of country inhabited by the Tipperah tribes. The name of the ruler if Bijwy Mdnik, Whosoever obtains the chieftainship, bears the title of M6mk after his name, and the nobles that of Nardin. He has a force of two hundred thousand footmen and a thousand elephants. Horses are scarce. To the north is a country called Kuch, Its chief commands a thousand horse and a hundred thousand foot. Kdmrup commonly called also Kdonru and Kdmtdy is subject to him. The inhabitants are as a race good looking and addicted to the practice of magic. Sb-ange stories are told regarding them. It is said that they build houses, of which the pillars, walls and roofs are made of men. Some of these tbej compel by the power of sorcery, and criminals deserving of death an also thus made use of Whoever voluntarily surrenders himself for tins purpose, escapes retribution for a year. Various conveniences are nserved for him. In due time, men armed with swords cut them down, and from their movements or immobility or other aspects, they

liave cognizance of scarcity or plenty or duration of years or the longevity of the ruler or defeat of enemies.' They also cut open a pregnant woman who has gone her full term of months and taking out the child, divine somewhat as to the future. There grows a wonderful tree whose branches when cut, exude a sweet liquid which quenches the drought of those a-thirst. They have also a mango tree^ that has no trunk ; it trails like a climbing vine, over a tree and produces fruit. There is likewise

* See VoL I, p. 842. The name also oocnrs in the Bidau's 8alc4{n, p. 5, MS. whra^ this general is said to have confvered some of the Eastern provinces tmd imifced them to Bengal, reading the hkmtbah and minting the coin under the authority of Akhar. * The anthor of the Siyar nl Mntaakhkfairfn in the introduction to his work, in his aoconnt of Beng^ quotes this narratiye of the magical practioea in Kimrdp, and gravely adds that he has learnt from the authorities of the place itself, their absolute false-

indebted to Dr. King of the

Bojal Botanical Gkurdens, Calcutta, for a view of the specimens of this plant, the WUlughbeia edulie. It is known to natives of Bengal, Assam and the Chittagong Hill tracts, he says, as the Loti A'm [Loii, perhaps a corruption: of lata, a creeper) hut hotanically is far removed from Jbhe true mango. The fruit is said to he pleasant to taste. The leaf of the dried specimen is very similar to the ordinary mango leaf : the fruit is about 2^ inches long and 2^ hroad as it appears in its desiccated state. I am assured hy a native friend that he has seen the plant growing in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

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\^

a flower* which after it has been gathered for two months, does not wither nor lose its colour or smell. Of this they make necklaces. Bordering on this country are the dominions of the Bajah of* Asha m (Assam) whose great pomp and state are subjects of general report. When he dies, his principal attendants of both sexes voluntarily bury themselves alive in his grave. Neighbouring this is Lower Tibet and to its left is Khata.^ This is also called Mdhdchin which the vulgar pronounce Mdchm. From Khdn Bdligh^ its capital, to the ocean, a forty days* journey, they have cut a canal both sides of which are embanked with stone

^ Mr. Mann, Conservator of forests, Shillong, informs me that many kinds of flowers are worn, bnt the only one that he has seen worn dry, and which to some extent retains its smell and colour, is the Tulsi, (Ocymam Sanctum). * China for nearly 1000 years, writes Yule {Marco Poio, 2nd ed. Introd. p. 11) has been known to Asia under the name of Khitai, Khata or Cathay and is still called Khitai by the Russians. " The pair of names Khitai and Machin is analogous to the other pair, Seres and Sinai. Seres was the name of the great nation in the far East as known by land, Sinai as known by sea : and they were often supposed to be diverse just as Cathay and China were afterwards.* D'Herbelot gives the name of Khathai or Khatha to northern China whose ruler the Khdl^an, according to Eastern romance or tradition, joined his forces to those of Afrdsiib, king of Tartary against Kai Khusru king of Persia. The monarchs of this country in the time of Chingiz Khin, bore the title of Altoun Khin, and in the time of Tamarlane and his successors, that of Daiman Khin. The latter is a western corruption of Tai-mim great brilliancy, Mim being the dynastic title taken by the Chinese conqueror who expelled the Mongols and was proclaimed Emperor in 1368. In the time of Chengiz, China was divided into Northern which com-

prized ono-third, and Southern which

included the remaining two-thirds. The former was under a Tartar chief, the latter ruled by a Chinese Emperor, paying tribute to the Tartar, who might be thus said to be monarch of the whole of China or Khathai which em* bodies that meaning. See D'Herbelot Vol. II, art. Khathai and IV, p. 17 et seq. Japhet is credited by Orientals with the paternity of Chin who received the celestial empire as his inheritance and begot Machin, his first-bom. For Sinai and Serik^ see Ptolemy's India by McCrindle. The Chatae Scjthae are placed by Ptolemy to the north of bis A'kha88a regio^ identified by Cunningham with Ladik, and therefore west of Tibet. The name has perhaps survived with oriental geography. ' De Guignes (Hist, des Huns, gives this name to Pekin called also Taton the grand court or Kh&n fiiligh, the court of the Khdn. The extent and opulence of this city and the splendour in which Kublai Khan lived will be found in the reference, bnt several towns have received this name which as it signifies the royal residence is transferable to any that the monarch may honour with his presence. It is the Camhalu of Western geographers and historians and placed by them in Northern China or Grand Tartary, while the Orientals locate it in China Proper. Those conflicting locations are due to ignorance of the meaning of the name.

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and morlar. Alexander of Greece advanced to that conntry by this ronte.^ Another road is also mentioned which can be traversed in four dajs and four nights.

To the south-east of Bengal is a considerable tract called Arakan whicb possesses the port of Ohittagong, Elephants abound, but horses are scarce and of small size.^ Camels are high priced : cows and buffaloes there are none, but there is an animal^ which has somewhat of the characteristics of both, piebald and particoloured, whose milk the people drink. Their religion is said to be different to that of the Hindus and Mnhammadans. Sisters may marry their own twin brothers, and they refrain only from marriages between a son and his mother. The ascetics, who are their repositaries of learning, they style Wali whose teaching they implicitly follow. It is the custom when the chief holds a court, for the wives of the military to be present, the men themselves not attending to make their obeisance. The complexion of the people is dark and the nen have little or no beard. Near to this tribe is Fegu which is also called Chin, In some ancient aoooonts it is set down as the capital city of Ohtn, There is a large military force of elephants and infantry, and white elephants are to be

rM

Kinkorum was the first Khn Bdligh of the Mongols. Besides Pekin, a city called Kai'pim-foUj built hj Kablai Khan in 1256 seventy leagnes north of Pekin, bore this title. The bewilderment of a student of Chinese history in the mnltitade of almost similar names, applied to different places, by snccessive dynastic races, eager to abolish the traces of itfl predecessor, is amnsingly illustrated in D^Herbelot, Vol. IV, p. 24 ^ seq. and Yule*8 Marco Polo, Vol. I, pp. 309-324 eq. * In B. C. 329 Alexander crossed the Oxus in pursuit of Bessus and after patting him to death, he passed the Juartes (Sir Daria) and defeated several Scythian tribes north of that river. Tbis was the northernmost point that he reached. After fonnding Alexandria Bschata, the modem Khojend on the Jaxartes, he re-crossed the Oxus. In the following year he completed the wnquert of Sogdiana, and marched

south to Bactria and in the spring of B. C. 327, passed the Indus at Attok. In one MS. yL occurs for c^jL which connected with the following word y^ would read " asses anji camels ** as Gladwin has taken it. The reading of the text appears to me more

probable. In the names of places I have followed as far as possible the spelling of the Imperial Gazetteer. The domestic animals of the Arakan Hill Tracts according to the Imp. Gaz. are the gayal, buffalo, ox, goat, pig dog. "The Gayal {Bos Frontalis) has interbred with the common Indian cattle ; these hybrids are brought down by the Butiahs to the annual fair in the Darrung District : though they thrive in Shillong they soon die if kept in the plains. The Gayal is plentiful along the spurs of the Bhutin hills, amongst the Dofflas, Lushais, and along the hilly tract well into Chittagong." Sport in British Bunnah by Lieut.-Col. Pollock.

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120 fonnd. On one side of it is Arakan,^ There are mines of rabies, diamonds, gold, silver, copper, naptha and sulphur, and over these mines there is continual contention between this country and the Maghs as well as the tribes of Tipperah. The original name of Bengal was Bang. Its former rulers raised mounds measuring ten yards in height and twenty in breadth throughout the province which were called Alfi From this suflSx, the name Bengal took its rise and currency. The summer heats are temperate and the cold season very short. The rains begin when the sun is midway in Taurus, (May) and continue for somewhat more than six months, the plains being under water and the mounds alone visible. For a long time past, at the end of the rains, the air had been felt to be pestilential and seriously affected animal life, but under the auspices of his present Majesty, this calamity has ceased. Its rivers are countless and the first of them in this province is the Ganges : its source cannot be traced. The Hindu sages say that it flows down from the hair of Mahadeva's head. Rising in the mountains towards the north, it passes through the province of Delhi, and imperial Agra, and Allahabad and Beh&r into the province of Bengal, and near ^dzihattalfi in the Sarkar of Bdrbakdbdd, it divides into two streams. One of these, flowing eastwards, falls into the sea at the port of Chittagong. At the parting of the waters, it takes the name of Padrndtoati and pursues a southern course. It is divided into three streams ; one, the Sarsuti ; the second the Jamna ( Jamuna) and the third the Ganges, called collectively in the Hindi language Triheniy^ and held in high veneration. The third stream after spreading into a thousand channels, joins the sea at Sdtgdonfi The SairsuH and

^ All the MS. and the Khuldsat-utTMJodr^kh read ^5^*^. The author of the Siyar has a shrewder oonjeotnre ( ij^jt ) which I have adopted. Arakan is the silver country (Argyra) of Ptolemy, though according to MoCrindle no silver is known to exist in that region. ' Sanik. ^VTf% a mound of earth or ridge for crossing ditches, dividing fields and the like. ' Anglioe, GoasimbaMor, ^ Usually Saraawati, though the spelling in the text has ancient authority. Imp. Gaz. This name according to

McGrindle has been frequently gfiven to rivers (being a compound of saras, * flowing water,' and the affix vati) and applied among others to the river of Arakhosia, probably the Helmand. Sansk. fwWl three braids of hair. Wilford says (Asiatic Besearch. YoL XIY, p. 896) that the waters of these three rivers do not mix. The waters of the Jumna are blue, those of the Sarasvati white and the Ganges is of a muddy yellowish colour. * See Statistical Account of Bengal, Yol. Ill, pp. 307-810 and Imp. Gaz.

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the Jamna unite with it. In praise of this stream the Hinda sages have written Yolnmes. From its source to its mouth it is considered sacred but some spots have a peculiar sanctity. Its water is carried as an offering of price to fiar distant places. Believing it to be a wave of the primeval river, they hold its worship to be an adoration of the supreme being, but tliis is no part of the ancient tradition.^ Its sweetness, lightness and

wbolesomeneBS attest its essential virtues. Added to this, it may be kept in a vessel for years without undergoing change. Another river is the Brahmaputra^ It flows from Khati^ to Kuch and thence through the Sarkdr of Basoha and fertilising the country, falls into the sea. And again there is the sea which is here a gulf of the great ocean, extending on one side as far as Basrah and on the other to the Egyptian ?nlzum^ and thence it washes both Persia and Ethiopia where are Dahlak* and Sti^kin, and is called (the Gulf of) Oman and the Persian Sea. The principal cultivation is rice of which there are numerous kinds. If a single grain of each kind were collected, they would fill a large vase. It k sown and reaped three times a year on the same piece of land with Me injury to the crop. As fast as the water rises, the stalks grow, so ^t the ear is never immersed, inasmuch as those experienced in such matters have taken the measure of a single night's growth at sixty cubits.^ The people are submissive and pay their rents duly. The demands of each

' "This superstition is not to be found in the earliest books of Sanskrit literature, composed at a time when the primitiTe Aryan race had not yet penetrated into the great plain of Eastern Hindustan. The legend first appears ia the two epio poems of the Mahabhiilata and Bimiyana" I. Gr. ' Its rise is supposed to be from the S. . base of the sacred Kailas hill, on the opposite side of the water-parting in which the Sntlej and the Indns also take their rise. Its coarse, confluents and history may be read in the L G. and BemonlU, Vol. Ill, p. 111. ' This is the ancient Clysma, the site rf the modem Snez, in the neighbourhood ci which the Tel nlzum still retains the name which has been given to the Bed Sea. It is derived from the 16

qnadriteral root of the Arabic verb * to swallow,' which that sea is said to deserve from its unmerons victims. Yal^ut Mn'jam iil Bnld&n. ^ This is the well-known island Dahlak el Kabir, opposite Massonah. Ya^nt

says that it was nsed by the Bani Umayya as a place to which subjects under their displeasure were deported. This passage recalls a similar one in Albiruni's India, I, p. 270. Sachau's trans] . The long stemmed rice, according to the I. G. is extensively cultivated in the swamps. The seed is sown whea the marshes are dry or nearly so, and when the rains set in the plant shoots up with the rise of the water and can be grown in water to a depth of from 18 to 20 feet, but even this is not in one night. Gladwin has six for sixty.

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year are paid by instalments in eight months, they themselves bringing mohurs and rupees to the appointed place for the receipt of revenue, as the division of grain between the government and the husbandman is not here customary. The harvests are always abundant, measurement is not insisted upon, and the revenue demands are determined by estimate of the crop. His Majesty in his goodness has confirmed this custom. Their staple food is rice and fish ; wheat, barley and the like not being esteemed wholesome. Men aud women for the most part go naked wearing only a cloth about the loins. The chief public transactions^ fall to the lot of the women. Their houses are made of bamboos, some of which are so constructed that the cost of a single one will be five thousand rupees or more and they last a long time. Travelling is by boat, especially in the rains, and they make them of different kinds for purposes of war, carriage or swift sailing. For a siege they are so adapted that when run ashore, they overtop the fort and facilitate its capture. For land travel they employ the Sukhdsan, This is a crescent-shaped litter covered with camlet or scarlet cloth and the like, the two sides of which have fastenings* of various metals and a pole supporting it is attached by means of iron hooks. It is conveniently adapted for sitting in, lying at full length or sleeping during travel. As a protection against sun and rain they provide a commodious covering which is removable at pleasure. Some enjoy the luxury of riding on elephants but tbey rarely take to horseback. The mats made here often resemble woven silk. Tria^ inde genera eunuchorum veniunt, quos Sandalos, Badaraos et Kafuros nuncupant. Priores, partibus genitalibus radicaliter exsectis, A^lises etiam nominant. Bad^mis pars solum penis relinquitur. Kafuros adhuc teneroe 89tatis, testes vel compressi conficiuntur vel exsecantur : tamen notatum est, castrationem, quae pervicaciam caeteris omnibus animalibns tollit, hominibus solis excitare. Salt is in great demand and is brought from long distances. Diamonds, emeralds, pearls, cornelians and agates are imported. Flowers and fruit are in plenty.

The betel-nut is of a kind that stains of a red colour the lips of those who chew it. Jannatdbdd is an ancient city : for a time, it was the capital of Bengal and was widely known as Lakhnauti and for a while as Qaur. His Majesty

* The anthor of the Araish-i-MaJ^fil who copies his acoonnt from the Khula* \/ fat-ul-Tawarikh disputes this statement, (p. HI.) ' The text is here doubtful as to the true reading.

' I hare imitated the example of Gladwin in veiling the following passage under the mask of a learned language and with a slight alteration have borrowed his words.

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tbe late Emperoi' Hnm^ydn distlDguished it by this title of Jannatdbad.^ It has a fine fort and to the eastward of it is a lake called Ohhatidpatid^ in which are many islands. Were the dam that confines it to break, the city would be nnder water. About a kos to the north of the fort, is a large building and a reservoir, monuments of great antiquity. From time immemorial^ its water has been considered to be of a poisonous character. The phwje was called Piydshdri,^ and criminals condemned to death, were there confined who in a short time perished from the effects of this hrackish water. At present in the blessed reign of His Majesty, this practice has been discontinued. Mahmuddbdd, The marshes around the fort have added to its impregnability. The ruler of this district, at the time of its conquest by Sher Ehdn, let some of his elephants loose in its forests from which time they have abounded. Long pepper* grows in this tract. The Sarkdr of KhaUfatdhdd is well wooded and holds wild elephants. The Sarkdr of Bagld^ extends along the sea shore. The fort is snriwmded by woods. On the first day of the new moon the sea steadily rises until the fourteenth, and from the fifteenth till the end of the month as gradually falls. In the 29th year of the Divine Era, a terrible inundation occurred at three o'clock in the afternoon, which swept over

the whole Sarkdr. The Rajah held an entertainment at the time. He at once embarked on board a boat, while his son Parmdnand Rae with some others climbed to the top of a temple and a merchant took refuge in a high loft. For four hours and a half the sea raged amid thunder and a hurricane of wind. Houses and boats were engulfed but no damage occurred to the iemple or the loft. Nearly two hundred thousand living creatures perished in this flood. In the Sarkdr of Ohoraghdtj^ silk is produced and a kind of sackcloth. Numbers of eunuchs are here and hill ponies in plenty are procurable.

* This is confirmed by the Tabakdt Akbari. ElliotB Hist of India, Vol. V, p. 201. In Bernoulli's 3rd Vol. the nama is said erroneonslj to be given by Akbar. The history of Gaur will be found in the Imp. Gaz. * Called Chhatalbhatah by the author oftheArdish-i-Mabfil. The abode of thirst.' So the I. G. ; the tert has Biarhdri a variant Pidzbdri. Thia is the Piper longum, a native

of Java, Malabar and Bengal. The fruit is gathered while green and dried in the sun. In the Siyar nl Mntaakhirin, Hugla and said to be called so from the wellknown grass of that name (Typha elephantina) which here abounds. In the Riizn's SaUtin, this name is coupled with Rangpfir, and ponies are said to bo bronght hither from Bhutan. Jute is one of the staple crops.

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There are many kinds of indigenous fi-uits, especially one called Latkan,^ It is the size of a walnut with the taste of a pomegranate and contains three

The Sarkdr of Bdrhakdbdd produces a fine cloth called Oangajal (Ganges water), and a great abundance of oranges. In the Sarkdr of Bdzohd are extensive forests which furnish long and thick timbers of which masts are made. There are also iron mines. The Sarkdr of Sondrgdon^ produces a species of muslin very fine and in great quantity. In the township of Kiydra^ Sundar is a large reservoir which gives a peculiar whiteness to the cloths that are washed in it. In the Sarkdr of Sylhet there are nine^ ranges of hills. It furnishes many eunuchs. There is a fruit called Suntarah^ in colour like an orange but large and very sweet. The China root* is produced in plenty. In ancient times

^ Avariant lias Lankan. Dr. King of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Calontta, considers this to be a species of EIcbocavpus. They are now-a-days, he says, indiscriminately called Jalpai by the natives. .The fruits of all the species are a good deal alike, varying in size from an olive to a walnnt, having an external fleshy palp more or less palatable (in some species of fair flavour) and containing a stone. The latter is usually found to be divided into 8 cells, one of which contains a mature seed, the seeds in the other two being abortive. The taste of the pulp of the E, serratus and E. lancaofolius (both natives of Kangpiir) is a good deal like that of the pomegranate. ' This was the ancient Mu^ammadan capital of Eastern Bengal but is now an insignificant village called Painam in the Dacca District. I. 6. * A variant is Eat^rah which Gladwin adopts. ^ In the south of the district, says the Gazetteer, eight low ranges of hills run out into the plain, being spurs of the Tipperah mountains. The highest is

about 1000 feet above sea level. There is also a small detached group, the Ita hills, in the centre of the district.

 Commonly Sangtarah. The name is supposed to be a corruption of C intra, but its mention by Baber in his Memoirs seems subversive of this derivation, for though the fruit is said to have been an eastern importation into Portugal, it is improbable that the foreign name could have been current in India at so early a date. Humayun praises it highly saying that no one cares for any other fruit who has this. He states that it is found only at Senargam (so Erskine spells the name, doubtless Sonargaon) in Bengal and in the greatest perfection only at one place. A note to the Memoirs (p. 329) says that the description of the fruit by Baber suits more the Citi^us decumana than any other, bat Roxburgh states that this shaddock is found (or was in his day) only in the Botanic Gardens in Calcutta and its . /Bengali name Batavi nimhuy the Patavia lime, denotes its being an exotic. \1 The root of a species of Smilax of a pale reddish colour with no smell and

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125

it had not been discoyered nntil some scientific travellers from Enropean Turkey introduced it to universal notice. Aloes- wood is abnndant in these moantains. At the end of the rains they fell the trees to the groand, and after a certain time they give them various names according to their greenness or maturity. The Bhangrdj^ is a bird of a black colour, with red eyes and a long tail. Two of the feathers extend to a length of a gaz. They are snared and tamed. It catches the note of any animal that it hears, and eats flesh. The Sherganj is of the same kind but its beak and legs are red ; in imitating sounds, it matches the other and pursues sparrows and the like and eats them. Chdtgdon (Chittagong) is a large city situated by the sea and belted by voods. It is considered an excellent port and is the resort of Christian and other merchants.

In the Sarkdr of Sharifdbdd is a beautiful species of cattle, white in colonr, and of a fine build : like camels they are laden kneeling down and ttrry fifteen man weight. It is noted for the Barbary goat and for %hting cocks. In the SarJidr of Satgdon^^ there are two ports at a distance of half a ht from each other ; the one is Satg^on, the other Hugli : the latter the chief ; both ai*e in the possession of the Europeans. Fine pomegranates grow here. In the Sarkdr of Maddran is a place called Harpah in which there is a diamond' mine producing chiefly very small stones.

very little taste. The Smilcue glabra or IcnceiBfolicLf not diBtingiiiBhable, accordiogto Boxbnrgh, by the eye from the drag known as China root. It is a native of Sylhet And the adjacent Garrow ooimtiy. * The Edolius paradiseus or large racket-tailed Drongo. Plnmage nnifomily black with a steel-blue gloss. Length to end of ordinary tail 14 inches; wing 6f ; tail to middle 6}; outer tail feather 12 to 13 inches more; the shaft having the terminal end for abont Zi inches barbed externally,' but towards the tip only on the inner side, and turning inwards so that the nnder-side becomes uppermost. It will eat raw meat, lizards, and almoat

any kind of food offered to it. It imitates all sorts of sounds, as of dogs, oats, poultry. BhimHlj or Bhring-rtfj, king of the bees, is its common name. It is found in the dense forests of India from the Himalayas to the Eastern Ghats as far S. as N. L. 15^ Jerdon. ' The traditional mercantile capital of Bengal from the Puranic age to the time of the foundation of the town of Hugli by the Portuguese. Its decay commenced in the latter part of the 16th century owing to the silting up of the channel of the Saraswati. In 1632, Hugli being made a royal port, all the public offices were withdrawn from Stgr&on which soon sunk into ruin. Stat. Acct. of Bengal, III, 307310.

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Orissa,

This was formerly a separate State. The climate is extremely healthy. His Majesty apportioned it into five Sarkdrs, mar., Jalesar} Bhadrak^ Kafak (Cuttack,) Kalang Dandpdf and Baja Mahandrah. These five are now included in the province of Bengal. It contains one hundred and twenty-nine masonry forts. Its ruler is entitled Gajpati.* The rainy season extends over eight months ; there are three cold months and one month only that is hot. The staple cultivation is rice and the food of the inhabitants consists of rice, fish, the egg-plant^ and vegetables. When the rice is cooked, they steep it in cold water and eat it on the second day. The men are effeminate, anointing their bodies with sandal oil and wearing golden ornaments. The women cover only the lower part of the body and many make themselves coverings of the leaves of trees.* The walls of their huts are of reeds and their temples are of stone and of great height. Elephants abound. The inhabitants of Bengal do not understand the languasre of this country. A woman may have more than one husband. They write on palm leaves^ with an iron pen, holding it with the clenched fist, and pen and ink are rarely employed. The litters called Sukhdsan are much in use: cloths are manufactured and the province furnishes eunuchs : fruits and flowers are in great plenty, especially the gul i nasrin^ which is very delicate and sweet-scented : its outer petals are white, the inner yellow. The keoraW grows in great abundance and there are various kinds of betel-leaf. Money transactions are in kauris which is a small white shell generally divided down the middle ; it is found on the sea shore. Four kauris make a ganda, five gandasy a hudi^ four hudis, a pan, sixteen or according to some twenty pan, a khdwan, and ten hhdwan, a rupee. Kaiak (Cuttack.) The city has a stone fort situated at the bifurcation of the two rivers, the Mahdnadi, held in high veneration hy the Hindus, and

* In the I. G. Jaleswar, popularly Jellasore, an old border town between Bengal and Oriasa on the Calcutta high road. The name was also applied to an ancient Mubammadan circle or Sarkir which comprised the present Midnapur District, including Hijli. Lord or rider of the elephant. The gnit of cards used by Akbar (Vol. I. p. 316) under the name of Gajpati; symbolised the power and reputation of Orissa in the possession of these animals

 Solanum melongena. * For the leaf- wearing tribes of Oriasa, the Juangs or PattoaSf see Hunter's Orissa, II. 116. * The Brahmanioal archives of the temple of Jagannkth consist of bundles of palm leaves, neatly cut and written over with a sharp iron pen without ink. LG. * In Hindi, Seoti the Rosa glandulifera. Roxb. ' Pandanus odoratissimus, Bozb.

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127 the Oanjuri} It is the residence of the governor and contains some fine btiildings. For five or six kos round the fort during the rains, the country is under water. Rajah Makand Deo* built a palace here nine stories in height ; the first story was taken up for the elephants and the stables : the second was occupied by the artillery and the guards and quarters for attendants : the third by the patrol and gatekeepers : the fourth by the workshops : the fifth, by the kitchen : the sixth contained the public reception rooms : the seventh, the private apartments ; the eighth, the women's apartments, and the ninth, the sleeping chamber of the governor. To the south is a very ancient temple. Overlooking this, in the city of Pumshottama^ (Puri) on the sea shore stands the shrine of Jagannath. Kear to it are the images of Krishna and of his brother and sister,* made of saodal-wood. It is said that over four thousand years ago Rajah Indradaman (Indi-adyumna) ruler of the Nilkar (Nilgiri) hill sent a learned Brahman to select a suitable spot for the building of a city. He wandered much in search of his object and found a fitting site which he preferred to all other places. On a sudden he beheld a crow plunge into the water and after bathing itself, pay its devotions to the sea. He WB8 astonished at this action and as he understood the language of inimalB, he inquired of the crow the reason of its proceeding. He received this answer. " I was once of the number of the deotas and through the curse of an ascetic was transformed into this shape. A spiritual guide of high illumination affirms that the Supreme Creator has a special r^ard for this spot and whosoever dwells here and applies his soul to the worship of God, quickly attains his desire. For some years past I have supplicated for my deliverance in this manner and the time is DOW at hand when my prayer will be answered. Since thou art essentially meritorious, watch in expectation and comprehend the wonders of this land." The Brahman in a short time witnessed with his own eyes

the things he had heard. He apprised the Rajah of these occurrences, who

* The I. G. has Katjuri, This latter ia one of the deltaic tribntaries of thi Mahinadi dividing into two branches^ one of which retains its own name while the other takes that of Koy^khai and supplies the Fiiri district. * Telinga Makand Deo (Harichandan) A. D. 1550 : in this reign the sovereignty ofOrissawas overthrown by the King of Bengal. The titular Bija under Akbar, Ramohandra Deo, took pos-

session in 1580. U. T., p. 114 and Orissa, II. 189. ' 'The best of men* an epithet of Vishnu. ^ Balabhadra and Subhadra. The images are rude logs coarsely fashioned in the shape of a human bust, and are actually in the sanctuary itself. For a description of the temple and other local shrines, I refer the reader to the I. G. Orissa."

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128 builti a large city and appointed a special place of worship. The Rajah, one night, after having administered justice, was reposing on the coach of divine praise when it was thus revealed to him, ** On a certain day, watch in expectation npon the sea shore. A piece of wood of fiftytwo fingers in length and a cnbit and a haU in breadth will approach : this is the special image of the deity : take it and placing it in thy house, guard it for seven days and whatever shape it then assumes, place it in the temple and enshrine it." After waking, the thing happened in the same wise, and by a divine inspiration, he named it Jagannath and decked it with gold and jewels. It became a place of devotion to high and low and many miracles are reported regarding it.^ Kal4 Pahar the General of Sulayndln Karani,* on his conquest of the country, flung the imag into the fire and burnt it and afterwards cast it into the sea. But it is now restored and these popular fables are related of it.

The three images are washed six times every day and freshly clothed. Fifty or sixty priests wearing the Brahmanical thread, stand to do them service and each time large dishes of food are brought out and offered to the images, so that twenty thousand people partake of the leavings.* They construct a car of sixteen wheels which in Hindi, they call Buth^ npon which the images are mounted, and they believe that whosoever draws it, is absolved from sin and is visited by no temporal distress. Near Jagannath is a temple dedicated to the Sun.* Its cost was defrayed by twelve years revenue of the province. Even those whose judgment is critical and who are difficult to please stand astonished at its sight. The height of the wall is 150 cubits^ high and 19 thick. It has three portals. The eastern has carved upon it the figures of two finely designed elephants, each of them

* The legend will be found related at length in ** Orissa," Vol. I, p. 89. The Riizn's Snlitin confirms this variant which the text has relegated to a note. In " Orissa " Vol. I, p. 85, the burning and miracnlons recovery of the image are described. ^^\ of the text should be ^Jt^\ * The temple of Kaniirak which formed a landmark along the coast, and still sighted by ships in their passage np the Bay : said to be the most ezqnisite memorial of son worship in existence. Orissa, I, 188. '^ Sir W. Hnnter in his Orissa, I, p.

288, quotes these measurements from Gladwin, but changing "cubits" into "hands'' and adding in a note. "Gladwin says cubits but the word in the original is diist." It would have been more satisfactory had this distinguished writer told us what he understood by * hand.' The Persian dost is equivalent to the Hindustani hdthy namely, the length from the point of the elbow to the tip of the middle finger, and this is a cubit. Whether Abdl Fazl's measurements are right or not is another matter but Gladwin has rightly interpreted his meaning.

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129 carrying a man upon his trunk. The western bears sculptures of two horsemen with trappings and ornaments and an attendant. The northern hafl two tigers, each of which is rampant upon an elephant that it has OTerpowered. In front* is an octagonal column of black stone, 60 yards high. When nine flights of steps are passed, a spacious court appears with a large arch of stone upon which are carved the sun and other planets. Around them are a variety of worshippers of every class, each after its manner, with bowed heads, standing, sitting, prostrate, laughing, weeping, lost in amaze or in wrapt attention and following these are divers musicians and strange animals which never existed but in imagination. It is said that somewhat over 730 years ago^, Raja Narsing Deo completed this stapendous fabric and left this mighty memorial to posterity. Twentyeight temples stand in its vicinity ; six before the entrance and twenty-two without the enclosure, each of which has its separate legend. Some affirm that Kabir Mua'hhid^ reposes here and many authentic traditions are related regarding his sayings and doings to this day. He was revered by both Bindu and Muhammadan for his catholicity of doctrine and the illuminatioa of liis mind, and when he died, the Brdhmans wished to bum his body ud the Muhammadans to bury it.* The Sdbah of Bengal consists of 24 Sarhars and 787 Mahals. The NTenue is 59 crores, 84 lakhs, 59,319 Mttis (Bs. 14,961,482-15-7) in money. The zanoindars are mostly Kayaths} The troops number 23,330 cavalry, 801,150 infantry, 1,170 elephants, 4,260 guns, and 4,400 boats. The Parganahs will now be entered in alphabetical order in long double columns te each page accompanied by a few descriptive notices. Sarkdr of UdnSr commonly known as Tdndafi Containing 52 Mahals, Rev. 24,079,399^ Bams,

KkmsJijaX,

Dams. 133,017

' TMb now stands in front of the Lion-gate of Jag^nith. Orissa, I. 290. ' The Eandrak temple was bnilt according to the most trustworthy records between 1237 and 1282 A. D. Orissa, I, 288. " A believer in one God," for his tetohing, see Orissa, 1, 108. ^ Gladwin adds that when they lifted the sheet from the bier, the corpse could

not be found. Neither the text nor the Siyai hare this addition. 17

The writer caste of Hindis. ' The ancient capital of Bengal after the decadence of Ganr : now a petty village in Maldah District. Its history is obscure and the very site of the city has not been accurately determined. What shall be said for the obscurer roll of names which the above list preserves ? The I. G. says that this much is known that it was to the S. W. of Ganr beyond the Bhagirathi. Old T&nda has been utterly swept away by the changes in

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130

Ddni*.

mmt Aobli,

Dug&obb{,*

226,746 DarsMip&rah, ... 404,287i B&mpdr, 116,632 Ashrafnih^l/

R^basp^, 188,122 Ibrahimpdr, ... 860,867 Sariip Singh, 1^8,877 Ajiyilglulti,*

... 231,957 Sultinpur Ajiy&l, 466,894 TJngichhi, > ... 869,357* Sulaim^n Sh&hi, ... 198,742 Barhgangal, ... 666,200 Sulainiin4b4d, ... 197,70) Bhat&l, ... ... 415,470

Salimpiir, 187,097 Bah&dnrpib, > ... 814,870 Sambal4, 174,660 B&hriri, ... 24,655 Sherah&hi, 178,280 Phulwiri, 193,025 Shamsh Khdni, ... 861,952

Bahidnr Sh&hi, . ... 138,102 Sherpdr, 163,097 TM^ with Suburban diatriot, 4,326,102 Pir6zp6p, 347.787i Tijpiir, ... 201,997 KiiQwarparUib, ... 1,607,200 Taallu^ Barbh&kar, ... 11,725 K&nakjok,

1,689,832 Tanauli, . 196,380 Kithgarh, 1,266,632 Jiinagbiti, ... ... 689,967 Gankarah, 894,027 Oh&adptT, .. ... 190,027 Kltfhip^, 86,240 Naibi,

.-. ... 160,206 Kaohld, 86.240 Chdngnadiy^ ... ... 145,305 Kifiirdiya, 1,440 H4jipiir, ... 106,255 M^desar, 1,608,358 Husain&b&d, ... ...

266,545 Mangalpiir, 226,770 Kh&npfir, .. 81,410 Beoeipta from scattered

Dhiwab,* ... 260,597 estates,* 46,837 Deviyapdr, ... ... 559,557 Nawanagar,

826,966 D46d Rh&hi, ... ... 242,802 Naibpfir, 877,760

the course of the ViglL Sulaimin Shih Kar&ni, the last but one of the Afghan kings of Bengal, moved the seat of government of T4ndi in 1564, A. D. eleven years before the final depopulation of Gkiur. It was a favourite residence of the Mughal governors of Bengal untU the middle of the following century. In 1660 the rebel Shujia' Shih was defeated in its vicinity. After this date, it is not mentioned in history and was deserted in favour of Eijmahal and Dacca. In noticing variants in the spelling of the above list, I shall refer to Tieffenthaler under T. to Gladwin under G. and a variant of the text in the text notes as var. ^G.thil. T.bhiL T. Adjeptt. Vtur. agreeing with Q.

* G. Dahdah. I> Var. and G. Durg&chi. * T. and var, Salim&bid. * T. and var, Sanila. * The text has e^Jl/*^ instead of C^JL^*^ an error which has been repeated in the following page. The term was applied in old revenue accounts to small and scattered estates not included

in the accounts of the district in which they are situated, and of which the assessments were paid direct to the Government- officers : subsequently it denoted a revenue payer, paying through the intervention of another, except in Guttack where it implied the reverse, or the heads of villages paying the revenue immediately to the Collector. Wilson's Gloss.

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181

Sarkdr of Jannatdhdd or LakhnatUi, 66 MahaU. Rev. 18,846,967 Daww. Castes Kdyaths and Brahmana. Cavalry 600. Infantry 17,000.

Dams.

Ddms. Jumatbd, commonly known

ShAhbizpur within the city. 400 as Ganr. It has been a

GhiyAfipdr

41,920 brick fort 7,869,202 KamalA,

16,377 Adjacent viUagea of Akri

KnthachhApA, ...

12,000 fonning 14 Parganahs as

M(5di Mabal, ...

13,000 follows: 1,573,296 Mewa Mabal, ...

860

Ajar, 138,925 Duties from the New Market, 11,700 BiikhokWb 192,608 Adjacent villages of Dihikdt 7

Baler, 127,060 maJ^tcUs, ... 869,000 Aba mbnTban distriot, 211,260 BarAripinjar ... 698,900 Bbanpiir, 140,340

Pak(5r,* ... 87,720 Beriya, 112,208 Dihikdt ... 31,624 Sarinmr/ 71,000 DahlgAon ... 130,920 SblbbaU, 98,400 ShAbzAdahptir, ... ... 84,360 fihlhlalsari, 8000

MAligAoii, ... 141,460 Khektar, 60,200 M6dipur, ... 61,880 MadnAwati, 151,890 Adjacent villages of Ram-

Modihat, 6,980 rauti 7 mahals, ** 749,795 Nahat 242,710 BadhtahU,

 207,500 Haahtganjpur ... 28,616 B^mauti, ... 194,767 Adjacent villages of Darsarak

Selkharlya,* ... ... 103,000 16 mahcUa as follows : 2,009,344 SangkalkarA, ... 93,320 Acbirikhanah where they

Sul^anpur,

... 29,210 eeU undried ginger 7,800 Sangdwar, ... 14,447 Bhatiya, 826,132 Mahinagar, ... 107,550 Bflbari, 91.560 Adjacent villages of SarsAbad,

Baxari Kadim (Old BaxAr), ... 3,720 rev. of 10 mahals

13,192,377

Damrak, 62,83& Akbarpur,

9736 Rfekimiti,* 8,200 PArdiyAr,

85,280 8r duties* from Gangapat

KhizrpAr,

396,100 and neighboorhood of Hin-

SarsAbAd,

663,080 dui (c.), 170,800^

K(5twAU ... 788,427 Sherpur and Gangalp6r 2 ma-

Garhand,* 334,880 bali, 2000 Garhi, . 200,000 * T. Sirapour, G. Seernoor.

T. Nagor, G. Tagore.

* T. Bangamati, G. Kaggamatty. | T. Sablgiria, G. Sebelgehrya. T. p. 58, n. 1.

1 G. Goiamend.

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132

Ddmg. MakHin, ... 106,480 Manikpdr and Hatanda, 2 nwAoZa, ... ... 630,770 Adjacent yiHages of Mildah, ]1 ma^s.

VdfM. B^bakpdr, B&z4r i Tusaf, Suburban diBtriot of Mildah, Dh^rpur, 8iijptir, Sarb^ablpur, Sankodiji,! Sb&lesari, Shilbmandawi,^ Fat^p6r, Mui'szu'ddinpdr.

Barkdr of Fathdhdd.

31 makals. Rev. 7,969,568 ddms.

Zamindars of three classes.

Cavalry, 900. . Infantry, 60,700.

Ddms.

I>dm. fsTdcb^j, 34,024 Sardiy^, 53,882 BboUyib^l, ... 384,452 Sadbwd, 37,127 BsMr, ... 124,872 Sawiil, commonly called

Bbilgalpdr, 2,115 JaUlp^, 1,857,280 BAdhidiyi, 1,442 Shahbtzp6r, 782,172 Telha^i, ... 377,290 Kharakptir, 118,136 Cbamlakbi, 35,645 Kasodiya, 102,405 CharbiW, 80,200 KSsi, 68,360

Suburban district and town Mak<5rgo9, 3,157 ofFatWbW, ... ... 902,662 Masnadpiir, 55,312 Salt duties, ... 277,758 Mirdnpur, 22,172 Hazratpiir, 11,640 Eeceipts from scattered

Market dues, ... 11,467 estates, 133,365

Basdlpiir, ... 103,767 Nal^lesar, 49,422 Sopdip, ... 1,182,450 Nia'matpiir, 20,960 Sarb&rkal, ... 787,430 Hazirhati, 21,597 Saris^ni, ... 173,227 Tusofpur, 258,025

Sarkdr of Mahmiiddhdd, 88 mahaU, Rev. 11,602,256. Caste Kdyath, Cavalry, 200. Infantry, 10,100.

Adniyi, Anotamptir,

Ajiy&lpdr, Indarkalli, Amdab, Bdzdrast, B&zdcbap,

Ddms.

Ddms. 76,113 Baradi,*

... 604,122 48,365 Bisi, ... 25,247 37,307 Barin Jumlah, ... .. 102,210 11^50

Betbariya, ... 96,117 192 B&kbn&n, ... 85,447 652,507 Bdtkin* ** ... 41,317 271,240 Belwdri, ... 80,196

G. and var. Pardri.

^ T. and G. B4nki.

> Var. and T. Sankatodiya. * Var. and G. Sbih Hindui.

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133

Dama.

Ddnu. BsDdwil,

... 26,166 Sibariy4, ... ^ 6.760 P4d' ka mira, ...

...

22,710 SAtor, 290,727 Blbhanburli, ...

... 14,895 ShAhajiyil, 644,787 Parfnp^.

12,672 Sherpdrbari, ... 9,402 Barmahp^,* ...

... 6,717 Sherpdr and Tasholi, 2,797 Fatkamiri,*

... 3,667

14,422 Kpalbariyi, ...

... 2,045 Ghaznipiir, 12,367 Btthotiy.*

... 217 Par^tpdr, 301,790 B^Ikasi,

... 128,387

Fat^piir Noeeka, 102,525 Tinkini,

... 675,790 utabp<ir, 23,352 Ttyfeliili,

... 96 A?ip<ir, 2,652 Kmjiyal.

... 891,365 Kan^aliyi, 20,417 CUiddiy4 or Chhiddiya,

... 9,126 KhelphAti, 19,940 Jifirokhi,

... 11.505 Kandi Nawi, ... 8,477 Jaginnithpdr, ...

... 762 KolbariyA, 6,517 JWiWiy,

... 44,007 KaudaaA,"

6,435 Wfiya,

... 44,700 KAliyinpiir, ... 26,236 ]iteb^(i ...

... 952,950 Kali MaW. 26,717 SmiiAjiyil, ...

845,135 Liniy&n, 813,286 flwrfi,'

...

91,575 Lannkohil, 15,425 aOinrtir,

... 56,805 MihmAn Shihi, ... 575,727 Ciiinkhiiil,

... 1,092 MakhijA, 14,505 KKorrampdr,

... 265 MafemiidShAM,... 226,562

Jhkid*

51,740 Mirpdr, 2,370 Dnrlabahp^, ...

... 13,775 Mah^aarpOr. ... 42,852 Dh^K,

... 13,665 Madh<$diya, 695 Deora,

...

107 Marfif^ebh, 2,302 DaUat*JaUlp^,

... 1,200 Naldai, 804,440 Dostflini, > ...

lfi62 NafratShihi, ... 272,450 Dhdmarh^t*

... 42,505 Nakarohil Eotiy&, 61,235

Sadkiohil Kotiji or Eota, ... 8,205 NakarB&nkA, ... 8,382 SArotiyi,

... 6,530 NAahipiir called also IJjain,... 91,080 SanariyA,

... 72,147 Hamtanpdr, 477,860 Sankardiyl,

...

10,212 Hald4, 122,566 SaHmp^,

... 23,637 HawAl GhAti, ... 66,217 8olt4ra Ajiyil, commonly Koma, 789,220 HatapAn, 8,665 Bnrdppdr,

... 7,482 J Hosipur, 17,426 Far.Pini.

 Donbtfol whether proper name or G. Bernapoor.

Snbarban district of abore.

G. Patkabiri, T. Bangabiri.

T. and var. DakAri.

T. and G. Bagot ia.

G. and var. Dahkat.

* T. and tNH-. Chandi b.

' G. and var, Doahiniya.

 Q. Chytan. var. Chetan and Chain. * G. T. and var, GAada.

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134

Sarkdr of Khalifatdhad. 35 mahaU. Rev. 5,402,140 dams. Castes, Tarious. Cavabj, 100. Infantry, 15,150.

Ddms.

Ddmi. Bhdl, with township, 476,102 Snbarban dist. of Ehalifat&bdd, 31,443 Bhilk^, 230,515

Khili^pdr, 32,770 P61ah, 135,932 DdniyA, 522,885 Pdtki,* 104,205 Ringdiya, 129,910 B4gh Mirii,* .. 81,807 Sahaapiir, 260,340 Bhandi, 25,300 Solaiminibid, ... 168,504 Bhades, 11,225

Sihas, 91,500

9,527 Sobhnith, 61,663 Bhulnagar,* 66,660 Sile'sarbihi,* ... 11.484 Tailing of E^sinilth, 297,720 Im&dpur, 97,102 TiU, 174,676 Khokral, 105,520 Taa'IlnV of Srirang, 26,427

Kanges, Taallu^ Parmanand, 166,360 Mah^s M4ndal, 23,727 Munddkichh, ... 126,360 Pannodar* Bhattacharaj, 13,860 Malikpur, 61,327 Sripat Kirdj,* 8,675 Madhariy, 45,007 Jesar, commonly, Rasiilpdr,... 1,723,850 Mangorghdt, 16,842 Gharanli, 99,550 Mahresa,

11,170 Chhalera, 60,920

Sarkdr of Bogld, Containing, 4 mahals. Rev. 7,150,605. Castes, various. Elephants, 320. Infantry, 15,000. Dams, 4,348,960 263,000

Ismailpnr, commonly Bogla, Brir&mpur,

Sh&hziMlahpfir, Aidilpur,

Ddmg. 977,245 1,558,440

Sarkdr of Pumtyah, 9 mahaU. Rev. 6,408,775 daTns. Infantry, 5,000.

Dams.

Ddms. A86nja,

734,225 Sripdr, 390,200 Jairampur, 467,785 8dir duties from elephants ... 85,000 Suburban dist. of Ptirniyah, 2,686,995 Eathiyiri, 690,100 Dalmlpdr, 671,530 Ka^wdn, 280,592 Solt^ptir, 502,206

T. G. and var. Piinga.

* G. Kabraj, var, Kdraj. Kabraj. T. and var. B. bari.

* G. and var. Chabrah.

T. and G. Pha

T. and G. and var. 841oeari.

* G. Narmodar,

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135

Sarkd/r of Tdjpur. 29 mahals. Rev. 6,483,857 dams. Castes, various. Cavalry, 100. Infantry, 50,000.

Ddm8.

Bankat,* 3,307,885 DiUwarpiir, Badokhar, 238,855 Dabhat,* PhiK, 60,860 SesahTd, Band^fl, 190,830 Siijipiir, Bobam, 23,192 Shahpur, Bho^hari, 118,295 Knw&rpdr, Badgaoi^ . ... 9,330

Kas&rglon, Bisigio?, 104,492 Gopilnagar, Pingao?, 115,990 Goghra, Bahadurpar, ... 96,012 Mah<5i?, Bahuagar, 91,630 Nflnagar, Badalkl, 71,664 NU6n, Kliwir, 208,540 Yusnf, ChUpartal,

243,255 Zak4t,* fttbuban dist. and town of

Tljpar, 886,254

Ddms, 944,055 124,196 376,760 244,507 126,235 406,000 258,742 233,160 147,392 194,475 267,612 147,510 146,240 78,487

Sarkdr of Ohordghdt. 84 mahals. Rev. 8,083,072| ddms. Castes, .various. Cavalry, 900. Elephants, 50. Infantry, 32,800.

Dams. Adhwi, ... ... 91,292 Andhar, ... ... 75,010 Andalgion, ... ... 154,337 Anwarbin, ... ... 31,022

Algion, ... ... 171,695 Abthuri, ... ... 25,326 AbmadiWid, ... ... 18,617 AttbaUkichhi, ... ... 9,200 Anwar Malik, ... ... 8,020 AlHit, ... ... 7,508 lUhadadpur, ... ... 2,190 Bizn Zafar Shdhi, 2 mal^als, 735,835

Dd/ms, Bizn Fanldd ShMii, ... 711,412 Pgdw4r, ... ... 102,440 Phnlwdri, ... ... 6,580 Birbakpdr, ... ... 84,952 B&manpdr, ... ... 349,070 Town of Nasratdbid, ... 886,445 Barsala, .. ... 233,680 Bari Sibakbla,7 ... 146,767 Ghoragbdt, ... 165,827 Bfiyazidpur, ... ... 144,227 PAtildeb, ... ... 41,365 Bilk4, .. ... 80,335

^ 6. and var. Pangat. * G. and var. Daibat. * G. and var. Mab8<5n. * Seo n. 4, p. 57.

G. and var. Ambathuri. G. and var. Tak.

' G. and var. Tdmuk, T. and Sank.

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136

Bh61i, Bdjpat&ri, Banwirk&jar, ... Belghati, B&z&r Chhutighit, Bal&8b&ri,l B&nj M&nka,8 ... Tnlsighat, Taalluk Qasain,... Baln&tb,... Siw&n, ... Ka8, ... TAohahal, Ta^llu^ Abmad Ehin, Khairdbddi Rnknpiir, Saltitipiir, Sfkhsbahar,8 S&nbipdr, Sirhata, Sabdi/ Sitpdr.

Biriji E^di, ... Q&ghit, Sberp^ir Eoibari, Fat^piir, Ehet&ri, Gaji^ur,

Castes,

Anbel," Anb^,

* In text figures wanting, G. baa 7,000. Var. 6,340. 8 Var. BinkI, Malki, G. Matk, T. Pantscb Botaoa. 8 Var. Sabtakab, Besbekb. S'ilab. T. Sankba. For. and T. Sidi.

D4ms.

DdfM. 12,040 Eiibulpiir, 98,465 7,900 Ganj S&kbm&l&, .. 98,465

4,452 Eba^kbadi, 81,565 3,245 Gokal, 56,865 387 Eo^bi Bari* 2 maliaU, 48,807

Ebalsi, 264,822 6,340 Ean^ibiri, 125,797 ... 164,840 Enli Baz&r, commonly Jorpuri, 115,680 86,410 Gobindpdr Akband, ^.

40,675 27,962 Eai^btdl,* 40,367 16,490 Kanak Sakbar, ... 28,065 16,267 Gbatnagar, 27,921 8,290 Eaw&Eacbbi, ... 25,600 ... 238,476 EbitiWiri, 24,847 6,580 Eori, receipts from Zakit, ... 18,000 5,602

Eokaran, 18,120 2,785 E&bnl, 11,690 10,950 Garhiya, 10,980 ... 108,377 Gokanpird, 9,860 93.071 Magatpdr,* 124,00$ 49,570 Mubabbatpdr, ... 46,612 ... 344,097 Mnsjid Hnsain Sb4bi, 28,M5

... 206,224 Andarkbini, 3,447 ... 128,776 MaUir, 24,800 24,622 Nandabra, 61,050 16,412 Naupira, 19,202 16,675 Nabajann Bitor, 49,010 ... 353,355 Wakar Hazir, ... 30,646 ... 1,844,280 Wacbbi,

16,833 ... 107,205 Wabrib, 4,230 Sarhdr of Pinjarah,

21 mahaU. Be^ . 5,803,275 ddms.

various. Cavalr y, 50. Infantry, 7,000.

DdtM.

Ddms. ... 1,08,725 Aag6cbab, 101,822 36,625 Bdrangpdr,"

635,890

6 G. and var. Ebatiyiri, T. Ebefiri. T. G. and var. Tari. 7 Var. Gatral, G. Gautnill. Var. and G. Makaebpdr. Var. Wabaib. ' G. and var. Amp<5l. ** T. and var. B&rikpur.

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137

Mms.

Mms. B^ibasar, 719,107 Deor6, 107,727 Btja^pdr. ... 266,445 Sadbarb^, ...

.. 273,04 fitharnagar^ 119,720 Sankati, 261,410 WriOk^, 84,277 Snlt<np4r, 208,292 B4d%har, 66,206 S&Bb^r, .. 166,180 !NM, $74,490 Snlaiminib&d, ... 42,682 Hflon, 82,142 Kbat^,

.. 777,265 Sabovban distariot of PinjfinUi, 98,967 Ked4b4ri, 218,882 DfiU>% 149,887

Barkdr of Bdrhakdhdd,

38 fnahals. Rev. 17,461,532 ddms.

Castes, varioTi9. Cayak 7, 50. Infantry, 7,000.

Am61, 660,882 Shikfrpdr, .. 827,842

(% of above-mentioned,

Sheq)4r and Bahrimpiir 2 (Brbakib6d}... 816,840 mqhcds, . 891,626 Biaddl, 190,885 Tikbirpdr, .. 606,826 Wirhir, 186,712 ^i^dhBi^ .. 620,477 llltfil, 662,867 Kardabi, .. 1,890,572

pnvijay 64,886 Gn^bi^ .. 1,296,240 Wigiony . 819,000 Kb^, .. 861,060 w^, 179,840 Ganj known as Jakdal, .. 694,665 (&bBdi7a> B&xfi, 766,622 Gobindpdr, 410,586 Ohinri, 169,882 Kiligie E6tbiya, 841,067

itii^Md' and Joka, 2 morals, 407,007 Kbaril, .. 210,182 JaaOlii, 269,840 Ko^nagap, 129,650 Wa6,* 86,787 Kaligie, .. 196,982 8abiiib. district of Sikh Sha-

Laskarp^, .. 255,090 li. 1,629476 Mttjipfip, .. 925,680 Dhiman,

860,896 Mas^bi, .. 689,712 D6dp6r. 8,902 Man Sam&U, ... 694.792 BankiiTdal, Qonunonlj, Niste*

Habmddp(ir, ... .. 124,582 P^ 889,975 Wazirpdr, .. 169,190

Sarkdr oj ' Bdeohd.

82 mot^aU. B<

jv. 89,516,871.

Castes, varions. Cavalry, 1,700. Elephants, 10. la&ntary, 6,300.4 laipShihi, ... 760,667 Bbdrija* Bisd, ... .. 2,820,740 ^MiiQir/ Karat Shihi, -\

Babwftl B&z^ ... .. 1,986,160 Mehwwmah, C 4,178,140 Partib-Bizfi, ... .. 1,881,265 Phinrina, SiraU 6 mo^oZa, )

Bakbariyi B&xti, .. 1,716,170

 For. and Q. Jirfyi. 1 * G. and vor. Barbtizii. Tbere are For. and G. Jasnad and Ohangion. also sUgbt yarianta of tbe otber namea. Var, and G. HainasiL

G. and var, Bhasoriya.

^ G. haa 45,000.

18

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Google

138

Qnsain ShUhi, ... DaskhiidiTa B^^ Phaki B6z6, ... Salim ParUb Bsd, Ohind . TatUh B&z6, Snlt&n B&z6, 8onghti B&zti,... 8oii B&z6| ! Sflbaras/ Dnee on produce and piscary of riyers, tanks, &o,, . Sh&h Ajiyil Bz6,

182,750 1,946,602 1,901,202 4,625,476 1,910,440 1,706,290 1,484,820 261,280 405,120

Zafar Ajiyal Eatannal Khati Mihmin Slitiii, khown as Sherpdr,' Manmani Singh, Nafrat -v Sh&hi, ^nsain Singh, C Na9rai Ajiyil 4 maJ^, ) Mubirak Ajiyil,... BaxijiX B&zd, ... Ydgof Shihi, .^

250,047 2,804^890

187,720 2,207,716 1,867,640 468,780 844,440 1,670,900

Sark&r of Sondrgdon, b2mahdl8. Bev. 10,331,333.

Castes, various. Cavalry, 1,500. Elephants, 200. Cavalry, 46,000. Uiar Shihpiir, ... . 888,442 Snbarban district of Sonlrgio^

Al Jihit,* ... 68,090 with dty. 459,638 T7tar V^minpnr,

a. 24,880 Khizrpdr, 40,808 Bikrampiir, .. 8,885,062 Dohir, 458,524 Bhalw4jow4r, ... 1,881,480 DAnderi, 421,380 Baldikh&l, * 694,090 Dakhan Shhp(ir, 289,910 BawiUy^

... 287,820 Dilawarpdr: receipts from

Barohan^i, ... 120,100 vuffWv, ... . , ( 127,207 B4th Ear&, ... 4,080 Dakhan V^m^piir, 8,840 Bal8K&thi,fta, ... 48,266 lUepfir, 4,535 Bardiyi, ...

86,812 Sakhargiov, 840,865 Phnlari, ... 19,000 Sakari, 184,780 PInhatta, ... 7,867 Salimp6r, 91,090 T6ri, ... 104,910 S&lisari with produce and

Wjpdr,

60,000 piscary of rivers, tanks, ^.,

Tarki, 18,270 rotyottft and the like 40,726 Jogidfy^ ... 612,080 Sakhwi, from raiyatif 280,000 Bnvirons of Port, . 82,632 sdir dues, ... 28,000 Ohhokhandi, from shop dnes.

17,827 Sakhideh, 28,000 Ohand Yi<>ar, ... . 80,822 Seojsl,' 18,000 Ohindp(ir, ... 120,000 Shamshp^, 22,000 ' T. Sabal var. Baral [,

the revenue is paid in money in opposi G. and var, Serpur Morchah. tion to khamdr lands of which revenue G. and var, Chhap.

T.J4t . was paid in kind : also to a settlement * G. and var. PaUaghati.

direct with the cultivators.-WiUon'B

Ql088,

is evidently corrupt.

* G. and var. Sabarcha

' Applied in Bengal to lands of which

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139

Kerfpdr/ ... 298,403 Ifehlr, ... 60,800 Gardi, ... 89,690 Manoharp^, ... 68,801 Kitikpdr, ... 80,000 MahijiO, 26,000 Khindi, ... 40,140 Narienpdr, from sdW doef,

K6|hri, 86,160 ak(U and raiyati, .. 940,760 GithiKadhi,* .* 20,000 Niwikot, 16,080 Ifehri^dl, ... ... 1,089.470 HamU Bix^ ... 281,280 Mnaiiampdr, ... ... 286,880 H&fc Gbiti, 10,286

Castes, Trarions. Ftetbgarh, called P&njkhanf, Baoi^^ Chang, ... Btjwa BiyijV ... Ii(Jamti7af)

Sarkdr of Sylhet 8 mahdU. Rev. 6,681,308. Cavalry, 1,100. Elephants, 190. Infantiy, 42,920.

also.

870,000 1,672,080 804^080 272,200

Snbarban diBtrioe of Sylhet,... 2,290,717 Sarkhaa^lal, ... ... 890,472 L4dii,7 ... ... 246,202 Harnagar, ratyottand sdir, ... 1,010,857

Sarkdr of OhiUagong. 7 maMs. Rev. 11,424,310 ddms. Castes, various. Cavalry, 100. Infantry, 1,500.

T<Ug^, ... ... 606,000 Cbl^9 (Chittagong) ... 6,649,410 Deogao9, ... 775,540 Solaiiii^iipiir, commoiilY, Shaikh* p6r, ... ... 1,672,400

Sdir does from salt-pits, .. 787,520 Sahwi, .. 6,079,840 Naw4p, .. 708,800

Sarkdr of Sharif dhdd. 26mahal8. Rev. 2,488,750. Castes, various. Cavalry, 200. Infantry, 5,000.

Bardwin, ... ... 1,876,142 B^U, ... 609,340 Bhror, ... ... 1,786,795 Bhitsel^, ... 807,340 Barbaksail,* ... ... 640,896 Bisir Ibr&himpiir, 16,740 Bharkondah,><' and AkbarJanki,

... 937,705 Bhihi, commonly Sindal, 2 (hotMakand, ... 2,316 fMhal8, ... ... 1,276,196 Dhaniyin, ... 1,608,860

* G. and var^ Eharapiir. ^ G. and var. Kolhari. ' T. G. and var, DaniLi. * G. By4n var. Uijin, Shdn. * Var. Ba]w4 Sihir G. Bahoowa Sahir. * G. and var. ChainUur, T. Tschena.

^ G. and var. Lawed. * G. and par, Milgio?. * G. T. and var. Barikseel, sel,- or sail. ^* G. and var, Bhargodah.

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140

Bnlann^ Shihi,...

... 721^386 Khan* ... t#6,88d S<5my4, 90,S70 Khanga, ... 174,860 Sabarban distriot of Sherpiir ^t&i, 816,068 KodM, 68,128 Vzmatpdr, ... 1,660,045 HahlMid, ... 1,881,880 Fat^ Singh, ... %096,460 Haiu^iar Shihi, ... ... 1,708,920 9iuain Ajiyil, ... ... 89S,M6

HiifaAtf Shihi, ... ... 1,852^178 Kargio^ ... 848^860 Naeak,* ... ^88,517 Kiratpdr. ... ,776 Natain," . B06|8oO

Sarkar of Suladmdndbdd. 81 ma^. Bey. 17,629,964 dams. Castes, varions. Cavalry, 100. In&ntry, 5,000.

Indar^in, ... ... 592,120 8lt8ftt.

757,111 iBmaflptir,

... 184,640 Sahspiir,

ill4,842 Anliya, ... .* 124,577 Sangbanli,

72,747 Uli,... ... ... 88,277 Sultimpfir,

44,576 Basandhari,

... ... 2,266,289 Umarpfir

223,320 Bhoeat,* .. .. 1,968,990 Mlampdr,

38,^0 Pan4wah, ... ... 1,823,292 ^b&ipdr,

747,200 Piohn6r,

.* ... 601,495 Gobinda (KosadaP)

867,943 B&U Bhang&< 2mahalSt ... 417,185 Beoeipti from independont

Chhdtdpdr, ... . .. 554,956 talukddrs, ... 218,067 Ghdmhl

455,901

48,515 Jaipiir, .." ... 44,250 Molgbar, ... 782,107 ^nsainp^, ... ... 855,090 Nagfn,* ... 810,890 Dhirsah, ...

... 95,250 KlUri, *. 872,846 Rie8i,'(IUlenahP) ... 68,257 Naaang, 600,766 Sabarban distriot of Stdai-

Nabiya,"* ... 77^17 minib&d, ... ...

2,051,090

Sarhdr of Sdtgdon. 53 maJ^. Bev. 16,724,724 dams. Castes, yarions. Cavalry, 50. Infantry, 6,000. Banwa,Kotw4U,Fari8atgliar, (?) j ITkrf, BmaJials, ... ... 1,640,770 | Anwarpur,

726,300 236,960

' Text-note, now Ehandghosh. ' G. and var. Nasang. * G. and var. Nabrin. ^ T. and var. Bhorsa^. * var, and G. Bijmor. T. and var, Bajponr. Text-note adds that tkeore la a Piohndr in Nadiya. ' G. and var. Ghanga. Kot9 There ifl a B^ Danga in Nadiya.

* G. and var. BaeelUc. Note^Baenih probable oorreot ^reading, as this name oocQm in 'the snbarfoan diBtnot of Bit* aiminibid * G. and var. Satsanga. Noie^Now in the district iji Bardwin, ' G. and var, Makin. > G. and vwr. mpL,

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141

Ana> TUcnOi S&tgio? 2

Srir&jpdr,

125,792

moM*, ... 234,890 Sdir dues from Bandarbdn

Akb4rpfir, ... ll(s690 and ICandawi, 2 maf^als, ... 1,200,000 Bo^han, ... 956,457

&ikhi%, Ka|8i1,

.. 45,757 Fuiw&n and Salimpiir, ... 96^505 Il^pdr, ... 80,702 P&h, ... 662,470 Oalontta,Bakoya, B^ffbakpdr,

383,808 8<KiiM, ... ...

988,215

... 283,602 Khirar, ... ... 865,275 Bflm^i, ... 125,250 Kan^iUji, ... ... 242,160 %trii and Bang^b^, ... 100,000 Kldrd, *

... 197,522 BaKyi. 94,725 Mag6r4, ... ... 801,802 KttW, ... 88,245 MatiyAri, ... ... 307,845 Baridhati,* ... 26,027 Medal Mai,

...

186,242 1^}rtari7l^ ... 86,604 Mn^afifarpdr, .. . 108,832 Sobarban dirtriot, ... 502,880 MTindgiohh4, ... ... 96,565 *mp6r. ... 824,822 M&Uhatti,

... ... 40,985 Wpfir. Brt)Uqifir* 2

Naddiya* and S4taiip4r, 2

M, ... 142.592 mai^, ... 1,506,820 Bbfiyip^/ ... ... 78,815

H^lki, ... ... 90,042 ^"m, ... 1,858,510 H&thi KandU, ... ... 55,702 M^iA' ... 468,058 Haiyagarh, . ... 781,860 Btka^ a.

204,072

Sarkdr of Maddran. 16 mai^aia. Bev. 9,403,400 d(hn$. Castes, various. Cavalry, 150. Infaiitry, 7,000.

Anhafctl, ... 122,656 Shergafh, commonly Sakhar-

Bflgarhi, ... 937,077 bhdm, ... .* 915,237 BirbhTim, ... 641,245 Shihp^, a.

 684,160 Bhawilbhfim, ... ... 495,220 K^t, ... ... * 46,447 Cliatwi, ... 606,642 Mandalgh&t, ... m. 906,776

... 412,250 Nig(5r ... * 4,026,620

Snbarban dlBtriot of Madluran 1,727,0^7 | Uinah&k^ ... ... 279,822 Sambhdm, ... 615,805 H^tuHi, (MeadaUP) ... 268,207 Samar Sinhaa, ... ... 274,461

* 6. and var. Anid Tawili. * -G.^nd var, Bacrmah fifrab. * G. Barmadbakti. T. Barmand-

^ T. Bariqxmr.

* (Note). Is in tbe 24-Pavgaanafa8. ' G. and var, Maktima. ' In ancient higtoriea, ^Nodiyi^ or

Nodi, (note). S G. MinaUig.,

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U2

Ori88a. Sarkir of JaUsar. 28 ffiahdU. Bey. 5,052,738^ ddms. Castes, yarions. Elephants, 2. Cayalry, 3,470. Infantiy, 43,810.

Binsanda,* oommonly Haf t-*^ ohdr" has five strong forts, j Castes, Khandait, Brdh- > man, and Bhej. Cayalry, j 100. Infantry, 6,800, ...j BibU* (PipU?) Cayalry, 10. Infantry, 40, ... Bdli Shihi Cav. 200. In. 2,000, B&lkolisi,* has three forts : 1, ' Sokrah;2, Binhas TiU' 8, Daddhpnr. Cav. 20, Inf. 800, ... Parbadl Cav. 400, Inf/ 1,600 ; has a strong fort, partly on a hill, partly fenced by forest, Bhogrii, has a great strength ZTumdaie, Cav. 2,200, archers lookmen, ... fortress ; Caste 100, Inf. and match

Bngdi, i2(i/ptte, Cay. 100, Inf. 200, Bzilr, B&bbanbhdm,* Brdhman, Cay.

20, Inf. 400, ... Taliya with town of Ja]6sar, has a brick fort. Caste, Khandait, Cay. 800, Inf. 6,250, Tanb61ak, Cav. 50, Inf. 1,000, has a strong fort, Khandait,

4,211,480

2,011,430 968,430

756,220

640,000

497,140

89,428 125,720

2,671,480

G. 60,052,787. * G. and var. B&nsad. * G. and var. Hiir. ^ G. and var, Beli * G. and var* Kohi, K^osi.

'!

Tark61: a fort in the jnngle. Cay. 80, Inf. 170,

Diwar Sh6rbh6m, commonly BArah, Cay. 100, Inf. 100, Bamna,' has fiye forts, 1*| adjacent to city ; 2, Bamchandpiir; 8, bjf^ ; 4, Diit ; 6, Saldah, Cay. 700, Inf. 8,650, hold the fiye, ..

720,670 1,842,860

> 6,062,306

Bayn, on the border of\ Orissa, has three forts, | Cay. 160, Inf. 1,500, ... ) B&ep^, a large city, with a strong fortess. Cay. 200, Inf. 1,000, ... Sabang, strong fort in the jangle. Cay. 100, Inf, 2,000. Siyiri, KisijorH, Cay. 200, Inf. 2,500, matchlock and bowmen, ... ... Kharaksdr, a strong fort in the wooded hills, 600 footmen and maohlock< men, ... .O KMrkhan4, three strong forts, Cav. 60, Inf. 600, ... Kada.*0 Infantry 100

* Brahmanpnr in Midnapdr. f Tamliik. * G. Tarah.

* G. and var. Khamn^* ^* G. and v(ir. KerL

:1

218,806 986,970 1,267,140 106,570 898,160 528,570

468,570 285,720

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143

G^Dlp6r, Bajp^, OaT. 60, Inf-400, ... ... 86,720 ^^W ... ... 68,570 lUlchhata,* Cay. 600, Inf. 5W0, ... ... 9,812,810 llednipdr, alarge oitj with"^ two forts, one anoient and Gaate Inf.

wo ions, one anoient id the other modem. V 1,019,980 Bate Khandaii, Cay. 60, I rf.600, J

ULahik&aghit commonly'' Ka^bp^r, a fortress of great strength, Gay. 80, Inf. 1,000, ... Nariinpiir, oommonlj Kan-'| dh&r, with a strong fort on a hill. Cay. 100, Inf. 4,000,

SarJcdr of BhadraJk. Imafials. Rev. 18,687,170.

Caates, varioiis. Bsrwa, two strong fortresses,*^ Blnakand Baskdi, castes* 1 Ihandait, and Kdyaih, j CtT. 60, Inf . 400, ...J fcbirban district of Bha-^ dnk, has a fort called Dhimnagar, with a resident goyemor, KhandAit, Cav. 200, Inf. 8,600, ... Sha986, 2 strong forts, Khamdaity Cay. 800, Inf . 1,700,

Infantry, 760. Cavalry, 3,730. Kilm&n, a stone fort of the"^ greatest strength. Khan- I datt, Cay. 100, Inf- j 400, ... ...J Kadsa,^

Independent Talokdirs ; "^ three forts, Pachchham Donk, Khandait, and Majori. Cay. 100, Inf. 800; the three forts, held by ZTumdoits.

8,240,000

67,14^

9,642,760

8,614,280

Sarhdr of Katak (Outtach,) 21 ma^ls. Bey. 91,482,780 ddms. Castes, varions. Cavalry, 900. Infantry, 108,160.

240,000

2,280,860

1,616,840

780,480

86,720

AM. 2,100, ... ... 6,429,180 Paohohham Dfkh, Cay. 100,

A?akah, Inf . 16,000 ... 8,160,880 Inf. 60,000, ... ... 662,490 Aihgarh, with a strong\ Bahir. ... ... 6,129,880 fort, Brdhnum, Cay. 200, ( 1,184^980 Basil Diwarm&r,* Inf. Int 7,000, ... ...) 1,000, ... ... 2,746,660 Pfiiab Dikh, fonr forts. Cay. Barang, 9 forts, among the \ 200 Inf. 6,000, ... 22,881,680 hiUs and jungles. Caste, ( 2,182,940

ah<r, Cav. 20, Inf. 800,... ) * G. and var, KerauH. sentence, differing in two MSB., in two ' G. and var, Miljlkta. others it is omitted. 'Here follows an unintelligible G. and *or. Garsii. * G. and van B. D. pur.

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14A

Bhijnagar wiUi atKNig forfc, \ Tdingha, Oav. (K), Inf.! 880,190 22,000, . / Banjd, Biflf/ptif, Cay. 100, Inf. 20,000, ... ... 866,208 Pan6tam,* . ... 601,680 Ohaabisk^t, 4 fortaof greai \ strength, day. 800, Inf. | 2,898,970 20,000, ... ... ) Jash,* oommonly, T&jpdr, a \ strong fort Brdhmany \ 2,078,780 Oav. 200, Inf. 1,800, ... ) Dakhan Dfkh, 4 forts, Cay. 180, Inf. 18,060, S(r<n, ... ... 207,880 20,lBf.200, .J ^'^'^

iay. 1 J 22,066,'

,770

K6td^, witk tluM teis,^ the original fort, E^sibah, i ate, Khandait, Oay. f 6,008, Inf. 800, ...J

Ka|ak Baniias, snbarban^ district with city, has a stone 'fort of grsat sUsogth, and a masoiiFy pahioe wijthin, BrdJ^mon and KhanddM, Oay. 200i Inf. 1,000, ... Khatrah, with strong \ fortress, KhandaiUt Oay. > 100, Inf. 400, ... ) M inakpaftan, a ktfge port, where salt does are collected, ...

4,720,980

608,800

"5

1,120,230

600,000

Sarkdr of Kailang Dan^pdtf i1 maials. Bev. 5,560,000 <2(im. Cavalry, 500. Infantry, 30,000. 8(rhdr of Bdj MdhandraJu 16 matale. Bey. 5,000,000 ddm9. Cavalry, 1,000. Infantry, 5,000. A general view of the country having i;iow been cursorily given, I proceed to record the snccession of its mlers and the doration of their reigns. Twenty-fonr princes of the Khatri caste, kept aflame the torch of sovereignty from father to boa in succession during 2418 years.

Tears,

TCOTB. B&ji Bhagrat, Khatri reigned ... 218 Ben6d Singh,

II ... 97 Anaoghhim,

i>

... 176 Silar S^n,

II ... M Banhhim,

... 108 Sattarjl^

11 ... 101 Oajbhim,

II

... 82 Bhtipati,

II ... 90 Deodst,

II

... 86 Sadhrak,

i ... m. Jag Singh,

II

... 106 Jaydhuk,

11 ... W2 Barmah Sing|h,

II

... 7 Udai Singh,

II ... 85

II

... 102

II ... 99 ^ G. and var Ban^d.

found only in one MS. "detailed in each *Here the following words oooor, SOfhar:'

1 G. and var. Qabsh.

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143

Tears,

Bi'nnith, reigned ... 83 Kdlddand, Bnkhdera, ... 81 Eamdeva, Bikhbind, (Rukhnand)

... 79 Bijai Kam, Jagjiwan, ... 107 Sat Singb,

reigned

Tears, ... 85 ... 90 ... 71 ... 89

Nine princes of the Kdyeth caste ruled in succession 620 years after Vhicb the sovereignty passed to another Kdyeth house.

Tears.

Tears. Riija Bhdjgaorija reigned ... 75 Pirthu Rija, reigned ... 53 lils^n,

> ... 70 U&ii Garrar, ... 45 Baja Hadhd, it ... 67 Laohhman, ... 50 Samantbhdj, > ... 48 Nandbb6i, ... 53 Baji Jaint, i ... 60

leven princes reigned in succession 714 years, after which another Kdyeth family bore rule.

Tears.

Tears, B4iird36r, (Adiaiir,) reigned ... 76 BAii Grid bar, reigned ... 80 J&manibhan,

... 73 a Pirtbidhar, II

... 68 Unrud,

... 78 Shisbtdbar, ... 58 Partab Radr,

... 65 i Pmbbakor, > ... 63 ,, Bbawadat,

... 69

Jaidbor, }) ... 23 BokdeTa,

... 62

Ten princes reigned 698^ years, after which the sway of another Kdyeth family was established. Tears.

Baji Bbop&l, Dhrip^l, Devapdl, Bbnpatip&l, Dbanpatip41,

reigned

... 55 ... 96 ... 83 ... 70 ... 45

Tears.

BAji Bigan (Bijjan) p6l, reigned ... 75 Jaipil, ... 98 Rajp61, * ... 98 Bbogpdl, hia brotber, ... 5 Jagpdl, his son, ... 74

I According to the Ueefnl Tables fPt IT, p. 117), tbis is too mnob: the eocoession of names differs also somewhat from those of the inscriptions. Monghir Plate. Gop^la. Dhermap&la. Devap&Ia. Budal Plate. Bj^p^la. Siirap&la. 19

Nlriiyanp^Ia. Samdth inscription, Mabip&Ia. Sthripala. Yasantpdla. 1017. Kumarapila. (Fer.) Dindjpur Copper-plate, Looapdia. DhermapMa. Jayapdla

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146

Seven princes governed in snooession during 106 years. Tears.

Bukh &6n, reigned Balil Sen, who built the fort of ^nr, Lakhan (Lachhman) S^,

60 7

Tean. Midh^ S^n, reigned ... 10 E^uS^n, ... 16 Sada (Sara) S^n, ,, ... 18 Sij& Nilajah, (NMjan), ... 3

Sixty-one princes thus reigned for the space of 4,544 years when Bengal became subject to the Kings of Delhi. From the time of Snl^dn Kn^b n' ddin Aibak to Saltan MolAmmad Tnghlak Sbah 17* governors ruled during a period of 156 years. These were followed by A. H. A. D. Tears. Months, 741 1840 Malik Fakhr'addin Sil4d&r, reigned ... ... 2 some 743 1842 Snl^&n Al&a'ddin ... ... ... ... 1

Narayanp41af (Two illegible). Baj&p41a. Vigrahap^Ua. Mahip41a, at Benares. Nayap&la. 1027. Vighrapila. The Monghir plate, dated 28 or 128

Samvat refers to the Bhupila dynasty and not to the Vikramftditya era as was snpposed by Wilkins. The Yaidya Bajas of Bengal are thns giyen. 1063. SnkhSen. 1066. Belil Sen who bnilt the town of Ganr. 1166. Lakshman Sen. 1123. M&hava Sen. 1138. KesayaSen. 1151. SnraSen. 1154. Nir&yana. Nonjeb, last BAji of Abnl Fazr s list. Laxmana. Laxmaniya. 9se were : A. D. 1203 Md. Bakhtiyar Ehiliji, governor of Berit under Kn^b. 1205 Md. Sher&n Izfa'ddin. 1208 Ali Merd&n Ala^ddin.

609 12X2 Hosimn'ddin, Ohiy^is^d. din. 624 1226-27 Nasra'ddin-b-ShamBn'ddin. 627 1229 Ma^miid-b-ShamBn'ddiB became Emperor d Hindustan. 684 1287 Toghan Khan, goyemar under Sultana Bizia. Tiji or Tji. Timiir Khia Keria. Saifu'ddm. Ikbtiy&ru'ddin Malik Usbeg. JeUlu'ddm Kh^ni. Taju'ddin Arslau. Md. Tatir EhiLn. MnizEu'ddin Tughral. Na^ru'ddm Baghra considered by some Ut Sovereign of Bengal. 725 1325 K4dir Khan, viceroy of Md. Shih. Fakhr'uddin Sikandar followed and assumed independanoe in 1340, bat this does not tally with the period of years given by Abul Fazl. I add the dates to Abul Fazl's list from the U. T. II, p. 148.

641 1243 642 1244 644 1246 661 1258 656 1257 667 1258 659 1260 676 1277 681 1282

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147

A.H. A.D 744 1843 760 1858 769 1367 775 1373 786 1383 787 1886 794 1892 812 1409

Shamgii'ddin Bangarahl Sikandar (Sh&h) his son, SnlUn Ghiyisa'ddin his son, Snl^n 'us SaliLtin, his son, Shamsa'ddm, his son, Kinsi native of Bengal, Snl^n JaUla'ddin, ^. Ahmad, his son, N^fir his slave, 830 1426-7 Nifir Shah, descendant of Shamsa*ddin Bangarah, 862 1457 Barbak8h4h, ... ^ YiisnfShih, Sikandar Shih, ... ... ... Fat^Shih,

879 1474 887 1488 887 1482 896 1490 897 1491

899 1494 90O 1496 9 1498 7 1521 9i0 1584 944 1537 945 1538 946 1539 952 1545 962 1555

968 1560

Tears, MofUh$, 16 some .. ... . u 7 10 3 some 7 17 ' ... 16 a week or according to others, half a day. 322 17 . 7 6 half a day 7 6

two and a half days. 3 1 9 6 27 (?) some ... 11 (?)

BdrbakShih, Firoz Sh^, ... ... ... Mahmiid Shah, his son, Mnzafi^ ^ahshi,

Alia'ddin, Na^rat Sh&h,8 his son, Mahm&d Shdh^ son ofAldWd defeated by Sh^r Ehn. Hnmaynn (held his court at Gaar). Sher Khan, a second time. Mnl^mmad Khiui. Bahddor Sh4h, his son. Jal&ln'ddin, his brother. / HotinU.T.I^^y^*^^i TiLj Kh&n. 971 1563^ Solaim^ (Kar&ni), his brother. 981 1573 Bayazid, his son. 981 1573 Dind, his brother, (d/0ated by ii(;6ar'f/orc6) Fifty princes ruled during about 357 years and one hundred and eleven kept alive the torch of sovereignty throughout the period, approximately, of 4,813 years and passed into the bleep of dissolution.^ The first Bija, (Bhagrat) came to Delhi by reason of his friendship for BAji Jarj<5dhan, and fell manfully fighting in the wars of the Mahi*

' In the Tirikh-i-Firishta. Bhangerah^ i ., opium eater. ' Ihetext has 2 bat in a note 32 ia Koorded as the proper number and tallies with the U. T. * Nofibf in the text according to all

the MSS. bnt corrected by a note. Nofrat accords with the U. T. * The calculations of the U. T. show a diiference of 13 in exoeii in both nvmbers.

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148 bhirat, 4,096 years previous to the present time. When the cup of life of R^ja Naujah overflowed, the sovereignty fell to Lakhmaniya son of Eie Lakhman. Nadiya was at that time the capital of Bengal and the seat of various learning. Nowadays its prosperity has somewhat abated bat the traces of its erudition are still evident. The astrologers predicted the overthrow of his kingdom and the establishment of another faith and they discovered in Muhammad Baktiydr Khiiji the individual by whom these two events would be accomplished. Although the Bdja regarding these as idle tales refused to credit them, many of his subjects sought refnge in distant provinces. At the time when Ku^bu'ddin Aibak held India for Shahabu*ddin, the Khiiji took possession of Behar by force of arms, and when he marched upon Bengal, the Raja, escaped in a boat. Mu^mmad Bahktiyar, entered Bengal and having amassed enormous plunder, he destroyed the city of Nadiyd and transferred the capital to Lakhnanti. From that time Bengal has been subject to the kings of Delhi. During the reign of Sultan Tughlak, Kadar Kb^n was viceroy in Bengal. Malik Fakhru'ddin his sword-bearer through greed of power, disloyally determined upon the death of his master and plotting in secret, Blew him and with pretentious allegations fraudfully possessed himself of the government and refused allegiance to the sovereigns of Delhi. Malik ^l\ Mubdrak, who had been one of the principal adherents of Kadar Khan, assumed the title of Alau*ddin and rose against Fakhru'ddin, and taking him alive in action, put him to death. Haji Iliyas jjilai, one of the nobles of Bengal, entering into a confederacy with some others, slew him and took the title of Shamsu'ddin. He is also called Bhangarah. Sul^n Firoz set out from Delhi to chastise him and a severe struggle ensued, but as the rainy season was approaching, he concluded a hasty treaty and returned. When Shamsu'ddin died, the chiefs of the army raised bis eldest son to the throne under the title of Sikandar Shdh. Sul^dn Kroz again marched into Bengal but, retreated after aiTanging terms of peace. On Sikandar's death his son was elected to succeed him and was proclaimed under the title of Ghiyasu'ddin. Khwdjah Hdflz of Shiraz sent him an ode in which occurs the following verse :^ And now shall India's In this sweet Persian A native of Bengal by who was his grandson. parroqaets on sngar revel all, lyric that is borne to far Bengal. name Kansi fraudfully dispossesed Shamsu'ddin When he died, his son embraced Islam and

* Kosenzweig-Schwannan in his trans lation of H&fiz identifies the Ghij^n'ddin of this poem, as prince of Herat-

whom Tim6r later deprived of his kingdom. The verse is certainly against tho supposition.

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149 took the Dame of Saluda JaUIa*ddiii. It was the cnstom in that country for seven thousand footmen called Pdyiks^ to patrol round the palace. One evening a eunuch conspiring with these guards slew Fatl^ Shah and assumed the title of Barbak Shah. Firoz Shdh was also slain by these guards and his son Mahmtid was raised to the sovereignty. An Abyssinian slave named Muzaffar with the assistance of the same guards put him to death and mounted the throne. iflLlaa'ddin. an attendant of MuzafPar, in turn, in conspiracy with these guards despatched his master and established himself in power. Thus tlirough the caprice of fortune, these low footsoldiers for a considerable time played an important part in the state, ^lau'ddin placed the administration of justice on a better footing and disbanded the Pdyiks, Nasrat Shah is said to have followed the example of his father in his justice in and liberality and treated his brothers with consideration. When Sultan Ibrahim (Lodi) met his death in the engagement with Sultan Bibar,* his brother and the chiefs of the army took refuge with this Booarch and lived in security. Humaytin appointed Jahangir Kuli Beg to the governorship of the province. When Sh6r Khdn a second time rose to power, he beguiled Jahangir under pretext of an amicable settlement and put him to death. During the reign of Salim Khan (at Delhi) Muhammad Khan his kinsman, united loyalty to his lord with justice to his subjects. When he fell in action against Mamrez Kh&n, his son Khizr Khan succeeded him and assumed the title of Bahadur Shdh. Mamrez Khdn entered the field against him but perished in battle. Tdj Khan, one of the nobles of Salim Khan, slew Jalalu'ddin and assumed the government. His younger brother Sulairadn, although of a tyrannous disposition, reigned for some time, after which his sons Bayazid and Daud through misconduct dishonoured the royal privileges of the mint and the pulpit. Thus concludes my abstract. Praise be to God, that this prosperous country receives an additional splendour through the justice of imperial majesty. The Subah of Behdr. It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Gadhi to Rhotds k 120 Kos; its breadth from Tirhut to the northern mountains, 110 kos. On its eastern boundary is Bengal ; to the west lie Allahabad and Oudh, On the north and south it is bounded by hills of considerable elevation. * Hindi. Mlf*!* Pers. -^J a mes- | * At PAnipat, April 21 st, A. D., 1626. seoger, guard, ranning footman.

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150

Its chief rivers are the Ganges and the Son. Whatever of wood or leather and the like falls into the Son, becomes petrified. The head springs of these three rivers, the Son^ the Narbada and the JoJUla^ babble np from a single reed-bed^ in the neighbonrbood of Oa4ha. The Son is pleasant to the taste, wholesome and cool ; flowing in a northerly direction, it joins the Ganges near Maner,^ The Ohandak flows from the north and unites with the Ganges near Hdjipur, Such as drink of it suffer from a swelling in the throat,^ which gradually increases, especially in young children, to the size of a cocoanut. The Sdlgirdm^ is a small black stone which the Hindtis account among divine objects and pay it great veneration. If round and small and unctuous, they hold it in the highest regard and according to the variety of its

1 This passage has haffled the editor, who unable to make sense of any of the variants, regards it as oormpt. A reference to the 8iyaru*l MutcMhhhhiHn and the Khuldsat u*t Tawarikh clears the diffiooltj. In both of these works the passage is identical and is as follows : ^y, lAj^ *^ ^ </* ^y- *^3* ^^ and establishes the acoorapy of the readingSy if not of the fact, Tieflfenthaler confirms it. In his account of Behar he writes: "Snivant un livre qui contient la description de I'lnde, o'est dans le Gondvane, que le Narbada, le Soane et le Djnhala jaillissent d*un buUson de hcmibot^s, comme d'nne source. Selon nn ingenieur Anglais qui depuis Elahbad a pen6tr^ jusqu'lL la source, les trois rivieres susdites sourdent d'un etang, long de 8 aunes, et large de 6, qui est entoure d'un mur de brique. Get etang se trouve an milieu d'un village appel^ Amar cantak; ii est doming par un hameau assis sur le sommet d'un ooUine haut de 60 aunes ; des Brahmes en sont les habitants : il est distant de 20 milles de Bettenpour, cp:tuide viUe situ^ an Nord, et de 80 de Mandela a' I'Est. Le Narbada, apres sa sortie de I'etang, parcourt Tespace d'un mille et demi vers I'Est: ensuite se pr^ipitant d'nne colline avec violence d'une hauteur de 26

aunes, il uoule rapidement vers le village de Gapaldara. La fleuve, au sortie de Tetang, a une aune en largeur. Le 8oane n'est visible qu'a la distance d*un demi mille de Tetang. Ensuite apres un oours de 6 milles, il se perd dans le sable, mais acquerant de nouvean un plus g^nd volume, il devient one fleuve considerable, et poursuit soa course vers Bot&s. Le DJuhala commence seulement a se montrer lorsqu* il est d^j& eloign^ de S milles de I'etang. L4 il descend de la colline en un mince filet d'eao, qui par I'espace de 12 milles echappe aux yeox ; apres quoi il devient une petite riviere et continue de rouler ses eaux en xp^oore quantity." * The junction is thus indicated in the Bengal Atlas of 1772. It is now about 10 miles higher up. 8 No doubt from the same causes which affect Alpine streams. It is snowfed, but soon acquires the character of a deltaic river. * A species of black quartsose found in the G^ndhak containing the impression of one or more ammonites conceived bj the Hindus to represent Vishnu. This river is also known as the SalgL ram.

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151 form, different names and properties are ascribed to it. The generality ha?e a single perforation, others more and some are without any. They contain gold ore. Some say that a worm is bred within which eats its way through ; others maintain that it works its way in from the outside. The Hindus have written a considerable work on the qualities of this stone. According to the Brahminical creed, every idol that is broken loses its claim to veneration, but with these, it is not so. They are found in the Son for a distance of 40 kos between its northenmost extremity and the

Bonih of the hills. The Karamndsd flowing from the south unites with the Ganges near Chausd, Its waters are regarded with aversion.^ The Punpun flows also from the south and joins the Gkinges near Patna. The smaller rirers of this Sdbah cannot be recorded. The summer months are intensely hot, while the winter is temperate. Warm garments are not worn for more than two months. The rains continue during six months and throughout the year the country is green and fertile. No severe winds blow nor ckids of dust prevail. Agriculture flourishes in a high degree, especially tie cultivation of rice which, for its quality and quantity is rarely to be iqaalled. Kisdrfl is the name of a pulse, resembling peas, eaten by the poor, but is unwholesome. Sugarcane is abundant and of excellent quality. Betel-leaf, especially the kind called Mahhiy* is delicate and beantiful in colour, thin in texture, fragrant and pleasant to the taste. Pmits and flowers are in great plenty. At Maner, a flower grows named Majkand,^ somewhat like the flower of the Blidtura^ very fragrant and found nowhere else. Milk is rich in quality and cheap. The custom of dividing the crops is not here prevalent. The husbandman pays his rents

1 No person of anj caste will drink its waters. The reason of its imparity is aid to be that a Brahman having been murdered bj a Baja of the Solar line, a sunt pnrified him of his sins hj ccUeoting water from all the streams of the world and washing him in their waters which were collected in the spring from which the Karamndsd now issnes I. G. Bee Baber's acoonnt of this river in his If emmrs, p. 408. YHien he crossed it, the Hindns accompanying him embarked in a boat and passed by the (Ganges to avdd it. Its name signifiea * the rain of reUgiona merit.'

S Lathyrns sativna. 8 Gladwin "Maghee." Thoogh a ^ in the text, the Am constantly prefers this Taranian form, both initial and terminal to the Irini ^. Not mentioned in his description of the Betel at p. 72, Vol. I. ^ Dr. King of the Royal Botanical Gkurdens, Oaloatta, snggests that this may be the Jasminam pnbescens. The flower resembles a miniatore Dhatara flower and is very fragrant.

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152 in person and on the first occasion presents himself in his best attire. The houses for the most part are roofed with tiles. Good elephants are procumble in plenty and boats likewise. Horses and camels are scarce. Parrots abound and a fine species of goat of the Barbary breed which they castrate : from their extreme fatness they are unable to walk and are carried on litters. The fighting cocks are famous. Game is abundant. Gilded glass is manufactured here. In the Sarkdr of Behdr^ near the village of Bdjgar is a quarry of stone resembling marble, of which ornaments are made. Good paper is here manufactured.^ Gayd the place of Hindu pilgrimage, is in this province : it is also called Brahma Oayd being dedicated to Brahma, Precious stones from foreign ports are brought here and a constant traffic carried on. In the Sarkdr of Monghyr {Mungir) a strong stone wall has been built extending from the Ganges to the hills,^ which they consider as demarcating the boundary of Bengal. In the Sarkdr of Hnjipur the fruits Kafhal^ and Barhal g^row in abundance. The former attain such a size that a man can with diffical* ry carry one. In the Sarkdr of Ohampdran the seed of the vetch Mdsh* is cast on unploughed soil where it grows without labour or tilling. Long pepper grows wild in its forests. Tirhut has from immemorial time, been a seat of Hindu learning. Its climate is excellent. Milk curds keep for a year without alteration. If those who sell milk adulterate it with water, some mysterious accident befals them. The buffaloes are so savage that they will attack a tiger. There are many lakes and in one of them the water never decreases, and its depth is unfathomable. Groves of orange trees extend to a distance of thirty kds^ delighting the eye. In the rainy season gazelle and deer aud tiger frequent together the cultivated spots and are hunted by the inhabitants. Many of these with broken limbs are loosed in an enclosure, and they take them at their leisure. Bohtds is a stronghold on the summit of a lofty mountain, difficult of access. It has a circumference of 14 kos and the land is cultivated. It contains many springs, and wherever the soil is excavated to the depth of

' This indastry together with that of cloth, formerly its principal mannfactures have now nearly died oat. I. G. To the Boath-west, according to Tiefifenthaler, to close the entrance into Bengal.

8 Known as the Jack fruit (Artocarpns integrifoUa, Roxb ). The Bafhal according to the dictionary is a small round fruit, also an Artocarpus, doubtfully disting^shed as " lactieha" * Phaseolus radiatus.

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. 153 three or four yards, water is visible. In the rainy season many lakes are formed, and more than two hundred waterfalls gladden the eye and ear. The climate is remarkably healthy. This Suhah contains seven SarJcdrs subdivided into 199 Pargannahs, The gross revenue is 22 krors, 19 lakhs, 19,404J darns, (Rs. 66,47,9851-3.) Of these ParganahSy 138, pay revenue in cash from crops charged at special rates.^ The extent of measured land is 24 lakhs, 44,120 highas, yielding a revenue of 17* krors, 26 lakhs, 81,774 dams (Rs. 43,17044) in cask The remaining 61 Parganahs are rated at 4 krors, 22 lakhs, 37,630^ dam. (Rs. 12,30940-12-5), out of which 22 lakhs, 72,147 ddms are SuyurgM,^ (Rs. 56,803-8-10). The province furnishes 11,415 Cavalry, 449,350 Infantry and 100 boats. Sarkdr of Behdr, Containing 46 Mahals, 952,598 Bighas. Revenue, 80,196,390 ddms in cash from special crops, and from land paying the general higdh rate. gyur^^aZ, 2,270,147 diiw. Castes various. Cavalry 2,115. Infantry 6 7,.350.

Bighas and Biswas. Kevenne. D. Cav. Inf. Suydrghal.

D. Castes. Anral 57,089-5 426,780 ... 1000

Ankhn* ... 49,401-10 8,747,940 ,. ...

fkhal 40,404-4 335,260 ... 200

Afghan & Brahman Amritu ... 24,387-19 18,21,333

... 16035 Do. Anbald ...

847,920 ., 250

Brahman Anchha ... 10,'296-57 6,700,000 20 300

Afghan Antri 1998-9 147,980 20 200 .... Kayath Behir with enborban

dis^ot, has a fort

of Btone and brick ...

70,683-9 5,534,161 10 400 653,200

BahUwar ... 48.310-3 3,651,640 ... 500 9000 Brahman BM6k 35,318-18 2,706,539 ... 300 1,708,130 ShaikhzaPaUch ...

30,030-18 2,270,438

500 59,185 dah,Br&h. Ralia 26,000-18 2,056,502 20 400 85,747 man, Rajptit

* The terms iJ^ though originally applied to lands sequestrated by the tate, was nsed of rent free lands subjected to assessment in Bengal, to lands which had been resumed from Jagir grants by Jafar Khan: in the northwest, to money rents on the more valuable crops, such as sugar, tobacco, and cotton where rent in kind was the rule. Abdl Fazl employs it loosely elsewhere for the revenue collection or assessment 20

of a village. According to Camegy the word is not in general use in Ondh.

 Gladwin has 18, but 17 is confirmed by the reading of the S. ul. M., the writer of which has, however, misunderstood the reference by Abul Fazl to parganahs in the figures 138 and 61, and confused the sense of the passage. See p. 46, note. var, Khokri T. Ghogri.

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154

Bighas and Biswas. Bevenne. Lo. Oav. Inf. Snyiirghal D. Castes. Patna, has two forts,

one of brick and the

other of nrnd 2l846-8 1,922,480 ... ... 131,807

Phalwiri ... 20,226-19 1,586,420 20 700 118,120 Rijpfifc.

Pahra 12,283.6 941,160 20 400 18,560 Brahman Bhimpiir ... PandAg ... 10,862.16 824,684

... 24,424

727,640 300 2000

[ah Tilddah ...

89,653-12 2,920,366 20 300 232,080 Shailchzad. Jarar 12,930-10 979,363 60 600 880 Do. Cbarg&on ...

904,440 20 300

Brahman Jai Chanpa

620,000 20 600

Didar . 262,600

...

Dhakner ... ...

215,680 ... ...

Eiih

260,100

20 1500 . .. Br&hman R&mpiir ... ...... 863,820 ... ...

Wjgarh ... 3766-12 288,228 ... ... 17,225

San<5t 36,780-7 2,824,180

20 500

Bam&i 82,614.8 2,637,080 10 200 62^380 Kiyath 8ahrah

2,079,000 ... 600

Rijput S&ndah ... 24,962-2 1,889,956

600 .* Afghan Se6r, has a strong fort

Biihman on a hill... 14,146-8 1,250,691 200 6000

Ghiasptir ... 84,206-7 6,667,290 ... ...

227,454

Gidbanr,* has a strong

B&jpiit fort on a hill in the

jungle ...

1,452,500 250 10,000

Kitibahra... . ...

737,640 ... ...

K&bar 7400-9 660,876 80 700 .... K&jbXI G6h

874,880 100 1000

B4jpiit Ghiltis&r ... ....

860,820 . ...

Karanpiir ...

863,820 ... . ... ..

Gaya 951,4 74,270 ... ., 14,235

Mnner 89,039-15 7,049,179

. ... 325,880

Masodhi* ... 67,161-10 4,631,080 ... ... ......

Mildah ... 28,128-9 2,151,675 100 8000 49,805 Brilhman Manro& ... . 7706-6

685,500 20 600

Do. Mah^r 23,937-19 1,779,540

200 47,700 Do. Narhat ... 30,655-7 2,880,309 6' 200

Kiyath

8a/rkdr of Monghyr. Containing 31 Mahals. Bevenne I09,625,981| ddms. 2,150 Cavalry, 50,000 Infantiy.

Bevenne. Abhipur ... ... 2,000,000 Gala ... ... 89,760

Ang6 Anbalu

Castes various,

Berenne. 147,800 60,000

> var, and G. Pandarak T. Pandok. The word ^^J^ with variant >*^ follows the reyenne figures, bat the text offers no explanation and I can afford bat nnsatisfaotory conjeotore. It also oocors ander " Jai Chanpa."

var. and G. Jadar. * var. and G. Gandhor. T. Kon^dhapoar. 4 var. G. and T. Modha.

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155

Bevenne.

BeveiiTie. Bligtilpdr ...

... 4,696,110 Sdrajgarh

... 299,445 Balii ...

... 3,287,320 Sakhrasini

... 160,000 Paharkiah

...

... 3,000,000 Sa^iri

... 68,730 PbihnnUi *

140,920 Khe1g^9

... 2,800,000 Paaai" ...

... 132,000 Eharhi

689,044 Tandr .

88,420 E6zrah ^

... 260,602 Ghai >

... 9,280,000 Kha^ki

... 160,000 Chand6i ...

860,000 Lakhanp6r ...

 633,280 Dharmpdr ...

... 4,000,000 Masjidpdr

1,259,760 Dand Sakhw&rah

... 136,000 Monghjr and aabarban distriot 808,907i Bohni ...

95,360 MaBdi

... 29,726 Sarohi ...

... 1,773,000 Hindiii

... 108,000 Sakhdehra ...

... 690,240 Hazirtaki

9,182 SaghaoH ...

... 860,000

SarMr of Ghampdran.

Containing 3 Mahals, 85,711 Bighas, , 5 Biswas. Revenue 5,513,420 Ddms,

Horsemen, 700. Infantry 30,000.

B. & B. D4ini.

Dims. onron.

7200 2 600,095 Majhora, 22,416 16 1,404,890 liW, 66,096 7 3,518,436

Sarkdr of Hdjijmr, Containing 11 Mahals, 10 Villages 436,952 Bighas, 15 Biswas. Revenue 27,331,030 dams. B. & B. Bevenae.

Akbarpdr, 8366 17 195,040 Bati, Bodiwi, 10,851 14 624,791 Sar^ai,

Baflira, 106,370 7 6,380,000 Im&dptir, Btlagachah, 14,638 2 913,660 Garhsanah,* Patkehra,* 68,306 13 3,518,354 Naip6r, Hijipur Trith snbnrfaan district 62,653 17 3,833,460 Sarkdr of 8dran. Containing 17 Mahals, Measured land 229,052 Bighas, 15 Biswas, Revenue 60,172,004^ ddms. Castes various. Cavalry 1,000. Infantry 50,000.

B. & B. Bevenne. 30,438 13 1,824,980 102,461 8 6,704,300 12,987 7 795,870 876,200 27,877 9 1,663,980

B. &B. D^ms.

B. & B. Dium. Indar, 7218 4 534,990 Pl, 66,320 6 4,893,378

Barif. 7117 10 533,820 Biri, 16,059 3 383,797*

1 T. and G. Baaai. * var Tekhra. T. Tigira. G. Taykekra. * ror. and T. Garaind. A note states

that the Pargannah of Gadhaar, ( jr^^ ) ia probably meant, which Ilea to the N. of Bati and W. of Baslrd.

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156

Barhan/ Pachlakh, Chanend,* Chanbdra, Jawainah, D^gei, Sip&h,

B. & B. 8,611 8 9,266 15 8,413 13

5825 3662

Dams. 654,508 437,997 638,270 400,000 309,285 277,630 290,598

B. & B. Kodah (Gaw4 ?) 28,049 3 KaliyAnpiir, 17,437

Kashmir, Mangjhi, Mandhal, Maker,

16,915 8,752 9,405 10,936

,19 , 7 .14

Dams. 2,012,950 774,696

1,314,539 611,813 698,140 811,095

Sarkdr of Tirhut.

Containing 74 Mahals, Measured land 266,464 Bighahs 2 Biswas. Revenue 19,1 79,777^ dams. Castes various. Cavalry 700. Infantry 80,000.

B. A B. B. Dams.

Ahaapur, 4,680 irtarkhand, 2,068 Ahlwdr, 1,001 1 Anbhi, AugUri, 836 16 Atli6s, 559 17 Basri, Ac., 4 Mahals,

Bahrw^rah, Banpdr, Bar^I, P^pra, Padri, Bas6tra, Pachhi,* Bahn<5r, Bachhn6r, Pachham Bhagti, Ba^, Ptirab Bhagu,

Pandrfijah, Bdi Bhoiadi, Bhdli, Bha<]iwdr, Parharpur, Bahldurpdr, Baraf,

18

16,176 40,347 6,185 1,823 9,048 8,864 5,816 5,033 4,956 4,095 3,716 8,022 17 3,135 4 2,823 2,840 2,087 1,968 1,936 16 1,455 12

302,550

128,412 62,212 60,000 53,980 84,356 1,125,000 942,000 894,792 789,858 112,591 554,258 546,627 361,920 289,773^ 275,185 271,826 267,862^ 222,280 195,8371 175,585 145,437 130,4711 121,0671 119,305 90,3691

B. & B. B. 1,303 17 1,170 9 1,060 4 875 ,. 16

Parhir Bighd, Bhaur^, Palwarah,

B6rd, Banwl, Parharpur, Jabdi, 604 14 Bagi, 505 6 Bochh4wr, 188 10 Barsiliii, ' 200 18 Tariini, 7,171 Talokoh^wand, 2,411 7 T^jpiir. 1,351 14 Tdndah, 1,038 ., 4 Tarsdn, 980 4 Tirhnt with sabnrban district, 21,398 Jdkhar,

. Dams. 81,605 69,608 65,628 55,767 40,539 87,736 81,550 12,875 12,695 443,242 149,896 85,434 63,768 61,180

Jariiyal, Ghakmani, Jakhal,6 Jabdr, Dahr6r, Darbh&nga, lUmjannd,7

Sareshti, Salimpur,

17,140 8,297 6,173 3,092 ty tf 3,165 2,038 7,409 16,474 458 ..

14

1,307,706 1,068,020 515,732 321,326 196,020 45,025 202,818 159,052 470,0051 941,010 29,094

* A note suggests that Narhan, still existing in Ohamp^uran is meant, but G. and T. both have Barhan. * T. Oharband. G. Cheranend.

* var, and T. Athi^s.

* var. and G. Bachti. T. Batschi. ' var, Jhandi, Jahdi. * In the maps Jakhalpiir. * Note suggests, B&mchdwand.

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157

B. A B. B. Dtos.

B. & B. B. Dams. Salim&b^, 4416 4,184 Mdrwah, 8,289 615,485 Sanj<Sli Tadr^

2,460,, 150,843i Mandah, (Ma-

Alipiir, 8,796 442,466 h^nd ?) 107,7 12 66,693 Fnkrsbdd, 1,170 6 72,355 Margil, 632 18 39,022 EhananU, 4,644,, 408,804

Malahmi,* 151 1 9,728 Ghar Chawand, 6,510 349,4801 Nanram, i 288,140 Eddakhand, 3,888,, 243,677 Nautan, 3,381 ., 7 209,153 Kofdi, i> > 90,000 H4fchi, 2,563 18

159,79(i Khandi, 330,, 6 21,443 Harni, 796 17 50,342 Kadwari,l 2,609,, 142,495 Hdbf,* 3,665 8 230,700 Hahla, 15,295 946,048

783,425 2,769,466 2,370,790 8,786,040 1,829,300

Sarkdr of Eohtds. Containing 18 Mahals, 47,334 BigTias 15 Biswas. Revenae, 40,819493 Bams. Castes various. Cavalry 4,550. Infantry 1d2,000. B. & B. B. Dims. Ratanpur, has a strong fort, Sar8f,7 44,710 3 SahsarAon, 31,220 ., 18 Fai^pdr bhaiya,50,474 15 K(5tr^ 29,167 16 K6t, has a strong ^o'*^ I, 847,920 Mangr6r, 924,000 Nann<5r, 29,621 2,000,000 The Subah of Ildhdbdd. (Allahabad.) It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Sinjhauli in the Jaunpur district to the southern hills^ is 160 kos ; its breadth from Chausa ferry to Ghdtampur 122 kos. On the East is Behdr. To the North, Oudh. Bdndhu^ ^lies to the South and Agra to the West. Its principal rivers are the Ganges and the Jurrvna, and there are. other smaller streams such as the Arand,^^ Ken, Sard (Sarjd), Bama, <fcc.

B. & B. R. Ddms. firah, 53,512 16 4,028,100 aojpdr,

66,078 17 4,903,310 Rrt, > 3,407,840 ftnwar. 22,733 3 1,677,000 Ba4g4oo,6 10,546 17 842,400 Jwind, 45,251 3 4,440,360 Jaidar, 26,538 16 1,634,110 Dinwar, 29,154 4 2,076,520

Dinar,' }f )> 350,000 Kobtas with su-

burban dist.. 84,330 19 2,258,620

^ In the maps L^wiri. * Note Naranga. * var. Malhani, T. Malhi. * T. Hdti, Gr. Halee, var. Hapi and Hawi * In the maps, Birahglion. * In the maps, Din&rah.

^ In the maps, Saras. No donbt the Kiimnr range, ontlying the Vindhyan platean. * Banda. ' The Arand is in the S. nl. M. Jj. and in Tisff. Rend. " nne petite riviere qni coule a pen de distance de Corra."

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158 Its climate is healthy. It produces a variety of fruits, flowers and garden herbs, and it has always an abundant supply of melons and grapes. Agriculture is in a flourishing state. Jow&ri^ and LaMarah, however, do not grow and Moth is scarce. Cloths, such as Jkdli,^ and Mihrhal and the like are beautifully woven, especially at Bendres, Jaldldhdd and Mau At Jaunpilr, Zafanodl and other places woollen carpets are manufactured. A variety of game is also to be found. Illahahdd anciently called Priydg was distinguished by His Imperial Majesty by the former name. A stone fort was completed and many handsome edifices erected. The Hindds regard it as the King of shrines. Near it, the Ganges, the Jumna and the Saraswati meet, though the latter is not visible. Near the village of Kantat considerable captures of elephants are made. What is most strange is that when Jupiter enters the constellation Leo, a small hill appears from out of the Ganges and remains there during the space of one month upon which the people offer divine worship. Bdrdnasi, universally known as Benares, is a large city situated between the two rivers, the Barna and the Aaifi In ancient books, it is styled Kdsi, It is built in the shape of a bow of which the Ganges forms the string. In former days there was here an idol temple, * round which procession was made after the manner of the Tcaghah and similar ceremonials of the pilgrims conducted. From time immemorial, it has been the chief seat of learning in Hindustan. Crowds of people flock to it from the most distant parts for the purpose of instruction to which they apply themselves with the most devoted assiduity. Some particulars of its history shall be related in what follows. In A. H. 410 Sult&n Mal^mud of Ghazni marched hither, and some disruption of the old faith was effected. In A. H. 416, he again invaded the country. He first invested Gwalior but raised the siege under a treaty of peace. He then resolved to take the fort of Kdlinjar, The governor sent him 300 elephants vnth his respectful submission and proffered some eulogistic verses. Mal^mdd was so much pleased that he

^ This is now one of the principal crops. SeelstVol. pp. 94, 95. The Asi ia a mere brook and the city is situated on the left bank of the Ganges, between the Bamd Nadi on the N. E. and the Asi Nala on the S. W. The former rises to the N. of Allahabad and

has a course of 100 miles. The Asi NalA will be foand in James Prinsep's map of the city of Benares. From the joint names of the two which bound the city, N. and S. the Br&hmans derive Yaranad,

the Sanslait form of Benares. Cnnninghami Ancient Geog, of India, p. 437.

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169 bestowed on him the governorship of the fort together with the charge of fourteen other places. Jawnpur is a large city. Sultan Firoz (Tughlak) king of Delhi laid it6 foundations and named it after his consin Fakhrtiddin Jaanah.^ Its loDgitade is 190 6" ; its latitude 26 15 '. Chanddah (Chanar) is a stone fort on the snmmit of a hill, scarce equalled for its loftiness and strength. The river Ganges flows at its foot. In its vicinity, there is a tribe of men who go naked, living in the wilds, and subsist by their bows and arrows and the game they kill. Elephants are also found in the forests. KUinjar is a stone fortress situated upon a heaven-reaching^ hill. No one can trace its origin. It contains many idol temples and an idol is there, called Kdli Bhairon^^ 18 cubits high, of which marvellous tales are related. Springs rise within the fort and there are many tanks. Adjoining it is a dense forest in which wild elephants, and kestrels and hawks and other animals are trapped.^ Ebony is here found and many kinds of fraits grow spontaneously. There is also an iron mine. In the neighImirhood, within eight kos, the peasants find small diamonds. It is said that RAja Kirat Singh the governor of the fort possessed fix precious treasures, a learned Brahman of saintly lif e, a youth of great beauty and amiable disposition, a parrot that answered any questions pat to it and some say, remembered everything that it heard, a musician named Bakshti unequalled in the knowledge and practice of his art, and two handmaidens lovely to behold and skilled in song. Sultan Bahadur Gajrdti having formed a friendship with the Rdjd asked him for one of these. The B4jah generously and with a provident wisdom sent him Bakshd. Next Sher Eh&n of the House of Sdr requested the gift of the two wonderful songstresses, and when his messenger returned without them, he invested the fort. Works were erected and the besieged were reduced to great straits. In despair, the Baj&, after the manner of the

* Aooordiog to Tieffenthaler, it was named after a womsoi] called Djona whoee husband was a herdsman, and who founded the city 700 years ago and became its eponymons heroine. * Its elevation is 1230 feet above sea

leyeL I preserve the epithet. ta ascribes the fort to Eedir contemporary of Mohammad, bat gend connects it with Chandra

FerishlUj^, a local leBrim,

ancestor of the of Bajpnts, who their defeat by ruler of Delhi.

great Chandel famUy removed hither after Prithi Bdj the Chanhin I. Q.

8 Probably v?:^, a name of Siva, but one of his inferior manifestations. * This classification of game does not betray either the sportsman or the naturalist.

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160 Hindas who hold their honour dear, burnt his women, for in the slumbering of his reason, he had set his affections upon the things of this fleeting life, and so giving his body to ashes, according to the desire of his enemies, he became soiled with the dust of dissolution. As to Sher Khdn, who had conceived this wicked design, he fell at the powder magazine when the fire opened on the fort and the harvest of his life was consumed.^ In the village of Modha high and low are distinguished for their comeliness. This Suhah contains ten SarkdrSf And 177 Parganahs, Revenue 21 hrorsy 24 lakhs and 27,819 dams (Rs. 53,10,695-7-9,) and 12 lakhs of betel leaves. Of these Parganahs 131 pay revenue from crops charged at special rates. Measured land 39,68,018 highas, 3 hiswas, yielding a revenue of 20 krors, 29 lakhs 71,224 dams (Rs. 50,74,280-9). The remaining 46 Parganahs pay the general bigah rate. They are rated at 94 lakhs, 56,595 dams (Rs. 2,36,424-14). Of this, 1 kror, 11 lakhs, 65,417 dtirns (Rs. 279,135-6-6,) are Suyurghdl. The province furnishes 11,375 Cavalry, 237,870 Infantry and 323 elephants. Note. In the names of the parganahs under the following Sarkdrs, I have altered the spelling where the variants allow, in accordance with Elliot's lists, as his personal acquaintance with their true pronunciatioa is probably more correct than those of my previous lists which were adapted as far as possible to reconcile the readings of Gladwin and Tieffenthaler. The discrepancies are slight and will not interfere with their recognition.

S4bah of Ilahdhdd. 8uhah of Agra, Suhah of Ovdh. S4bah of Delhi. Sarhdrs. Sarkdrs, Sarkdrs, Sarkdrs, lUh&bas. Agra.

Garakhpur. Delhi. Karrah. Eanauj.

Rewari. Eorarah (Kora). Klpi.

Sahiranpfir. KAlinjar. Kol.

Hisdr Firozah. Jannpiir. Tijarab.

Sambhal. Gh&zipdr. Irij.

Bad&on. Benares. Sahar.

Chan&r.

* This took place in 1554. Dnring the siege a live shell rebounded from the walls into the battery where Sher Shib stood and set fire to the gunpow-

der. He was brought out severely burnt and died next day, having previously ordered an assault which was at once made with success. I. G.

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161

Sarkdr of lUhdbdsX Containing 11 Mahals^ 573,311 Btghas, 14 Biswas. Of these, 9 Mahals yield 20,833,374J Ddmsy in money. 8uy4rghdl, 747,0011 Ddms. Castes yarious. Cavalry 580. Infantry 7,100.

Bighas and Biswas. Bevenne D. ghiD. 1

1 1-^ Castes. . lUhibas, with snbarban

district: has a stone

fort 284,057 9,267,859 253,261 ... 1,000 Brihman. fihaddi, with a brick fort

OD the bank of the Gan-

ges ... 78,252-2 8,660,918 37,584 200 6,000 IUjp(it,afew Bhar.* Jalilabid," 5 MaiuUfl ... * 787.220

... 10 400 Brahman. Sorton 68,932-4 8,247,127 161,527 40 1,000 E<jpdt,Chand61. Brahman. Singranr, has a brick fort

(u the bank of the

Ganges 88,636-6 1,886,066 74,888 ... ... Brihman,Kyath, Rahmatalluhi. ftindarp6r ... 84,756-8 1,867,704 92,138 25 600 Brihman. Eantifc, has a stone fort on

the Ganges ...

856,555 ... 60 2,000 Khand^I ?* Uii. (Elliot K6wii) ... 14,885-3 721,115 19,005 16 400 Eijptit, Bi-dhman. Kbairagarh, has a stone

fort on a hill... ... 400,000 ... 200 6,000 Rajpfit, Bir4si? Xah, has a stone fort on

the hill Alwandfi 21,982 1,139,980 22,495i 20 400 Rijpiit, Gaharw&l

HWiibis, (now caUed

JhusL BUiot) 42,422-5 2,018,014 79,078 20 400 EAjptit.Brihman.

' Changed by Shih Jahin to Ilahab^d M the termination hda saronred too much of Hindnism. Elliot's Glossary II. 104. but Mr. Beames considers that bdd wu the original Mahammadan termination, changed by the lower orders to ^1 as they continae to call it to this day. * The Bhars were a powerful tribe during the period of Bnddhist asoendsncy. In Sonthem and Eastern Oadh there are many relics of their wealth *Bcl power in the shape of tanks, wells, emhinkments and deserted sites of brick Wt forts and towns. I. G. 21

Three names follow without diacritical points, illegible in the MSS. Tieff. gires ** Sobehe, Aniiif Bando, Barbar.

^ A note to the text suggests, Gahctrwdl, one of the 86 royal tribes of Rajputs. ' This is doubtful and the variants are * A note states that in the maps there is no hill. Altoand is the name of a well-known mountain in Hamadan, 80 leagues from Ispahan, often employed in Persian imagery as a synonym for loftiness.

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162

SarJcdr of Ohdzipur^ (East) Containing 19 Mahals, 288,770 Bighas, 7 Biswas. Bevenae 13,431,9 Ddmsj in money. Suyurghal, 131,825 Ddms. Castes varioas. Cavalry 310. Infantry 16,650.

Bighas and BUwas. Bevenne D. SnydrghiXD, 1 6 1 CaBtat.

BalU 28,844.16 1.260.000

200 2000 lUjpdt.* Pach<$tar 13,679-9 6,982,040 2,260 60 2000 Do. Bilhabia* 12,306 652,860

10 200 Do.

B4briabad 6,988-10 856,840 ii72b 200 Do. Bhaldech, (B. Barfioli) ... 2,265-19 112,461

... ...

Chaasi, (E. Ghaonsi) ... 16,602-11 791,663 ... ... 10 600 Brihman.

Dibhiy (B. Dihmah) 2,808-16 12H,816 2,077 ... 50 R&jp^t. Sayyidpur Namdi 26,721-3 1,260,280 18,172 20 1000 Brihman. ZaharaUd 18,802-12 667,808 29,528 600 20

Do. Ghizipnr with gnburban

Kayath,Rii. diatriot 12,826-9 670,350 89,680 10 20 p6t. Kariyafc Pali ... Kdpachhit ... ... 1,394-6 76,467

... ...

19,266-11 942,190 *898 20 2000 Ujpiit. Gandhi, (B. Gafhi) 10,049-10 600,000

... 200 Do. Karendi 6,260-16 293,516 ... 300 Do.

Lakhn^r (E. T<ftVhneBar) 2,883-3 126,636 834 ... ...

Hadan Benares 66,648-7 2,760,000 1,866 50 5000 Brihman. Mobammadibid, and Par-

harbari,

48,774-16 2,260,707 4,777 2000 100 Do.

Sarkdr of Benares (East.) Containing 8 Mahals, 36,869 Bighas, 12 Biswas. Revenue 8,869,315 Dam in money. Suyurghdl 3,38,184. Castes varions. Cavalry 830. Infantry 8,400.

Afrady ... ... ... 10,656-6 853,226 20,080

400 Brabman, BenArea, with mibnrban

Bijpat. district, 81,667-1 1,734,721 22,190 50 1000

ByiiiBi. 60,961-3 647,684 a.... 20 800 Do. Pandarba, (var. and E. Pan-

drab) 4,610-16 844,221 15,836 10 400 Do. KaswAr, 41,184-14 2,290,160 80,120 50 2000 Do. Eatebar, baa a brick fort,.. 30,495-14 1,874,230 48,070 500 4000

BagbnTansi. Bribman. HarhO, 18,098-8 713,426 8,145 ... 300

^ Here follows an unintelligible sentence yarying in four HSS. ' G. and T. Baliabass.

" " Lakbnesar " in text witb rar. Lakbner (see p. 90) in wbioh tbe otbor antborities oonoor.

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163

Sarkdr of Jaunpur (North). Containing 41 MaTuds, 870,265 Bighas, 4 Biswas. Revenae 56,394,107 dams in money. Suyurghdl, 4,717,654. Castes yarions. Cavalry 915. Infantry 86,000.

Bighas and Biswas. Bevenne D. Suvdrghix D. 1 6 60 1 Castes. Aldimn, 46,888-12 8,099,990 88,976 3,000 Bajpdt Bachgoti. Sayyid, BAy AiigU, 42,992-14 2,718,661 464,616 50

2,000

put, and

Bahmatol-

labi. Bflitari 17,708 844,867 12,620

10 100 Anjari.* Bhadion 4,800 229,315 ... 10 100 $addi^i. Tilhani 10,988-8 664,863 27,167 10 100 Bdjput. Jaonpur with snburbfl, has

ft fort, the lower part

tonoi and the upper ooo-

i^ctedofbriok 66,789-4 4,247,048 807,821 120 2,600 Bajptit Kosak. Brahman, Kormi."

(Aindip^ Ba^har, (B. Bir-

^) 22,826-7 1,467,206 167,641 20 400 BahmatalUhi, Briihman. Chindah 17,690 989,286 *. 20 800 Bachgoti. EjpSt.

Chiriyftkot 14,153 807,848 13,689 20 200 Jakcaar (B. Chakegar) ... 6,416-10 286,586

10 100 ^addiki. Kharid. has a brick fort on

the banks of the Sarah

(!r) 80,914-13 1,445,743 3,140 60 6,000 BAv^^Lt KauKblfpnr T^^oh 17,866 986.953 40,189 10 800 Kiyath. KhAnp^r ... ... 6,628-10 8,06,020

6,387

160 Kijpdt Do.Gantami." Deoflr&on Un 44,624-18 2,683,206 196,288 26 1,000 24,360 1,326,299 84,602 10 800 Eajp6t. SftDJhaQU 46,816-8 2,938,209 334,932

60 100 Sayyid, Ejpiit, Brahman.

' These according to the I. G.( Bahraioh) wete the descendants of the early Mosmhnaa settlers and invaders. For their descent and history, see Blliot I, 7. For Bachgoti, see Blliot (Baces of the N.W.P.) who says that all Chanhans are Bachgotts, being of the gotra of Bach bnt Sherring prores this to be an error, isstanoing the gotras of V^atsa and Kyasp. Hindu Tribes, I, p. 164.

S A note sng^g^ests ''Konbhi" or "Gantami," bnt Enrmi is a well known agrionltnrist caste in Eastern and Central Hindustan, being the same essentially as the Ennbhis of the west and sonth. ' A clan of B&jptits of the Chandarbans, once a powerful clan in the Lower Doab. See Blliot, p. 118, 1, and Sherring, 1, 202.

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164

Bighas and Beyenne

SnynrIS 1 Castes.

Biswas. D. ghalD.

Sikandarpur, has a brick

forfc 82,674.10 1,706,417 6,826 10 3,000

Brfihman. Ragdf, (E. Sagri) 19.792 1,274,721 102,224 10 200 Eijpiit. Sorharpir 18,851 1,164,095 7,094 10 20 Do. Sh^didbdd 80,848-8 1,700,742 10,020 20

400 Do. ?Hfarab4d 2,622-9 166,926 13,806# ... 60 Do. Kariyat Mittu ... 8,991-11 561,410 *. 10 300 Do. Dostpur, 8,857 481,624 42,227

,,, 100 Do. Mendhah 7,416 894,870 21,260 100 Do. So^thah 2,988-10 206,783 14,224

100 Do. K<51ab; 24,281 1,863,832 14,971

10 800 Do. Ghiswah 30,776 1,241,291 42,366 10 2O0 Do. Ghdsi, ... ... 18,913 1,037,934 69.650 10 200 Do. Ga<^wdrah 2,191 618,942

2,682 60 6,000 BijpiitBaoiigotl Bajpfit. Kdndiyah, (E. Kanrii) ... 6,764.12 811,890

200 Gropdlpur 8,266-8 18,043 4,948 ... 100 Do. Kai*4kat 48,882-14 23,002,748

77,389 20 600 Do. Mandiahd, has a briok fort

(E. Mariahii) 88,899-5 6,269,466 278,788 60 2,000 R^jptit Kau. sik. Edjput,Brih.

66,860-14 8,229,068

220,442 80 1,000 Mungra 9,626-6 629,730

200 man. Riljpdt. Majhinra 6,417-6 420,164 i4,4a7 ... 200 BahmatdlUbi. Shaikh sidah. Rajpdt GaaMan ...

2,646.8 209,067

. 60 Ni?am4btd 6,074-18 602,592 478,026 200 4,000

tami, Brah-

man, Rah-

matiillahL Negdn 10,146 75R,796 145,860

200 Br&hman. Xathdptir 4,948-14 273,472 21,239 10 200 l^addDu.

Sarkdr of MdniJqntr. Containing 14 Mahals^ 666,222 Bighas, 5 Biswas. Revenue 33,916,527 Ddms in money. Suyurghdl, 8,446,173. Castes various. Cavalry 2,040. Infantry, 2,900.

Arwal, has a brick fort ... 62,131-10 2,957,077 87 520 114 7,000 Rajpfit. BhaWl 82,843.3 1,832,288 175,763 20 500 Eijput, Ki. yath, Baoriya.* Tilhandi 11,721-6

388,251 64,821 10 800 Do. Jalalpiir Balkhar, has a

brick fort 76,617.8 3,918,017 140,326 400 5,000 Bachgoti, Brahman.

1 Var, Granriya, Pnriya : perhaps Baoria a tribe of professional thieves widely spread, and in a loose way, a dis-

tinct caste. I. G. under, Rajpotana and

Sherring II. 82.

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165

Bigbae and Eevenae Sayur-

c Castes

Biswas. D. ghl D.

5 1 1

JUi, has a brick fort, (I.

G.Jais) 25,625 1,424,737 277,868 260 7,000 YarioQS. D8imau,hasabrick fort on

the Ganges ... 67,508-9 3,626,067 844,130 50

200 Turkoman. Bae Bareli, has a brick fort

on the Sal ... 65,751-17 8,650,984 180,080 40 2,000 E4ip(it, Khand, Baoria. SaloDi has briok fort ... 66.102 2.717,391 894,774 180

8,900 B^p6t Khandwil,* Bisen.

Kir7^Earrah... 51,505-19 2,461,077 115,774 20 700 Edjptit, Bisen. P^egih 22,130 1,117,926 6,794 20 400

Do. do. EiM^hasabHokfort... 9,456-8 514,909 8,187 100 2,000 Baohgoti. Minikpflr with suburbs,

has a brick fort on the

Ganges 129,830-1

6,737,729 612,312 500 6,000 Bis^n. Wrtbid 55,599-4 2,582,079 108,148 40 1,000 Rijpdt, K4-

yfttb, Bao-

ria, Bais.

Sarkdr of Chanddak, {Ohandr,) South.

Contaaning 13 Mahals, 106,270 Bighas, 8 Biswas. Revenue 5,810,654i Ddms, in money. Suyurghdlf 109,065. Cavalry 500. Infantry 18,000.

Bighas and Eevenue Suyur'3 ! Castes.

Biswas. D. gh&l D.

Ahirwarah 1,858-8 109,073

..

Bhdii, (B. Bhfifli) 18,975-10 1,112,656 33,605 ...

Badhaul, (B Barhaul) ... 6,412-11 861,364 605

.,,

Tandah

488,010

...

Ghanidah, with suburban 12,939-14

833,908 8,467 500 18,000 Saddiki, district, has a stone fort.

FaruVi, Ansari. Dh6s 4,274-10 235,644 14,548 ... ...

R^hfipdr, (now pro-

nounoed Rahfipur B.) ... 7,267-12 451,962 17,869 ... ...

Tfllages, this side of th^

river 18,098 846,371 14,492 ... ...

Ifojhwirdh 9,812-8 649,817 14.597

Hahaich 7,950-2 390,609 2,069 ... ...

Mahwari 4.878-3 227,067

... ...

lUhdi, (. Maw^) 4,301-2 206,283 8,853 ... a.

* Sharring gives the name of Khond' | eMU to a trading caste in Bhurtpdr. I

III, 52.

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Sarkdr of BliatKkhora} (South.) . Containing 89 Mahals, Bevenne^ 7,262,780 DdmSf in money. Cavalry 4,304. Elephants 200. Infantry 57,000.

Sarkdr of Kdlinjar^ (South.) Containing 11 Mahali. Measured land, 508,273 Bighas, 12 Bitwas. Revenue 23,839,470 Ddma, in money. Suyurghdl 614,580 Bdms, Castes various. Cavalry 1,210. Elephats 112.

Infantry 18,100.

Bigbas and Biswas. Hevenae D. SnyilirgbilD. 1 "a >- j Castes. VgniaU hM a brick fort, (B.

Ugisi) 58,963-6 2,502,893 60,776

400 5,000 10 Sayyid, Ga^hwal, Ajaigarb, bas a stone fort

Parihir.* on a bill .... 200,000

20 2,000 10 Gond. Sendba, (B. 8ib<$nd) bas

a stone fort on tbe Ken... 138,467-12 6,262,8331 129,412 20 3,000 26 Gond, Chandel, Ac. Simannf, bas a brick fort... 48,866-3 2,247,346 16,300 300 3,000 ... Kbandwa

Sb&dipur, bas a stone

fort 62,765-16 2,798,329i 96,312 40 700 ... Mjpdt, Ac

11,988-10 612,026

60 100 20

Bbar,Bai8. K&linjar witb snbnrban

district 22,494 970,269 130,490 20 600 7

Kbar^lab, bas a brick

fort 25,940-1 1,275,326

60 1,500 ... Bdjpnt, Bail. Mabob^ bas a stone fort.

and eaob side of tbe

yOlage is flanked by two

bigb bills 81,667-13 4,042,014 4 120,000 pdn leaves. 860,528 100 3,000 40 Bagri. Mindbi, bas a stone fort... 62,530-7 2,998,062 154,062 30 400

Rabmatn'lUhi. Pari, b&r.

^ G. Bnbtgorab. Tieif, omits it. ' One of tbe 4 Agniknla or Fire-races, tbe otbers being Pramir, Solankbi and Gbanblin. See BUiot, I, 68. Tbe Bigri are a tribe inbabiting tbe B^lgar country, a tract between tbe S.-W. border of

Hariana and tbe Gb&ra. BIgar is also tbe name of a tract in Milwab, but in tbe N.-W. P. applied to tbe Bigri Jats of Hissir and Bbattiina. Slliot, I, 9-10.

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Bark&r of Korardh (Corah,) West. Containing 9 MdhaU, 341,170, Bighas, 10 Biswat, Bevenne 17,397,567 Dams. Suyurghdl 469,350 Ddma. Gasfces yarioos. Cavalry 500. Elephants 10. Infantry 15,000.

Bigbas and Biswas. Rerenae D. Snyiirgb&lD.

1 200 1 i Castes. Jijmlo, lias a fort on the 62,196-10 8,106,846 189,986 4,000 7 Afgb&n Qanges

Lodhi, My p6t, Bais. Konrah,* with snbarban 124,748-12

6,771,891 267,878 50 800 ... Brihman. district, haa a brick fort

(mthe Arand...

Gbitampiir 78,876-8 8,667,664

48,664 100 2,000 10 Rjpiit D(khifc (Dikshit) E&yath BrAbman. Xajhiwan 26,980-8 1,823,889 2,574 20 1,000

litii 12,178-11 684,274 20,816 80 1,000

Rijput Gmltami. Gin^ 10,041-19 618,497

20 1,000 ... Do. Innpdr Kinir, (Elliot 17,966 880,070

30 1,000 ... Do. Uratpdr Kaninda)

l*anpiir 18,181 600,586

60 2,000 2 RiLjpdt

Chandel.

Sarkdr of Karrah,^ (West.) Containing 12 Mahals, U7,6h6'B%ghas, 19 Biswas, Revenne, 22,682,048 Dams, Suyurghal, 1,498,862 Ddms, Castes various. Cavalry 390. Infantry 8,700.

Bigbas and Biswas. Revenue D. Suy6rgbil D. 1 O 10 10 10

s Castes. Kiehhi, (Elliot Bncbbi) ... Atharban ^ni 86,825-11 18,617-14 16,783-11 l,624,084i 894,036^ 846,766 84,974 4,770 600 200 6<H) RiLjpfit, Do.

Do.

* Elliot. (3/ Tbe S-nl-M tj/ A ^Msyed town in Fatebpdr district ; f ornwriy the capital of this Sark^ under the Hugbals : it still retains traces of iti former importance. A few words foQow this name which are either omitted or illegible in the other HSS. l-ftenny they run thns: "And there M village called Ndmi which prodnces flowers and oolonr." Perhaps, a dye. 'or the Dikhit tribe of Rajputs. See HKot,I,88. * The text has !^ and at p. 849

^ Tbe Utter is correct. "In 1876, the fief of Karra, Mahoba and D&laman were united under one governor called Malik u's Shar^. Akbar removed the seat of government to Allahabad, which henceforth superseded Earra in importance *' I. G. Earrah is now a ruined town on tbe right bank of tbe Ganges, 40 mUes N.-W. of AUahibAd. It was the scene of the famous meeting be* tween Muizu'ddin and his father in 1286 which forms the subject of Mir Ebusm's well-known Persian Epic, the Eirinn's Saadain.

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Bighas and Biswas. Eevenne D.

SuyurgbalD. ! 1 00 1 Gsfltes. Haveli, fsnburban district)

of Karrah 9,638-17 6,192,170 442,080 100 J, 000

Kiiyath.B&j. piit, Brih. man, KharL*

lULri 66,727-18 2,707,084 26,350 10 4,000

Eijpfit, BaldahSof Earrah, has a

ffrj^bTn%"T fort on the (Janges,

lower part stone, npper,

brick 70,001-12 236,868

... *

Various. Karari, has a brick fort on

the Jnmna ... 89,686-19

141,953 ,,.. ...

TL6t\i 18,043-1 909,234 122,191 10 300

Brihman, K^9r, commonly K<5s6n,

Eajpiit. (Elliot, Karson),^ baa a

brick fort 11,782-9 698,487i

100 2,000

Various. Fatebpnr Hanswah, (EtUot

Haswa) 65,916-8

2,892,705 370,420 50 1,000

Rijpdt, Brahman. Hatgaov 55,322-12 2,728,508i 24,829 40 1,000

Do. Hai^swah 42,621-3 2,123,661i 16,606 30 1,000

Afghan, Bajpdt.

Its rulers, Sultinu's Sharif reigned, 16 years. Mubarak Shah 1 year aad a fraction. Sult&n Ibrahim 40 years SuUan Mal^aidd 21 years and a few mouths. Ma^raud^ Shah 5 months. Hnsain 19 years. These six princes This province was When the imperial Mufeammad-b-Firdz held sway for 97 years and a few months. formerly administered by the sovereigns of Delbi. authority devolved on Sultin Mahmlid-b-SuHin Shah, he bestowed the title of Saltan us Shark upoa

* Elliot makes the ^^Kharris" a division of GFanr K^yaths. Mr. Beames in a note to Elliot's Gloss., p. 88, II, distingnishes between Eaveli and Baldaht the former alluding to the district close to the Capital and the latter to that at a distance. It would have been more satisfactory had he determined the limits of the distance.

It cannot be far, as Elliot at p 107, says that the distinction between Haveli and Baldah Earra has been lost as separate ParganahSf both being in Parganah Karra. T. Kurson, G. Kursoon. * A note corrects the name as Mui^mmsd Sh^.

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169 Malik Sarwar a ennuob who bad received from his predecessor the dignity of Khdn-i-Jahdn, and sent him to this province.^ Ho gave lustre to his reign by his judgment, clemency, justice and valour and thus garnered a provision for his life's last journey. When the cup of his days was full, the son whom he had adopted, named Mubirak l^aranf ul, by the assistance of the chief men of the State, raised himself to power and had the khutbah read and the coin struck in his own name. When the news of this event reached Mallti (Khdn^) he collected troops and marched from Delhi to oppose him and encamped in readiness for battle on the banks of the Ganges,^ but nothing decisive having been efiEected, both armies returned

When this prince died, his younger brother Ibrahim was raised to the throne. By his knowledge of men and capacity for affairs he administered the kingdom with justice and made the chastisement of the unruly a source f prosperity to his government. Wisdom was eagerly sought and the (mpects of the intelligent in every profession were advanced, l^izi SUulbu'ddin,^ a sage of Hindustan flourished about this time. He was ha at Delhi and in that city acquired a comprehensive knowledge of the ndnctive sciences and traditional lore, and at the time of the arrival of Timnr, he set out for Jaunpdr in the company of his master Maulana

^ In the aocount of the rnlers of Xflwah later on, Halik Sarwar is said to hare been appointed to Jaanpur by Mntammad son of Piroz Qhih, father of Mahmiid. The latter's accession dates from 1393, whereas Malik Sarwar was aeatto Jannpiir in 1388. ' This is a capital instance of the abruptness and obscurity of Abnl Fazl. Without a knowledge of contemporary Ustoiy (and in this case, of details which ^ uthor had no warrant to anticipate in His leaders) this passage woald not be ti^j understood. The S. n1. M. has f ondthed me with the completion of the naoie and information as to its bearer. He WIS one of the chief nobles of the court of Mubarak's father. At Kanauj in 1401. The dates of tbe nrions authorities do not agree. The L Q. makes the length of the first reign IS yoan instead of 16 : Tieffenthaler only 22

6 between A.

H. 796 and 802. (A. D. 1393-99.)

According to the Useful Tables the line runs thus :

A. H. A. D.

800 1397. Khoja Jehan, Subah-

dar of Kanauj, Oudh,

Kora, and Jaunpur

asjumed indepen-

dence. 803. 1400. Mubirik Shh his

adopted son.

804. 1401. Shems ud din Ibrahim

Qhih Sharki. 845. 1441. Mahmud Shih-b-Ibra-

him. 866. 1451. Husen Shih-b-Mah-

mud-b-lbrahimShah. 883. 1478.

the court of Aland din of Bengal where he died in 906 A. H. Known as Malik u*! Ulam&.

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170

Eliw&jagi who was the successor of Na^fra'ddin Chir&gh^ of Delhi and

there continued his progress and became the envy of his time. Shih Maddr, however, who is esteemed one of the saints of Hindustan and the chief of his contemporaj series of divines, through the disagreement that ever exists between philosophers who regard the material world, and masters of the spiritual life, entertained no esteem for the EJai, When the days of Ibrahim came to a close, his eldest son Bikhan' Khan, under the name of Snlfan Mal^mud, assumed the sovereignty. As his deeds were not approved, the sentence of deposition was issued against him and his brother Husain^ raised to power. He made rectitude his rale of conduct and his chief object the conciliation of all hearts. Fortnne favoured his desires and the world praised him but intoxicated by the maddening fumes of worldly^ success, he became arrogant. He v^as iuvolved in war with Sulfdn Bahlol and was defeated. Sultdn Bahlol left^ his son Bdrbak at Jaunptlr and entrusted him with the goverument. On the death of Sultan Bahlol the throne of Delhi devolved on SulfAn Sikandar. Sultan Husain with the connivance of Birbak collected troops, made several attempts against Delhi, but with him the Sharhi dynasty closed.^ The Suhah of Oudh, It is situated in the second climate. Its length from the Sarkir of Oorakhpur to Kanauj is 135 kos. Its breadth from the northern mountains to Sidhpurf on the frontier of the Suhah of Allahabad is 115 kos. To the east is Behar ; to the north, the mountains ; to the south, ManihpuTy and

^ A short biog^phioal notice of him will be found at conclusion of Ferishta's history. So the text The 8 nl. M. " Bhikan." ' There was an interval of 5 months dnring wich Mn^^mmad son of Ma^mtid lived through his brief day of power which he stained with omelty. He was assassinated, on account of his bmtal treatment of his brothers. ^ The text has an evident error of ij^,^ for ^^ J see p. 5 Vol I. (Preface to text) for the peculiar orthography of the Ain. In 1478. * Jaunpiir continued to be governed by the Lodi dynasty till the defeat and death of Ibrahim grandson of Bahlol and

last of the line, at Panipat by Bihar in 1526. A local kingdom was for a short ^ time established under Bahadur Khin governor of Jaunptlr who asserted his independence. It was recovered by Humay^, passed again into the hands

of Sher Kh&n and his son Salim. Hnmayun on his reconqueet of Hindustin died before he could master his eastern possessions. Jaunpur continued under the Af ghins until Akbar in the 4th year of his reign, took possession of it through Ali Eiili Ehin and incorporated it with his dominions. In 1575 the Yioeregal Court was removed to Allahabad and Jaunpur was governed thenceforth by a Nizam. * This name is not traceable.

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171

to tbe west, Kanauj. Its olimate is good, Sammer and winter are nearly temperate. Its principal streams are the Sari {Sarji), the Ohaghar {Oogra) the Sai and the Oodi (Oumti), In the first mentioned, divers aquatic animals and forms of strange appearance show themselves. Agricul* tue 18 in a flonrishing state, especially rice of the kinds called Sukhdds, Madkhar, and Jhanwdh,^ which for whiteness, delicacy, fragrance and wholesomeness are scarcely to be matched. They sow their rice three months earlier than in other parts of Hindustan. When the drought begins, the Sai and the Gogra rise high in flood and before the beginning of the rains, the land is inundated, and as the waters rise, the stalks of rice shoot u p and proportionately lengthen : the crop, however, is destroyed if the floods are in full force before the rice is in ear. Mowers, fruit and game are alnmdant. Wild bulEaloes are numerous. When the plains are inundated the animals take to the high ground where the people find sport in hunting ttem. Some of the animals remain all day in the water and only at night ^preach the dry ground and breathe in freedom. AwadJfi is one of the latest cities of India. In is situated in longitude 118^, 6', and latitude Wy 22'. It ancient times its populous site covered an extent of 148 hos A length and 36 in breadth, and it is esteemed one of the holiest places at antiquity. Around the environs of the city, they sift the earth and gold is obtained. It was the residence of B&machandra^ who in the Treta^ agp combined in his own person both the spiritual supremacy and the kmgly office. At the distance of one ho8 from the city, the (hgra, after its junction with the Sai, flows belows the fort. Near the city stand two considerable tombs of six and seven yards in length respectively. The vulgar believe Ihem to be the resting-places of Seth and the prophet Job, and extraordinary tales are related of them. Some say that at Battanpur is the tomb of Kabir^^ the assertor of the unity of Ood. The portals of spiritual discernment were partly opened to him and he discarded the effete

* Uroally " Jhanwin." Ajodhya. * The 7th avatdr, who in this capital d the Bolar dynasty founded on the cbdioi wheel of Brahma, consnmmated theg^es of sixty generations of solar ftiBoes and as the incarnate "ELimi, is ^ hero of the famous epic that bears Inmame. * A misprint in the text of 4y for

^ For an account of this Vishnuvite reformer I refer to the I. G. (2nd ed. VI, p. 218). His doctrines were preached between A. D. 1380 and 1420 and at. tempted the union of Hindu and Mu\^ammadan in the worship of one God whether invoked as Ali or B&ma. On his decease both these sects claimed the body and while they contested it, Kabir suddenly stood in their midst and commanding them to look under the shroud'

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172

doctrines of hi?^ own time. Nnmerooa verses in the Hindi langnage are still extant of him containing important theological tmths. Bahraich is a large town on the banks of the river Sarju. Its environs are delightful with numerous gardens. Sdldr Mas^ud^ and Rajab 8i\&r are both buried here. The common people of the Muhammadan faith greatly reverence this spot and pilgrims visit it from distant parts, forming themselves in bands and bearing gilded banners. The first mentioned was connected by blood with Mal^tid Ghazni, and sold his life bravely in battle and left an unperishable name. The second was the father of Sultan FinSz king of Delhi and won renown by the rectitude of his life. In the vicinity of the town, there is a village called Dokon which for a long time possessed a mint for copper coinage. From the northern mountains quantities of g^ds are carried on the backs of men, of stout ponies and of goats, such as gold, copper, lead, musk, tails^ of the kufds cow, honey, chuk (an acid composed of orange juice

and lemon boiled together), pomegranate seeds, ginger, long pepper, majit^ root, borax, zedoary, wax, woollen stuffs, wooden ware, hawks, falcons, black falcons, merlins, and other articles. In exchange they carry back white and coloured cloths, amber, salt, assafoetida, ornaments, glass and earthen ware. Nimhhdr is a fort of considerable note and a shrine of great resort. The river Godi (Ghimti) flows near it, and around are numerous temples. There is a tank called Brahmdwartkund in which the water boils and with such a swirl, that a man cannot sink therein,* and it ejects whatever

vanished. A heap of beautiful flowers was there discovered, which, divided among the rival worshippers, were buried or burnt according to their respective rites. Pilgrims from upper India to this day beg a spoonful of rice water from the Kabir Monastery at Puri in Bengal. * Under the orders of Ma^mtid of Ghaznl, he penetrated the country in A. D. 1033, but was eventually defeated at Bahraich and fell fighting, aafiguine purpuratum, as Tieffenthaler writes, crowned with the double glories of the hero and the martyr. ' It would seem from a passage of Ferishta mentioning an inroad of Tibetans into Kashmir in the reign

of Ibrahim, son of Nsuk Shih (p. 359, II) that the yik is meant. The Kashmiris retaliated by pursuing the marauders, and exacting as compensation 500 horses, 1000 pieces of paU4, 200 sheep and 50 kutis cows ( u^^ ^1 Later on, it is mentioned by Abul Fail among the fauna of India and described as little differing from the common cow except in the tail which is a distinguishiog peculiarity, and the origin of its name, hutds, * Eubia Munjista, Boxb. a native of Nepal and other mountainous countries N.-E. of Beng^. Its root yields a red dye. * Tieffenthaler asserts that it derivef its name from Brahma who is supposed

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173 is tbrown into it. In the neighbonrhood is also a deep hollow, the springhead of a small stream one yard in breadth and four digits deep that flows into the Gnmti. The Brdhmans tell strange tales of it and pay it worship. It^ aand shapes itself into the form of Mahddeo which qnicklj disappears again and of whatever is thrown in, as rice and the like, no trace remains. There is likewise a place called GhardmiH, whence, daring the Holt festival, flames spontaneously issue forth with astonishing effect. Lucknow is a large city on the banks of the Oumti, delightful in its surroondings. Shaikh Mina whom the people consider a saint, lies buried here. Surajkand is a place of worship frequented bj yariooB classes of people from the most distant places. Khert is a town on the banks of the river Sat upon which the people go in boats to spear fish. Bilgrdm is a small town the air of which is healthy and its inhabitants are generally distinguished for their quick wit and their love of singing. There is a well here which adds to the intelligence and comeliness of homsoever drinks of it for forty days. This Suhah is divided into five Sarkdrs and thirty-eight parganas. The measured lands are 1 kror, 1 lakh, 71,180 highas. Its revenue, 20 hrors, 17 lakhs, 58,172 dams, (Rs. 6,043,954-4), of which 85 lakhs, 21,658 dams (Bs, 213,041-7,) are SuyurghdL The provincial force consists of 7,640 Cavalry, 168,250, Infantry and 59 Elephants. Sarkdr of Oudh. Containing 21 MehaU, 2,796,206 Bigahs, 19 Bisivahs, Revenue, 40,956,347 Bdms in money. Suyurgh&l, 1,680,248 Dims. Castes various. Cavalry 1340, Elephants 23, Infantry 31,700.

Bighas Biswas, Bevenne m

1 1

Castes. Oodfa, with suburban Anb^dlia, has a briok ^'ort, ^ ibrahimab^d, 88,649-17 282,037 19,838-8 2,008,866 1,298,724 445,417 158,741 7,318 103,806 5 80 600 700 ... Brahman Knmbi. Bais. Ansari. to have sacrificed here, b the I. G. there is a le of these tanks, Bm6 wa

nt aooordin fend that in tshed away gto one his 8 I I in of ha^ )er8on of Lis wifeS ring Rava ita. slain I tna, wl \ Br 10 ha ^man in the A carried off

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174

Biffbas Biswaa. Bevenae

D. 1M 1 i Cayabj. Anli6nah, has a brick

fort, 74,090 1,268,470 100 2,000 ... Gbanban, newly oonyertedto IsUm.'

Paohhamrith, 289,086 4,247,104 88,886 20 600 ... B&jpiit,6ch. bal,Gbelot. BacbgotL Bilehri, has a briok fort, 16,859 816,881

60 2,000 ... Ba8<$dhi, 81,188 606,478 1,600 20

600 ... Do. Thnah Bhadiof. 8,708-2 427,609 86,172

1,000 ... Do. Bakthi, 44,401 886,008 8,960 600 ... Do. DBTjihid, has a brick

fort, ^ 487,014 5,869,621 226,871 100 2,000 ... BjpdtCbaabto, RaikBndanli, baa a brick fort. 861,683 8,248,680 269,083 60 2,000 *

wir.* Bajpnt,Ghaabin, Bais. Sflak, do. 671,071 4,728,209 200,946 100 2,000 ... R&jpnt, Raik. wir. Baobgoti. Snltinpnr do. 76,898 8,832,680 98,967 200 7,000 8 Satanpnr, do. 80,164 1,600,741

109,788 300 4,000 ... Bais, newly converted to l8Um,Bach.

goti, Josbi. Snbeba," 104,780 1,609,293 87,200

30 1,000 ... Rijpiit. Sarwap^-, 68,170 1,210,885 47,107 ... 1,000 ... BacbgotL 8atrikah(Satrikh,I.a.) 87,041 1,126,296 92,696 20 1,000 . Anfiiri.

Gaw^hak, 79,168 8,778,417 8,782 60 1,070 ... Baikwir. Eishni, has a brick fort. 26,674 1,889,286 123,847 1,600 8 Bijpiit. Hangalsi, 116,401 1,860,763 86,604

20 1,000 ... SomblaiBL Naipar, 6,997 808,788 2,940 ... 600 ... Variona.

BarkAr of Oorahhp4r^ Gontaming 24 Mahals, 244,283 Bighas, 13 Biswas. Revenue 11,926,790

^ Sberring mentions a clan of tbese oonyerts in Obait division of AUababad Dist. 1, 162. S Tbe origin of tbis tribe is given in tbe L G. (Babraiob) and tbeir settlements in Sberring I, 219. In text *rt** ? witb a note of interrogation. Snbeba is a well-known parganah in BIra Banki District. In tbe I. G. its area is recorded as 88

square miles, or 66,467 acres of wbich

30,788 are cultivated. Ck>vt. land levenue 6611. In Akbar's time according to tbe above figures Bs. 40,282-7, and tbe average, taking tbe bfgba at { of an acre, 65,487i acres nearly. ^ An inferior tribe of Brabroans employed in casting nativities. Elliot I, 140.

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175 Dam in money. Suyurghal 51,235 Dams. Castes varioos. Cavalry 1,010. Infantry 22,000.

Blghas Biswas. BeTonoe D. IOQ 1 M 4 Castes^ ltraiiU,haiabriokfort, 82,052

1,897,867 6,986 60 1,600 .. Afghin-i-Miy6nah. AnhanU, 4,114-17 201,120 2,170 400 ... Bison. Bmiikpdr, has a briok

lorty 18,867-7 600,000

400 8,000 ... B&jpdt SdrajbansL BiabhAiip4rah, (E. Bam-

bm, p. ) ... 6,688 414,194

2,000 ...

lUjpiit. Bhaawipteh, 8,106-16 .166,900 .*..

200 ... Bisen. ttipdr, has a briok fort, 9,006-17 400,000

100 2,000 B&jp6t S6raibansf. B&]put. Ohflnpirah, do. Buyip^rah (. Dhnria, 6,686-14

289,802

2,000

P- ) 8,1867-19 1,617,078 6,067 60 400 ... Bia^n. Dewlp^rahaiidKotlah,*

SmahalB 16,194-17 717,840 , 20 2,000 . Do. Bihli, (or Budanli) ... 88,188-19 1,618,074 20,878 ... 1000 ... lUijpdt Bisen. Bu^pur and Ghod,

2 mahalB, (. GhaiiB

6 4,200 622,080

600 ... Sombansf. B&mgarb and Ganri,

SmahaLi, ... 10,762 486,948

^ ... ... Do., troops entered under Bin&ikpiir. Gonklipdr with Bubnr-

ban diBtriot, has a

brick fort on - the

Kapti, 12,666-8 667,886 8,919 40 200 ... S&rajbansL Kapli, has a briok

fort, 900-12 40,000

800 2000 ... Bansi.

Bibk, p.) 16,012 426,846

20

800 Bisen. Mahanli, Do. ... 2,628 618,266

... 2000 ... Bisen. ]laD4wah, 1,909-19 462,321 .*.... 20 600 ... SombansL Manflah, 1,262-6

61,100

... ... ...

Maghar and Batanpiir.

2mahals,hasabrick

MW, ... 26,062 1,862,686

16,771 ... 2000 Bisen, Bai8

* See YoL I, pp. 466 and 506 ; see also Shenrmg n, 248: also Afghan tribes rdarlcarof Eibnl.

* EUiot, Dhlwip&ra Enhini.

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176 Sarkdr of Bahraich, Containing 11 Mahals, 1,823,435 Bighas, 8 Biswas, Reyenue 24,120,525 Dams in money. Suyurghal, 466,482 Ddms, Castes various. Cavalry 1,170. Infantry 14,000.

Bighas Biswas. Rerenne D. 1. 1

i 1 Castes.

^ Ss ^ i}

m o l-H

Bahraich with suburban

district has a fort on

the river SarjA 697,231 9,189,141 402,111 600 4,500 .. Rijpiit. Bahrah 926 87,185 ,

 500 . Kahnahi Hus4mpur, has a brick

fort 157,416 4,707,035 1,601 70 900 ... Raikwir,Bi* D&ngddn 84,436 440,562

2,000

JanwiiT.* Kajhat 4,064-11 166,780

... 1,000 ... Ditto. Sinjhanli .. 124,810 877,007

... ... ... E^jpdt Jan-

Snltinptir 58,146 166,001 ... . 700 ... Janwir. Fakhrpiir, has a brick

fort 191,720 8,157,876 56,085 150 2,000

 Raikwar. Ffrozabdd, ditto ... 108,601 1,933,079 4,107 200 7,000 ^s;u/ Fort of Nawagarh 417,601 2,140,858

50 1,000 ... Various. Eharonsa, has a brick

fort 28,489-17 1,316,051 2,628 100 1,000 ... Bais.

Sarhdr of Khairdh&d, Containing 2"^ Mahals, 1,987,700 Bighas, 6 Bwwtw. Revenue, 43,644,381 Ddms in money. Suyurghal, 171,342 Ddms. Castes various. Cavalry 1,160. Infantry 27,800.

Bighas Biswas. Revenue D. 1 J

CajBtes. Bar6r Anjnah* Baswah, has a brick fort. P&li 79,670-9 185,119 144,627 4,825,437 8,545,648 1,849,270 107,079 107,916 87,945 50 80 80 2,000 1,000 1,000 ... ... ... Rijpdt, Rijpdt, BibhhaL Asnin.* * Var. Kher. A tribe of Rajputs i 3ithur of Cawnpore a Gunir of Fatehpiir.

m Sihonda RasdUbM nd in Ku and and biya TV T Hind, ell knov uar, and( T.Bar Var. h m ] some 6rA [flin, I or ^ Sijput times ii Qzana, ( A^hin, iS trib ioorr< &. Bi Jmin Mid ri\^^l a 9, commonly Botly, Tenore^ rduranjeh.

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177

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

> 1 m S 1 Castes.

c8 o 20

Biwan 66,156 1,161,236

26,488 1,000

Ditto. Basrah 60,063

. ... 300 ... Yarions. Bhanrirah, haa a brick

fort 8,971-18 43,548

60 2,600 ... Ahnfn ' Basari 21,740 276,066

200 ... Bachhal. PiU 981-14 48,202

... 200 ... Ahnin.* Cbhatyipdr ...

64,706 1,765,641 41,094 60 700 ... Bajput GUbor. Khairibid with subtir-

ban District, 2 Mahals,

has a brick fort

169,072 2,161,284 174,191 60 2,000

Brihmftn. Sio^, has a brick fort... 211,804 3,055,839 195,106 20 2,000 ... Sombansi. fiiiah 68,832 2,091,983 8,666 60 600

Chanbin. fiidrpir 120,698 881,176 16,581 20 600 Janwilr, Gop^u, has a brick

Bichhal. fort 107,868-6 5,620,466 662,087

100 3,000 RAjputKudr. Kheri, do. do. 260,168 3,250,522 60,622 60 1,600 ... Bison, RijIhair%arh, one of the

p(it, Janmost important fort-

wAr. mses in Hindnst&n.

There are 6 f orta of

brick and mortar, at

it 43,052-7 1,829,328

300 1,600 Bais, Bisen, Bachhal, Kahnah. XharkheU 15,815-16 478,727

20

600 ... Asfn.* Khiokhat Man 8,058-11 235,666 ...

400 ... Various. lihirpdr 208,288 3,029,479 200,079 60 1,000

BrAhman. Haohharhat^h 71,069

2,112,176 2,430 30 2,000

Kijpdt, Nimkhir, has a brick

Bachhal. fort 68,775-18 3,666,056 66,055 100 1,600 ... Ahir.

BKarfon 66,952 200,000 26,385 20 500 ... Brahman.

Sarkdr of Lucknow. Containing 55 Mahals, 3,307,426 Bighas, 2 Biswas. Revenue 80,716,160 J)dm in money. Suyurghdl, 4,572,526 Dams. Castes various. Cavalry 2,680. Elephants 36. Infantry 83,450.

Bighas. Biswas. Revenue D. to 1 1 5 I s Castes.

Abethi (Amethi), has a lrickfort TJnim, has a brick fort. laanli, has a brick fort ontheGKimti. 117,381 61,045 1,670,093 3,076,480 2,012,372 4,208,046 300,217 253,747 240,846 300 50 50 2,000 4,000 2,000 20 Ansdri, Sayyid. RAjpiit, Baohgoti.

i Var. Asin, Ahin, Ahnin. 23

In some M. S. S. 1,670,093, for both the first two columns.

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178

BighM ' Biawaa. Bevenae D. ^Q 1 1 i 1 Oaatea.

& O 10 3

Asiy^n 67,726 880,626 68,421 600

Bais, ObanAsoha 26,027 609,901

400 ... del Abnin.' XTnchahg4on ... 83,122 417,967

1000 2,000

Baia. Bilgr4ov, lias a brick fort* 192,800 6,124,118 Z6e]m 20 1,000 ... 8ayyid,Btti BangamuuL Ditto ... 242,291 8,802,122 161,481 ... 2,000 ... Rajput, Gbelot Chanbin. Bijlaur*

80,681 2,606,047 198,961 80 1,000

Ban Bhariman ... 80,690 1,284,799 61,660 80 1,000 Bais. 19,409.8 691,406 ...... 20 600 ...

Bua. BefchoU* Paixhan ... ... 84,727 420,732 12,780 ... 600 ... Baia. 8,786 840,191 8,194

200 ... B4jput,Jit. 8,946 267,809

...

800 ... Baia. Paraandan ... 9,111 287,687

... 200 ... ^Sf^H Pitan 6,621 214,266 .. ... ... 400

Bribman, B^b^hak6r ... 9,867

168,684

... 800

Kbnnbi. BriLhxnan. Dewi, has a briok fort... Deorakh Dadrah Banbarp^, haa a brick 61,774 88,687 1,128,176 1,988,887 2i,'441 174,207 20 80 2,000 2,000 ... CbandO. Bijpdt. 18,840-9 10,796 689,686 78,787

100 60 1,600 ... ** Baia. Rijpdt. fort ... ... 76,490 2,486,886 79,226 100 2,000 ... Baia, BA' Bimkot, Ditto Santiiilah, Ditto 9,790 898,700 268,099 10,628,901 887,246 ICO

200 6,000 * man. Bijp^t Gbelot, Siipfir 89,088-16 2,626,888 28,886 40 1,000

BiohbiL B4jpdt, CbandeL Gbandel, Sapoflf 2,671 1,289,767 1,667 20 1,000

Bitanp^

60,600 1,028,800 10,192 60 2,000

RajpAt Baia, BrahSahlf Sidhor* 18,066 694,707 180,216 10 600

man. Eijpiit. 86,794 1,692,281 813,022 100

1,000 ... Afghan, Bjpdt. Baia. Sldbpfir Sandi SanSii Fate^p6r, baa a brick 9,871-4 606,018

160 1,600

7,866-9 6,676 892,818 210,816 181792 2,868 ... 1,000 100 ...

Bijp6t. fort 198,800 8,161,440 261,440 200 2,000 6 Sbaikbidi]i, Patebp6r Chanriwi ... Garb Anbbatti (Amethi) 106,962 909,176 6,694 10 600 ... Bljpfit. R4jp6t, Gbandel baa a briok fort 47,866

1,800,000

260 6,600 8 Bijpdt, Bah. Kurgi, baa a briok fort... Kk6ri, Ditto 80,817 81,684 1,698,844 1,184,482 62,919 14,480 20 80 2,000 600 8 manQoti. Bijpdt. BAjpdt, Khanjpah ... 22,800 818,472

100 2,000 ... Biaen. Baia.

^ See note 2 laat page. So alao in G. but T. Bidjndr. G. Bitbowly, T. Bethda

* Var. Sayyidpor, G. Seedhora.

Seopdr, Sheopnr.

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179

Blghas Biswas. ReTcnae D. i i 1

M } Castes. Ghtonpfir 27,890 662,661

500 Br&hman. Kschhandan * 22,066 480,696 ^460 600

OhandeL 6onnctt,(Eaniida p. 94] 4,808

884,769 ** 200

Br&hmaii* Konbhi 6,940 267,089

400 B&jp^t. Lwsknow with snlrarbaii

distriot ... ...

91,722 1,746,771 241,196 200 8,000

Shaikhz&dah Br&hman, KijBJth. huhkBi 16,894 168,629 *. * 4,000

Bais. ]CaIikhib^,*lia8abriok

IUjp6t,Bais. fa* 169,269 4,479,260 108,646 80 1,000 Bais. laUwah 88,022 8,698,718 222,088 80 2,000 Bais. Xohan has a brick fort.. 60,990

1,996,678 198,484 80 2,000 Rijpdt, Bais. Harioii, has a hrkk fort 68,847 1,698,444 4,806 160 2,000

Bijp^t, Bais. Madiion 49,422 1,186,218 82,900 80 600

BarkhaU. lUhdnih 60,896 977,860 8,806 60 2,000

B4jp6t. Ktnawi^hasabriokfort. 29,466 771,872 18,767 2,000 ... Mosalm&n, Rijptit. lArfod* 17,969 676,200

6,24^ , 1,000 ... Eiipdt,Bais. Bttha, has a brick fort. 163,226 2,460,622 6,609 100 1,600 ... Bali. ftrfoi 11,734 869,748 6,026

800

BHhman* Isnhir* 18,109 829,786

80 600

Bais.

The Subah of Agra, the Boyal Residence. It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Ohdtam^ on the Allahabad side to PaUoal on that of Delhi is 175 koi. In breadth it faka^ from Kanauj to OhandSriiu Mdlwah. On the east lies Ohitampwr; to tiie north, the Ganges ; to the south GhandSri, and to the west, PaltodL It possesses many rivers, of which the principal are the Jumna and the Ohamhal. The former flows down from the northern mountains, the latter rises at HdsH^r in Mdl/wah and unites with the Jumna at Kdljpi. Banges of bills lie scattered to the south. The excellence of its climate is almost muiTaUed. Agriculture is in perfection. Fruits and flowers of all kinds abound. Sweet-scented oil, and betel-leaf of the first quality are here obtained, and its melons and grapes rival those of Persia and Transoxiana. Sgra is a large city and possesses a healthy climate. The river Jwrrma flows through it for five hos, and on either bank are delightful villas and

' la tha I. G. Kaohandan. * In the I. G. MalihiUd, also in T and G. ' Here a word illegible, Barkala is an iv&rior class of Bijpdts found in West-

ern and Central pwganaks of Bnlandshahr. T. called also B&ri. Donbtful in text whether initial

letter a ' or ^. G. Henhlr.

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180 pleasant stretches of meadow. It is filled^ with people from all countries and is the emporinm of the traffic of the world. His Majesty has hnilt a fort of red stone, the like of which travellers have never recorded. It contains more than five hundred buildings of masonry after the beautiful designs of Bengal and Gujerat which masterly sculptors and cjinning artists of form have fashioned as architectural models. At the eastern gate are two elephants of stone with their riders graven with exquisite skill. In former times Agra was a village dependent on BidnahK Sultan Sikandar Lodhi made it his capital,^ but his present Majesty embellished it and thus a matchless city has arisen. On the opposite side of the river is the Char Bdghy a memorial of Bdbar.* It was the birth-place of the writer of this work, and the last resting-place of his grandfather^ and his elder brother. Shaikh j^la u'ddin Majzdb, Bafiiu'ddin Safaw: and many other saintly personages also repose there. Near the city on the banks of the river Jumna is a village called Bangtah, a much frequented place of Hindu worship. Fatehpur was a viUage formerly one of the dependencies of Biamh^ and then called Stkrt, situated twelve kos distant from Agra. After the accession of his Majesty, it rose to be a city of the first importanca A masonry fort was erected and two elephants carved in stone at its gate inspire astonishment. Several noble buildings also rose to completion and although the royal palace and the residences of many of the nobility are upon the summit of the hill, the plains likewise are studded with numerous mansions and gardens. By the command of his Majesty a mosque, a college and a religious house were also built upon the hill, the like of which few travellers can name. In the neighbourhood is a tank, twelve kos in circumference and on its embankmeut his Majesty constmcted a spacious courtyard, a mindr^ and a place for the game of Chaugdn ; elephant fights were also exhibited. In the vicinity is a quarry of red stone

^ I am inclined to doubt the correctneBf of the jnxtapoiition of ^vl with A^'wA and would refer the former to the preceding sentence, and place the stop after it. The S. ol. M. bears ont this view. * I follow here the spelling of this name in the first volume. The old Agra of the Lodhi dynasty lay on the left bank of the river

where traces of its foundations still

exist. The modem city is on the right bank and is the work of Akbar. The fort was built in A. D. 1566. * Later called Hasht Bihisht, or Mrafshdn Gardens, and now called the Ram Bigh. ^ His grandfather Shaikh Khizrdied on his journey to Siwistdn, and his father Mubdrak, at Lahore in 1593. See Preface to text, Biog. of Abul Fasl. pp. i, ii, xi.

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181 whence colamns and slabs of any dimensions can be excavated. In these two cities under his Majesty's patronage carpets and fine stuffs are woven and nnmerons handicraftsmen have full occapation. Bidnah in former times was a large city. It possesses a fort containing many buildings and cellars, and people at the present day still find therein weapons of war and copper utensils. There is also a lofty tower. Fine mangoes grow here, some of them more than two pounds in weight. Sugar of extreme whiteness is also manufactured. Here too is a well, with the water of which mixed with white sugar, they make cakes weighing two pounds more or less which they call kandcturah (with no other water will they solidify) aod these are taken to the most distant parts as a rarity. Indigo of finest quality is here to be obtained, selling at ten to twelve rupees per man weight. Excellent hinna is also to be found, and here are the tombs of many eminent personages. Todah Bhtm is a place at a distance of three kos, from which is a pit fall of water, the depth of which none has sounded. Mines of copper and turquoise are said to exist, but the expense of working them exceeds their income. Mathura (Muttra) is a city on the banks of the Jvmna : it contains lome fine temples, and is one of the most famous of Hindd shrines. Kdlpi is a town on the banks of the Jumna, It is the resting-place of many saintly personages. Excellent sugarcandy is here manufactured. In the time of the Sharhi princes, it was tributary to Delhi. When Kadir Khdn affecting the airs of sovereignty proclaimed his independence, SuH^n Hoshang marched from Milwah and having chastised him, reinstated him in the government. Sultan Mnhmud of the Sharhi dynasty, however, seised it in turn from Na^ir Khdn the son of Kddir Khan.

Ka/navj was in ancient times the capital of Hindustdn. Owaliar is a fanlous fortress and an elephant carved in stone at its gate fills the beholder with astonishment. It contains some stately edifices of its former rulers. Its climate is good. It has always been noted for its exquisite singers^ and lovely women : here is an iron mine. Alwar (Ulwar) produces glass and woollen carpets. Ferdih^ possesses a copper mine, so profitable that from a man weight of ore, they obtain 35 sere of metal. A silver mine is also said to exist but it does not pay to work it.

1 Aocording to the S. ul M. the CimoiiB T&nsen was one of these. See Yol I. pp. 611 of the Ain.

G. Beerat. T. Berith. S. nl M. ^]ji* a dependency of the g^veminent of Narnol, according to Tieffenthaler.

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182

Near the hill of Ndmol is a well at which the Hindiis worship and when the tithi^ of Amdwas fMa on a Friday, it oyerflows at simrise and water can be drawn withont the aid of a rope. At Singhdnahf TJdaipir^ and KdfpiUK are mines of copper. In the town of Edndri^ are many cold and hot springs. The Sibah contains thirteen Sarhdn, two hundred and three Pargo' nahs (fiscal subdivisions). The measored lands are 2 irors, 78 lakhs, 62,189 highas, 18 htswas. The revenue is 54 krors, 62 lakhs, 50,804 dam. (Rs. 13,656,257-9.6). Of this, 1 hror, 21 laJchs, 5,703^ ddms (Rs. 302,6429.) are SuyirgJM. The provincial force consists of 50,681 cavahy, 577,570 Infantry, and 221 elephants. 8a/rkdr of Agra. Containing 33 MahaU, 91,007,324 Bighaa, Ddms in money. Suywrghdl 14,566,818 Bams, 15,560. In&ntry 100,800.

Revenue 191,819,265 Castes various. Cavalry

Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne. D. 1' i 1 1 Castes.

02 o - ^

Agra with gubiipban

district 881,990-6 44,966,468 8,824,464 8000 1,6000 Ganr,8 Jat EUwah, hM a briok

Lodh.Ac. fort on the Jamna ... 284,106 10,789,326 161,862

2000 1,6000 ... BhadanriTaBrihmaa. ov 15S,a77.9 6,609,477 81,642 1000 1000 ... IMjpdt, BrihnuMi, OadAii, (ElUot Odhi)... 274,067 2,884,866 78,166 20 600 ...

ITd (EUiot Od) 203,506 1,008,848 86,870 100 600 ... Shaikhii. dah. Bajw&rah, has a atone fort, 668,286 10,966,660 1600 6,000 ...

... Bi&nah with snbnrban

dist. has a stone fort 286,442 7,110,104 662,206 60 100 ... Ahfr, Jat.

Biuri, ... ... , ... 276,964 6,064,168 67,414 800 7000 ... B&jpdt. Po9wfc. (Pan. wfcr.) Rigp6t of Bhosiwar, 808,609 6,606,460 266,460 60 1600 ...

varions

castes. Banwar, 12,880 166,360 ... 80 400 ... Bafeiijar.

' See p. 17 of this Toliune. 8o T. G has Kanwery. 3 A Snrajbansi tribe of Bajpnts. Lodh, a widely spread tribe ohieflj

fishermen. Bhadanriya is a branch of the Chanhan B4]pnts. Elliot. 4 T. 01. G. Owl.

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183

Bighas Biswas BoTenne. D. 5 1 i 1 Castes.

& 3 M i

TbdahBhlxih ...

264,103-11 8,787,076 18,861 100 1000

Thatthar.'

Bhtikir, 48,009 2,891,100 15,825 20 700

Br&hman, Ahir. Jaleiar, has a brick fort

904,738 6,836,400 412,080 400 6000 ... Ghelot, SoriLj Biuikrah.S Janwlr/ has a brick

fart on the Jumna ... 407,652 11,442,250 60,348 200 7000 ...

Ohanhfin. Ghauath, 974,84 4,182,048 674,815 50 1000 ... E4jp6t, Brihman, Jat, Ahir. Bijpdt, Jat. Ih^wah, ^884 2,912,495 222,628 80 4000

Dkolpdr, has a brick

fort on the Ghambal, 284,037 9,729,811 255,747 200 4000

Sikarw^l. Upd, has a brick fort, 477,201-11 18,508,035 178,407 200 4000

Ohaohin, descendants of B^wat B4han.*

Bajhohar 818,286 1,694,208 48,023 20 300 ... B&jptit. Seonkar Seonkri, 90,599 985,700 7,822 70 600

Bijpnt f ate^p^, has a stMie

Ohanhan. fort| ... 202,723-18 8,494,006 597,846 600 4000

Shaikhs^dah, Ghashti, Bijpdt Sankarwdl.* Xha|t($n]nar, 96,760 745,951 a. 60 300

B6jpat, Jat. Kahiwan, has a brick

fort ... ... 290,708 6,784,780 284,787 200 2000 ... Sayyid, Brihman.

Vathnris ^0. 87,847 1,156,807

69,770 . ...

lUhSli, 66,690 1,501,246 80 600 ... B&jpatacc. Mangdtlah, 74,974 1,148,075 79,855 20 400

Do.

Hfend&war, 10,190 182,500 ... 150 800

Chanh^n. Wazirp^, 71,328 2,009,255 9,256 20 300

R&jpdt. Hindanni 432,980 9,049,881 301,980 100

1000 ... Bajput, Brahman, Haikint, has a brick

Jat. fort 606,991-12 5,698,807 43,231 2000 20,000 Ohaohin, BhadanH'llak. 187,421

2,789,494 30,581 20 600 ... riya. Bajpdt, of arions castes.

* Gdjars conyerted to Islam. Elliot. 1. 101. ' Var. Mankrah. or Bankrah. Var. Ohandwir. T. "Tshandvar ajoordhoi Ferosabad." Distant from Agra 85 mileB east, on the rente from

Mattra to Etiwali, I. G. Probably error for Bahman or Brahman. See Elliot nnder Chandel or Gantam. * Probably Sikarwil, a branch of the Badgdjar Bajputs.

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1S4

Sarkdr of Kdlpi, Containing, 16 MahdU^ 800,023 Bighas, 9 BiswaSy Bevenne, 49, 356, ?32 Dctms in money. Surgurghdl 278, 290 J Dams. Castes varions, Cavalry

1540. Elephants 80. Infantry 34000.

Bighag Biswas. Revenue D.

1 1 i Castes.

QQ O

tJ'laf, 95,677-18 1,297,379 72,218 20

600

Rijp6t. Biliflpiir, 126,888*14 8.714,647 13,110 100 50,000 ... KaohhwiBadhn^th, (Elliot, Bho-

hah. dhek) 72,930-14 1,260,199

3,414 60 2000 ...

P^pdr, 108,085 1,760,750 4,221 50 2000' ... Saikhsidah. Deokalf. 109,652 1,466,985 1,700 200 2000 10

Brahman. B&tli} has a briok fort, 510,970-16 9,270,894 270,894 70 8000 9 Afghan, Torkoman. Bfrepiir, 48,168-8 120,000 . 500 10 Rijpot. S6gaiip6r,* ... 1,607,877

58,664 60 1000 ., Rajput, Bail. Sh4hp6r, ... 8,843,420 245,747 300 3000 6 Chaahin, Maliksi. KHpiy with Bubarban

dah. distriot

... 4,871,053 203,909 4000 5000 10 Various. Kanir, ... 4,948,096 6,065 100 2000 1 Sengar.* Khandan^, ... 3,027,917 27,121 50

4000 ... Parhir. Khand^lal?, (Elliot

Khurela) 86,053-11 871,733 15,008 20 1000 ... Rijpiit. Mal^kammad^bad, 184,080 1,617,257 4,260i

60 1000 ... Rijpnt, Knmbi. Hamlrpar, 404,797-6 4,803,828 132,245 200 2000 ... Knmbi.

Sarkdr of Kanauj. Containing 30 Mahals, 2,776,673 Bighas, 16 Biswas, Revenue 52,5S4, 624 Dams, Suyirghdl, 1184 655 Dams, Castes various, Caralry 3765. Infantry 78, 350.

Bighas Biswas. Revenue D. m5 P

1 09 a 1 0) Castes.

w o -^

BhugaoQ, has a fort and

near it a tank called

Somnit full of water

extremely sweet 837,105 4,577,010 53,316 1000 10,000 ... Chauhiin. Bhojpur, ... 150,974-13 3,446,737

104,705 150 3000 ... Kharwal.* Bilgrao?, (ElUot Till-

gra^w.) 74,100-10 3,387,076 128,558 20 1000 ... Rijpnt, jdusalmln.

' Matchlockmen.

 T. Schsgunpoor. G. Seekenpoor. * A branch^of the Agnibansi Rijputs.

Elliot I. 174. Spelt elsewhere S^ngarh. Elliot has Kharwdr as a tribe. 1. 10.

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185

Bighas Biflwaa Bevenne . D. f i Oastei.

o OQ o

S s

Wthir, 176,042-11 2,921,889

800 6000

Chand^. Mhfir, 68,773-14 2,828,849 216,741 20 1000 * Eiljpdt. Ffttiilt 158,684-14

1,877,600 46,666 100 2000 Bdjpat Chaah&9. Bijpdt. Fkti^ttpdr, 88,418-11 1,158,682 8060 80 600

Pati Nakhat, 49,261-18 666,997 2497 50 500

... Sengarh. Baraah, 84,786-14 450,000 ... 10 200 Bijpdt, of yariooa Castes. BW, ' 8,789-14 400,000 10 800 ... Chanh&n. Phapdnd, 111,646

5,432,391 19,818 800 2000 ... Sengarh. CUiftbrimao, 76,318-7 1,522,028 22,128 20 600

Bijput Ghaohin. Ohaahdn, Oeohi, 11,960-12 483,171 79,045 20

800 ...

Bais, Dhi-

kra* 8ak^, 182,956-9 8.230,762 168,810 100 8000

Chauhin. Sonj, 64,070-6 1,200,000 ... 200 8000 ... Dhfckrah Wi4wap, 78,574-9 262,245 21,969 20 500

Gauroah.* 8eoIi,(EUiot. SheoU)... 12,528 623,478

... 10 800

B4jput. Rajput, Bais. Saka^^Ti 22,561 623,441

800 4000 ... 8afario9, 19,817-10 549,050 2253 10 500 ... Rajp6t. Sahar,

25,195-8 846,558 1640 80 600 ... Ghaahin. 8e<mraldi,8 (BUiot San-

rakh) 10,089-5 465,828 7188 20 400 ...

Ghanhin, Dhakrah. ffikandrapfir Udahu, ... 4,964-14 276,918i 22,624 10 200 ... Ganrdah, Brahman. 8ar6r,* 20,121-16 447,568 2044^ 10 800 ... Chauhto, Sengar. BAjpdt. 8ikandarp6r Atx^ji ... Shamsibid, has a fort

86,084-17 269,622 6511 5 160 ... on the (Jangea, 718,577-7 7,138,458 19,608 400 2000 ... B&thor. KanaTij with sabnrb.

diit. has a brick fort:

one of the great capi-

tals of Hiadnstin, .. 126,266-12 2.470,748 222,086 200 10,000 ... , Shaikzadah,

m: cm usau. Afghan

Ghanhin. Kanpfl, 189,803-6 1,651,586 30,870 100 200

Eijpnt, Ghanhin, Panwir.

KaraoK, 40,445-6 1,409,988 ,,, 20 1000 . Bajpdt Halkfiaah, 80,229-14 1,500,000 ... 800 16000 ... Kijpvit Ghe. 1ANitiamaa,

8,829-6 186,921 ... 200 200 1 IVfW. < BdUunan. 1

* A Bajpat tribe Mattered oyer Agra, lUter% Etawa and Bohilkhaod. BlUot, 1.78. ' An inferior dan f B&jpdts often 24

eonfonnded with Ghuirihars but quite distinct. EUiot, 1. 115. * T. Sonarka; G. Sewboigeh. * Bir6r (Elliot). G. Serwer. T. Saror.

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186

Barhirof Kol, (Koa). Containing 21 MahaUl 8,461,78, Bighaa, Berenne 54,992,940 Ddmt in money, SuyurgML 2,094,840 2>im. Castes yarions. Cavalry 4,035. In- j

fantry 78,950. ]

Atrauli,

AklMuriUd, Abir, Yarn a brick fort on the GangM, Fahisd, Bilrim, Padiliiii, Tappal, has a briok fort, Thinah Firidi, JaUai, Chandans, Ehorjah, Dambhai has a briok fort* Sikandrah Bio, has a briok fort, 8^r6n, has a briok fort, 8idhfip6r, 8hikrp6r,

Eol, has a briok fort, ...

Gang^ri, Mlbrahrih, Malikpiir, Nd^y, has a briok fort, (Elliot, Noh.

Blghas Biswas.

880,669 118,889 46,764 65,060 111,878 89,128 168,046 68,847 146,801 48,469 89,726 48,689 88,480 40,666 70,667 44,880

648,666

68,646 205,687 80,846 189,299

Bevenne D.

6,464,469 8,008,409 2,106,664 2,602,662 2,181,766 624,826 1,802,671

112,760 2,967,910 1,749,288 8,708,020 2,169,989 4,412,881 876,016 989,468 1,974,827

10,412,806

872,060 8,679,582 1,446,132 1,811,966

d 02

6400,469 28,060 87,140 66,661 2,571 86,862 86,662 583,066 72,869 290,468 16,900 60,291

446 81,849 156,095 2,288 29,160

600

600

100 60 200 100 20 500 100 200 60 400 20 200 250

460

25 200 60 100

9500 6000 400

2000 1000 6000 8000 500 6000 2000 5000 1000 4000 400 2500 2000

29,060

200 2000 400 8000

Oastei.

Bijpdt, Chanhan, Afgh&a. Bijpat, Fondir. Hnsalmin, BrihmaiL Ba^jar. Afgh&o,

GhaidifiL Ujpat, Qanrthar. Ghaohin. Rjpdt, B&ohhaL Bijpdt, PanOhauhloi. Ba^giijar. Do. Afghin, Pundir. Sayyid, My pdt. Bajpdt, 8urki. Sayyid, Shaikhs&dah, Bafedjar. Ohanhln, Jangharah.* Afghin, Bijpdt. Chauhin. Pundir, Ghanhln. Bijpdt. Jat. Afghin.

* Pundir is one of the nomerons branohes of the 66]ar olan. Elliot, 1 19. * The word <fort' has been omitted and the text bat Gladwin oonfirms the emendation.

Yar. Sirkhi Snkhi. ^ A tnrbolent tribe of Bijpdts of the

Tnar olan in the 8. E. BohilkhsBd BlHot, 1, 14L

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187

Sarkdr of OwdUor. ContaiDiiig 16 Mdhali, 1,146,465 Bighaa, 6 Biium. Bevenae 29,683, 6i9 Bdms in money. Suyirghdl, 240,350 Ddnu. Castes Tarions. Cavaliy 2,490. Infantry 43,000.

Bighas Biswas. Beyenne D. } 1 1 1 Castes. Aohdn, has a f oii, ... 106,899-14 8,277,947

20(1 4000

To^wa^. BadiMtah, Do. ... 68,914.18 696,800 *.. 800 6000 ... Do., Raj. ChatUwar/ Do. 140,140-16 1,061,841 86,980 100 4000

pdt. Brihman.

J]ud6^ Do. 82,677-15 219,806 100 20001

Gdjar. DandrdH, 197,816-11 1.807,207 60 1000 ... Rijpnt T(^' W' 87,797-17 1,017.721 40

700

war. Toi^war. Siw&ii, 94,248 882,128 *. 200 6000

SikarwiL fitmaiili, 46,284-8 2,001,844 ... 601 700

Bigti. StriMnfali, has a brick

fort. 22,124-17 267,497 .. 200 6000

Sikarwil. lUlXir, has a fort.

daring Sn]Un Ali-

6ddin's time it was

Ued Akhir. 211,229 6,128,766 ** 60 600

BT4hni^r>t wiIior with suburban

district. 846,657 12,488,072 188,740 1000 2000 ... B4jpnt, To^Khatdli, has a fort. ... 198,270 8,106,819 6,460 200 4000 * war. Jat.

Sarkdr of Trij.

CWtaining 16 MahaU, 2,202,124 BighoB, 18 Bimas. Revenue 37,780,1 mms in money. Suyurghdl, 456,493 Ddrm. Castes various. Cavalry 6,160. Elephants 190. Infantry 68,500.

Bighas Biswas. Eevenue D. 1 OQ 1 1 i Oastes. PuOUIr, liM a brick fort. BMnd&. 625,597 752,791 257,042-18 80,635 8,951 2,922,436 in money. 6,237,096 2,533,449 1,391,097 464,111 101,661

172,880 100,638 100 940 60 8000 100 6000 2O5O0 2000 6000 2000 10 69 6 6 Eiyath. R4jp(H. Afghan, Kiyath. Ta^war. Parihir.

*Vm. GhanpAwar. Chantiwar. G. ^Sntowsr. T. Tsohetanr. ' Vw. Akhar, Eafair, Sahir.

* Var. and G Phind^r. Var. Bhijpiir.

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188

Blghas Biswtti. Reyenne D. 1' CQ ! i 1 o 3 Castes. Jhatra,^ 4 mahals, ham a briok fort. Biiibinah, haa a fort, ... 12,072 11,787,904 6Q0.000 ... 4000 50 15000 2000

70 Rjp6t. KaohhwiSli&hzidahpar, Kbat61ah&o. 8 mahals, has a fort. Eajh<$dab, Kidir, Edfich, has a fort. Khak^,*kasafort, ... 21,267 155,330 89,283 450.71 8,000,000 750,200 120,000 1,851,802 1,343,073 27.712 7,678 100 "so 50 5000 2000 1000 20 Gond. EambL EachhwA.

hah. Kh&erah, has a brick fort. 222,557 240,000 4,776.857 46,729 20 200 6O0O 6000 10 10 Gond. Eachhwihah. Mah6U, 26,681 502,102 ... 100 10,000 10 Parih^.

Sarkdr of Baydnwdn^ Containing 27 Mahals, 762,014 Bighas. Revenue, 8,459,296 Bam.

Suyurgkdl, 82,662 Ddms. Castes various. Cavalry 1,105. Infantry 18,000.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 i 5 1 Castes.

d^ 08 fl

OQ o

M H

Antrf, yields excellent

quality of betel leaf

from which the reve-

nue is chiefly derived. 906,140 ...

10 100 ... Various. Amw4ri, 228,000 ... ... Bntered under Batangarh. M&rwir, GNiaruah. Atiwan,* 85,958 165,165 64,114 16 200

... OondfGaiiniAn^elah,* 29,444 82,455 1,257

100 Brihman. Bayanw&n, 86,241 801,276 20,169 820 8000 ... Pundfr, Psw^ Pa^wir, 17,829

457,489 6,568 20 800 ... Brihman, Khidmatiyah. Parinohah, 89,784 896,193 21,641 20 600 ... Bund^la.

* Jhatr&. Jhatar. Chhatar, Chhatarp^r. * E64piir. * Ehankes. Ehakeab. Ganges. Ehaksen.

* Var. and G. Sanwto. T. Beanban. * Yar. Jaitwan. Atiwin. Anboan. G.

Jjtewan. T. Intva. * Yar. and T. Adhla.

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189

Bighas Biswas. BiBveniia D. AQ 1 1 I Oastes.

1 g s

00 o - H

Bado^

276,000 a. 10 200

B^nd^ BUandi, ,, 169,040 10

800 ... Pa^war. Jiodr,* baa a f oxi, 60,^8 64(3,681 8,800 10 200 * Ahfr, Brihman. Jtriiili, 19,$65 144,056 10 800 .. Pa,w4r. Jagtin,

 12,680 ... ... 160 ... Yariona. Dhimflali,* here a large

lake f nU of vater-

liliM, 13,127

17,806 20 860 ... Brihrnan, Gdjar. Kiyath, Boohifah, 94,228 472,889 16,702 10 20C ...

Batuigarb, baa a fort,

70,$28 865,996 *. 200 4000 Jat. Boh^rah, 2,809 1,017,682 60 600 ... Gnjar. Sohandl, haa a briok

fort, 81,656 896,969 800 6000 Vinwir. Kananlah, 11,764 864,968 10 200 ... Gojar, Jat. Karharah, 277,000

 ... * ... Mentioned under BatonXahe^d,' has a fort in

garb. the mountains, 27,290 196,804 ... 200 ... Brihman.

Khandhi, 17,408 162,661 8,036 ... 200 Ahr, Jat. Ehand Bajrah the

greater. 88,782 188,984 * 26 800 ...

Bnndeli, Jat. Da the lesser, ... 1,602 68,470 10 200 MlnA,a6ja Kherih^t,^ 24,818 112,079 ... ..* 800 ... Do. Ka|hral|, has a stone

fort on a hill. 17,269 82,291 6 800 ... Gdjar. Kadw4hah, 7,169 48,296 * 60 800 ... Ahfr. Man, haa a fori,

59,070 860,429 M89 60 1000 ... Ahir.

Sarkdr of Narwar. Containing 5 Mahals, 394,853 Bighaa. Bevenne, 4,233,322 Dams. amiirghdl96,994il)dms. Castes, Bajpdt To^war. GavaJry, 500. Infantry^ 200,00.

* Tar. Chitor. T. Tschinor, G. Chitore. * Tar. Dhaolah. T. Dehala. It was 2 miles to the west of this plaoe^ acoordingtoT. that Abnl Fazl lost hislife in the Bmbascade set for him hj the Bund^U Oluef Bir Bing : *' il fat, vilainznent pria dans tea laqs oomme-nn gibier et

tn^ 4 Tinstigation de Jehangir fila d'Aobat." * Yar. and T. Somandi. Yar. uid T. Ean<51. 4 For the Minas, see Sherring, III. 78; * Yar. Ghatripal. Q. KhetoryhauL

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100

Bighas Biswas. BeTenne D. AQ ! 1 } Castes. Bardi, 1im a fort i some

of the Tillages near

the SakU are of

great prodootiTe

alae. 88,085 688,700

 Banli, has a fort on the

Sakll^ 2i2,456 141,916 ,,, .. ... Beopdri/ has a stone

fort, 24,976 1,250,000 M ... ... KoUras has 2 forts, one

near the Tillage of

Barwi. There is a

smaU hm with a

waterfall. It is a

place of Hindu wor-

ship, 188,10 764,880 14,882 ... Narwar with snhnrb.

dist. has a stone fort.

In certain parts of

the fort are ancient

Hindn temples of

stone.

26,522 488,026 81,812 ... .

Sarhdr of Manfldir, Gontaii^ing 14. Mahals. 65,642 Bighas. Beyenne 8,738,084 Dam. Castes, Bijput, Jid6^. Cavalry 4000. Infantry 5000.

Bfghas Berenne

Bfghas Rerenat

Biswas. D.

Biswaa.

D. Ifntgar, has a stone

fort on a hill and

below it flows the

riTor Ghambal, 7,674 498,978 Dfingrf,

902 54,126 Bijhip6r, 6,413 869,706 RatanbaUhar,

1,215 82,098 BaUoU, 6,806 824,091

9,160 526,830 B^har, 4,882 261,746 Kamfikharah,

1,988* 116,168 Bagn5nd. . ... Ehamdn,

820 54,074 Jhakw&r, 769 88,488 Kahtdni,*

1,925 51,944

Handliler, has a fort on

a hill and the riTer

Chambal on the

Ding Hakhdri,* 7,812 498,978 north, ... 15,745 697,794

^ I adopt a Tariant, as it agrees with O. and T. The text has Seorpdri. > Yar. Bakhr^nd. T. Baortfnd. T. Makreri. G. Boghowry.

 Var. 1310. Var. 76i,880. Yir. and T. ChaloU.

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191

Sark&r of AU/oar. Contunmg 43 MahaU, 16,62,012 Bighas. Bevenne, 39,832,204 Dimi. Sy^JWI, 699,212 Ditrw. Cavalry 6504. Infantry 42,020.

Biglias Biswas. Berenue D.

1 1 1 Castes.

QQ

O H* S

Ahrar, has a stoiie fori

onfthiU, 86,084 2,679.820 S60,066 10 1,600 . Ehinsidahof Mewit, desoendants of Bahidnr Ehin. (See I. G. Hewit).

WwHlUlli HftDPO, . 24,956 850,781 *.. 20 600 ... E:aolihw41iah. Asian, 89,762 642,153 1,048 20 1,000 ... Ba^Vil. IniOpfir, 28,988 603,840 2,266

40 600 ... Khinzidahof Mewit. 1U(, hai a stone fort.

(hff&(i,p. 96.) 23,522 7,201,791 1,796 60 1,000 .. Bal^Wl. nr6n>arf ... 119,016

2,621,958 9,317 850 2,000 ... Ehiins&dahof Jhkftdarp^, 60,451 1,950,000 95,000 500 2,000 ... Mewit. llkik61, 74.281 678,783 . 60 1,000

... Do. Do. Do. Do. Irihir, 68,664 448,612 ... 40 600 ... Ba^ffdjar, Rajput. Kbinz&dahof Btt^dahFate^Kh&Ti,... 16,074 201,059 1,059 80 800 ..

Mewit. hBib, 28,726 195,680 ... 6 60 ... Ehinzddah andMeo. Bir6dab Meo, 18,062 168,046 619 50 300

Do. B6dihTbal,

80,606 146,000

6 60 ...

BKwin, 14,918 122,088 ... 6 60 ... Various. BMioab, 20,789 100,856 ... 6

60 ... Do. Btjhah, 2,668 104,890 ... 10 60 *. Ehinsidah and Meo. BtoattiA. 6,666 183,507 *.. 30 600 ... Bate^jar. JtHlptr.

46,840 398,599 10,666 ... ... ... Ehansidah andMeo. Hanop6r Bad<$hftr, ... 20,853 947,871 8,020 100 300 .*. Do. Hannp&r Kori, (G6ri,

R^) 47,740 1,269,669 ... 120 800

Do. gfflwr, liaa a stone

faft, , 26,489 456,779 8,120 500 1,000

... Chanhin. DedUSAjari, 83,188 1,600,000 ... 150 1,000 ... Ba<jlg6jar. Wft, 27,051 695,262 7,812 150 1,000 1 Meo.

* Mentioned in BUiot as in ancient ^isM a well-known lawless plundering % driTen ont of the Etawah tract by ^Senghers andChanhins. According W ftoRmg (m. 90) thej are an inde-

genons tribe converted to Islim, but retaining a good ntianj Hindn cnstoms; now an agricultural people divided into 12 clans.

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192

Bighaa BUwas. Berenne D. Mi 1 i 1 Oastei.

& 1 3

Dhari. 12,888 512,618 6,016 100 600

andHeo. Eit|h, 6,030 229,741 8,744 10 100 ... Meo. Sakhan, 18.790 804,262

100 700 .. Chaahln. Khohari B^na, 8,208 4,869,272 96,919 900 6,000

Ehinz^dah of Mewit, A'm4 and Daor. Khel<$har, ... 68,276 1,469,048 14,088 125 1,000 ...

Meo. Kol Dho4r, 88,956 627,100 ... 80 500 ... Rijp6t. Kiyirah, ... 307 600,000 ... 100 1.000

Mina. Kh^tahli, 26,746 465,640

28,150 100 600 ... Sayyid, G. jar. Gh&t S6dan * (or Seo^)

has a fort, 16,494 867,110

... ... ...

Kohrini, ... 3,566

166,666 ... 800 1,000

Mahat.' Mandiwar, has a brick

fort, 100,822 1,889,097 6,608 500 1,000 ... Chaob^. M6jpiir. ...

44,140 639,858 12,022 300 600 ... Abbiai. Mnbiirakp^ir, 18,636 614,193 ... 60 800 ., KhinzdaL Hong6n&, ... 88,112 475,260 ... 100

700 ... Do. Mandaurah, 17,800 27,051 ... 4 20 ... Chanhin. Nangiov, (Nowgong) ... 28,771 2,056,612 84,'296 70 600 ... Kbindidak Nahargarh,

85,452 604,194 ... 20 200 ... Do. Haredri, ... 11,800 227,096

10 100 ... Meo. Harper, ... 16,944 686,605 8,'265 20

4,000 ... Jat. Haraini, ... 4,026 208,281 ... 40 600 ... Meo.

Sarkdr of Tijdrah, Containing 18 Mahals, 740,001 Bighdhe. 5^ Biswas, Bevenne, 17,700,460 Dams. Suyurghdl, 701,761^. Cavalry 1,227. Infantiy 9.650.

Bighas Biswas. Berenne D. 1 GD 1 o

1 ! Castes. Ind6r, has fort on a hill, ITjinah, ... 184,150 88,926 1,995,216 428,847 26,096* 22,796 400 46 8,000 160 ... Mewat. Khinsidah, Thathar. * The reading of the li donbtfnl and has the fol * I adopt the varian withT. ut two nan lowing Tarii t which af tesis ants. p-ees

 Donb aeotedwi *Aflg bween the bfol, bhno ore f 2Mi var. Hi tel. leems i dthee Eht. a| o be )parentl7 conomitted be*

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193

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 !

Castes.

QQ

Umii ITmri, 8,107 807,037 ... 10 100 ... Tha^har, Meo. Biirii, ... 35,703 216,800

6,364 10 200 ... Ehinzidah, Meo. Par. 2,476 540,645 1,659 10 200 ... Tbathar. Pangwin, has a stone

JOTt, ...

75,148 1,329,350 34,312 20 800 . Meo. Banohri,* has stone fort 67,778 1,416,715 25,471 30 400 ... Do. Tijirah, has a fort, ... 131,960 3,603,596 204,419 600

2,000 ... Do. Jhimiiwat, has a stone

fort on a Mil, 22,632-11 496,202^ 31,283} 60 300 ... Do. Khinpdr, ... 9,893 195.620

... 20 150 ... Do. Siknis. ... 12,106 460,088 50,411 14 160 ... Do. fianthad&ri. 7,712-11 406,811 267,470 200 ... ...

Do. firdzpiir, situated on the

ikirt of a hill in which

there is an ever-flow-

ing fonntain with an

image of Mahadeo set

up; a Hinda Shrine... 64,160 3,042,642 69,044 60 1,000 ... Do. iWebpurMdngarti* ... 43,700 1,136,140

12,955 10 200 ... Do. Xotlah, has a brick fort

on a hill on which

there is a reservoir 4

loe. in circumference 71,266 1,652,196 7,017 30 700 ... Kh&nz&dah, Gujar. Earherah, (Gh^s^h,

EUiot) ... 9,785 330,076 ...

10 200 ... Meo. Khora ka Thinah. (So

in MSS., but Elliot

Khaw) ... 7,945 168,719 ... 10

250 ... Do. Nagini^, ... 7,215-19 377,267 8,672 100 160 ... Do.

Sarkdr of NdrnoL CJontaining 16 Mahals, 2,080,04.6 Btghas, Revenue, 50,046,703 Dams. 8wfurg7ialy77b,lOSDdm8. Castes various. Cavalry 7,520. Infantry 37,220.

Cavalrj.

Uth

Bisrhas Biswas. Bevenne D. 1"

! i

CQ I 1 100 o H 146,754 2,060,662

1,000

Ohanhin, Bajpnt, Mnsalmin, Khandar. (Far. Kedw-).

* Var. Babnohna. Elliot. Bhasohri. G. Bonbohra. 25

Var. Mongota. Mewngowneh.

T. Mnngrina. G.

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194

Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne 1. 5 1 6 oS 1 Castes.

o % a

02 Q M

Bihii, has a stone fort

aod a ooppermine ;

hills adjacent.

78,426 920,170

400 3,000 ... Parihir. Bar6dah Ran, 47,266 692,995 300 2,000 ... Chanhin. CU\ kalanah, 617,540 7,744,027 56,164 200

5,000 Jat of the Sangwin clan. Jhojeiin, has a stone

fort on the skirt of a

hill, 96,831 2,329,069 ... 2000

3,000 ... Eiyam Khixd} Singhanah Udaipiir, has

a Coppermine and mint

for copper coinage ... ... 11,881,629 in money. 3,351 400

1,000 ... Tonwar, Parihar. Kin<5dah, in the village

of Zcrpur in this Par-

ganah, a large Hindn

temple, ... 10,728 4,356,189 91,577 1000 4,000

Rijpiit, Miisalmsn, ^u.> Kotpotli, has a stone

fort and in the village

of BhandhArah is a

copper mine in work-

ing, 170,674 4,266,837 29,425 700 4,000 ... Tonwr Eajput, Good.

Kanrfri, has 3 forts in

three villages, 150,297 2,721,126

1000 5,000 ... Tonwar. Khand6lii, *.. 1,300,000 in money. ... 200 2,000

RAjpiit, Kachhwihah. Khodfina, ... 18,493 808,109

20 700 ... Jat. Lapoti, 88,281 1,512,470 16,000 100 500 ... Chauhan. Villages^ at the foot of

the mountain where is

a copper mine. In that

of Rdepore is a copper

mine and a mint and

the stream there is

polluted hy it, Narnol, has a stone fort, 176,650 274,350 . 100 2,000

Narbin.* 214,218

5,913,218 549,161 500 2,000 ... Ahir. Narhar, do.. 356,293 4,262,837 29,405 500 2,000

Ki4m Khini, Afghan, MAkar*.

* Called Kaim Khini by Elliot and Sherring. They are Chauhins converted to Islam. Their ancestors fought against B&ber in 1628. For. 94n<i. Jkt.

G. 8 villages. ^ A sub-division of the Rijpdt clao of Chauh&ns.

 Var. Mfikru, G^ar, Ttkar.

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195 Sarkdr of Sahdr, Conisaimng 7 Mahals. 763,474 Bighas. Revenue 5,917,569 D6ms. SvfurghM 109,447 JDdms. Castes various. Cavalry 265. Infantry 1,000.

Bighas BUwas. Revenue Do. 1 b 1 1 1 Oastes.

QQ o

^ H

?Mhli, ... 106,422 1,228,999 26,046 20 700

Meo,Tliathap. fihadauH, ... 25,980 441,840 6,840 10 800 ... Jat &o. Sahir, has a fort, 386,896

2,489,816 21,678 200 7,000

B^hhal, G6jar,Jat, Kaohhwihah. Eimah, ... 90,600 606,724 1,229 10 800 ... Meo, Jat, Ahir. K6h Mnj&hid, 23,769 170,866 ... 4

200 ... Meo, Jat, 569htokh, 60,816 618,116 17,616 ... ... ... Ahir, Jat, Meo. Hodal, 78,600 462,710 88,140 10 200 ... Jat Ac

Tho Subah of Mdlwah. It is situated in the second climate. Its length from the extreme point of Oarha (Mdndla) to Bdnswdrah is 245 kos. Its breadth from OhandSri U> Nadarhdr^ ia 230 ko8. To the east lies B^iniAti ; to the north Narwar; to the south Bagldnah ; to the west (Hjardt and Ajmer, There are mountains to the south. Its principal rivers are the Na^hadah^ the Siprd, the KdU Sindy the BHwa^^ and the K6di^ ki qyqtj two or three kos clear and limpid streams are met on whose banks the willow grows wild, and the hyacinth and fragrant flowers of many hues, amid the abundant shade of trees. Lakes and green meads are frequent and stately palaoes and lair country homes breathe tales of fairyland. The climate is so temperate that in winter there is little need of warm clothing nor in summer -of the cooling properties of saltpetre. The elevation of this province is somewhat above that of other areas of the country and every part of it is cultivable. Both harvests are excellent, and especially wheat, poppy, sugarcane, mangoes, melons and grapes. In Hdtlpur the vine bears ' imoe in the year, and betel leaves are of fine quality. Cloth of the best

^ Sometimes in the text Nazarb^, Bayley in bis History of Ghijarit has Stndarh^. It is nearly dne E . of Snrat. ' 2^e text has Betamah with a variaot ITjAm which Gladwin adopts. T.

reads Betba ou Baghanti, The text also has the d of Narbadah reduplicated. I follow the I. G. * T. reads Ohambal. G. Lowdy. I do not trace it in the I. G. Perhaps Loni

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196

texture is here woven. High and low give opium to their children up to the age of three years. The peasants and even grain dealers are never without arms. Ujjain is a large city on the banks of the Sipra. It is regarded as a place of great sanctity and wonderful to relate, at times the river flows in waves of milk. The people prepare vessels and make use of ity and such an occurrence brings good fortune to the reigning monarch. In the 43rd year of the Divine Era when the writer of this work was proceeding to the Deccan by command of his Majesty, a week before his

arrival at Ujjain^ on the 16th of the Divine month of Farwardin (March) four gharis of the night having elapsed, this flow occurred, and and all conditions of people, Musalman and Hindu alike talked of it.* In the neighbourhood are 3t)0 places of religious worship for BdUimans and other Hindus. Close to this city is a place called Kdliyddah, an extremely agreeable residence where thei'e is a reservoir continually ovei-flowing yet ever full. Around it are some graceful summer dwellings, the monuments of a past age. Garha^ is a separate state, abounding with forests in which are numerous wild elephants. The cultivators pay the revenue in mohurs and elephants. Its produce is sufficient to supply fully both Gujarit and the Deccan. Chanderi was one of the largest of ancient cities and possesses a stone fort. It contains 14,000 stone houses, 384 markets, 360 spaeious caravanserais and 12,000 mosques. Tumun is a village on the river Beiha (Betwd) in which mermen are seen. There is also a large temple in which if a drum is beaten, no sound is heard without. In the Sarkar of Btjdgarh there are a large city ; the circumference of octagonal tower. For some period it stately edifices still recall their herds of wild elephants. Mandii ia its fort is 12 kos, and in it there is an was the seat of government and ancient lords. Here are the tombs of the

* Another reading adopted by Gladwin is " partook of it." Gladwin while rejecting this fable, suggests a sadden impregnation of the river with chalk and happily quotes Pope*s Windsor Forest regarding one of our own rivers, ** And chalky Wey that rolls a milky wave." It might he argued that the people of Ujjain must have distiguished chalky water from milk, but the incapacity in

this respect of Londoners of the present day triumphantly answers the objection. ' It was the ancient capital of the Gond Dynasty of Garha Mdndla and its ruined keep known as the Madan Mahal still crowns the granite range along the foot of which the town stretches for about 2 miles. I. G.

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197 Khiiji Saltans. A remarkable fact is that in summer time water trickles from the domed roof of the mausoleum of Sultan Hosbang and the simpleminded bave long regarded it as a prodigy, but the more acute of understanding can satisfactorily account for it. Here the tamarind grows as large as a cocoannt and its kernel is extremely white. Learned Hindus assert that a stone is met with in this country wbicb when touched by any malleable metal tarns it into gold, and they call it Para*. They relate that before the time of Bikramdjit, there reigned a just prince named Raja Jai Sing Deva who passed his life in deeds of beneficence. Such a stone was discovered in that age, and became the source of vast wealth. The sickle of a straw-cutter by its action was changed into gold. The man, not understanding the cause, thought that some damage had occurred to it. He took it to a blacksmith by name Mandan to have it remedied, who divining its properties, took possession of it, and amassing immense wealth, garnered a store of delights. But his natural beneficence suggested to him that such a priceless treasure was more fitted for the reigning prince, and going to court he presented it. The Rdja made it the occasion of many good deeds, and by means of the riches he acquired, completed this fort in twelve* years, and at the request of the blacksmith, the greater number of the stones with which it was bnilt, were shaped like an anvil. One day be held a festival on the banks of the Narbadah, and promised to bestow a considerable fortune on his Bdihman priest. As he had somewhat withdrawn his heart from worldly goods, he presented him with this stone. The Brahman from ignorance and meanness of soul, became indignant and tbrew the precious treasure into the river to his subsequent and et>ernal regret. Its depth there prevented his recovering it, and to this day that part of the river has never been fathomed. Bhdr is a town which was the capital of Rajd Bhoja and many ancient princes. The vine here bears twice in the year when the sun first enters Pisces (February) and Leo (July), but the former of these two vintages is the sweeter. In the Sarkdr of Hindiah are numerous wild elephants. In Nazarbdr^ good grapes and melons are obtainable. This Subah contains 12 Sarkdrs, subdivided into 301 Parganahs. The measured land is 42 lahhs^ 66,221 Btghas^ 6 Biswas, The gross revenue is 24 Jkror^, 6 luJchs, 95,052 Lams. (Rs. 6,017,376-4-15). Of this 11 lakhs,^

* In the demarcation of the province ' * Var. 1 2 lakhs, above, this word is written Nadarbar. |

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198 50,433 Dams (Re. 28,760-13) are Suyurghdl The Provincial force consists of 29,668 cavalry, 470,361 Infantry and 90 Elephants.

Sarkdr of Ujjain. Containing 10 Mahals, 925,622 Btghas. Revenue 43,827,960 Dam in money. Suyirghdl^ 281,816 Dams, Castes yarions. Cavalry 3,250. Infantry 11,170.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 1 o Castes.

a OQ 08

Ujjain with snburban distriot, has fort of stone below and of brick aboTe, Anhal, 289,560 56,841 1,388,086 2,801,972 55,328 20,935 760 130 2,000 500 ... Alj(yah,> BiL^hor. Bijpdt. Alji. yah,* Dhl. karah. Badhniwar has a stone fort, PAnbahdr, ... Dipalpiir, ... 60,096 86,667 96,706 3,056,195 1,937,596 6,000,000

1,095 29,400 600 100 600 3,000 600 1,000 ... Bii^r, &o. Aljiyah.* Rdjpdt,Alii'. yah. R^-piit Mehtar,Soriah. B^jpi&t. Dharar or Dhur. Bais, Jidda, (Yadu). Baalim, ... Sd^wer, ... 94,466 46,694 4,421,540 2,418,875 21,548 133,156 500 160

1,000 300 ... Kanfl,* has a fort partly stone, partly brick, Ehiohr6d, 59,802 66,626 2,907,817 2,651,044 2,344 160 60 4O0 1,200 ... Nolii, has a brick fort on the banks of the Ghambal, 126,264 8,851,886 18,016 400 1,200 ...

* Donbtfol. The other Tariants are without diacritical points.

* Uncertain. Var, Kamw^, Makwir, Kamw4th. * Var, Khan^. Khampal. G. Kehnayl. T. Bebl.

* Var, Bodnah, Aodariya, Adoriya, perhaps Deora, a sept of the Ghanhins. The following word is also marked donbtfol in the text.

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199

Sarkdr of Bdisin.

Bighas Biswas. Revenue D. 1. i 1 1 g. Castes.

i a

OQ

170 HH H

Asapdri &c. 6 Mahals,., . 3,238

178,064 946

Bnflsah, ... 40,816

6,^94,970

480 1,000

Rajput. Bh6ri, ... 5,970 316,017

100

Bhdjpur, ... 4,097 220,592

115 1,000

Bilbhafc, ...

... 215,122

265 600 ...

Thanab Mir Khn, ...

735,815

200 500

B4jp(it. Jijdi," ...

215,122

15 100

JJiatinawi, 3,464 184,750

10 160

Jalodi, ... 260 18,290

2 6 ...

Khiljipur, ... 775 41,060

2 150

...

Dhim<5ni,r.. 13,007 788,389

5 400 ...

Dekhwarah, 4,932 292,313

75 620

R6jp6t. DeortSd, ... 1,974 144,000

35 100 ...

Dhanijah, ...

21,502

20 170

Baisi'n, with suburb, dis-

trict has a stone fort

on a hill, one of the

famons fortresses of

Hindastdn, 17,497 934,739

80 426 ...

R^ip6t, Solankhi. Sewni, ... 10,975 580,828

80 945 ...

Sarsiah, ... 5,557 279,346

70 600

Shihpiir, ... 1,673 89,067

5 40 ...

Klumlisah, 11,720 645,666

40 100 ... R6jpdt. KWra, ... 10,534 560,037

80 820

Ke86rah, ... 8,375

478,267

40 100 ...

Kbamgarh, 7,102 378,460

50 100 ...

Kargarh, ... 6,907 365,707

70 600

Korii,

145,566

60 100

32,267

80 100 ...

Uflisainand, 814 48,024

50 140 ...

Sarkdr of Kanauj, Containing 57 Mahals. Revenue 10,077,080 Ddtns. Castes Gond. Cavalry 5,495. Infantrj 254,500.

Am<5dgarh has a brick fort on a hill, Bin, and Tankar,* 2

Bighas Biswas.

Revenue. D.

239,000 485,000

OQ

03 a

200

Castes.

Gond. Do.

' In one MS. these figures come under Revenae. I follow the text.

* Var. Bal6ri. For. Jajoli.

* Var. and G. Dhamoti, the latter Dhamowty. Var. Tabker. Batkar. G. Benker, T. Bangar.

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200

Bighas. Biswas. Revenue D. x3 1 1^ J 5 a -a .2 Castes.

w u l-H H

BhutgAoxi, ...

400,025

50 1,000

Gond. Blirb, Sini and Jhimi^

bar/ 3 mahalB,

895,000

200 4,000

Do. BiAwar> and NejH 2

mahals, ...

800,000

...

Do. Bakhrah, ...

238,000

100 10,000

Do. Ban&kar, Amr^, 2 ma-

hale, has a stone fort,

140,000

150 10,000

Do. Babai,^ ...

82,000

100 10,000

Do. Biragafh, has a strong

fort, ...

45,000

16 200

Do.* Gb&ndpdr, Ohand^rf, 2

TnahivlB

89,000

5 *

Do. J^tgarh, Bhald^wi* and

suburb, district, 3

mabals ...

12,000

400 80,000

Do. Jeth4, ...

12,000

100 1,000

Gond Brahman. Dam6dah,... 1,866,000

10 530 * Gond. Dh&m^rl and Dham^rd,

49,000

10 200

Do. Deogao?, ...

26,000 ......

20 1,000

Do. Deohir, Hdrbhat,' 2

mahals, ...

18,000

20 1,000

Do. Darkarah,...

18,000

10

200

Do.

618,000

10 ...

Do. Kdngarh, ...

400,000

200 10,000

Do. Bdngarh and S^ngpdr,

1,066,0(K)

10 200

Do. Kasdliyfe, ... SitalpOr, .,. * 12,000

200 5,000

Do.

75,000

Gond mtn-

tioned un-

der Gafhs. 8h&hpnr, Ghanrikah, 2

mahals, has a strong

fort,

850,000

100 1,000 ... Gond. Garha with suburb, dis-

trict has a strong fort

1,857,000

500 8,000 ... Do. Khat<5lah, ...

121,000

500 50,000 ... Do. Ked4rp6r &o. 12 mabals,

1,626,000

... .. 600 10,000 ... Do. L^ji, Ear61ah, Dunga-

. .... 1,000,000 . . 200 20,000 ... Do. Man^ld, ...

362,000

100 1,000 ... Do. Harariya, Deogayh, 2

mabals has a wooden

fort on a hill.

909,000

1500 60,000 ... Do.

> T. Djahiahar. Var. B^ard. Penir. T. Bearou. G. Penar. * Var. Benjile. T. Bedjeli. G. Nejehlj.

^ G. Beey. T. Pei. Var. G. Bbald^wi. Var. and G. Ch61a. T. Tschetia. * Var, and G. Hurbihiaht.

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201 Sarkdr of OhandSri. Contaiimig 61 Muhals. 554,277 Sighae, 17 Biswas. Bevenne 31,037,783 Ddms. Suyurghdl 26,931 Vdms. Gastee Tarioos. Cavalry 5,970. Infantry 66,085. Elephants 90.

Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne

D. i GQ 1 1 5 Castes. Udaipdr. has a stone

fort> 86,996 832,066

2000 10,400 t Bigri, Bat;. Kh4tL

Ak5ii,* , .. 216,000

10 40 ... Kno, 1*769 1,769

10 100 ... D6ngi,(name given to Bond^las in Sangor territory.) mwah, ... 2,816 80,000 ...

15 60 * Ahir &o. Bboriaah, has a stone

fbit on the Betwa, ... 6,738 766,000

40 160 ... Br&hman. BudaijhaU, 2,750 720,000

26 600 ... Brihman, Jat, Bign. BInh Ac 6 mahals.

Each of the 5 Par-

ganaha has a fort of

which 4 are stone and

that of Mil (PJ* brick, 12,074 636,600

600 6,000 ... Bnnd^hih, Kiyath. Bidarwis and A^ak,* 2

mahals, ... 4,961 804,800 .. ... 10 170 ... Ahir. B^hr,hasabriokfort

and a large tank and

svaU hiU are adja-

esnt, ... 2,600 174,000 20 800 ... Brdhman. m 1,253 70,000 ... ... 10 170

... Ahir. TflBar6dah, 18,619 1,090,000

60 3,000 ^naA.lfn^n, Tmn^D, on the Betwa:

the residents there

say that mermen inhia>it the river. There

is also a temple. 6,704 812,604

16 120 ... Brlhrnaa.

Thataharijir, 408-17 22,600

6 10 ...

Thanwirah. LaUatp6r

ko, 8 mahals, has a

stone fort, 10,977

619,997

80 2,000 .. RAjpdt, 8ihti*

' Vor, and G. Asdar. * Uncertain. The text marks the doabt and suggests no emendation. Gladwin evades or was not oonfroi\ted with the difficulty, he translates sin\ply '^andoneof brick.'* 26

* Var. and G. Akeh. Var. G. and T. Baohh^. Uncertain. Var. 84thi, S4hni, Simni, Siihi, Bip4hi.

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202

Bighu Biswas.

Chand^ri with Bnbnrban

distriot, 2 mabals, has a stone fort, Jhi}h6n, Deohari the Binaller, 2 mahals, ... Jorsing^ &o., 6 mahals, Jharg69, has a fort, ... Joisah, Deohari, the greater, on the river Siodh, Dub Jakar, has a stone fort, Danr&hah &o. 4 mahals,' Ban6d, has a stone fort and near it a large reservoir whioh is a Hindu shrine, Bodahi &o. 6 mahals, has a stcne fort above the bandar where there is also a large temple, ... B&gah, has a stone fort, Baron j, white mnslin of the kind called Ma^mudi is here mannfactored,* gahjan &o. 8 mahals, ... 6idh(irah, near this town is a small hill, Ganah/ has a brick fort Garanjiyab,* has a stone fort on the Betwa, ... K<5r(5ri, on the Betwa, Kangrah, has a stone fort on the Sind, Kadroalah,' has a stone fort.

Bevenne

D.

28,021 6,468 9,568 6,096 2,560

16,466 8,875 2,600

6,833 8,652 1,487 186,427 70,221 6,840 18,615 8,887 4,196 4,670 2,970

1,186,888 887,480 448,000 200,000 144,000

857,998 680,500 147,282

864,000 206,000

84,000 11,066,766 8,976,700 884,290 1,092,062 468,000 252,000 239,990 168,000

1. 00

26,981

95

65 500 310

15 20 60 100 150 50 16 80 25 85

20

1,850 900 100 150 40

200 5,000 5,000

60 700 150 2,500 20,000 1,000 250 200 150 100 400

Castes.

Abir. Chaah&n Ao. Mikhiti.' Eh&tl. Bajpiit, Khiti. Da KachhL Yarions.

Bakkh&l.

lUjpfifc, Gond. Baw&tbansL*

Kijpufc, Vbkar^r.(?) Dandar* Makh&tu Eachhi ^bc D&Dgi. BrihrnifcTi. Mosahnin. D&ngi.

* Var. N^khitL Var. G. and T. Dndhinah. * Uncertain. Var, Bad^t, and B&wat. The termination ' bansi ' of the text is ponjeotnral from the reading of a word without vowel points. * Some words follow here whioh the text regards as oormpt and unintelli-

gible. For OifiL, an obvious amendation is la^. Var. UskanSr. Var, Dandi, Dander. ^ Var, G.'andT. Kenih. Var. G. Eerejirah. Var. and G. and T. Eadrola.

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203

Bighas Biswas Bevenne. D. & 1 1 5 i Castes. Z61&k6t, has a stone fort on a hill, 2,771 156,469

150 1,600 Koohah. (F) (For. G6-

jar). Ahfr. Ba^Md. Kljath. Khti. KiSjin, on the Betwa,... Laroflah,* on the Betwa MnngAJti, has a brick f(^ UMnah, 3 kos from it isahighhiU, 1,224 8,140 29,756 12,196 69,152 168,000 1,440,000 668,600

10 10 70 60 20 20 700 8,000

Mahadpfip, 661 144,000

140

Sarkdr of Sdrangpur,

Containing 24 Mahals. Bwfurghdly 324,461 Dams. 21,710.

706,202 Btghas. Castes varioas.

Bevenue 32,994,880 DctfM Cavalry 3,125. Infantry

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D. 2 f

i 1 Oastes.

CQ o M w

48,602 800,790 790 230 1,600 ... Ohanh^n, D6dhi, (Dodhia). Akfaarp^, 80,094 170.610

 45 160 ... Various. A'grah, 7,852 472,362

100 2,000 ... Chaahin. BtjOptir prodnces the

finest qnality of betel

11,690 647,644

140 560 ... Eaohhi. Papliin,* ... 11,180 610,544

160 700

Eatb6r. Bb<5r^sah, ...

4,147 259,777

30 100 a. Varioas. Baj6p, 1,100 65,820 t 10 200 ... Do. Um&n, ... 721 40,841 26

100 .. Do. ''eawajp, ..i . 2,605 156,740

60 700 ... Kfijath. Talain, ... 48,056 1,800,700 27,826 150 600 ... Chanh^. ^jT'::: :::

113 6,027

100 200 ... Various. 6,047 877,352

40 800 Kachhi. S4nngpdr, with snbnrb.

district 2 mahals, has

a brick fort. 21,800 1,294,321 47,659 120 2,000 ... Chaubin. Sahir BiU HIji, 20,263 1,093,049

150 1,000 ... Dhand6r.*

> Var, G. and T. Karwilah. * Var. Didi. This is a Dodhia tribe in Manrir. Sherriog, III, 48.

* Var. and G. Biliin or Bailnn. T. Pil<5n. * Elliot giyes J)ha/ndSl to the name of a tribe of Hara Bijputs, I, 79.

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2M

BSghaa Biswas. Betenne D.

i 1 1 Castes.

02

s 1 S

Sondani, ... 9,448 484,889 106 2,000

Ghaxiliia. 86sii&, ... 121 64,876

26 800 ... Various. ShnjAapfip.

138,488 8,017,124 288,212 600 8,000 Ghanh&n. Karhali, ... 17,179 7,447,906 80,606 60O 2,000 ... Do. Klyath, ... 88,938 1,198,896 10,868 110

700 ... Do. K&nHar, ... 26,046 1,097,047 16,818 , ...

KarhaH, ... 288 17,262

26 200 ... Varions. MnJI^aiiimadpiir,

47,704 1,981,182

170 1,000 ... Aljiyah, Dharar,

Dndmiff) Kaug&ni, ... 69,472 2,766,488

4,882 200 1,600 ...

SarUr of Stjagafh. ContBomugid Mahals, 2S3,27S Bighas. IS Biswas. Beyenne 12,249,121 Ddms, Suyurghdl 8,574 Ddms. Castes varions. Gavalrj 1,773. In&ntiy 19,480.

Bighas Biswas. Beyenne D. 1. 1 i 1 Castes.

? B

^ r-^

02 o M H

Anjari, situated near

the Narbadah, 18,718 1,707,098

...

... ... BhO, indndedin Seordnah. Awin,^ San&war, here a

temple to Mahadeo, 6,821 290,848

800 1,000 ... U5har, Uy piit. Ablihattah,*herealake

called by the Hindds Saman,'...

4,919 226,677 ...... ... ... .. Bajput, 86-

bar, includ-

ed in Balk-

w4rah. Binhbang&of, 16,679 781,014 ...... 6 100 . SarsiTah,^ 3rahmsn.

BaUnHbvh, famous for

fine sweet musk me-

lons, 9,268 407,014

600 1,000 ... S<$har, Sijp6t. Brihman.

BanSdarah, 6,462 869,898

6 60 ...

* Var, and G. Anann. ' In the maps Utah.

Amlattah or Am-

Var, Bimsn. * Var. Barsiyah.

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805

Blghas Biswas. Eeyeniie D. 1 1

CaatM. Bikbangiov, bas a stone

fort ; here good horses

12,680 ^8,816

60 216 har. Ba^UttJ, near the Nar-

Iwdah; adjaoent are

am^ hills, 6,684 228,616 *. indaded in Balkwirah. Wjptt. Bfaiiyah,*... 9,870^8 86,600 * ; 60 ... Asabore mentioned. Badriya,* ... 6,880 84,298

 60 ... Rijp6t, Bo', har. Baog^lah, forest adja-

oent where elephants

aze hunted, 2,186 162,989

6 800 * BhQ. Bfr6r, 7,477 891,838 *. 6 600 ... Do. iftn,ontheK<$di;here

a krge temple to

>

Mahdeo, and a small

hill, ... 14,771 646,246 inch Seoi idedin *inah. a. BiHpdt, Bhfl, JsUUbad, with snborb.

district bas a stone

fort. 9,286 414,268

84 1,470 Bhfl,Btiial. Chamin, has a stone

ibrt, ... 17,91 648,994

100 660 ... Bsjpnt, Bo* Bijpat, 86. BeoUKhatOL,* 6,430 392,060 ... M

har, inclnd.

ed in Balk-

wirah. DeoliNarhatr, 8,286 98,669 6

600 ... BhlL SeoHbah, near the Nar-

badah, and a lazge

temple there, 18,074 627.207 . 800 2,026

 Bhfl,&o. ttihawi, good fannting

gronnd for elephants, ^wirah, has a brick 9,974 d63,819 .. . 24 650 ... KiJli Jort. 9,628 826,544

860 9,000 ... Bhfl. oangon ... ... 4,607 i70,210

6 260 .. Nahal, Karhah. Eari64, on the Narba-

aodasmaOlhin, ... 20,490 1,160,669 ... .. under BalkB<5hat.

wiiah.

> T. Balsia. 6. Bansjeh. * In the maps Bardiyah.

* Var. and O. Ghita: in the maps Ketami.

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206

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D. 11 ^ 5 S t Ctftei. Kharg6ii, has a fort,

stone below, brick

above, #. 14,526 768,194 50 600 ... n4rth.* E&nhpdr, ... 5,858 126,846

under Balkw&rah. Do. do. Kh6rgo^ 2,738 85,082 *

6 20 =*e^ Labrptir, commonly

Mnl^mmadpdr, 6,792 205,743

6 400 ... ^&, Lowiikoh,* 2,476 50,000

5 800 ... Bhfl. Mandiwarah, here a

large temple, 16,948 777,881 4,187 nnder Seorfmah. Do. Mah6i, near the Nar-

badah, ... 8,318 896,206

5 50 ... Bhfl,&o. Morinah, has a stone

fort, 9,211 866.902 6

70 . Biipdt, 86. bar. Niwari, has a stone fort. 9,779 408,164

.* ... ... BhiL Kangalwirf, 9,067 870,208

5 500 ... B4haL

Sark&r of Mando.

Containing 16 Mahals, 229,969 Bighas, 15 Biswas, Beyenne 13,788,994 Bdms, Suyurghdl 127,732 Ddms. Castes yarions. OaTaliy 1,180. Infantry 2,526.

qg

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 -3 Q i Castes.

& c8

A s

Amjharah, *... 896,400 8,806 60

...

Bar(5dah, ... 27,870-19 1,307,760 3,936 80 iso ...

Betmdn,* ... 7,780-12

656,556 8,750 60 100 .

Ch<5H Mah^sar, 18,183 968,370 10,500 70 200

Hifilpur, the vine here

bears twice a year.

and fine doth of the

kinds iimdn* and KTuf-

8ah are mannf actnred. 4,805-13 210,000

40 85 ...

Dhir, anciently a large

city, ... ... 88,660 2,079,806 86,864 120 150 ...

Var, Katiri. ' Var. and G. Lowirikoh. * Var, Patman and Bimin. G. Pnhnm6n. T. Biman.

Marked as donbtfal in the text

Probably At4n. SeeTol.1.94.

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207

Bighas Biswas. Rerenne D. \' 1 1 5 1 Castes.

do O w H

Dikkt^, ... 17,648 968,986

70 200

Dbsrmgio?, 8,018-11 916,442

... ...

8iiig6r, ... 12,807-14 683,084

60

160 ...

Suiisi, .. 70,670 8,097,190 29,696 300 600 *

K6trah, ...

2,393,871 886 166 800 .

Mindo, with saborb. dis-

trict, 2 mahals, 640-17 48,398 *. 10 60 ...

Maniwanh, 2,048-10 102,164 .. 20 60 *

Kaflcbah, ...

9,949-7 646,962 84,106 70 200 ...

Nw41, ...

224,608

45 100 *

SarJedr of Hindiah, ContsiDing 2S Mahals, Land under special orops 20 Jfa^oZv. 89,573-18 Bighas. 18 Biswas, Amount of revenue in cash from crops charged at q)ecial rates and from land paying the general higah rate. 11,610969 Ddms. Suyurghdl 157,054 Ddms. Castes yarious. GaTalry 1,296. Inhutrj 5,921.

!Tncli6d, ... AwalgiuJv, Amdndah, ... ... Bijnola, ... Bi^Ebah, ...

Balahri,* ... Cbakbodi, Cbampan^, I>ewii, ... Wi(5r, fiatwiis, ... Bamarnf, ... Srffongarh, 8e6m ... Khand6h& TslAmpfir, ... Modi, ... Mard4np6r, Himiwar, Naogiov, Himaa, Hindab, Hindiab with snbnrb. diitriot, bas a stone f Oft on tbe Narbadab <n a level pbun.

Bigbas Biswas.

69.496 414 892 606 873

2.319 317 188.249 383 971 776 160

22i632 367

18,207 1,187 1,160 2,964

6,164-16

Bevenne D.

2,037,877 422,947 21,834 44,418 26,261 826 168,876 20,350 6,718,000 25,641 89,080 62,116 20,494 2,260 1,298,581 19,443 460 946,467 79,264 76,162 146,044

860,061

1=

10,826

13,824

42,837 7,604

6,400

76,160

200 160 7 26 10 20 20 876 7 46 6 HI 60 120 7 60 25 80 14 80

40

600 200 20 100 100 16 80 100 2,000 20 160 40 660 600 600 20 600 100 120 66 100

160

Castes.

Tor. and 0. BaUUsi

For. G. andT. Se6U.

jitL

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208 Sarkdr of Na^airhdr} Gontaimiig 7 Jtfa^Ilff. 2,059,604 Bi^Acw. Beyenae 50,162,250 Bern SuyurgJuU 198,478 Ddm$. Castes various. Cavalry 500. Infantiy 6000.

Bbmb&:,* Sal^npdr Ka^arb&r, witk lab. dist. N6r, Namdrhi,

BIghas Biswas.

212,880 995,998 868 208,007 16,253 1,645

Bevenne D.

69,244,855 28,119.749 58,810

14,252,191 7?2,70 89,585

1 OQ

159,744 88,784

Castes.

Sarkdr of Mardsdrfi Containing 17 Mahals. Bevenne 6,861,396 Dams. 8uy4rgUl, 23,887 Ddms. Castes varions. Cavahy 1,194 Infantry 4,280.

Bighaa Biswas. Bevenne D. 1f 1 1 Gastei.

& 5 A s

Ayknfid, 716,858

80 250

Ses6dii. Aujanwis,

170,958

60 200 Ahir,Gond.

Bas&hirah,

515,400

80 250 .. Ses<$dii. Bodah, 255,062

65 800 .. Bijpnt. B^dii (Dodhia.) Baht<5r,

109,220

74

250

Ahir. Banlta^*

106,708

50 200 . Ahlr,Goiid. Bariodah,

90,970 727 80 100 Ghanbln. Bhathp6r,*

68,104

16 250

D^dia. Ttt, *. 1,600,000

160 250 ... Do. dow Telr6d, ... *... 600,000

80 220 ... Do. do.

JamUwarah,

619,759

80 200 * Sesddii. Seokherah,

46,090

50 800 ...

Ghiyi^pur, *.. 138,890

60 800

. Gond, Ahir. ^y4mp6r,

175,850

110 800 Deori. K(5ri,

303

50 500 *

Mar<586r, with suburb.

district, 2 mahals, ... . . 1,651,920 28,660 100 400 B^jpdt,

* Elsewhere. Kadarbir. * Var, and T. Bhiln^. Ner is in Khandesh Dist. lat. 20* 56' N., long. 74P 84' B. 14 miles W. of Dhnlia. * T. Mandessor. Var, Mards6r: in the maps Mandsor.

G. aqd T. Barlahath, Barleth, Bhenpiir.

Far. Barleet. Var. and T. Bhanahp6r. * T. Talbarod. G. Teerood.

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209

Sarhdr of OdgrSn, Containing 12 MahaU. 63,529 Bighas. Bevenne 4,585,794 Ddms,

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 1 9 1 Castes.

OQ o M w

ITrmil, ... .. 602,774 in money.

... ... ...

Akbaip4r,... a 62,500

... ...

Pknj Pahir. 21,899 1,573,560 * . ... ... ...

Jyat, ..,

222,640

. ... ...

Khtir&Ud, 17,186 646,000

...

... ...

Bwpfir, ... 9,716 28,730

... ., .

Sdnhal, ... 9,638 281,909 . ... ... ...

Sender, ... 695

81,929

...

...

GWti.

600,046

... ... ...

CMgnSn, with raborb.

district, has a stone

fcrt, ... ... 19,781 in money.

... ... ...

Nfmth<$r, ... 4,945 608,834

... . ...

Sarkdr of Kotri Pardyah,^ Containing 10 Mahals^ 190,039 Bighas. Revenne 8,031,920 Dams. Oaetes various. Cavalry 2,245. Infantry 6,500.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D.

1 i*

Castes.

00 o M H

A'86p, 42,220 1,733,927

250 700

A^igarh, ... 4,553 855,612

350 200 lUjput, Bew4r.* Ah<5r, 9,204 532,056

80 800 ... B6w^r. BanSdah, 20,224 923,667

160 400 ... Edjput, Sondhk. Dakdadhilii,* 13,381 4.58,144

125 400 ... Do. do. Sohat,

13,381 693,5S5

240 500 ... Do. Bewar.* Kdtripariyah, 2 mahals. 46,046 1,856,566

770 1,300 ... Kayath,with Bnburb. district.

Gangrir, 202,616 1,066,683

200 700 ... Eiljpnt, Sondh Sondhi. GboC ... 2,597 116,380

60 200 ...

* G. Kowtry beraneh. T. Konnry Paranah. In the maps, according to a note to the text, Kotli Pardwah. 27

Var. Dewdr and Deora. * Var. and G. harlia.

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210

.c 840. > 760. w 670. M 680. If 680.

Princes of MdlwahJ I. Five B&jahs of this dynasty reigned in snccession, 387 years, 7 months, 3 days. Ts. Ms. D. Dhanji, (Dhananjaya, a name of Arjon, about 785 before Vikramaditya), ... 100 Jit Chandra, ... ... ... 86 7 3 S&liydhana, ... ... ... 10

Nirvihana, ... ... ... 100 Putrdj, (Patra Bijas or Yansavalis without issue), ... ... 100 2 11. Eighteen princes of the Ponw&r caste reigned 1,062 years, 11 months, 17 days. B. G. 400. Aditya Panw&r, (elected by nobles. [Cotemp. Sapor, A, D. 191. Wilford.*]),... 86 7 3 Brahmahr&j, (reigned in Yidharbanagar), 30 7 3 Atibrahma,^ (at IJjain, defeated in the north), ... ... ... 90 Sadhroshana, (Sadasva Sena. Yisudeva of Wilford, Basdeo of Ferishta, A. D. 390, father-in-law of Bahrim Qor. revived Eanauj dynasty), ... ... 80 Hemarth, (Heymert, Harsha M6gha, killed in battle), ... ... ... 100 Oandharb,^ (Gardabharupa^ Bahrimg<$r of Wilford), ... ... ... 35

390. 360. 271.

191.

91.

* This line is flnppoeed to have been fnrnished from Jain authorities ; it agrees nearly with appendix to Agni Pormna, (Wilford). I have appended to the list the date of each prince, taken from the TJ. T. from which the above is quoted, for reference and comparison. S See Wilford's Essay on Yioramaditya and Salivahana, As. Res. IX. 117. ' This and the following name are relegated to footnotes in the text, the variants chosen, however, do not accord with other authorities.

* Under power of a ourse, in oonsequence of a crime, he was changed into an ass resuming his human form only at night. Hemrat, notwithstanding, gave him his daughter in marriage and she gave birth to Vikramaditya. Tieff. Wilford plausibly identifies this Vikramaditya with the Persian Yezdejird son of Bahram Gor, and adapts in ecmsequence a suitable ohronology.

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211

Tb. Mb. Ds.

86

100

1 60

B. G. 56. Bikramajit, (Vikramaditya. Tn&r oaste, 3rd of Wilfopd), ... ... 100 2 3 A. D. 44. Ghandras^n of the same raoe (possessed himself of all Hindast&n),... ... 86 3 2 135. Eharaksen, (Smya Sena, w. 676), ... 85 215. GhatarWt, ... ... ... 10 216. Kanaks^,^ (conquered Sanrashtra [Snrit and Gnjerat] founder of the Mew&r family, ancestry traced by Jain Ghronicles consulted by Tod, to Sumitra, 56th from R&ma), ... ... 302. Ghandrapdl of the same race, 402. Mahendrapal, 409. Karamchand of the same race, 410. Bijainand, (Yijyananda), ... 470. Mnnja, (killed in the Deccan, reigned A. D. 993, according to Tod). 483. Bhdja, (by Tod 667 A. D. The other two R&jas Bhdja, Tod fixes in 665 [from Jain MSS.] and 1035, the father Ud^ yati. K&lidds flourished),... ... 100 583. Jayachand, (put aside in favour of the following), ... ... ... 10 2 m. Eleven princes of the To^war, (Tuar) caste reigned 142 years, 3 days. Ys. Ms. Ds. A.D.593. Jitpdl, ... ... ... 5

 598. Rdn^Rdju, ... ... ... 5 603. BandBdju, ... ... ... 10 3 604. Rin4 Jaju, (Jalu, var. and U. T.), ... 20

' The text differhig from all other antiioritiee, has Gang. Wilford asserts on the anthoritj of the appendix to the Agni-pM/raxka that QKxira-cita in Bnndelkhand is the name of the metropolis of these princes metamorphosed into a king. The three names *SUa Kanaksen, he says, should be properly, Rama Chandrft who did not

reign, Chaitrapala who was elected after the death of Jayananda, and Maha Ohandrapala or Mahendrapala (p. 140) and shoald follow and not precede R^j4 Bhoja, (p. 166), in accordance with the Agni and Bhayishya-pnrana lists. His reason for the transposition most be taken on trust.

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30

60

212

A. D. 620. Rdna Chandra,... 654. Bdna Bahadur,... 659. Bte Bakhmal, (Bakhtmal), 664. BAe Sakanpil, ... 669. RieKiratpil, .. 674. R^ Anangpi], (rebnilt and' peopled

Delhi 791, Tod.), 734. Kn^warpdl, IV. Eleven princes of the Ghauh^n caste reigned 140 years. Ys. Ms. Ds. A. D. 735. Rdjd Jagdeva, ... 745. Jaganndth, his nephew, 755. Hardeva, 770. Basdeva, 786. Srideya, ^ 801. 815. 825. 834. 845. Dharmdeva, Bhaldeva, N^nakdeva, Eiratdeva, Pithuri,

866. Mdldeva, (conquered by Shaikh Sb4h &ther of Ala u'd din), ... ... 9 V. Ten princes redgned 77^ years.

10

10

15

16

15

14

10

11

21

A.D, 1037. Shtdkh SMh, (from Ghazni), 70

ft 1037. Dharmr&ja Slid, (Vizierduring minority of, 20

V 1057. A1& n'd din, sou of Shaikh Sh&h, -who pat

the Vizier to death. 20

> }> Kam&l a'd din, (murdered by, 12

M 1069. Jitpal Chanhin, ( Jaya Sing of Delhi and Lahore P 977, a descendant of Manikya

Rai?), 20

1089. Harchand, 20

l> 1109. Eir&tchand, ... ... ... 2

if 1111. Ugars6n, 18

> 1124. Snrajrand,

12

1 So all the MSS. tranBcribing blindly. The earn of Abal Faal's fignreB gives 19 9 years.

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213

Ts. Ms . Ds. A. D. 1186. Tipparaen, (or Birsen, dispossessed by the

following), ... 10

VI.

Eight princes reigned 206^ years.

A. I) K 1146. Jalal u'd din, (an Afghan), .. 22

>>

1168. 4'alam Shah, (killed in battle by, 24

>? 1192. Kharaks^n, son of Harsen (Birsen, emigrated to Kdmrdp, married the king's daughter, succeeded to the kingdom

and regained Malwah), ... 8

^Udayddityadeva, ^ r

Naravarmadeva, | uninscripti

99 1200. Narbihan. -i Yasovarmadeya, S3 ^ 20

Jayavarmadeva, p

Lakhan, <j i

99 1220. Birsal, ... ... ... 16

99 1286. Ptiranmal, 89

1268. Haranand, 62

99 1380. Sakat Sing, (killed at the invasion of

the following). 60

VII.

Eleven princes reigned 142 years, 2 months and 4 days

A. D. 1390. Bahddur Shdh, (king of Deccan, killed

at Delhi), ... some montlis. 91 1390. Diliwar Khdn Ghori, (viceroy of M41wah Ts. Ms Ds.

assumed sovereignty), ... .... 20

99 1405.

Hoshang Sh^, ... 80

99 1432. Muhammad Shdh,(GhizniKhdn, poisoned). 1 some ms. >9 1486. Sultan Mal^mtid, uncle of Hoshang, (R&n4 of Chitov Kumbho, presents

tankas coined in his own name, 1450), 34

99 1469. Sultan Ghiyd? u'd din, 32

99 1600. Ni^ir u'd din, (his son ShahAb u'd

din revolts). 11 4 3 99 1512. Matmud 11, (younger son, last of

the Khiljis), 26 6 11 19

KddirShdb, ... 6

The total giyes 251.

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214

Yb. Mb. Ds. A. D. Shnj&^t Khin, known as Saj&waU Kban, 12 Biz Bah&dar. In 1534 Malirah tncorporattd with Oujerdt kingdom ; in 1568 annexed as a province of Akhar^s empire.

It is said that two thousand, three hnndred and fifty-five years, fire months and twenty-seven days prior to this, the 40th year of the Divine Era', an ascetio named Mahahdh^ kindled the first flame in a fire-temple, and devoting himself to the worship of God, resolutely set himself to the consuming of his rebellious passions. Seekers after eternal welfare gathered round him, zealous in a life of mortification. About this time the Buddhists began to take alarm and appealed to the temporal sovereign, asserting thai in this fire-temple, many living things were consumed in flaming fire, and that it was advisable that Brahmanical rites should be set aside, and that he should secure the preservation of life. It is said that their prayer was heard, and the prohibition against the said people was enforced. These men of mortified appetites resolved on redress, and sought by prayer a deliverer who should overthrow Buddhism and restore their own &ith. The Supreme Justice brought forth from this fire-temple, now long grown cold, a human form, resplendent with divine majesty, and bearing in ito

^ Var, 8huj&wal. Perhaps Shuj&a dil. A note in Bemonlli sngg^estg that Tieffenthaler has drawn on a history of Milwah bj Niz&mi A. H. 910. (A. D. 1504-5,) for this list of princes. Its identity with that of Abul Fazl, and the fact of his having largely nsed the ^An for his geographical description of HindiiBt&n, famishes another and surer inference. This would be B. 0. 761, bnt the U. T. antedates the appearance of Dhanji or Arjan by nearly a century, (B. 0. 840) and places the time of Mahamah (sic.) the founder of the fire-temple " in early ages." The chronology is, of course, like the account, legendary. The rise of Buddhism occurred in the 6th century, B. 0. long before which the Yedic religion was in operation, in which Agni the god of fire was the object of almost as many hymns as Indra himself,

the Aqueous Vapour and bountiful giver of rain. The temporal sovereign to whom the Buddhists appealed, accords with Asoka's support of them. His age is about 257 B. C, and Arjun appears subsequently, but as this hero, with his five brothers, was miraculously bom in the Mahabharata the main story of which if assigned oonjecturally to about 1200 B. 0., his re-appearance may as miraonlously and conveniently be effected at any later time. It is more probable, howcTer, that the story has reference to some local religious factions which miist have existed at many places and times in India of which tradition, as in the case

of the Brahman Eum&rila, and the persecution of the Buddhists by his royal disciple Sudhanwan in the 8th century, has exaggerated the extent and importance.

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215 hand a flashing Bword. In a short space, he enthroned himself on the Bommit of power, and renewed the Brahmanical ohservance. He assumed the name of Dhanji and coming from the Deooan, estahlished his seat of goToimient at M41wah and attained to an advanced age. When Patrdj, the fifth in descent from him, died without issue, the nobles elected Aditja Ponwir his successor, and this was the origin of the BOTereignty of this house. On the death of Hemairth in battle, Gandharb, the chosen, was raised to the throne. The Hindtis believe that he is the same as Hemarth whom the Supreme Ruler introduced among the celestials in the form of a Oandharh^ and then clothed in huinan shape. Thus he became universally known by this name and prospered the world by his justice and munificence. A son was bom to him named Bikram^jit who kept aflame the lamp of his ancestors and made extensive conquests. The Hindds to this day keep the beginning of his reign as an era and rdate wonderful accounts of him. Indeed he possessed a knowledge of talismans and incantations and gained the credulity of the simple. Chandiapal obtained in turn the supreme power and conquered all Hindiist&n. Bijainand was a prince devoted to the chase. Near a plant of the Munjcfi he suddenly came upon a new-bom infant. He brought him up as his own

' A dass of demigods who inhabit the hetven of Indra and form the oelestial eixnr at the banquets of the deities. He appoan also in the lists as OaJidha-pdlat fostered by an ass, Qandha-ri^a or HoT' thoandgka, epithets of the same animal. Aooording to Wilf ord the Pandits who assisted Abnl Fazl disfigored the chronologj of the supplement to the A gni-prirana. Of SaUvahana and Nara-Yahana they made two distinct persons as well as of Bahrim with the title of Gor in Persian and Himiir, or the Ass in Arabic. Thus they introduced Him&r or Hemarth nd Gor or Gkuidharb and told Abnl Pasl that the former having been killed ia battle, his sonl passed into the body of Gandharb. The accession of YikraottditTa son of Bahr&m Gor is placed

hi the sapplement to the A.-pnrana and m the Sa^rujaya-mahdtmya, A. D. 4S7. In ^ appendix to the A. P., the accessMm of Aditya is placed A. D. 185, bat

in the Cumdricdc'hanaj A. D. 191 : the difference is 6 years which added to 437 or rather 486, will place the same event in 442, the date of the Western Chronologers. As. Bes. IX, 16875. ' Saccharum munjay a rash or grass from the fibres of which a string is prepared of which the Brahmanical girdle is properly formed. Mnnja wrote a geographicfil description of the world or of India which still exists under the name of Munja-prati-desa-ryavasthd or state of various countries. It was afterwards corrected cmd improved by Edj4 Bhoja, and still exists in Gujerit, Munja transferred the capital from IJjjain to Sdnitpura in the Deccan called after him Munja-pattana on the Godaveri. S<5nitpura (city of blood) was thus called because Munja was defeated here with great slaughter and lost his life. Wilford.

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216 Bon and called him by the name of Mtinja. When his own inevitable time approached, his son Bh6ja was of tender age. He therefore appointed Monja his successor, who ended his life in the wars of the Deccan. Bb6ja succeeded to the throne in 541st^ year of the era of Bikram&jit and added largely to his dominions, administering the empire with justice and liberality. He held wisdom in honour, the learned were treated with distinction, and seekers after knowledge were encouraged by his support. Five hundred sages, the most erudite of the age, shone as the gathered wisdom of his court and were entertained in a manner becoming their dignity and merit.^ The foremost of these was Barrnj, a second was Dhanpdl, who have composed works of great interest and left them to intelligent seekers of truth, as a precious possession. At the birth of Bhdja, either through a grave miscalculation of the astrologers or some inadvertence on the part of those who cast his horoscope, the learned in the stars in consultation announced a nativity of sinister aspect. They prognosticated hazard to the lives of such as sympathised with him, and

these to save their own, cast this nursling of fortune in the dust of destitution and exposed him in an inhospitable land. He was there nourished without the intervention of human aid. The sage Barraj, who at that time was not accounted among the learned, having recast his horoscope after profound investigation, foretold the good tidings of a nativity linked to a long life and a glorious reign. This paper he threw in the way of the Raja, whose heart on reading it, was agitated with the impulse 01 paternal love. He convened an assembly of the astrologers, and when the nativity was scrutinised, and it was ascertained where the error lay, he went in person and restored Bhdja to favour and opened the eyes of his understanding to the strangeness of fortune. They relate that when the child was eight years old, the short-sighted policy of Munja impelled him to desperate measures and he contemplated putting the innocent boy to

^ Wilford says that this is impossible as it would place Bhoja's accession in the year 982 which he considers to be more probably the date of his death, his accession occorring abont the year 918 of Christ. This must be Tod's third Bija of the name. I refer the reader to Wilford's Essay where he may lose himself at leisnro in the wilderness of conjectural chronology and encounter the numcrons phantom Vikramadityas,

Bhojas and Salivahanas that will confront him at every step. Dr. Hall shows (Joum. B. A. S. 1862 Vdsaradatta, Pref.) that there ia little foundation for this prince's fame as a patron of letters. Elphinst. India, 281, note. The names of the two pandits as given by Wilford are Dhanwanti and Bararuchi, and the number five handred is reduced to nine.

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217 defttL He entrnsied him to some of hia trostj followers to make away with him secretlj, bnt these ministers of death spared him, and concealing him, invented a plausible tale. On his taking leave, he gave them a letter telling them to read it to the lUjd in case he should inquire regarding him. Its purport ran as follows : *' How doth darkness of soul in a man cast him oat of the light of wisdom, and in unholy machinations stain his

hands in the blood of the innocent ! No monarch in his senses thinks to earry with hini to the grave his kingdom and treasures, but thou by %\xpng me seemest to imagine that his treasures perpetually endure and that he himself is beyond the reach of harm." The BAji on hearing this letter, was aroused from his day-dream of fancied security and brooded in remoTBe over his crime. His agents, when they witnessed the evidences of his sincerity revealed to him what had occurred. He gave thanks to God, welcomed Bh<$ja with much affection and appointed him his successor. When his son Jayachand's^ reign was ended, none of the Poqiwir caste was fcmnd worthy to succeed. Jitpal of the To^war caste, who was one of the principal landowners was elected to the throne, and thus by the vicisBitades of fortune the sovereignty passed into this family. When Ku^warpil died, the royal authority passed into the hands of the Ghauh&ns. During the reign of Maldeva, Shaikh Sh&h came from Ohazni and acquired possession of M&lwah and lived to an advanced age. At his death his son A14 u'd din was a minor, and his chief minister Dharm Rij 6M occupied the throne. As soon as J^ u'd din came of age, he rose in arms to assert his rights and put to death the disloyal usurper. Jitpal Chaohan, a descendant of Mdnik Deva' Chauhdn, who was in the service of Kamftl u'd dfn, under the impulse of malice and in pride of wealth compassed the destruction of his master and in the hope of gain, acquired for himself eternal perdition. Under the rule of Tippars^n,^ an intriguing Afgh&n, getting together some desperate characters as his

* Jajrananda aocording to Wilford, who giyes the next name as Chaitra or ijiep6X and identifies or confonnde him With Chandrapila, who, he considers, is rroneonsly placed before Bh<5ja in Abal taxi's list. He acooants him one of the Bany Yikramadityas among whom the htto of the era is not easilj recognised. * Manikya Rai, is recorded in the U. T. as the 18th in the list of the Ohanhin dynaatj at Ajmer and Delhi and afterwards at Eotah and Bnndi. He flourish28

ed A. D. 695, and founded Sambhar henee title of S&mbri B6o; slain by Moslem invaders under Abul A^. The Chauhins were one of the four Ag^cola tribes, Ghanhins, Parihirs, Sol^ki and Pramlira, said to have been produced by a oouTocation of the gods on Mount 'Abd. Tod. * The name is misprinted in the text through the misplacing of the diacritical points.

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218

abettors, laying an ambnBli for the B4j&, slew him while hunting, and assumed the sovereignty with the title of Jal41 u'd din. Tippars6n had married his son Kharaks^n into the family of the Riji of K&mrdp.^ The Bdjd, for his eminent services, appointed this adopted son his heir, and when the BAji died, Eharaks^n ascended the throne and to avenge his wrongs marched an army against Mdlwah and Adlam Sh4h was killed in battle. In the reign of Sakat Sing a prince named Bah&dut Shih advanced from the Decoan and having put the B&j4 to death, marched against Delhi and was taken prisoner while fighting against Sulfin Shah^b u*d din. From the time of Snlt&n Ghiyd? u'd din Balban (A. D. 1265) to that of Sultdn Muhammad son of Firoz SMk (A. D. 1387) no serious weakness in the imperial authority betrayed itself, but on his death the empire of Delhi became a prey to distractions. Diliwar Kh^ Ghori who had been appointed by him to the government of M&lwah, assumed independence. The Sult&n bestowed the government of four provinces upon four individuals who had been &dthful to him in his adversity. To Zafar Eh4n' he gave Gujerdt ; Khizr Kh4n was appointed to Multin ; Khw4jah Sarwar to Jaunpdr and DiUwar Kh&n to M41wah. After his death, the time being favourable, each^ of the four assumed independence. Alp Khdn the son of DilAwar Kh4n was elected to the succession under the title of Hoshang. It is said that his father was poisoned by his order whereby he has gained everlasting abhorrence. Sulfdn Muza&r of Gujer&t marched against him and took him prisoner and left his own brother Na^ir Kh&n in command of the province. But as he was tyrannons in conduct and ignored the interests of his subjects, Mtisa, cousin \A Hoshang, was raised to the throne. Sultan MuzafEar released Hoshang

* The text hwKdmHt, * Zafar KlUui took the title of Mnzaf far Sh&h. AcoordiDg to some historians both he and DiUwar owed their appointments to Firoz Shih. Khizr Khin was continued in his goyemment of Multan and Dip&lpur by Tim^ and acted as the viceroy of that oonqaeror. Within two years of the death of Ma^mud the last of the hoose of Toghlal^ he advanced to Delhi at the head of 60,000 horse and established the dynasty of the Sayyids in

1414. Malik BA}i of Ehindesh asserted his independence at this time * There is an evident omission in the text of a qoalifying word before the nnmeral, and the sentence is improperly assigned to the next paragraph. The S. nl. M. sappUes j^. The text is so obscure and confused that nothing bat a knowledge of the history of the times can guide a reader to the meaning of the incoherent narratiye. Gladwin is completely astray.

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219 bom confinement and despaicbed liiin to MiUwah in company with his own son A^mad Khin^ and in a short time he was restored to power. On the death of Mozafibr, he perfidiooslj marched against Gnjerat, bat meeting with no success, retnmed. On several subsequent occasions he attacked Saltan Alpnad of Ghijerdt but was shamefully defeated. On one occasion cunningly disguised as a merchant, he set out for Jijnagar.^ The ruler of that country accompanied by a small retinue Tisited the oararan. Hoshang took him prisoner and hastened back. While journeying together, Hoshang told him that he had been induced to nndertake this expedition in order to procure a supply of elephants and added that if his people attempted a rescue, the prince's life should pay the penalty. The prince therefore sending for a number of valuable elephants, presented them to him and was set at liberty. Hoshang was engaged in wars with Mubirak Shih son of Ehizr Khiu iceroy* of Delhi, with Sult&n Ibrahim of the Jaunpdr dynasty, and with

' Jijpdr on the Baitar&ni river in Orisaa, capital of the province nnder the lion Dynasty, the Gajpati or Lords of Elephants. This story oocnrs in the Tab. Akbari, p. 537, and in Ferishta, Vol n, p. 236. (Briggs, IV, 178). Peziahta's account is that in A. H. 825 (1421^2), Hoshang with a 1,000 picked cavahy disg^nised as a merchant set ont for Jijnagar, one month's joomey from Mihrah and took with him a nnmber of cream-oolonred horses, much songht after by the ruler of Orissa and stuffs of vari-

ous kinds, his object being to exchange tiiese for elephants the better to meet Sol^in Mmad of Gnjer&t in the field. On his arrival near Jajnagar he sent to inform the B&jah of the presence of his Qiravan and the prince arrived with a nimber of elephants to barter for the hones, or ready to pay in coin, as the need arose. The horses were caparisoned and the stuffs laid out for inspection, when, a storm of rain came on and the li^tniiig frightening the elephants, they trampled on the goods and caused great damage. Hoshang tore his hair and swore that life was no longer worth hav-

ing and at a sig^ial* his men mounted and attacked the R&ji's guard, and put them to flight. Capturing the R^ja, Hoshang discovered himself and excused his action on the ground of the destruction of his property. He then stated his object. The R&jah admired his audacity and 75 elephants purchased his own release. Hoshang carried him as far as the frontier and set him at liberty. On the lUja's return to* his own capital, he sent Hoshang a further present of a few more of his finest elephants in testimony of his gallantry. Hoshang returned to Mando which Sul^ A|^mad was beseig^ing and eluding an engagement entered it by the T&r&pdr gate Ferishta relates a similar expedition undertaken by Sul(n Shams n*d din Bhankarah of Bengal to J&jnagar about A. H. 754 (A. D. 1853) to obtain elephants (p. 296, Yol. II) which proves the reputation of that province for the superior breed or number of these animals. * He never assumed the royal title but styled himself viceroy of Timdr in whose name the ooin was minted and the Khutbah read.

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220

Sultan A(^mad of ihe Deccan.^ On his death, the nobles, in aceordaiice with his bequest, raised his son Na^ir* Kh6n to the throne under the title of Muhammad Sh&h. Mal;^miid Ehan, oousin of Saltan Hoshang, basely bribed his cup bearer and that venal wretch poisoned the Sultan's wine. The generals of the army kept his death becret hoping to place his son Mas^^d Khan upon the throne and they sent to confer with Ma^M Khan. He replied that worldly affairs had no longer any interest for him but that if his presenoe in council were necessary, thej must come to him. They foolishly went to his house and were placed in confinement, and by the aid of some disloyal mercenary partisans, he seized upon the sovereignly of M^wah and was proclaimed under the title of Sul^in Mahmud (Kbilji). Upon such a wretch,^ in its wondrous vicissitudes thus did Fortune smile and the awe he inspired secured him the tranquil possession of power. He waged wars with Sultan Mul^mmad son of Mubdrak Shih, king of Delhi, with Sultan Al^nad, king of Gujer&t, with Sultin Husain Sharki of Jdunptir, and with R4na Kombha^ of Mew&r. Khwdjah Jamal u'd din Astar&b&di^ was sent to him as ambassador by Abd Said Mirza with costly gifts which greatly redounded to his glory. Malt^mtid II (1512 A. D.) through his ungenerous treatment of his adopt-

* Ali^mad Shah. Wall of the Bahm&iu dynasty (142235). ' Var. Husain Khin whioh name Gladwin adopts. Ferishta oalls him Ghizni Khin. * He proved notwithstanding, the ablest and most chivalrons of all the Hilwah princes. This indignation is somewhat misplaced. Considering the nsnal road to an Eastern throne, this is innocence. * In the U. T. Kunibo, Tod. Knmbho. Gladwin Gownho. * This ambassador arrived with presents from Mirza Sal|in S^id 3rd in descent from Tamerlane who reigned over Transoziana and held his court at Bokhiri grandfather of Biber. He returned with presents of elephants, singing and dancing girls, Arab horses and anode in the vernacular composed by Mabmdd himself which Abu S^id valued above

aU the other gifts. Ferishta II, 254. When Abfi Safd was killed in JHlf. he left 11 sons, vis., Ai^mad, Ha^miid, Mul^ammad, Sh&hrukh, Ulngh, Omar Shaikh, Abu Bakr, Mur&d, Khalil, Omar, and Mirza. Four of these became sovereigns in their father's life-time, Ulngh Beg in Gabul, A|^mad in Samarkand,

Mahmud in Kunduz and Badakshan, and Om&r Shaikh in Farghinah. Tunas Khan king of Moghulist&n, gave each of these (except Ulugh Beg) a daughter in marriage. In A. H. 888 (14834) Kutlugh Nig&r KhiUiam, the daughter of Ydnas bore a son to Omar Shaikh whom he called B&ber. The genealogy from Timur is as follows : Aniir Tim6r Mirin Sh4h Mirza Sul^n Muhammad Mirza Sultan Abii S^d Mirza.

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221 ed followerfli feU into miafortune but was again reinstated in power by the aid of Sultan Muzaffiar SWh (II) of GujerAt (A. D. X611 26), Tbrongh his reckless bravery in battle he was taken prisoner by the Rkni (Sanga)* who treated him with generosity and restored him to his kingdom. He was again captured in action against Snlt4n BahMur of Gajerilt and conveyed to the fortress of Chdnpan6r. He was killed (A. D. 1626) on bis way thither and Mdlwah was incorporated with Qnjerit until it was conquered by Humaytin. When this monarch returned to Agra, one of the relations of Sultdn Mafemdd, by name Malld, seized on the government of Mflwah under the title of J^idir Khin. During the supremacy of the usurper Sh&- Khin the control of the province was invested in Shuja^tt Kh4n,8 who rebelled under the reign of Mm Khan and assumed independence under Mubdriz KhAn.

S. nl M. citojil/. The reference is teluidiBmiasal of hie Hmdu mioister Medni Bae and the R4]p6t troope to Thorn he owed his kingdom when deserted bj his nobles at the beginning of his Bngn. The loyalty of Mednl Bie, tboQgfa proved under the greatest trials, 4id not disarm the king's sospioions and le fled to the Coort of Qujerftt in 1647. * Sana Sanga (also Si^grim or Sinka) (A.D. 160& 1629) under whom Uew&t molted its highest prosperity, snooess-

foQj resifted Bihar at Biina in 1626. See Vol. I, p. 821. Sher Shih wai loeceeded by his second son Jalil Khin, ae laUm 8hih oormpted into Salim Bbih A. H. 952 (May 26th, 1645). On his death in A. H. 965 (1548-9) he was snoeeded by his son prince Firoz, then 12 yews of age who was placed on the throne by the chiefs of the hoose of S6r at Ghiralior. He had not reigned & %i when liabiriz Khin. son of Nisim Khin and nephew of Sher 8hih and loiher-in-]aw of Salim Shih, assassi^ his sister's son Firos, and assumed the lOTereignty under the title of Mn. banunad Shih ^fidil. The common people dropping the alif and adding a yd

caUed him 4dU%. Perishta (Vol I, p. 288,) adds'* and J^m from hi vnmt of capacity betook himself to the society of low and base companions and referred to them the highest affairs of State." At page 460 of Blphinstone's India (Murray, 1866, ed. CoweU) is a footnote to the name of " Adali " which runs thus. ["His ignorance and absurdity obtained for him the name of Adah ("the foolish"). Sir H. Elliot's Hist., i. 802)--Bd.] The responsibflity for this meaning apparently rests with Dom for in Yol. V of Dowson's Elliot, p. 45, is the following footnote. " The Mdkhaan i Afghdni says, this name was changed to 'AdaU' which Dom saya Bignifies foolish." Though the root JX* bears the meaning of 'deriation fiom the right way* this is by no means synonymous with feebleness of mind and * Adali,* as an epithet, does not meair "looliah.** I suspect Dom*s error i based on FeriiBihts*a wacda which I have underlined and which he haa severed from their connection with what follows and referred them to the nam. Perishta adds that the Afghin wits called him * Andhli ' for his ill-regulated

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222 On his death, his eldest son Bayizid succeeded under the title of Biz Bahadur until the star of his Majesty's fortune arose in the ascendant and this fertile proyince was added to the imperial dominions. May the robe of this daily- widening empire be bordered with perpetuity, and its inhabitants enjoy to their hearts' fill a prosperity that shall never decay. Suhah of Ddndh. This flourishing country was called Ehdndes, but after the captare of the fortress of Asir^ and when this province fell under the goyemment of prince Dknj&L, it was known as B&ndis} It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Borgdon^ which adjoins Hindiah to Lalanj* which is on the borders of the territory of AhmadnagoMr is 75 kos. Its breadth from Jdmod adjoining Berdr to Pal which borders Mdlwah is 50, and in some parts only 25 kos. On its east is Berd/r ; to the north, Mdlioah : to the south, Odlnah (J&lna) : to the wet, the southern chain of the mountains of Mdlwah. The rivers are numerous, the principal being the Tdli^ which

condnct, " Andhli being in the Hindi language * blindness.' " Accurate Boholarship is not looked for in a jest and the similaritj of sound will suffice for a pun, but it maj be remarked that *iindhli* is not admissible for "blindness" which should be andhla-pan or perhaps ' andhUU* Since writing the above, Dr. Bost has traced for me the work in which Dom has committed himself to this interpretation of 4^ili. It occurs in his tronslation of Neamat TJUah. (History of Afghans, Vol. 1, 171) " but, in despite of his usurped title, he was commonly called Adili (the Foolish)." A note refers the reader to Briggs' Ferishta. Vol. II, p. 144, which is, as I suspected, the passage quoted and underlined by me above. Briggs represents his original with freedom, but in the main, as far as I have seen, with truth. In this instance his paraphrase has misled Dom into an inference, probably not intended, but if intended, certainly incorrect.

^ It was ceded to Akbar towards tke close of A. H. 1008 (1600 A. D.) by Bah&dur Khan F&r6|d the last of that dynasty. See A. A., Vol. I, zxiii and p. 886. ' A combination of D&ny&l and Khin-

des, as ELhindes was named after Nasir u'd din son of Malik Baja the first of the F&r6^ dynasty. 8 T. and G. Pourgaon, Poorgong. S. oL M. Pdrgdo^. ^ Var, T. and G. Talang. T. has also Lelang. * Var. Tibi, M&U. T. passes by the name altogether, while G. has it, but strangely omits the Tapti. I find no mention of the T&li in the I. G. The Tapti rises in a sacred reservoir in the town of Multai. (lat. 2^ 46' 26" K., long. 78 18' 6" B.). The Prfmo, aoeording to the I. G. is one of its tributuies. The text has here P4m% but later on

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228 riaes between Beraar and Oondhwdnahy the Tapti which has its source from the same quarter and which is also called the Fitma, and the Oimi near Chapmh. The climate is pleasant and the winter temperate. Joufdri is chiefly cultivated of which, in some places, there are three crops in a year, and its stalk is so delicate and pleasant to the taste that it is regarded in the light of a fruit. The rice is of fine quality, fruits grow plentifully and betel leaves are in abundance. Good cloth stuffs are woTen here : those called Siri Sdf^ and Bhiraun come from Bharangdon, A'nt^ is the residence of the governor. It is a fortress on a lofty hill. Three other forts encompass it which for strength and loftiness are scarcely to be equalled. A large and flourishing city is at its foot. BwUnpw is a large city three Icos distant from the Tapti. It lies in latitude 21^ Wf and is embellished with many gardens and the sandal-wood also grows here. It is inhabited by people of all countries and handicraftsmen play a thriving trade. In the summer, clouds of dust fly which in the nuns turn to mud. Aadilahid is a fine town. Near it is a lake, a noted place of worship, and the crime of Baj4 Jasrat^ was expiated at this shrine. It is full all the year round and it irrigates a large area of cultivation.

' See A. A., VoL I, p. 94. ' It was captured by stratagem from its eponjmoiiB hero Asa Ahfr by Na^ir

Kbin FlMUd acoording to TieflPenthaler, bat the I. G. gives the date about 1970, in the reign of Malik Bij&. The story of Asa Ahfr is told by Ferishta. The fortress is situated on a spur of the Satp6ra range, height 850 feet from the lse and 2,500 above sea level. The three forts are probably the outworks embracing inferior spurs of the hill and commanding the approaches. TieflPenthaler says "elle est def endue par un triple mnr, muni par intervalles, de tours londes ; il faut franchir oes trois remparts pours arriver an sommet." Properly 21 18' 36" N., long. W W 26" E. It was founded by Na?ir Khia F&rW of Khindesh and called by him after Shaikh Burhan u*d din of Danlatib^ I. G. ^ That this name is an error for Dala-

ratha, I am convinced by the S. ul. M. which although it retains " Jasrat " adds the information that he was the father of B^ma Chandra, known as Bama. Professor Cowell of Cambridge has placed me under obligations for the following note : " Dafiaratha*s crime was committed in his youth when he unwittingly killed the hermit's son in the forests by the banks of the river Sarayfi in Ondh. The story is told in B^milyan, Bk. II, Sec. 63 (see Griffith's translation, VoL II, p. 243). He was cursed by the bereaved father and fated to be similarly agonised for the loss of his son in after years. I suppose these universally known legends are localised in different spots of India, like King Arthur's exploits in Cornwall, Wales and Scotland. The shrine of local celebrity in Khandesh no doubt claimed the glory of having been Daferatha's resort after his crime in order to expiate his guilt."

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224

Ohingdec^ it a village near which the Tapti and the Pimd unite, and the oonflnenoe is aooonuted a place of great eanotity. It is called OMkof^ Tirth, Adjacent to it is an image of Mahddeo, Thej relate that a hlind man carried abont him an image of Mahildeo which he worshipped dailj. He lost the image at this spot For a time he was sore distressed bai forming a similar image of sand, he placed it on a little eminence and adored it in a like spirit. By a miracle of dirine will, it became stone and exists to this day. Near it a spring rises which is held to bd the Qanges. An ascetic by the power of the Almighty was in the habit of going to the Ganges daily from this spot. One night the river appeared to him in a dream, and said, '* Undertake these fatigues no longer ; I myself will rise np in thy cell/' Accordingly in the morning it began to well forth and is flowing at the present time. JdmSd is a noh parganah. In its neighbonrhood is a fort on a bigb hill called PipaldoL Bdmarw? is a prosperous town. Near it is a tuik in which a hot spring perpetually rises and which is an object of worship. Ohopfah is a large flourishing town, near which is a shrine called EdmAtar at the confluence of the Qiffii and the Tapti. Pilgrinu from the most distant parts frequent it. Adjacent to it is the fort of Malh&mad^ ThMner was for a time the capital of the Fdrufei princes. The fort though situated on the plain is nevertheless of great strength. This 8ubah contains 82 parganahs. Scarce any land is out of cultivation and many of the villages more resemble towns. The peasantry are docile and industrious. The provincial force is formed of KSlia, BhiU and Oonds, Some of these can tame lions, so that they will obey their com* mands, and strange tales are told of them. Its revenue is 12,647,062, Berdri tanlcaTu as will appear in the statement. After the conquest of Asir, this revenue was increased by 60 per

> Var Ohiiekdeo. T. Taohanekd^n G. OhangdaTj. * Var. Ghikil. T. Tacheklitiret. Gladwin. Jigger teerat, whioh he renden ** the tiyer of adored places ! " a derivation more curious than tenable. ' Ohikil ' aignifiea mad, mire or sHrne. Chikar is no donbt ChCkar which has the same meaning, and the place of pilgrimage

may be called after the marshy chano* ter of the spot. Though not as holj ti the Narbada, the Tapti nererthlesi baf no fewer than 106 Hrths or shrines of pilgrimage on its banks. * Var. Amarti, Amemi, AmM, Damami.

^ G. MeloDga. S. ol M. Malki&d.

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225

eeot. Tht tankah is reckoned at 24 ia^iw. The total is therefora^ 455,294,232 Akbari d6aM> (Rs. 11^82,355-12.9.)

Sarkdr of Ddndes.

Omtaioing 32 'Mahahi, BeveBoe Tanhaha. Ikt, north of Barfaiinpiir, Alnii|*aoa(b, ... AaudwAt MHKb, by loaUi, AanahM* Bviogtov, east bj south, Pidirfrah/ west, B^^, west, ... Md^, sonth-east,* Kamies omitted in all M-SS.

Bihil, sooth, ... Bebdgiu>n* south, Bitiwad,^ soath, B4er * west by soath, TUu^uar, west by sonth, ... HiM, east, ... ilan^, midway between B.

1,060,221 2HM9 648,328 2,406,180 215,504 206,728 162,830 183,540 r 58,511 I 246,112 290,311 256,331 320,782 596,968 594,289 176,844 470,042

in money 12,647,062 Tankahs. Tanhahg Ohindsar, sonth, JakSd, south,

Gb^pMh,west, ... D4bc^ sonth, .. Dimri, west, Bilnw^r, west, ... B^npiir,* east, ... SiUxli, sonth, ... Sand^inii, between B. and W., AildilAb4d, east by south, . . . Lalang,**soatb, ... Loh&ri, south, ... Manjr6d, east, ... Nasiiibad, south Name omitted in all M8S ,"

198,900 817,206 730,966 815,326 825,800 883,665 820,971 430,008 104,764 627,228 862,644 247,966 104,966 824,925 316,888

In ancient times this country was a waste and bat few people lired abottt the fortress of Asir. The locality was traditionally connected with

' A note in the text disputes the aocu< nej of these fig^ures, which are perfectly correct, and proposes a miscalculation of itiown Tankahs. Fifty per cent, on 12,647,062 is 6,323,531

producing a total of 18,970,598 If Abnl Fazl's toUl of Akbari ddma be difidsd by 24, the quotient will result in 13,970>93 Taniaks. In the I G. Y I, 297, the knd revenue of EhAndesh under Akbsr, Giro. 1580 is given at Bs. 7,568237, and under Aurangzeb, 11,216,750. Bes Ephinstone's India (ed. 1866) note for the fluctuations of the value in coins. 29

T. and G. AtriU. Var. Anmaler. T. Anmalra. T. Bangora. G. Banjnreh. T. Bondbar. G. Poormal. T. Bancadgion. ^ Var, Beiwad. T. Beanvad.

 T. Matar. Var. Raspiir. Rattanpdr. T. and G. Ruttenpoor. * Tar. Nalang. >^ These sums give a total of 14,578,863 instead of 18,970,593. Gladwin's figures yield 15,546,863. The deficiency is probably due to errors of copyists or to omissions of income from other sources.

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226 AihwaUhdmd^ and established as a sbrine. It is related that Malik Udji from whom Bahddwi* is the ninth in descent, nnder stress of misfortune came from Bidan^ to these parts and established himself in the village of KarSndA^^ a dependency of Thdlnir^ but being molested by the natives, he repaired to Delhi and took service nnder Saltan Fir6z. The king admired his skill as a huntsman, and his reward being left to his own choice, he received a grant of that village^ and by jadicions policy acquired possession of other estates and reclaimed much waste land. In the year 784 A. H. (A. D. 1382), he made TMUiSt his seat of government, assumed the title of Aadil Shdh and reigned for 17 years. He was succeeded by his son Ghizni^ Eh4n under the title of Nafir Sh4h, after which this province became known as Ehind6s. He reigned 40 years, 6 months, and 26 days. On his death his son Mir&n Shah administered the state, fiy some he is called ^-^dol Shah. He occupied the throne 3 years, 8 months and 23 days. He was followed by his son Mub4rik Sh&h Chaukandi*' Sultan during 17 years, 6 months and 29 days. His son ^kdll Shah 4-yn4^ whose name was Al^san Khdn, had a prosperous reign of 46 years, 8 months and 2 days. He removed to Burhdnp^tr and made himself master of Asir.* Soltan A^mad of Oujerdt, the founder of AJ;^med4bad, gave him his daughter in marriage. At his death, his brother Daid Shah reigned for 7 years, 1 month and 17 days, ^kdiil Shah (II) son of Hasan^^ took refuge in Gujerat. Sulf^n Mil^mdd Bigarah^ Biji gave him in marriage ^iW^ the daughter of Sultan Muzaffar, (his son)

' See nnder Sdbah of Ajmer, in the description of Marw&r. * Bahadur Kh&n Firiiki, 1596 A. D. last of the dynaatj. * G. and S. nl M. Bandar. ^ G. Keerandeej. S. nl M. Girdpadai.

According to T., his father was Khiui Jah&n one of the ministers in the oonrt Ala n*d din Khilji and of Mnhammad Tnghla^. He claimed descent from the Caliph Omar called by Mnhammad " al F^ul^ " or the discriminator, on the day that he publicly professed his conversion, because on that day " Isl&m was made manifest and truth distinguished from falsehood." For an account of this, see as Suyuti's Hist, of the Cab'phs, my translation, p. 118.

T. states that he was given "les cantons de Thanessor et de Gacrond," ' G. Gharib, which name is also ft variant of the text. * S nl M. Gharkhan^i. 8 Var, Aya, Ab, Anyi. G. Jya. 8. nlM. I's4. * T. says that be fortified the place with another wall. * This is probably the correct name and not A^san as above. H For derivation of this name, see ToL I., 506, n. His twisted moustache was in shape like the horns of a cow, Bigaiab signifying a cow in the Guzeriti language. * S. ul M. ^), Eu^ayyah a more likely name.

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227 and accompanjing him to KhdndSs, restored him to his kingdom and returned to his own. He reigned 13 years. He left two sons, Mir&a Mo^panunad Shih and Mnbarik Shah. Salt&n Bahddor of Gnjardt being on terms of friendly alliance with the first-named^ made him his heir, and guardian to his nephew Ma^m6d and his own brother Mnb&rik. Mirdn 8hah, from a sense of their deserts, and with political sagacity did them no injnry and contenting himself with the kingdom Khdnd^ restored

Ma^4d to the sovereignty of Gujedtt. He reigned 16 years, 2 months and 8 days. When the measure of his days was full, the nobles raised liissonBaji to the throne. Mir4n Mnb&rik wrested it from him and reigned in succession to his brother, administering the government for 81 years, G months and 5 days. He was succeeded by his son Midtn Mnlt^ammad who reigned 9 years, 9 months and 15 days. When he died, his younger brother Bdja Ali Eh4n' was elected and assumed the title of Aidil Shih, His administration was conducted with ability and he was killed in the wars of the Deccan fighting on the side of his Majesty's victorious troops. He was buried at Burhanpdr, after a successful reign of 21 years, 3 months and 20 days. At his death the succession deYoked on Ehizr Kbin, his son, who took the name of Bah&dur Sh&h, But the star of his destiny was obscured and in the 45th year of the Divine era, he was deprived of his kingdom as has been recorded in its proper place.

^ Hii lister being mother of Mir&n Shih. S He married a sifter of Abnl Fazl. See Vol. I, p. xzxiv, and p. 886. The line of these prinoes aooording to the U. T. is as follows. (Compare Elphinst. India, app. p. 770). A.I). 1870. Halik Bija FidUlFi, reoeives Jl^ of Talner from Firos. 1899. Malik Naair or NasirKh4nF&r6^^ hnilds Bnrh&npdr. 1441. Miran Adil Khin FibW, expels Deocanies from Kh&ndesh. 1441. Miran Mnbarik Kh&n F&r^i; peaoefol reign*

1467. Miran Ghani or AdUEhUnFirdl^ I ; tribntary to Gnser^t. 1608. Daond Khin F4r<iti, tributary to Malwa. 1610. Arim Hnmajnn or Adil Ehin F, II, grandson of Gnserit king. 1620. Miran Mnhammad Kh&n F., sno* oeeds to Gnzehit throne. 1686. Miran Mnbirik Kh^ F., hrother $ war with Moghals 1666. Miran Mhf. Khan F., attack from Deccan.

1676. B4ja Allj Khin F. acknowledges Akbar's supremacy. 1696. Bahidnr Kh^ F. defies Akbar i is imprisoned at Gwalior.

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228 Subdh of Berdr. Its original Dame was Wdrddtaf, from Warda^ the river of that name and taf, a bank. It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Batdlah^ to Btragarh is 200 kos, its breadth from Bidar to Hindiah 180 ho8. On the east lies Biragarh adjoining Bastar; to the north is Hindiah; to the south Telingdnah ;* on the west Mahkardbdd. It is a tract situated between two hill-ranges having a southerly direction. One of these is called Bandah^ upon which are the forts of Odwilgar\ Namilat and MSlgafh. The other is Sahta,^ whereon rise the forts of Mah6r and lUmgarh. The climate and cultivation of this province are remarkably good. There are many rivers, the principal of which is called Gang Oautami called also the Qodaveri, As the Ganges of Hindustan is chiefly connected with the worslup of MahAdeo, so is this river with (the Bishi) Gautama, Wonderful tales are related regarding it and it is held in great sanctity. It rises near Trimhak^ in the Sahia range and passing through the country of Ahmadnagar, enters Berdr and flows into Telingdnah. When Jupiter enters the fiign Leo, pilgrims flock from all parts to worship.* The Tdlx' and TapU are also venerated. Another river the Pumd rises near Diwalgdony and again the Wardd issues forth ten kos higher up than the source of the Tdli. The Napta^ (?) also rises near DSwalgdon, In this country the term for a Ohaudhri is Desmukhf for a Kdning6^ Bda Pdndiah ; the Mukaddam is called Paftl and the Patwir, Kalkami.

1 Var. Patiilah. O. Pufcaleh, T. Paniila. S. ul M. SIah. Ab this province eorresponds geographically with the aooient Trt-Kalinga Gen. Canninghom thinks Telingdnah to be probably, a alight contraction of TriKalinga. See Ano. G^. Ind., p. 510. 3 Another name preanmably for the branch of tbe Satpnra mountaina on

which Gliwilgarb stands. * Var, Saha, Sahsia, Sahsi. In the Nsik Dntrict, aboat 50 miles from the Indian Ocean. At this spot is an artificial reservoir, reached by a flight of 90 steps, into which the water trickles drop by drop from the lips of a earthen image shronded by a canopy of stone. Its peonliar sacredness is said

to have been revealed by Bima hhmelf to the sage Gantama. I. G. 6 Once in every 12 yean, a great bathing festival ealled PntMcmram, is held on t^e banks of the Godaveri, alternately with the other eleven aaered fivers of India. The moat ftreqnented spots are the sonroe at Trimbok, Bhadiiohalam on the left bank abont 100 vdlm above lUj&mahendri, thie latter itsetf and the village of Kotipiti. Ibid. T Var. Pili. P4tL 9 The text marka the name as dMAftfol. B.tilM.Bin. See Vdl. II, pp. 4641. ChavO^ is the head man of a oaate, gnild or trade, or of a village.

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229

EUehpitr w lai^ otty ftnd tW oftpital. A flower riolet in colofur ii foimd her* aad is very fragnuxt. It is called Bh^pcm ehampahf^ mad grows diote to the ground. At the di0tBoe of 7 ^ is OSwil^ afoitross o( almost matchless fllnagth. In it is a apriog at whieh thej water weapons of steel. Pandr is a strong fort on an eminence which two sfcreasM surround ea three vides.

EhSrldh is strong fort <m a plain. In tlie middle of it is a smi^l hiU wbick is % place of worship. Four ko9 from this is a well, into which if tbe bone cf any animal he thrown it petrifies,' like ft ooime-ehell only imaller. To the east of this resides a Zaminddr named OhMwdfi wbe s mastei* cf 2,000 cavalry, 50,000 foet and more than 100 elephants. An(^her such Zwrn^inddfr is named Didhi BSo who possesses 200 eavalry, and 6,000 foot. To the north is Ndhar Edo a chief whose f oroe consists of 200 horse and 5,000 loot. Formerly in this neighbonrhood, was a Zaminddr named HaU&y hut now his possessions aro nnder <ither snbjecfaom and the whole race are Ootids. Wild elephants are found in this country. The chiefs were always tributary to the kings of Milwah : the first, te tte governor of t7af^, and the olAiers to the government of HinAiah. Nar%6lah is a strong fortress on a htU, containing many buildings. Bija Edo \b% Zaminddr in the neighbourhood who has a force of 200 cavalry and 5,000 foot. Another is Dungar Khdn with 50 horse and 3,000 foot : both of '3re hnd tribe. Kear Bdlajdr are two streams, about the herders of wMch are found various kinds of pretty stones, which are cut and kept 18 curiosities. Six kos distant was the head-quarters of Prince Sult&n }txcM^ which grew into a fine city under the naime of Shahpwr. Near Melgarh is a spring which petrifies wood and other substances ^t are thrown into it. Kallanif^ is an ancient ciiy of cofnsiderable importance ; it is noted for

1 At p. 91, Vol. I. the name is Bh4n Ckam^ aad is aaid to hare a peach oolonied blossom. The S. nl M. calls it Bktih Ohawtpah and adds " it grows also k Bengal ; it shoots from ih& gronnd Hilli IsaTes like ftbe ginger-plant and till fte raii^ season it oontinoes infgrowth sndisgnea. In the winter it witfaen tmtf and ^appears altogether." The word is properly Bhdm Ohampak, " The gh)iiiid Champak/' and is the Koampfe-

ria Botonda. The B. 1 M. has ^^ a (instead of ^^ ** a stone of the text) and adds " like a coum and is of that kind," apparently the tme reading. 8 A note says, historically J&tihi or J&twi. See Vol. I, pp. 309, 885, 867. * In the I. G. Kala^nh in W^ District. Lat 20** 26' N., long 78* 22' 30" B.

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230 its boffaloefl. In the yicinitj is a Zaminddr named Bahjeo of the t^ond tribe, more generally known as Ohandd : a force of 1,000 horse and 40,000 foot is under his command. Btrdgafh which has a diamond mine and where figured cloths and other stuffs are woven, is under his authoritj It is but a short time since that, he wrested it from another chief. Wild elephants abound. About Bdsim is an indigenous race for the most part proud and refractory called Hatkars : their force consists of 1,000 cavalry and 5,000 infantry^ Banjdrah is another Zamindari^ with 100 horse and 1,000 foot At the present time it is under the authority of a woman. Both tribes are R&jptits. Mahor (Mahur, I. O.) is a fort of considerable strength situated on a hill. Adjacent is a temple dedicated to DurgA^ known in this oountry as Jagadathd, Here the buffaloes are of a fine breed and yield half a man and more of milk. The Zaminddr is a Rajptit named Indrajeo and is entitled Bdnd. He commands 100 horse and 1,000 foot. Mdnikdrug is a remarkable fort on a hill surrounded by eztensire forests. It is near Ghandd^ but up to the present is independent territory. Jitawpur is a village in the Sarkdr of Fdthriy where there is a thii?iiig trade in jewels and other articles of value. TeUngdnah was subject to Kufb u*l Mulk^ but for some time past has been under the authority of the ruler of Berar. In Indore and Normal there exist mines of steel and other metals. Shapely stone utensils are also carven here. The breed of buffaloes is fine and, strangely enough, the domestic cocks are observed to have bones and blood of a black colour. A Zaminddr called Ohandnerif is Besmukh^ a man of most distinguished character and who has a force of 300 horse. Mmghar is a strong fort on a hill, enclosed by forests. Wild elephants are numerous. It has not as yet been annexed to the empire. Lundr is a division of Mahhary and a place of great sanctity. The Brahmans call it Bishan Qayd. There are three Oayds^ where the per-

1 Warangal was the anoient capital of this kingdom founded by the Narapati Andhras which was also considered to include the coast territory from the month of the Ganges to that of the Kistni known as Kalinga. No aocorate historical record of it oocnrs before the invasion of Ali n'd din in 1808. It con-

tinued with some intermptioiis nndar Hindn rule till its remains were incorporated in the dominions of KnU $Q|1> Bh^h the founder of the Entb Sh^hi dynasty, in 1512 with Gefaonda seiii capital. It was conquered by Anxnngsebinl688. I. G. * Var, JapahM.

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231 formance of good works can be applied as a means of delirerance to tbe flonls of deceased ancestors ; namely, Oayd in Behdr which is dedicated to BrahmOy Oayd^ near Bijdpur dedicated to Budray^ and this one. Here is alsa a rraervoir, having a spring in it of great depth, and measnring a hos in length and in breadth, and surrounded hj lofty hills. The water is brackish, but when taken from the centre or at its sides, it is sweet. It contuns the essential materials for the manufacture of glass and soap and saltpetre is here produced and yields a considerable revenue. On the summit of a hill is a spring at the mouth of which is carved Hbe figure of a bull. The water never flows from this spring to the other, imt when the 30th lunar day' falls on a Monday, its stream flows into the large reservoir. In the neighbourhood is a Zamtnddr called Wdilah of the E^jpdt tribe, commanding 200 horse and 2,000 foot. Another is called Sarkath, also a Rajput, and possesses 100 horse and 1,0C0 foot. Batialah is a fort of considerable strength on a hill, of which Pafdl Nagari is a dependency. In the sides of the hill twenty-four temples have been cut, each containing remarkable idols. The Zamtnddr is Medni Bdo, a Bijpdt, with 200 horse and 1,000 foot. Another is Kdrnjeo^ a Rijptit having under him 100 horse and 1,000 foot. This Suhah contains 16 sarkdrs and 142 jperganahs. From an early period the revenues were taken by a valuation of crops, and since the tankah of this country is equal to 8 of Delhi, the gross revenue was ^ krors of tankahs or 56 krora of ddma^ (Rs. 14,000,000). Some of the Deccani princes increased the revenue to 37,525,350 tankahs. In the time of Sultan Murad a further addition of 2,637,454 Berdri tankahs was made. The total amounted to 40,162,704 Ber&ri tankahs. The original amount and the additional increase were thus tabulated, the whole reaching the amount of 642,603,272 Delhi ddms.

^ The ' Howler ' an epithet of Siva or his inferior manifestation as a roaring tempest. * Amiwaa, see p. 17 of this volome.

^ This makes 16 ddms to the tankah. In the revenue statement of Khiindesh, the tankah is reckoned at 24 ddma. That of Gajerat > ^^ af a dam or 100 to the rupee of 40 ddms. Bajley Hist, of GnjeJtt, p. 6. If Prince Mnrad's increase bo added to that of tbe Deccani princes, the total gives 40,162,804 tinkahs. This nm moltipUed by 16 results in 642,604-

864 ddms. As 40 Akbari ddms are eqniyalent to a mpee, the above total represents 16,065,121 rupees. Under Akbar, according to the I. G. the land tax of Berdr was Es. 17,376,117. Under Sh&h Jehan, Rs. 13,750,000, and under Anrangzeb, 15,350,625, bnt the latter amount, taken bj Mr. E. Thomas from Manncoi, is g^ven by Tieffenthaler from the same anthoritj as 10,587,500. See his dissertation on the apparent inaoon* racies of calculation in the registers of the empire and their cause. Vol. I, p. 65.

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238 Bight perganah of the Saf^dir of KaXlam (Kalaml)) were annexed to Okdudd^ the revenne of which is not included, nor thote of 22 fHBrganahs ^t the Sgarhar of Kherlah, held bj Chitwi and some few otber

Sarhdrof Odwil. Contodning 46 pttrffonahs. Bevenne 134^666,140 dims. Svywrghdl 12,874,048 ddm$.

Sevenne D. Snjdrgbai

Thag^ov, Bevenne D. Snyurgh^ 8ab. dis. of EUioh-

6,600,000

p6r, has a fort of

Ohakhki,8(BBnjri8

tone and briok

and Gonds. 400

on the plain, 14,000,000 2,800,000

Oav. 2,600 Inf.)... 2,400,000 ... Ashti, ... 4,800,000 ... Darylipur, 6,400,000 ... ArtJn, ... 8,200,000 Dh4m<5ri, 2,718 640 1,118,540 Anji, 1,600,000 ... Ridhptir, ... 6,400,000

... AnjangAoi^, ... S,200,000 Barasgaov, 6,296,000 486,000 Karyit Bdbfl,l ... 604,000 ... Kabbah SedLU, ... 1,835,890 1,016.890 Biri, .. 114,368 82,868 Sarfl69, 4,8(X),000 Bah&dkaU,ft

8,200,000 SM6r, 840,000 *. Be4wad4,8 1,280,000 .. ' Kary4t Sh^rpfir, ... 48,000 ... BasranU; 700,000 60,000 Earh&tba Kiiram,10 2,400,000 ... Palaskh^r,* 960,000 1.

KhoUpur, 4^70,114 70.1U Karyit TUn, (100

Kiranja, Badhon^U

Oar. 2000 Inf.

2mdbal8, 4,800,000 (Jondfl.) 800,000 Karanjg&09,9^b4h

Bardr, ... 1,280,000

... Kherah, 2mahalR, 523,200 ... IgLa^bah Bab'g^?, ... 817,360 177,850 Kamargio^ 640,000 * P<5Btah,6 . 914,460 594,460 KAranjfi Bibi,* ... 4,200,000 1,400,000 Badhar&mani,^ ... 4,825,300 1,625,800 K6rhft,

4,800,000 * Te<58ah,7 800,000 Manah, 4,800,000 ...

> For. Bel, Banel. T. Bihi. * T. Bhahancali. G. Baharkal^. * Var, Be&daw4. * Apparently PaUsgarh of the I. G. * T. Bonssna. G. Boosnah. * T. Barn^rapai. G. Bnbhenmiy. Vgif. Badr&halL Babhar&ntL * T. Bot<5sBa. G. Betnaeh.

* Var, Jakdki. Jakhli. G. Jnghnoky. T. DjeaethL ' Var. Sal6d, and in one MS. BeTenoo 8040,000. ^ Var. Eharigdram, Earsikdram. Ktrmatkdram. G. Kehrjgurram. T. Oarnioooram. " T. Madh<Sna. G. Bmdhola. * T. Pafci, G. Am7.

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233

Hanbah,! MInjarkher, Milkh^r, Kuig1<$r,(Maiigr61)S Kfirjbi,

Bevenne

800,000 6,400,000 480,000 2,800,000 4,800,000

Soyurg&hl D.

Nandgion Pi(h, Nnodgto^, Parganah Nir, HatgAov,

Bevenae D.

6,638,826 3,200,000 3,200,000 1,600,000

Snjurghil.

233,826 1,600,000

Sarkdr of Panar, Containing 5 Parganahs. Bevenue 13,440,000 Dams. Revenue

8ab. dift. of Pan&r, has a lofty tone fort, Bnrroiinded on 8 rides by water, ... 4^000,000 Sewanbarh^ Kint Barh&, ... 640,000 Bfid, 10 horsemen, 400 foot, 1,600,00

Kh^jhari, 100 horsemen, 400 foot, Rjp<it, M&ndg6o9 Karar, 25 horse, 400 foot Bijpdt,

Revenue D. 2,400,000 4,800,000

Sarkdr of Kherlah. Containing 35 Parganahs. Bevenne 17,600,000 Dams. Revenue

Atn^r,3 has a stone fort on the plain. Rijput, 100 horse, 2,000 foot, ... ... 3,200,000 Ashtah,Jiti? ... ... 160,000 Patau, ... ... 1,200,000 Bh^sdahi, Rajput, 100 horse, 2,000 foot, ... ... 1,600,000

Ban5r, Chandji Mili(?) 20 horse, 600 foot, ... ... 2,800,000 Basad, (Misad), Brahman, Gond, 10 horse, 100 foot, .. 480,000 Faoni, Bajput, 40 horse, 600 foot, ... ... 400,000

Suburb, dist. of Kherlah, Rajput, Loh&ri, Gond, 50 horse, 2,000 foot, .. S&tner, Atner 2 mahals, Gond, 100 horse, 2,000 foot, S&inkherah, ](JLa9bah Jar6r, ... Mandoi,^ Brahman, Gond, 10 horse, 100 foot, Mtiltii, Durgah,^ Narangwari,^ Maldbil,

Revenue D.

3,200,000 1,600,000 2,000,000 480,000 480,000

* G. Myna, T. Manrfr. ' Apparently an emendation in the text. T. and G. have Maglor, Munalore. Tor. Peti. Tappah. G. Tuppeh.

 G. and T. Amner. 30

* T. Mandoli. G. Mundonry. Var, Dadgah. Dukah. Nanakwiri. Manikdari. G. Do. T. Tanekbari.

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234

m\6i, Hangah, Sewah, Jmkh^r, B^wali, Sini,... ChakhU, W41dah,

Rerenne D.

Biri,... WAigio?, Deo thinah, Biri, .. SaMi,

Rimjok, JaQ&bak,^ Jom&r,^ Habiyipiir,^

Rerenne

Sarkdr of Narndlah, Containing 34 Parganahs, Revenue 130,954,476 Dams. SnyurgUl 11,038,422 Bdim.

Bevenae Snyurgh&l.

Eevenne Snyiii^hil.

D. D. DhAr<5r, D. D. Ankdfc, 6,470,066

70,066 1,200,000 Adgion, Dogar,

Dh^ndd, 5,600,000 ... Gond, 60 horse,

Eohankher, 2,000,000

2000 foot, 8,000,000 Rdj6r, 1,000,000 62oi0W Amner and Jalpi, 2

Sheola,7 640,000 ... mahals, 4,800,000 Sh^rpur, 48,000 ... Aiig61ah, 11,200,000 Karankh^r, 2,400,000 800,040 Bslapur, 22,000,000 8,800,000

Kothal. 1,409,000 209,000 Panjar, 2,000,000 ,,, K6thli, 640,000 .Bdrei TnkU,6 ... 2,864,000 ,., Mang4on,9 4,800,000 ... Pigalgdov, 2,400,000 ... Mah^n, 600,000

280,000 P^tar Shaikh Bbii 3,700,000 600,000 Malklpiir, 11,200,000 ... ](a?bah Barig&o^,... 1,600,000 640,000 Melgarh, (from pro-

Patarrah, 8,342,500 1,262,500 ceeds of road tolls

Banbahar, 1,568,000 618,000

or safe-oondQot

Badn^r BhiSli, ... 2,764,450 364,462 passports. 94,360 ... Badner Kinka,* ... 4,813,700 13,800 Karyfet IUj6r, ... 400,000 170,366 Jalgao9, 10,000,000 2,000,000 Niddrah. (Nindd-

Jaipur, 400,000 rah).10 1,200.000 ... Ch4nd6r, 4,887,000 87,000 ^a9bah Hatgo&9,ll 1,500,000 300,000

* Far. and T. Kenaur. * Var. Hatdpak, Han&mak. Halbitak. Jan&nak. T. Jinak. ' Chamar. G. Chopar. * Var. and G. Hdmiyanpr. T. Panabakhi. G. Partahkulsy. * T. Ganga.

^ Var, and T. Seuola. Var. Maigion. Mahagioi?, Maligio^ J. and Var. Mahfr. * T. MadArodra. G. Madroodreh. " T. Nitgnon. G. Hastgiou Fflf. Hastgio^, Bfstgao^.

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235

Sarhdr of Kallam (Kalamb), Containing 31 Parganahs. Revenue 32,828,000 Ddms in money.

Bevenue

BeTonne

D.

D. I'nd6ii, .. .. 1,200,000 Kafbah Kallam, 600,000 Dmrfoti.

... .. 1,200,000 KhelipCir, 1,200,000 I'm.'... ... . 1,600,000 lMkh6t. 1,600,000 Wiak, . 8,600,000 N4igi09, 960,000 BAri,... > .. 1,200,000 Naohangio^Y 640,000 im,

... .. 2,800,000 TtiiitLolUW,8 ... 128,000 hSgi^ ... 100,000 Tark Chluidi,4 (in the poasea-

mghf, Waigioy, . 4,800,000 sion of a Zaminddr),

Wiigw. .. . 1,600,000 MalWri,

Migio?, ... . 200,000

Chanddr,

Sflor, ... . 8,200,000 Lahab&tf,

Utht, ... . .. 960,000

Sarhdr of Bdsim. Containing 8 Parganahs. Revenue 32,625,250 Ddms in money. Suyurghdl 1,825,250.

Aondah, Suburb, diat. of B4rim, Bajpdt, 100 hone, 1,000 foot, B4thf,

Bevenue D.

4,864,000

8,161,250 2,400,000

Snydrgahl D.

64,000 161,260

Chir Thinah, Kalambnh "Sin, ... Karari and B4mni,B Ifangldr, Ifarai,...

Berenne D.

4,800,000 8,200,000 1,200,000 8,200,000 4,800,000

Sayiirgh&l D.

1,600,000

Sarhdr of MdJwr, Containing 20 Parganaha. Revenue 42,885,444 Ddmt in money. Suyurghdl 97,844 Dams.

Bevenne Bevenne

D. D. AMingah, ... ... 960,000 Fnsihfi ... ... 4,000,000 AmarKher, ... ... 6,400,000 TAmsi, ... ... 2,177,844 T. Bni. G. Jyni. in one MS. Two other have, Bark T. Baigaott. G. Banygong. Oh4nd. Bark Hind. G. Barkehond. T. ' T. Nobat-Lokar. G. Nonittowhiri. Narectchand. 7^. NonitolohM. No44loh4ra. * Vmr, and G. Damni. * Doabtfal. This aentence found only T. and G. Bonsaa, Booaeh.

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236

Bevenne

RefeniM

D.

D. Chakhni,! 8,200,000 Se6m,8 64,000 Chikjh<5U, 2,400,000 OanSli, ... 8,200.000 Suburb, dist. of MAhdr, with

Khen<5(, ... 1,300,000 KMbah, of S6rah,t Su^-

Koralh, ... 480,000 9fcaZ 97,844^ ... 8,680,000 M^ttM ... 2,400,000 Dhirwah, 2,400,000 Mahgiov, ... 1,600,000 Dhftnki, 820,000 NliucULp^,B ... 2,000,000 SewiUiiy . ... 2,400,000 Hald Badhon4,6 ...

Barkdr of Madiknrug, Containing 8 Parganahs. Beyenne 14,400,000 Ddma in money.

Bahiwal, Bh&u, Gh&nd6r, Jiir, ...

Bevenue

D.

8,400,000 RijiJr, 2,000,000 Kara(b, 2,400,000 Nfr, ... 1,600,000

Berenne D. 2,400/)00 2,000,000 1,600,000

Barhdr of Pathri. Containing 18 Pargancihs. Revenne 80,805,954 D&ma in money. Buy^ryhdl 11,580,954 Mma.

Bevenue Suyfirghil

Bevenue Suj^ighfl

D. D.

D. D. Ardh4piir, 1,600,000 ... Jahri,... 1,600,000 400.000 Suburban district of

8e61i, ... 8,600,000

1,200,000 Pathri, 26,114,740 6,014,740 K68ri,... 8,200,000 ... Parbani,7 8,000,000

L^hg4o9, 4,800,000 1,600,000 PiLuohalgao^, 2,000,000

Makat Madhkher,!! 2,400,000

Balhdr, 2,400,000

Mfttargiov, 480,000 leo^ooo Basamt, 11,200,000

Nand^r, 6,871,208 471,209 Bttr,8... 160.000

Wae^,... 400,000 ... T4nkali, 640,000

H4A 1,200,000

240,000 Jant6r,lO 3,600,000 1,200,000

Var, and T. ChakhU. G. Jughely. * Var. and 6. DahB6r and Siirah. T. Sorli. G. Sooretj. Var. Seorli, Surati. * Var, Manth. Kahanth. G. Mahenteh. In maps Se^h, (note). Var. Niwp6r, NWipur. T. Nayp(ir. G. Nadapur.

* Var. Honi Haldand. Haldboia. Haldand Nauna. G. Huldbota. * G. Burree. T. BaraL Vur. Parti. * Var' Biror. ' T. and G. Bfcnoali, Bungallj. >* T. Tachetor. G. Ohitore. '' For. H. Badhkb^r.

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237

Sarkdr of Telingdnah. Containing 19 Parganahs. Bevenne 71,904,000 Dams in money. Suyurghdl 6,600,000 Dams.

Bevenae Eevenae

D. D. rnAJr, 4,800,000 Karj^ KhncULwand Khin, ... 640,000 Uhh, 800,000 Dhakwdr, ... ... 96 B4aan,l Suy^^uU 4,400,000, 8,000,000 Uj6r,8uykrghdlBOOfiOO ... 1,600,000 mmt, B^M^ghdl 400,000 ... 1,600,000 K6tglr,* auy4rghdl 1,000,000, 2,200.000 Bhi88,8

6,400,000 Kharkli, ... ... 6,400,000 Bllb^di, 6,400,0Q0 Kosampaltah, ... ... 664,000 Bimgal, 2,400,000 Lfihgio^ ... ... 11,200,000 lBor,8 8,200,000 Madh<51, ... ... 6,400,000 BIAap, 1,600,000 Narmal, ... ... 6,400,000 ftfinu, 1,600,000

8arMr of Bdngl iar (Bdmghar), Containing 5 Parganahs, Revenue 9,600,000 Ddms in money.

Revenae Bevenne

D. D. Bil*rab, 800,000 Khandwah,B ^. ... 2,240,000 8obQb. dist. of Bamgbar, ... 2,560,000 M6lMarg, ... ... 800,000 Chfcdr, 8,200,000

Sarhdr of MahJear, Containing 4 Parganahs, Bevenne 45,178,000 Ddmis in money. Suyurghal 376,000 Ddms, Bevenne

Suburban distriot of Mahkar, 7 diTinons,

D. 2,660,000 7,200,000

D^walg&o?, Sakkar Kh^rlah, Suy4rghal 876,000, Sarhdr of Batidlah^ (PitdlwdH). Containing 9 Parganahs, Revenue 19,120,000 Ddms. Suywrghal 4,800,000 Ddms. Bevenne

D. 400,000 40,000

BatUlabS B&ri, Ch&nd<5ri

Bevenne D. 5,600,000 6,776,000

Bevenne D. 1,200,000 1,280,000

* For. Btiran. ' Tar. and G. BbfldL T. Bb&nsl * For. and G. P6nori. * For. T. and G. Kapk6t, Garkdt. for.andG. Kandhad.

Var, G. and T. Maig M<S1. G* Snmmemj. T. Sehamarli.

 G. Pnttyaleh. T. Paniala. Var, Ab4dn. At4w4n. G. Atawan. T. Abav&n.

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238

HeTenoe

D. Qedni, ... 640,000 Sindlad Birah,S ... 1,600,000

Beyenne D. Chakhb*, ... ... 2,000,000 DahW,l ... ... 4,800,000 Dahiw&f, ... ... 2,600,000 This province was dependent on the ruler of the Deccan. During the reign of Sult&n Ma^dd, five Sarddrs rebelled and kept him under restraint, and the sovereignty was assumed by Fa(^ u'l lah who had held the office of Im^ u'l Mulk.^ He ruled but four years. At his death, his son AU u'd din, took the same title and reigned 40 years. His son Daryd Kh&n succeeded, and enjoyed the government for 15 years. After him, his son, Burh&n a minor, was raised to the throne, but the nobles perfidiously usurped the administration, till Murtaza Niz&m u*l Hulk conquered and annexed the country to Ahmadnagar.

Suhdh of Oujdrat (Ouzerdt), It is situated in the second climate. Its length from Burhdnpur to

ror. T. and G. Dahi. * Far. Dahfewar. * G. Sownlapara. T. Salvar Bara. * |miul a'l Mnlk one of the oldest of the Bahmani ministers had been appointed to the government of Berr by Muhammad Shih n of the Bahmani djnasty (A. D. 14631482) nnder the advice of his prime minister Ma^mdd Giiwan, to whom this dynasty owed its splendour, and which perished at his death. Ma^mild II (A. D. 14821618) for a period of 87 years was content with the nominal sovereignty leaving the real power in the hands of K'asim Band and his son Amir, the founder of the Barid Sh4hi dynasty of AJ|>med4b&d. The Bahmani kingdom was now broken up into five independent sovereignties, via., the Barfd Shahi, the Aidil Sh&hi of Bijipur, the Kiz&m Shahi of Abmadnagar, the Ku^b Shihiof Ooloondaand the fm&d Shilhi of Ber&r. Imid u'l Mulk, in the general anarchy seised the government which had been eatrosted to him and declared his independence in A. D. 1484. The

succession is thus given in the U. T. A. D. 1484. Fath tt'l lah Bahmani, gor^nff of Berir, became independent . AU u'd din, Im&d Shih, fixed hii capital at (Hwel. 1628. Darya Imid Shih, married bis daughter to Hasan Nisam Shih. . Burhin Imild Shah, deposed by his ministers. 1668. Tufal, whose usurpation opposed from Al^madnagar and family

of Imild Sh&h and Tuf il extinguished. In the appendix to Elphinstone's Hist, of India, (Edit. CoweU 1866) the dates are as f ollo?rs :^ A.D. Fatah iniah, ... 1484 Aliu'ddfn,... ... 1604 Derya (about), ... 1629 Burhn (perhaps), ... 1660 During the minority of Burhin, his prime minister, Tuf 41 usurped the gotermneat and the State merged in that of Ahmadnagar in A. D. 1572 A. H.

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239 Je/ga^ is 302 ho8 ; its breadth from Jal6r to the post o! Damarfi 260 kosy and from Edaf^ to Kambhdyat (Cambay) 70 kos. On the east lies Khdndes ; to the north Jalor and Ed(vr ; to the south, the port of Daman and Kambhajat, and on the west, Jagat which is on the seashore. Mountains rise towards the south. Is is watered by noble rivers. Besides the ooean, there ore the Sdbarmatti (Savamamati), the BatraJc, the Mahendri^ the Nar* laddhy the Tapti^ the Sa^aswoH, and two springs called Oangah and Jamnah. The climate is temperate and turning the sandy character of the soil prevents it from turning into mud in the rainy season. The staple crops are Jowariy and Bdjrahy^ which form the principal food of the people. The spring iiarvest is inconsiderable. Wheat and some food grains^ are imported from Udltoah and Ajmer, and rice from the Deccan. Assessment is chiefly by nloation of crops, survey being seldom resorted to. The prickly pear is planted round fields and about gardens and makes a goodly fence, for this reason the country is difficult to traverse. From the numerous groves of mango and other trees it may be said to resemble a garden. From Pattan^ to Barodah which is a distance of a 100 koa, groves of mango yield ripe and sweet fruit. Some kinds are sweet even when unripe. Fine figs grow here and musk-melons are delicious in flavour both in snmmer and winter, and are abundant during two months in both seasons. The grapes are only moderate in quantity : flowers and fruit in great plenty. From the thick growth of forest sport is not satisfactory. Leopards^ abound in the wilds. The roofs of houses are usually of tiles and the walls of burnt brick and lime. Some prudently prepare the foundations of stone, and of considerable breadth, while the walls have hollow spaces between, to which they kave secret access. The usual vehicles are two-wheeled drawn by two

 Dwarka in KAthiaw&r. Lat. 22 14' 20"N.,andloiig.696'B. ' The Portngnese town and settlement on the Golf of Cambay, lat. 22*'25'N., long. 72 53' B. Lat. 23 SC N., long. 73 4' B., 64 miles N. B. of Ahmed&bid, traditionally Imown as Ildrug. * Tanicvm Bpicatwm. * For ^j^ Gladwin and the S. nl M. 'oad >^ barley. . I. G. Anhilwira Pattan, lat. 23 51' 30" N., long. 72 10' 30" E. on the Sara-

Bwati, one of the oldest and most renowned towns of Gujarat. * The term Jyi is employed in A'^n 27 and 28 Vol. I, (Book II) for leopards generally incIndlDg the hunting leopard, (P. Jnbata), being used indifferently with the common name for the latter, chitd. The jP. Juhata is said to be a native only of the Deccan, but as Akbar hunted and caught leopards in the neighbourhood of Agra, and trained them to take deer, it would seem that the ordinary panther (F. Fardus) is capable of such training.

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240 oxen. Painters, seal-engravers and other handicraftsmen are ootintlett. They inlay mother-o'-pearl with great skill and make beantifnl hoxes and inkstands. Stnfb worked with gold thread and of the kinds Ohirahf Folah} Jdmahtodr, Khardy and yelyets and brocades are here skilfollj mannfactured. Imitations of stnfEs from Turkey, Europe, and Persia are also produced. They make likewise excellent swords and daggers of tiie kinds Jamdhar^ and Xhapwah, and bows and arrows. There is a brisk trade in jewelry and silver is imported from Turkey and Ir4^. At first Pattan^ was the capital of the province, next Ohampdn^ and

at the present day, Ahmaddbad, The latter is a noble city in a high stato of prosperity, situated on the banks of the Sdbarmatti. It lies in latitude 25^.^ For the pleasantness of its climate and its display of the choicest productions of the whole globe it is almost unrivalled. It has two forts, outside of which are 360 quarters of a special kind which they call Tordhy^ in each of which all the requisites of a city are ta be found. At the present time only 84 of these are flourishing. The city contains 1,000 stone mosques, each having two minarets and rare inscriptions. In tbe BaMdbdd Porah is the tomb of Shdh Adlam B6khdr%> Bafwali^ is a

> See p. 49, (note 2) Vol. II, Book III, and pp. 9896 of Vol. I, B. I. Chirah is a parti-coloared clofch ased for turbans. Jdmawdr, is a kind of flowered woollen BtnfC, well known, Khdrd an undulated silk oloth. See p. 110, Vol. I, Book I. * Of Buooessive dynasties of Rijpiit kings from 746 to 1194 A. D. Ghampdner was taken by Ma^miid (Bigarah) of Ahmadib^ after a siege, it is said, of 12 years and was made his capital and continued to be that of the Gujar&t kings till about 1560 A. D. I. G. Lat. 28** 1' 45" N., long. 72 38' 80" B. The Emperor Aurangzeb hsid a different opinion of its olimate and called it among other abusive epithets, Jahannumabid or the Abode of Hell. See Bayley, p. 91. A quarter or ward of a town, having its own gateway. The I. G. has pol and describes it as a blook of houses varying in size from small courts of 5 or 10, to large quarters of the city containing as

many as 10,000 inhabitants. The laigs blocks are generally crossed by one main streel with a gate at each end and subdivided into smaller blooks each with its separate gate branching off from the chief thoroughfare. See Vol. I, p. 547 and Bayley's HUt. of Gujarat. ' The text has Fatwah, the variant Batwah being relegated to the notes, hut the best authorities concur in the Isttor reading. For Ku^b-i-Aalam, see Bsyiey, p. 128, and Briggs' cities of Gujarasbtra, p. 292. Regarding the lithoxyle over the tombi Briggs writes that one of the

legends given him concerning it is that Ku(b-i-Ailam on a journey to his masjid tripped against a stone and piokingit up, said, ** Can this be stone, wood or iron ?'* and the combination ensued. Avisitor who had preceded Briggs on a visit to this place wrote to him as follows : " The size mentioned by Abul Fazl is correct. The stone is not now on the sepolobre

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241 village 3 kos from Ahmaddbdd where are the tombs of Kufh-t^Adlam father of 8hdh Adlam, and of other eminent personages. In the vicinity are fine gardens. Over the tomb is suspended a covering of abont the measure of a cnbit, partly of wood, partly of stone and a part also of iron, regarding which they relate wonderful stories. At a distance of three kos is the village of SarJchech (Sarkhej) where repose Shaikh Ahmad Khaftu^^ 8ul(dn Ahmad after whom Ahmaddbdd is named, and many other princes. Indigo of good quality is here grown and exported to Turkey and other countries. Twelve kos from A^mad&b^ is Mahmuddbdd a city founded by Sulfan Mahiud in which are beautiful buildings extending to an area of 4 koF sqaare. The whole is surrounded by a wall and at every half kos is a pleasure house and a preserve in which deer and other kinds of game are at krge. The chief of Edar is a Zaminddr' named Hardin JDds, and of such austere life that he first feeds his cattle with corn and then picks up the grains from their dung and makes this his food, a sustenance held in much esteem by the Brdhmans. He is regarded as the head of the Bdthor tribe and has a following of 500 horse and 10,000 foot. The ports of Ohogah^ and Kambhdyat (Cambay) are included in this Sarkdr, The latter is a large city where merchants of divers kinds reside uid wherein are fine buildings and much merchandise. Vessels sail from and trade to Ohogah. The cargoes^ are pnt into small ships called Tdwari which transport them to Kambhdyat.

bat deposited in the chief Said's house. Qreat rererexice is paid to it and on snch occasions as visitors desire to see it, it is produced nnder a covering of brocade. It appears to be petrified wood, the barky part gives it the appearance of iron oxydised; that portion where it has been chipped by the hand of Akbar when he Tisited Batwa (according to the Abbot

of the commnnity) shews the fibre or rein of the wood ; and upon the opposite side, where it seems to have been groand crosswise, it bears the appearance of tone/' * See Vol. I, p. 607 and Bayley's Hist. of OojaHlt, pp. 90 and 130. A descrip^bn of these mansolenms will be fonnd 31

in Messrs. Hope and Fergosson's ** Arohtectnre of AhmediLbid." London Murray, 1866. Khattu is one of the towns in th(> Sarkir of Ng6r. Of. Briggs* cities of Gujarashtra, p. 275. Commonly Oogo in Kithiiwfir on the Gulf of Cambay in lat. 21'' 39' 30" N., long. 72 21' B. For its history, see Briggs, " Cities of Gnjarashtra/' p. 281 A misspelling in a word of the true reading has misled the Editor who hae amended conjecturally an incorrect variant The MS. [ cA ] is correct if a ddl be substituted for the ultimate wdo in

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242 In Kari are fine oxen, a pair being worth 300 rnpees, and according to their shapeliness, strength and speed fetching even a larger price. Jhdlwdrah^ was formerly a separate principality containing 1200 villages. Its length is 70 kos and its breadth 40. It famished 10,000 horse and the same nnmber of infantry. Now it possesses but 2,000 horse and 3,000 foot. Its ruler was subject to the king of Gujardt. It formed four divisions, the inhabitants mostly of the Jhdlah tribe of Rijpdts. At the prAsent day it is accounted a Parganah of A))imaddb&d, and its villages and districts are summarized in the following table. Great JhaHAjowrah contains Birdmgdon^ residence of the chief, HaUd^ Badhwdn, K6\a^ Darang Darah^^ Bijdnd^ Pdtri which has a salt-pit, Sahdld, Barodah, Jhinjhuwdrd^ Sanjwn^* VhtUhar, Man4al' Parganaha of Machhukhantd contain Morhi,^ Bdmpur, Tanhdrd,^ Khanjaridy Malta^y Kazor^^ in the vicinity of which pearls are foond, Dhamart

Amrdl. Parganaha of Jdmhuji contain Jdmhu. Limri^ 8idn%. Parganaha of Jombaai,^ chief seat of the Parmdr^^ tribe contain lf(Wt, with 36 villages and Chotild with 55" villages. Now Morhi with 7 districtg is included in Sorath Pattan has two forts, one of stone and one of brick. It lies in long 117 10', lat 23 30'.w It produces fine oxen that will travel 50 iwin half a day. Good cotton cloths are here woven and are taken to disUnt parte as gifts of value. Sidhpwr^^ is a town on the Sarsuti and a great place of pilgrimage. Barnagar is a large and ancient city and containing 3000 pagodas, near each of which is a tank; it is chiefly inhabited by Brdhmans. OhdmpdnSr is a finely situated fort on a crag of great height ;** the

* JhaUw&r, aooording to the I. G. in KathiawAr. * T. PBTmgiox^, Var. and T. DIngdarah. Var, Senjini, T. Soheohnna. Far. Mopli. T. Tekdra. ' T. Milna. * Var. Ka^ror, Ka8r<5z, Kfrdr. T. Garvar. Var, Jambi-Jdmsi. Evidently Jtobnsar. Lat 22^ 8' SC' N., long. 72 51' 30" B., in Broach District.

' Var, Riyir, Rabdr. T. Parhsr. I. G. Purmdr. Sometimes written Pramara which has been shortened or oorraptel into Puar. According to the I G. 86. Long. 72 IC 30" E., lat. 93 61' 80" B. In Baroda State. Lat. 23 66' 80" N., long. 72 26' B. '* Tiefifenthaler states that the fortress on the sommit of the hill is called Pauaghar and the town at its foot Chim-

p&ner.

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243 ftpproach to it for two tcos and a half is extremely difficult. Oates have been posted at intervals. At one place a catting about 60 yards long has been made across which planks are laid which can be removed when necessity arises. Fine fruits abound. SurcU is a celebrated port. The river Tapti runs by it and at a distance oil hoe thence, falls into the sea. Mner^ on the opposite side of the Tajpti is a port dependent on Surai ; it was formerly a large city. The ports of Khandiwi and BaUdr also are a part of the Surat division. Numerous fruits abound especially the pine apple, and oils of all kinds and rare perfumes are obtainable. The followers of Zoroaster coming from Persia, settled here. They follow the teaching of the Zend and the Pdzend, and erect funeral structures.* Thns through the wide tolerance of His Majesty every sect enjoys freedom. Ilirongh the negligence of the ministers of state and the commanders of the frontier provinces, many of these Sarkdrs are in the possession of European nations, such as Baman^ Sanj&n^ Tdrdpur, Mdhim and Bas6 (Bassein) that are both cities and ports. Bharqj (Broach) has a fine fort. The Narhadah flows past it in its course to the ocean. It is accounted a maritime town of first rate importance, and the ports of Kdm, Ohandhdr, Bhdbhut and Bhankord* are its dependencies. Near the town of EdnsSt is a game preserve S koe in length by 4 in breadth, full of deer and other animals. The cover is rich and fresh with verdure, being situated on the banks of Narhadah and is perfectly level. The Sarkar of SSrath^ was an independent territory, having a force of 50,000 cavalry and 100,000 infantry, the ruling tribe being OheloL Its

* I. 6. R4nd^r, said to have been a place of importance about the beginning rf the Chriatian era when Broaoh waa the chief seat of commerce in Western India. ' From the nnmber and antiqnitj of the Towers of Silence at Broach, the Pinis are supposed to have settled there in the 11th century. I. G. ' A small village in Th4n (Tanna)

Dist., where the Parsis first landed in India, known to the Portngnese and long rffcer their time as St. John. I. G. The text has ^ after ^Lo which is liable to misinterpretation. Bassein is undoabtedlj meant as all these places

are in or abont the Thana Dist. My view is confirmed by Gladwin and Trieff. Bay ley (p. 18) makes Bas^ synonymons with Bassein. Var. Bhak<5rl. Bhak6r. In 1820, according to the I. G. there were 6 seaports, vui.f Degam, Tankiri^ Ghandhar, Dehej, and Broach. Bayley g^ves Bhakorah as a village on the frontier of Gajarat. The old name for Katbiawar, or Snr^htra, known to the Greeks and Roman under the name of 'Zavpafn-f^vji^ and Prakritised in that of Seraph which is to this day the name of a large district 100 miles in length in the south-west. T. G. See also Ano. Geog. Ind., p. 824.

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244 length from the port of Ohogah (Gogo) to that of Ardmrdt^ is 125 hot; it breadth from Sardhdr to the seaport of Diu, 72 koi. On the east it is bounded bj Ahmaddbdd; on the north bj the State of Kachh (Catch) ; on the sonth and west by the (Indian) Ocean. Its climate is healthy, its fraite and flowers nnmerons and grapes and melons grow here. This terntory is divided into 9 districts each inhabited by a different tribe, as follows:^ Parganahs of new Sorafh, Junahgafh with suburban district, Sultdnpur^Barwa^ Hdnsdwar, Ohawra Bdmpur, KandSlnd,^ Hast Jati,^ Ifnrf,^ JBagsard, Mahandrdd,^ Bhdnir^,^ and others. Parganahs of old Sorafh, called Ndghar.^ Pattan Somndth, Atmah^ Belwdrah^ Mangldr, Korindr^ Mil Mahddeo, Ghdrwdty Biu, &c. Parganahs of Oohelwdrah. Lathi, Luliydnah^ Bhimpur,^^ Jasdhon}^ Mdndwi, Birdi^^ Sehdr,

Parganahs of Wdldh.^^ Mohtoah, Talajd, Pdlitdnah, &c. Parganahs of Bddhdlah. Jagat (called Dw&rki), Ardmrde, DhdrhO* Parganahs of Barrd, (Berda ?) Barri, G6mH, Ac. Parganahs of the BdghiUM^ tribe. 8<yrdhdr, Oondhal (Gondal 1. G.), Bdyet, Bhdnah, Ac. Farganahs of the Wdji in the tmcuUivated tracts, Jhdnjhmer,

* T. Rimri. Bayley places it 10 Icoa from Jagat nnder the name of Ar&mah with Bereral variant spellings, p. 196. I find no mention of Sardh&r in the maps nor in Bayley. If the Dhir frontier is meant it most have been mnch more extended than it is at present. Var. Sarwa. Var, KandollUL Var. Jagi, ChAni. Var. Unah. T. Adand : probably Unah which Bayley places near Din. * Var. Mahadra. T. Mahandra. * Var. Banar6z. T. Batianrdr. For. and T. Bakhar.

* T. Banliana. " Var. and T. Bhimran. ^ I. G. Jaedin. " T. Saral. * I. G. Wala. ** A note Boggests, Sanldidhir. Perhaps Dhari. ' So the tejct, following, as a note says, the maps, bnt MSS. hare Bfimll I. G. Ghnmli. le The I. G. (I. 660) calls this daa

Wigh^i a tribe of Rajpdte, a remnant of the SoUnki race who fled from Anhil* w&rah when that kingdom was destroyed by by Ali n'd din in A. D. 1297.

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245

Parganahs of the Timh^ tribe. Not assigned in any of the MSS. The first district known as New Sorafh had remained unexplored on account of the impenetrable natare of the forests and the intricate windings o! the mountains. A reclnse by chance foand his wa^ into it and through him a knowledge of it was gained. Here is the celebrated stone fortress of Mnahgafh which Sul^in M&l^mdd,^ T, captured by force of arms and at the foot of it built another fort of stone. At a distance of 8 kos is the fort o f Osam^ on the summit of a hill ; it has now fallen into decay, but is worthy of restoration. There is also another stronghold on the summit of the hill of Qimdl in which are many springs, a place of worship of the Jains. Adjacent is the port of Kondi KoUydt^ which derives its name from two villages at a distance of one kos from it. In the rear of Junahgafh is && island called Sidlkokah^ 4 kos in length by 4 in breadth, adjacent to which is a forest,' 3 kos square, where wild fruits grow and where there is a settlement of Kolis. This tract is called Oir. Near the illage of TunkdgSsha^^ the river Bhddar falls into ocean. Its fish are so delicate that they melt when exposed to the sun. Good camels are here obtainable and a breed of horses somewhat larger than the Ouf (Gdnth).''' In the second district is Pat tan, a city on the seashore possessing a rtone fort. This they call PcUtan Somndtk. It is both a capacious harbour sad a town having nine^ stone towers on the plain, within an area of

* Bigarahof Gajarit. One derivation of this name is its snppoeed meaning; of two fort (garh) because Ma^^m^d's army oonqnered on one day Gh&mp&ner and J6nahgarh, Vol. I, p. 606, n. According to T. Junahgaph signifies the ancient fort, because it was long concealed in the dense forest and discovered by a wood cntter. The legend mns that 1600 years elapsed from its discovery to the time of Mindalik from whom Mii|^n^ wrested the fortress, ^^ee Bayley's

Hiflt. of GnjaWit, pp. 161182, for the derivation of the name. ' For and G. Adham. T. has both names. The I. G. gives the name to a MU near Gimil. ' For. and G. Kondi or Gondilakiy&t. ^T.Sialgoga. * T. calls this forest Navanagor ; BerQo&m suggests that it belongs to Nava nagar. The latter is a State on the S.

shore of the Gnlf of Oatoh. * A note says Tunhragosd^ in the maps. There are two rivers of the name of Bhidar $ one rises in the MiLndav hills and flowing S. W. falls into the sea at Nawi- Bandar afters a conrse of 11 6 m iles * Another from the same hills, flowing E. falls into the Gnlf of Oambay. The K61iB (or Coolies of Kennel and Coalis of M. Anqaetil) are a predatory tribe and their distribution is not confined to a single provinc-e. They were spread over the coantry between Cambay and Ahmadab^ and the well-wooded country afforded them a refuge from attack. See Vol. I, p 133. ' Gladwin has turned those words into a name whioh mistranslation I notice as it has been adopted by Count von Noer in his monograph on Akbar, p. 98. (MrsBeveridge's Transl.) The Diwin of Junagarh, Haridis Viharidas, has coor-

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246 three kos on the sea shore. Good swords are made here, there being a well in the vicinity the water of which gives them a keen edge. The ports of Manglor} Diu Purhandar, Korindr, A^madpur and Muzaffardbdd are abont this coast. A spring of the Sarsnti ( Saras wati*) rises near

Somndth. The Brahminical shrines are numerons, but among these Bomndth, Pardnchif and Korindr are accoanted among the most sacred. Between the rivers Haran and Sarsuti about 4,000 years ago, 560,000,000 of the Yadu race while engaged in sport and merriment, fell to fighting and all of them perished in that field of death, and wonderful are the legends that they relate.* Two and a half kos from Faff an Somndth is JBMl ka TirathS (or the shrine of the Arrow). In this place an arrow struck Sri Eashn and buried itself under a pipal tree on the banks of the SarsuH. This they call Ptpal sir, and both these spots are held in great veneration. An extraordinary event occurs at the town of Mul Mahadeo where there is a temple dedicated to S^iva. Every year on a certain daj before the rainy season, a bird called Mukifi appears. It is somewhat smaller than pigeon, with a coarser beak and pied in colour. It alights

teonsly given me the benefit of his local knowledge. The new temple and the mins of the old are within the fort which was inhabited chiefly by the attendants of the shrine, the population liring in the environs forming the town. Pattan is said to have had three walls and hence named Trigadhi, The length of the present walls covers nearly two miles. The fort had or has 10 towers or bastions of which 8 are existing and two are in rains. * The I. G. gives Mangrol. The text, unites Din and Pnrbandar (elsewhere Porbandar) in one name, as Somnith is called Deo Pattan, bnt it is probable that the port of Din was intended by Abnl Fazl. * This river rises in Monnt Aba and enters the Rnnn of Catch, though a part of its course near Sidhpur and Patau towns, is said to be subterranean. If the sacred river of the Punjab that rises in the Sirmur hills be intended, this stream after its junction with the Ghaggar, is said in ancient times to have flowed through BAjputana into the Indus.

Its reputation as the Arethusa of the Hindus, will account for its appeanooe wherever the sanctity of a shrine teqoses it. Wonderful, indeed, if they can beat this. Apparently the Bhdt Kund of the I. G. Todhisthira after the slaughter of the 56 tribes of the Tadu race on the field of Kurukshetra and the death of

Duryodhana, in grief at the loss of bo many kinsmen, placed Parikshita on the throne of Indraprastha, and retired with Krishna and Baldeo to Dwarka. They were attacked by the Bhils and Krishna was slain. Baldeo founded the city of Patalibotra or Patna. Or Makh. In a work called ^^aki^:t. i-Hindustin, the word is 8ahh or Bvkh, G. has Beekh, but much of this narrstire he has misunderstood. The name however, is of minor importance ; the loss of the species must to the naturalist, be a regret, to the meteorological Department, a calamity. See Bayley, p* 197, who records this event and places it in the village of Madhdpur.

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247 on the temple, disports itself for a while, and then rolls over and dies. On this day, the people of the city assemble and bum various kinds of perfame and from the proportions of black and white in the plnmage of the bird, they calculate the extent of the coming rainfall, the black portending rain, the white, drought. In this tract, there are three crops of jcmr annually. At Ifnah there are two reservoirs, one of which is called Jomnahy the other Oangah. The water bubbles up and forms a stream and the fish of these two springs have three eyes, the third eye being in the forehead. Between Manglor and Ghurdwdr is a tract into which the sea enters. On a certain day of the year the water is sweet. It is related that in sseient times a certain person was in need of Gtinges water. A recluse node a sign to the expanse and sweet water came forth. Ever since, npoQ that day this wonder is repeated to the astonishment of all. In both of these districts the Ohelot tribe of Rajputs prevail and the ruling power in this country is in their hands. At the present time &e force (of the first district) consists of 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot. There is also a settlement of Ahirs called Bdhriyas.^ The force (of the Moond district) is 2,000 horse and 3,000 foot. In the third district at the foot of the Satrunjah (Satrunjaya) hill,^ is a large fort and on its summit, the fort of Pdlithdnah. Though in ruins, it deserves restoration. It is in great veneration with the Jains f The port of Ghogah (Gogo) is a dependency of this district. The island of Biram (Perim) was formerly the residence of the governor ; it is 9 kos square and is a low rocky island in the midst of the sea. The Zaminddr is of the Qohel* tribe. This district possesses 2,000 horse and 4,000 foot.

In the fourth district, are the ports of Mohwah^ and Taldjd, inhabited hj the Wali clan. The local force consists of 300 and 500 foot.

I The name of one of the old territozi&l prmU or distriet into which Kathiawirwaa divided, was called B&briawdr ahfllytractontheS. S. S The hill is sacred to Adin&th the ddfied priest of the Jains. The descripti(Ri of Palit&na in the I. G. taken from Ifr. Burgess* " Notes of a visit to Satrnnjaya Hill," gives an interesting sketch d this temple hill. Perim (the Baiones ef the Periplus) is in the Gnlf of Cambay, a miles S. of Gogo. ^ Gladwin has misonderstood this

passage and misled Genl. Gnnningham into reading this and the preceding word into the name of a town, Maabidcheen. 4 The Gohels came from the north in the 13th centnry, and retreating before the tide of Mohammadan conquest conquered for themselves new seats in the decadence of Anhilwira. They are now in E. E&thiawir. I. G. Mowa. S. E. of Kathiawir. Lat. 21 3' N., long. 71 43' B. Talaj^ Lat. 21 21' 15" N., long. 72* 4' 80" E. The I. G. mentions the Walis as one of

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248 In the fifth distriot is Jagak^ called also DwdrJed. 8nKruhnc$m^ hither from Mathura (Mnttra) and here died. It is a great Brahminical place of worship. The island of Somhudhdr^ 4 hoi square is reckoned within this district. Near Ardmrde is an island 70 has in length and breadth. An area of hslf a kos of this land is for the most part stony and if an excavation is made salt* water ponrs in on all sides. Malik Aydz,^ Ehdp Khel, of Snlfin Ma^mtid I of Gnjer&t, had, one-foTLrtli of it dug up. The port of Aramrde is superior to most of its class.

The inhabitants are of the Bddhil tribe. It masters 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot. In the sixth district Barra^^ the conntry is so hillj, the forests so impenetrable and the defiles so extensive that it is impassable for troops. The Jaitwah clan inhabit it. It famishes 1,000 horse and 2,000 foot. In the seventh district are the BaghSlahs. It famishes 200 horse and the same number of foot. The Kdfhis^ are nnmerous in this tract ; ihej are of the Ahtr cast and are skilful in the management of horses. The military force is 6,000 cavalry and 6,000 infantry. They are said by some to be of Arabian origin. Canning bat hospitable, they will eat of the food of people of every caste, and are a handsome race. When wajJaghirdff comes amongst them they make it a condition that there shall be no acconnt taken of the incontinence of any of their people. In the vicinity of the Kdthis on the banks of the river DSndi, there is a sept of AUrs

four old raoes now existing as proprietors of the soil ; the other three being the Jaitwas, Ghnrasamas, and the Solankis. 1 Now called Beyt, in the Gnlf of Gntch. S See Bajley's Hist, of Qnjar&t, p. 283 et seq. Khis Khel represents the position of a rojal equerry oombiaed with high command. Ferishta calls him the ijp^ j*** or confidential attendant of Mal^mud. He was the premier noble (Amir n'l Umari) and commander in chief of the army, fought and defeated the Portuguese fleet at Ohaul and sank the admiral's flagship yalued at a 1cr6r of rupees. (A. H. 918 A. D. 1507)* Vol. II., p. 204. The family title of the

Qickwir is at the present time " Sens Kh&s Khel Shamsh^r BahiLdur." S I have no doubt that this is Bardi (or Jaitw^r) of the I. Q.; a division of Kithiawr lying between 21 11' and 21 6/ N. Wi.y and 69** 30' and 70** 7' B. long., bounded N. and N.-E. by Hallir : E. by Sorath, and 8..W. by Arabian Sea. The Barda hills are from 12 to 18 miles distant from the coast and formed a f*vourite refuge for outlaws. 4 The name of K&thiawiur, formerly given to a tract to the B. of the centre of the peninsula; from having been overrun by the K&this who entered from

Cutoh in the 13th and I4th oenturiea, it was extended to the whole country by the Mahrattas who had come into contact with tham in their forays.

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219 (sailed Poreehas.i Their force is 3,000 horse and the same number ol foot. Thej re perpetnaUy at feud with the Jdms.^ In the eighth diatriot JhAnjhm^r is a maritime port* The Wdji^ tribe Jwewl. There are 300 horse and 2,000 foot. In th ninth district is the Chiran tribe. Mahadeva formed a man from the sweat of his bron^ and gave him the charge of his own boll.* He spoke ia rhythmio sentenoes and sang the divine praises and revealed the past and the future. His descendants are known by his name. They chiefly tmte panegyrics and genealogies and in battle chant deeds of valour and animate the warriors and some of them reveal future events.' There M few of the nobles of Hindust&n who have not some of these in their tetiaue. This district furnishes 500 horse and 4,000 foot. The tribe Mlled Bhdf resemble this caste in their panegyrics, their powers, their bttle*ohantB> and genealogical recitations, wid although in some of these rwpeots they surpass them yet the Ohdtans are better swordsmen. Some pretend that the Ohdtuns were called into life by the mere volition of the lUvinity, and the BUfs from Mahddevtk.^ Between Jhdltodrah in the SarMr of A(tmaddhdd, and Pafian and Soraih is a low-lying tract, 90 kos in length by 7 to SO in breadth, called the Banf (the Runn). Before the rainy season, the sea rises and covers this area and falls as the rains cease. A considerable part dries up and is oovered with salt, the duties of which are collected in the parganaK of fhdlwdrah. Ahmadahdd lies to the east of this tract On the west is a

^ For. Porejah. Porboehha. S The JIureJa Bijputa, to whidh branch the Rao of OnUOx belongs, are desoended from the Sdmnia (Sama )) tribe and oame riginally fromi the north. They are mid to have emigrated from diad aboat the 15th century under the leadership rf Hm Ii^kha ton of Jin from whom the tribe derive their name. Till 1540 the Jima raled over Outch in three Wanches. About that year Khengir neeeedad in making biaiself head of the tribe and master of the province. His

Mole Hm B4wal ded to lUthiawir and feniided the present reigning honse of l^AWanagar, the ralers of which are till called Jams. See Jam under the li^cootint of Sind. 32

t Var. Wachi. According to the B. nl M. " of the boll he rode." t The tett has a misprint of V4* for

e The 8. nl M. "from the sweat of the forehead of Mahadeva.'* 7 The Word in Hindi signifies a Waste or wilderness. There are two, the northern or larger Ennn, 160 by 80 miled has an area of abont 7,000 square mile^ The eastern or smaller Rnun, 70 mileft from B. to W. covers an area of 2,000 square miles. Except a sfray bird, a herd of wild asses, ot ah occasional cara* van, no sign of life breaks the destirt loneliness^ I* G

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250 large separate territory called Ktichchh (Gutoh) 250 has ih lengtk by lOO ko8 in breadt h. Sind lies to the west of Gutch. The physical aspect of the country is barren and sandy. There is an excellent breed of horses believed to be of Arabian race, and there are good camels and goats* The chief of this country is of the YadiA race and his tribe is now known as Jdr^cu. The military force of this clan is 10,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry. The men are handsome, tall in statnre and wear long beards. The residence of the chief is Bhuj, which has two strong forts Jhdrah and KantkSt On the Gnjardt side towards the sonth is a Zaminddf of note whom they call Jiim, a relative of the ruler of the above-' mentioned state. Sixty years ago, Jim Bawali after a war of two months, was driven out of the country, and settled in 86rath between the territories of the Jaitwahf Bddhel, Chdran^ and Tumhel tribes. He possessed himself of other parts and foanded the city of Natsanagar and his country received the name of Little Outch. Sattarsdl the present R4jah, is his grandson.

There are many towns and the agricultural area is extensive. The resi* dence of the chief is at Nawanagar and his force consists of 7,000 cavalry and 8,000 infantry. The camels and goats are of good breeds. For a considerable period the prime ministers of these two states have been of the Mnl^mmadan religion. In the vicinity of Mord and MangrSj is a state called PaV through which runs the river Mahendri towards the Gujarat side. It has a separate

* The lunar race established by the Soythian Budh, expanded into fiftysix branches and filled nearly the whole of northern India. Yada 4th in descent from Badh gave his name to the royal line which closed in Krishna and Baldlma. While the solar race was confined to a narrow strip of land between the mountains and the Ganges, the Tadds had spread over the whole country. Yadu, says Elliot, (Races of the N.-W. P., Vol. I, 128) is the patronymic of all the descendants of Buddha, the ancestor of the Lunar race, of which the Bhatti and the Jar^ja are now the most conspicuous, but the title of Jddon is now exclusively applied to that tribe Which appears never to have strayed

far from the limits of the ancient Sonseni, and we consequently find them in laige numbers in that neighboitrhood. The tract south of the Gham bal called after them Yaduvati is in the possession of the Gwalior Mahrsttaa and the state of Kirauli on the Chambal is now their chief independent possession. S PAk in the text, with the emendatioa Vi\ by the Editor. There aife two of the name, one within M6hi Ednta on its N. B. frontier. The other one of the petty states in Hallir, Kathiaw^. The former must here be meant, as Diingarpdr Ues in lat. 23 62^ N., long. 79>'* 49' B. It is now a separate native state* The early history of the ruling famil/

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261 ruler who resides at Diingarpir. On the Mdlwah side is B&nswAlah (BAnswira) and that too has a separate chief. Each of them has a force of 5,000 horse and 10,000 foot, and both are of the Besddiah clan. The rulers were of the B&na's family, bnt for some time past it has been othervnse. Adjoining the Barkdr of Paftan is a state, the chief town of which is 8ir6ki and which possesses a force of 2,000 horse and 5,000 foot. On the BOBunit of a hill is the strong fortress of Ahigafh (Monnt Abu) about which are 12 flourishing villages. Pasturage is plentiful. There is also a territory having Nafarhdr^ on the east, MandU on the norih, NadSt on the south and Ghmp&ner on the west. Its length is 60 iot, and its breadth 40. The chief is a Ghauhin and his residence is the town of AU Mohan. Wild elephants are numerous. The force consists of 600 horse and 15,000 foot. Between Swrai and Na^rb&r is a mountainous bnt flourishing tract called Bagldnahy the chief of which is a Bafhor, commanding 8,000 cavalry and 10,000 infantry. Fine peaches, apples, grapes, pineapples, pome* granates, and oranges grow here. It possesses seven remarkable forts, among which are MuISt^ and Sal6r. Between the Sarkdrs of NddSt (Nanddd), and Nazarbir is a hilly district 60 hoe in length by 40 in breadth, which the Oohel tribe of Bijptits inhabit. At the present day a Br&hman named Tmodri has the manage* ment of affairs, the titular Bajah being of no account. He resides at Bdjp^lah^ or Khulu, and has a force of 3,000 hor9e and 7,000 foot. The

ia not known with certainty ; they paid tribute to the Mnghal Empire and did military Bervioe, and on the fall of the Empire became tribntaiy to the Mah* zmttas. I. G. The name Pdl says Bayley, Beems to have been g^ven to a congeries ot petty hill states of which themlers were Hindds. They appear to haFe included Dnng&rpiir, Bijanagar and others. 1 See demarcations of Sdbah of Mil wah and the list of Sarkirs of that proince. Nidoc, is no doubt Nandod of the I. G. capital of the Bijpfpla State. Ut. iV" 54' N., long. 78"* 84' B. These points of the compass would be true to a spectator looking towards Mandu with

NiuliSt in his rear, Nadarbar would then He B. and Chimpinet W. In Bayley's map, Alice ($ie) and Mohun are two distinct towns but adjacent. The itdjatt

of the text imply an impossible location and must be omitted. S Both these lie in the Navasari (Nosari) district of the Baroda territory, the latter in the 8. B. comer. Muler is Mulher in I. G. and Mooleirin Bayley. Sengarh and Rupgarh are two other forts. The former 48 miles B. of Surat, and Bupgarh 10 miles S. of Songarh. The hills must refer to the B&jpipla range, there being no other in the whole territory. 8 Rijpipla is now a native state with* in the Agency of Bewa K&ntlMS lying

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252 water of this tract is very unwholeaomie. Bice aud honey of the finest are here produood. This 84}Mh emhvaoes 9 Sarkdrs and 198 parganaht, of which 18 are ports. The reTenne is 4A hrors, 68 lakhs, 22,301 d4m8 (Re. 10,920,657-8*0) and one lakh, 62,028i Mahmudia^ as port dues. The measured land (except Sorath which is paid in money by estimate) ie 1 kror, 69 lakJu, 86,377 b^ghaa, 8 hiswat, oat of which 4 lakht, 20,274 dams are Suy^rf^hdl The local force is 12,440 cavalry, and 61,100 infantry.

Sarkdr of AJ^maddbdd. Containing 28 MahaU, 8,024,158 Bighat. Revene 208,806,994 Dam. Svfurghdl 6^11,441 Ddmg. Castes various. Cavalry 4,120. Infantry 20,500.

City of A^ma44hid, Sabarb. dist. of AhmedAbiKl, Arfaarmitar, on the riyer Baroli,' A^madnagar has a stone fort faced with chunamf Edar, (revenne by estimate

of crops)) ... ...

Bighas Biswas.

870,087 146,S84 64,870

Bevenne D.

15,000,078 23,999,371 9,662,754 1,770,912 1,616,000

9 QQ

144,660 4201,788 160,986 50,774

100 100 500 1000

800 200 5,000

6,000

Castes.

Ohanhin. Solaiikf. Rjp6t.

within lat. 21*' 23' and 21*' 59' N., and between long. 78*' 5' and 74** B. The capital is Nandod on the river Karjan. It is bounded on the N. by the Narbada, on the B. by the Mehwisi estates in Khandesh, on the S. by Baroda and Snrat, and on the W. by Broach. Threefourths of the State are occupied by a continuation of the S^tpura range known as the Bijpipla hills. 1 Mr. E. Thomas (Numismatio Chronicle, Vol. Ill, 8rd series) quotes Sir T. Herbert as saying about 1676 A. D. <* A mahmddi is twelve pence, a rupee two hillings and three pence." See Bayley's

History of Gujarat, p. 16. The teUtsTS value of coin varied according to tins and locality. The Changesi Mahmtkdf is varionsly at half and two-tkirds of a rupee and at half a crown, Fienob money. Ibid, pp. 18 and 16. T. Bar6n. Var. BarmaU. Mar4ni 8 The Rajpdts are here divided into two cUisses. (1) Gar^siahe or landowners (see Bayley's History of Ghijarilt p. 98, for the derivation of this tem)^ and (2) Cultivators. Hu farmer Ut a life of idleness on their lands and sie greatly given to opium. I. 0.

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263

Bighaa Biswas. BoTenae D.

1 1 Oaatea. Bbil, 875,675 6,988,920

100 200 Bh6dia.l Birah8ewh, ... 84.960 2314124 i'Jdos 60 100

Lodiah.2 IMrpHrt iMt a ^oiie fort on

^Mahendri, 198,885 1,778,800 800 600 H&jpiit, Khwb4 and

Bonab.t I^pl<,* 89,980 1,498,249

60 100 Ittjp6t. Pftriusii, (PltfAiiiiJ of I. O. ?), Bandar Solah, (rerenne in 159,278 2,076,874

100 200 01. moneyX

900,000

...

PilWd,

771,960 128,990 ... .

Thimanab, (rer. in monej),

600,000

... ...

Jbakbirhi, baa a briok fort,

somewhatdilapidated; aalt-

petre obtained here, 48,388 M,908,220 282,860 200 10,000 Koli. JhiUwirah, baa a fort of

stone Krae^ ... 679,877 4,826,892

6,627 60 0OO JhiMwir. DhoHFab the Bibarmati flows

adjacent. 884,606 1,660,000 188,160 50 100 Ponwir. Dhandb^, baa a ttasonry

fort of chwnam, 406,628 1180770446

500 4,000 Do. ffimil. 80,646 2,628,682

100 800 Garisiab, Mehtar. Kari, 986,837 80,125,788ft 894,968 800 1,000

(yi,Ao. Kambhiyat, ... 836,818 22,147,986 160,406 100 200 ""&. K-ranj,7 a maaonrj fort of

chunam. .... 80,126,778 27.809 100 500 KoU.

Mandah, 1 22,147,978 801,320 50 500 Do. Mor^Mah, baa a briok fort, ... 507,870 428,610 16,062 100 200 Do. Mpn^dib4d, baa a temple

toMahideya,...

45,590 1,748,080 120,088 ... ... Obanbin.

fort, 218,806 1,400,000

... ... 01.8 Maagr^j, baa a maaoniy fort

of e^unom, ... 76,629 121,762

100 800 Ohaahn. Kariid, 202,062 8,108,098 49',i78 en ^red ider rnil. Gar&siab. HaM6r, 200,027 752,202

20 100 Koli.

^ Vr Bbodtaia. Yabndia. 8 Dodiab, Didwiab. ^ For. Kariadewar, and two otber namea ittegtble from haTing no vowel points.

T. Pilod. G. Beelowd. G. bas 11 million. 4 Far, 20,081,106, 30^126,987. 7 Var. Kafranj. Kiranj. G. Cerneej. Far. KoU.

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254

Sarkdr of Pattan^ north, ContsAmngie Mahals. 88,600,016 B^^o*. Revenue 600,326, 099D(iiw. Suyirghal, 210,627 Datiw. Castes various. Cavalry 716. Infentry 6,000.

Pa(^, has two forts, Bijipdr, Puhanpur, Ba^nagar, has a stone fort, Bisalnagar,

Tehrir, has a brick fort, ... Tahrwirah, do. Baburb. diet, of Pat^an, B&dhan, has a brick fort, ... Bami, has a shrine mnoh venerated in Hindastan,... Batalp6r, Eherilii, Kikr^ji, Mdnjpdr, Horwirskh, Wisah, (Disah?) has a brick fort,

Bighas Biswas.

290,664 87,'600.18 18,281 240,062-11 294,616-17 1,478,750 267,709-6 107,298S 84,267 101,946-17 112,888 61,814-11 47,777 288,270

Bevenoe D.

967,462

6,001,882 628,611 1,844,824 674,848 4,000,000 2,180,000 20,064,046 4,000,000 1,266,998 287,840 4,000,000 1,812,690 909,630 820,030 1,600,000

148,862 2,882 8600000' 1,749

QQ

862,104

160

200 60

8,000

600 600 nnder Bijapnr. 100

200

1,000 nnder Pat^. 100 200

20

100

nnder Tehrr.

26

60

100 200 200

Bijpat^Eoli, Eombi. KolL Do. Do. BAjpfit,

Jiddn. B&jp4t, Birfaah. KoIL

EoU. Do.

Eoli Do. Do. Da

SarMr of NddSt. (NandodJ^north. Containing 12 Jfa^ofo. 64il,Si7 Bighas. 16 Biswas, Revenue 8,797,596 Dams. Suyuryhdl 11,328 Ddms.

Bfghas Eevenne

Bighas Eerenuo

Biswas. D.

Biswas. D.

Amrdli, 16,648-16 148,620 Jamungop, 21,444 412,098 Andhi, 4,290 17,076 Kah6r,S 14,903 80,8<>8 Basrdi, (Suyiirghdl

Marghadrah, 16,028 62,328 I1,328J, 168,696 2,061,868

Mandan, 5,402 16,000 Badil, 40,663 272,645 N6d6twith snbnrb.

Talkwirah, 66,859 1,695,526 dist.. 128,021 8,929,330 Tahwi, 78,268 166,500 Natrang, 16,188 40,798

1 So the MBS., bnt I apprehend these figiures shonld be rerersed, the larger coming nnder rerenne, as G. has it. > Initial fignre omitted or the series

has been by an error rererfled. The entry of lands in Col. I. nnder Kherfl is donbtfnl throngh a press error. 8 Var, T. and G. Eear, Eyir.

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266

Sarkdr of Baroda, south. Oontaining 4 Mahasl. 922,212 Bighas. Bevenae 41,145,895 Dims.

Snyurghal 388,358 Dams. Castes yarions. Cavalry 900. Infantry 5,800.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenae D. I'd QQ !

1 Oartet. fittodi with Bub. diit has a hrickfort, ... Dftb]i<$i, has a stone forfc, ... 86idr, the Narhada, in ite oonne from the north, pwses tinder the town, ... 600,920 1,680,960 167,090 148,160 20,408,486 6,248,280 6,252,660 5,746,680 4,662 200 600 600 600 400 6,000 600 6,000 Ponwir, &c. B4jpdt. Bahrih. fi4jp6t, (following

name illegible).

Sarkdr of Bahroeh (Broaeh)^ south. Containing: U Ifa^oZtf. 349,771 Bighas. Bevenne 21.845,663 Dg^. 8uyurghal 141,820 Bams. Castes varions. Cavalry 990. Infantry 8,600.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D. 1 1 1 Castes. Crpfc, 186,420 1,666,877

...

Akl^sar, 188,876 668,010

... ...

Atl^ear, 90,888 807,787

60 200 Gw&lii. Broach, has a briok fort, on

the Karbada; here is a

Hindn shrine, .. 64.660 466,280

500 6,000 Rijpdt. TarkAr, 8,762 6,651

... ...

Chharmandwi, ... 44,821 122,795

...

Suburban dist. of Broach, ...

62,975 7,022,690 64,610 ..1 ...

Dahej Birhi, ... 42,664 1,174,640 *..... ... ...

Kadi(Kiwilj, ... 177,939 4,276.000 12,650 20 800 Rijpdt Barhlih.

Bijpiit

16,181 868,670

... 800 Gandhir, a port frequented

hj Vessels, ...

240,000

... .

^ This sngg^estion is by the Editor, bat I as representing the proper orthograph y* the I. Q. has Kadi, with Kan in brackets | Lat 28^ 17' N., long. 72^ 21' 80'' E.

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Lorakh,! on the seashore, .. Mat:bdlibd, on the seashore. Salt here obtained, H&ns6t, one of the ports of this district, ... .,.

Bfghas Biswas.

256

Revenue D.

81,760 81,750 77,660

1,277,250 1,918,040 2,489,158

20

400

100

8,000

Bijpdt, Musalm^p, B&jp6t Bighelah.

SkirkAr of Ckdm^nSr. ContBinmg 9 MahaU, S0,nS7 Btghas. 11 BisuXit. Reveatie 16,009,884 Dams. Suyurghal 173,730 Dams, Castes various. Cavalry 530. la&ntry 1,600.

Bighas Revenue !* i t

Biswas. D. 1 Castes.

s* *i|

- . OQ o iH

Arw^rah, 19,129 48,209

Ohimpdn^r, with snb. dist.

has two stone forts, one

on a hill called Pdwah,

and the second at its foot, 159,690 27,d20^ 1,429,649 173,780 600 1,000

Chanddwirah, ...

21,530

OhanHLd, 107,714 2,215,276

Dh<5d has a stone fort. 68,2*9 1,288,300

Dh<51, 82,014 172,992 ......

DiUwarah, 18,129 48,628

Sonkh^rah, 240,318 2,999,696

8inw4s, has a stong stone

fort, ... ... 120,191-1 [ 2,800,000

60 100 Wjpiit.

8arha/r of Surat, Containing 81 MahaU. 1,312,815 Bighas. 16 Biswat. Revenue 19,035,180 Ddms. Suydrghdl 182 870 Ddms. Castes various. Cavalry 2,000. Infantry 5500.

Bfghas Biswas. Revenue D. 1 QQ 1 } Castes. Aniwal, has a stone fort, ... Pirohdl, 9,681 66,980 424366

...

1 Var. and Q. Norak. Nooiek. T. Gork.

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257

Bighas Biswas. B#yenae D. 1' ! ^ Castes. Balsir, en the sea, 74,702 1,281,480 19,785 100 600

Balesar, 86,400 1,016,045 15,035 ... ...

Beltwaxah, has a stone fort

near the Tapti, 58,659 554,820

2000 5,000 1 Wjpiit. Balwirah, has a stone fort,

and a shrine with a hot

spring. 41,650 478.620 ... ...

Bh&r^t, 21,170 425,055

... ...

Pirn^r, 64,460 277,475

... ...

Bhiitsar, 12,076 146,230

... ...

BiMr, 21,435 592,180 ...... ...

T^Uri, 35,091 917,890 90,985 ... M*

Kmb4, 51,029-19 26d,890 2,040 .. *

Ghikhli, on the sea, has an

uou niiie, .. ... 387,618

889,880 * ... t.

Dham<5ri, on the river Timi ?

(Kim?), 40,994.19 767,620

... ...

Ban^r (Bandar), 5,523 63,692 13,C2

... ,,,

Snrat with suburh. dist. has

a stone frt, ... 50.788 5,530,145it ... at

8np4, 37,594 73,151 8,720 ...

...

Sarbhiin, 64,127-18 601,257

... ...

Kh6bl6ri, 4,024 26,760

*.

Ghand^wi, 4,524 835,330 4]310 1 .

Kharka, on the Timi,8 42,019 629,810

KarAiah, 800,70* 383,240 H520 ...

KAmr^, 68,044 328,205

... i

^8 has a stone fort. 9,771 238,390

... ...

Lohiri, 5,928 85,260

..*

HariwaU, (Mar6U) on the

sea, 17,044

370,410 *t ...

Mahwah, (Mowa ?) on the sea, 15,016 100,290

.. ! .

Nanwfli, 1,629 65,220 * ... ...

Nawasari, ( Ntfsari ), with a

manufactory of perfumed

oil, foand nowhere else. 17,853 297,720

... ...

Nariid, on the sea, 7,290 130,700 .* * ...

Sarhdr of Oodhrd. Containing 12 Mahals. 586,255 Bighas. Revenue 8,418,624 Dims, Castes various. Cavalry 1,000. Infantry 5,000.

Bighas BUwas. Bevenne D. Bera,5 Jadnagar, Bighas Biswas. Bevenne D. Andh4, Athiwarah, 17,877 46,704 184,935 63,460 87,318 46,696 257,202 120,660

1 T. Dehor sur le Tfcpti. s From 84lr JahM duties, see p. 58. Vol. II. * Var. and T. Tapti. 33

4 Var. in these two oolnmns, 68,544 and 328,205 respectively. B Donhtf nl, there being no rowel points. Note suggests Babra or Bhabra.

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268

Jhi16d, DhiLnb6d,l Sehra, GiSdhra with diAt,

Bighas Biswas BoTenae D. sub. 92.406 17,082 36,702 160,260 794,664 146,392 786,660

K6linah, Miril,

Mahadwarah,

Bighas Biswas.

20,868 46,756 19,268

BeTonae D.

786,860 526,976 18,026

Sarkdr of Sdrafh. Containing 12 MahaU^ of which 13 are ports. DdfM, Cavalry 17,000. Infantry 365,000.

Eevenue 63,437,366

Berenoe

RerenTie

D. Jasdhon (Jasd^n I. G.), D.

Aiinab, 7,630,888 98,600 ArbWia, Ami^li, 780,500 Sabnrban dist. of Sorafh, 982,000 1,784,160 Dhaalatdb4d, 857,424 Apletah, 1,214,692 D4nk, ... 4,410 Pttttan Deo, 4,468,912 D6ngar, 760,400 Banwirah, 2,049,340

Dharwir, 69,791 Belkhi, 140,000 Dhintr6r, 252.048 Balsir, 609,760 DhAri, ... 644,270 B^, ... 145,600 Banpdr, 16.127 Bnrwa,* 60,664 R41gan, 113,280 Bandah, 84,960

R4m6fc, 8,820 B&nd<5r, 14,060 Siydr, 42.480 Bhimridah, 28,820 Sarii,7... 4,936 PAliThanah, 240,592 Snl^npdr, 424,800 Bagsra, 66,840 Gariidhibr, 628,040 Barar, ... 734,790

Kdrin&r, 4,588,660 Barwir&, 74,792 Ghogah,(Goffo) exolndye of port 666,{60 Bhid^4 14,160 K^nibanier,8 ... 42,480 TaUifc, 2,436,620 Kathar, 127,480 Chokb 453,120 Garidhari,l0 698,704 Jaitp<ir, 12,832

Gondal, 66,640 Jagat, ... 803,200 Kotiini, 1,797,266 Chorw&r, 986,960 Kand61n,ll 198,482 Chanra, 97,288 L61iin4, 1,428,080 Jhatri,6 1,071,660 LemdrA Batw4,l ... 487,676

1 Var' Dhamndd. 2 Var. and G. Artehji.

8 Var. Barda. 4 Var. and T. BhawOL 6 Var. T. and G. Jethri. Var. Dhihrdr, 7 T. and G. Sarsu

8 Var. and G. Gh^^MeWL ^ Var. and G. Kankar. 10 Var. Earari Dhanun. In the mapf Ganridhar in HalUr. 11 Far. G. and T. Gaadolna. 12 Var. Banwa.

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259

BeFenne D.

Beyenne D. U^hi, Malikp^r. Mobwah, (Mow), Mtndwi, lUngWr, 296,162 996,048

2,061,136 127,440 16,689,472 Medarah, M6rbi,... Miinah, Nilgsari, Hatasni,! 2,208,160 2,608,836 14,106 755,876 1,012,692 Port duties.

ReFBDae Ma^mddis. Port of Hohwah< (Mowa), ... Melk<5r? ... Diingar, ... TaUji, 4 Mahals, ... Aanah, ... Beyenne Mal^mudii* PortofMangMf, ... Pft^tanDeo, Korinir, ... Ni^reari, ... n Porbandar, 27,000 25,000 1,000 10,000. 27,228 1.000

8.000 1,000 7,000 * 16,000

Princes of Oujardt.

Seyeti prinoei 1 reigued in saccessiou 196 years. Years. ... 60 Suij Chiwarah,* ... Jog R4j,... * ... 86 BhimdLj, ... 62 Bb6r, ... . ... 29 Ba^r Singh,

... 26 Batnddat (var. Bash^dat), . ... 15 Samant (yar, Simat), * ... 7

! Var* and G. Hastani. > Var. and T. Birj Jidiin. Var, and G. Bansr&j. The following table is from the IT. T. taken from the Ain-i-Akbari, t&d collated with the Agni Por&aaof Wflford. AD. 606. Saila Deya, liying in retirement at Ujjain fonnd and educated. 745. (S. 802) Banarija son of Samanta Sinh (Ohoh&n) who founded Anhalpiir, called after Anala Chohin

806. Jagardja. 841. Bhira B&ji, (Bhnnda Deya. Wil ford). 866. Bheur. 895. Behersinh. 920. Beshadat, (Baja Adity W.). 985. Samanta, (dan. married son of Delhi Baja). The total of yean of reignt in the A. A. makes 228 instead of 196. G. and T giye Bhimr&j 25 instead of 42, and

thus oorreot the error.

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S0O Ten princes of the Sbhtnki race reigned 2H years.

Trs. M8. Mnlr&j Solanki, ... si ... 56 Chdmandy ... ... ... 18 Balabha, <

... 6 Darlabha, his nephew, < ... 11 e Bhim, hifi nephew, ... 4,2

- ... 81 Jai Singh, called also Sudhdlj, ... ... 50

. ... 2a Ajai pals, his nephew,

 ... 8 LakhmtU, ... ... 8

Six princes o{ the Bigh61ah tribe reigned 126 years. Trs. Ms. Ds. Hardmtiis Bdghelah^ Baldeva, Bhim, his nephew, Arjnn Deva, ... Strang Deva, JSk.ar8n, .*

12 5 . 84 6 10 42

... 10

21

6 10 15

1 Far. and G.Eamadarpal. The totals give only 238 years. The U. T. nmA as follows : A. D. Mxila B&ja, ngnrped the throne. Chimnnd, invaded by Saltan Mahmud (Samanta. W.). Vallabha (ancient line restored). Dorlabha (Dabisalima Feriahta) nsnrped the throne. Bhima R&ja. kaladeva (Karan. A. A.) Gama Bajendra or Visaladeva, (W.) who became paramoont sovereign oi Delhi. Biddha or Jayasinha, an nsorper. Kam&rapal, poisoned (by Ajaya* pala, son of Jayasinha.) S Far. and T.Hardhon,Hai:4<8m. Var. and G. BardmuL Birdmool.

910. 1025. 1088. 1089.

1050.

1094.

The U. T. give the following ^The BhdglUla tribe. Mnla (LakhmtU. A. A. Lakhan Baya* W. without issne. Birdmul ^ Balnea Mala, Wd. of Bhi* Beildeva ) g\& tribe. AD. 1209. W. Bhima Deva, or Bhala Bliina Deva, same as last W. 1850. Arjnn deva, -s ISm. Sarangadevsi > A. A. 12QL Karao. ) GaroatheOohila fled to the Deooan when in the year Qnjar6b was annexed to Delhi by 4U a'd din.

I80a

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261

mi. 1411. 1443. 1451. 1459. J459. 1511.

1526w 152$. I53e. 1536. 1553.

Fourteeot (Mn^aikimad&ii) primM^ reigned aboat 160 years* Trs. Mb. D.

Sultan Maaaffar Sh4b, Snltiii AJ^mad, I, his grandson (bnilds Ai^mad&b&d and A^madnagar), Mn]&ammad 8hAh, his son, 1$[Qth nd' din Ahmad Sh&h (opposes Malwa King and Ohitor Baja Kombha), Bkitdi Sh&h, his nncle, (deposed in fovonr of) lahni6d Sh&h I, son of Mnhammad Sh&h (Begardl : two expeditions to Deccan), ... ..^ Snlf&n Mnzaffar, his son, (war with Rij4 Sangrima), Bikandar, his son, (assassinated), Na^ir Kh&n, his brother, (Mahm^d Shih II, displaced by), jy Bah&dnr, son of Saltan Mnzaffar, (invades Mdlwa: mnrdered by Porfcnguese), Mnhammad Sh&h, sister's son, (Firdki of Malwa), ... Snlt&n'Mabm4d, grandson of Mnzaffar, ...

8 8 16

83 6 20 7

9 4 7 18

7 55 1 4 14 9

10 16

11 9

1 15

18 2 aomo

days.

12 & odd.

, Al^mad (11) a descendant of Snlt&n Atimad, (spnriotts heir set np hj ministers), 1561. n Mnzaffar 111, (Habbn, a suppositions son of Mahmid), ... ... 1583. Qnjardt becomes a prorince of Akbarls Empire. The Hindi chronicles record that in the year 802 of Bikramijit, corresponding with A. H. 154!* Sardp kindled the torch of independence and Gajar&t became a separate state. TdUji Sri Bhor Deva mler of Kananj pat to death one of his dependants, named S&mat Singh for his evil disposition, disloyalty and disorderly conduct, and seized his possessions. His wife was pregnant at the time, and urged by distreBSy she fled to Gujarat and in an uninhabited waste gave birth to an ia&mt. It happened that a Jain^ devotee named Saila Deva passing

^ Tlie dales and remarks ia brackets wa from the 0. T. s 80a of the era ol Viltramaditya is 94&A.D.-A.H. 12S . The 8. nl M. hmUZ, To correspond with A. H. IM) t^ S. date riMld be 826.

^ Var. PiDhr^j. Manrij. BansHlj. 4 Far, Ujjain, bnt as Anhilwirah Pji(^n haa no fewer than 108 Jain temples, one-eighth of its present pt^crlation being Jains and extensive Jain libraries of palm' leaf MSfiT., it is probable

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262 that way took cotnpassion on the child and committed it to the charge of one of his disciples who took it to BMhanpilr, and brought it np with tender solicitude. When he grew to manhood, associating with wicked reprobates, he fell to outrage and highway robbery and a gang of free^ hooters was formed. He plundered the Qujarit treasure on its way to Kanauj, and through the good fortune that attended him, he was joined by a grain merchant^ called Chdmpd. Wisdom guided his sword and from works of evil he inclined to deeds of good till in the fiftieth year oC his age, he acquired the sovereignty of the state, and founded Paftan. It is said that he long deliberated regarding the site of his capital and was diligent in search of a suitable place. A cowherd called Anhil informed him that he knew an excellent site which he would show on condition that the king would call the city after his name. His ofEer being accepted, he directed them to a wooded spot where a hare, he narrated, had grappled with a dog and by sheer strength of limb had got away. The Baji founded the city there and named it Anhilptir. Astrologers have predicted that after the lapse of 2,500 years, 7 months, 9 days, and 44 gharis, it shall be in ruins. Through the corruption of language and syllabic change it came to be called Nahrwdlab, but as in the tongue of that coantrf ' chosen ' is rendered ' Pattan/ it became universally distinguished by ty name. H&J& Samant Singh gave his daughter in marriage to Sri Dan^ak Solanki, a descendant of the Delhi princes. She died when on the point of giving birth, but a son was by a surgical operation taken from her womb. The moon at the time was in the sixteenth' mansion termed by the Hind^ Mul, and hence he was named Mulr&j. Raja Sdmant Singh adopted him as his own son and watched over his education. When he grew up, he entered into a conspiracy with some evil-disposed persons. The RAja in a fit of drunkenness abdicated in bis favour^ but on becoming sober recalled his promise which so infuriated this miscreant that he slew his benefactor and assumed the sovereignty. During the reign of Bajd Chamand

that the tme reading ib Jain and the n. T. and Gladwin, following a corrupt variant of the A. A. are in error in adopting Ujjain. 1 A trade in favour, apparently, with 6njar4t kings. One was the intimate friend and counsellor of Snl(an Mn^ammad. See Baylej, pp. 182 and 188.

S Yarionsly taken as the I7tb, 19th and 24th Innar aeterism, containing 11 starsi apparently those in the tail of Scorpio

and said to be unlucky. In the disser' tation on Astronomy that folloTfS in a subsequent book, M61 is counted as th9 19th mansion.

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263 A. H. 416 or 1064 of the era of Bikram&jit,^ Bn\\ikn Mahmlid of Ghazni conquered this ooantrj, but on leaving, he found no fitfcer person on whom be might confer the government than a descendant of the royal line, and having arranged for the annual payment of a tribute, he returned by way of Sind. What is remarkable is that at the desire of this prince he carried with him captive another scion of the same family. After a time, eith^ through fear or foresight, the captive's restoration was solicited by the same prince who went out to meet him as he approached his territory in order that intriguers might not secure his favour. On the day that they were to meet, the R4j4 fell asleep for a short space under a tree, when an animal of prey tore out an eye. At ihat time a blind man being incapacitated from reigning, the ungrateful soldiers substituted the captive prince in his place and placed the Rajd in confinement.' Kumirp&l Solanki through fear of his life lived in retirement, but when the measure of Jai Singh's days became full, he came forth from the wastes of disappointed ambition and seated himself on the throne and considerably enlarged his dominions. Ajaipil wickedly poisoned his sovereign and for a fleeting gratification has acquired eternal abhorrence. Lakhmdl having no issue, the worthiest representative of the Bagh61ah tribe was chosen as sovereign. During the reign of Elaran, the troops of Sulfdn J^\i u'd din overran Gujarat. Karan, defeated in the field, fled to the Deccan. Although previous to this time Muizz u'd din S&m^ and Kutb u'd din Eibak had made expeditions into the country, it was not until the reign of A1& u'd din that it was formally annexed to Delhi. In the reign of Mul^mmad, son of Firdz Sh^h, Niz^m Mustakhr^j, called also B4sti Khdn,* was appointed to the government of Gujarat, but

1 1064 A. B. 18 eqaivalent to A. D. 1007 and A. H. 416 to A. D. 1025. It was in Sept. 1024 A. D. that Mol^mfid set out from Ghazoi in his expedition against Somnith, which Ferishta says oocnined 2^ years, but from his own dates, and the time needed for his expedition againat the Jats, oonld not have

been more than one and a half. S The story is told differentlj in Slphinstone's Hist, of India, p. 838 (ed. 1866) on the anthority of D'Herbelot and Bird's translation of the Mirat i Ah-

madi. The rnler selected is said to have been a descendant of D&bishlim well known in connection with the fables of Pilpay. Ferishta calls both the princes by this name. The story is related at greater length from the Mirat i Ahmadi in Bayley's Hist, of Gnjar&t, pp. 2934 and its probability defended in a discursive note. ft Otherwise Shahib a'd dm Ghori. 4 Malik Mnf arrah Snltdni, who afterwards obtained the title of Farhat n'l Molk Basti Khin. Zafar Kh&n was ap-

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264 his injustice beooming oppressive, he was ranored and the Ticerojalty was conleiTed on Zafar Khiu son of Wajih nl Mnlk Tink. The former governor disloyally rebelling, was killed in the field. The events of this time may be gathered from the history of the Delhi sovereigns. His son Tatar Khin was a man of base character and in whom wickedness was ingrained. At this period after the death of Sultan Mo^mmad when the throne of Delhi devolved on Snlfin Mahmlid, oonsiderable anarchy prevailed. Zafar Kh&n withdrew from affairs and TMr Kh&i assumed royal state and marched against Delhi, bat was poisoned at the instigation of his father^ who coming forth from his retirement had the Kkufhah read and the coin straok in his own name, and was proclaimed under the title of Sult&n Mussaffar.* Oujar&t thus became an independent kingdom and the government of the proviaoe was established in the Tdaik family. The father of Zafar, Wajih nl Hulk had been a Brahman and was converted to Isl&m. Abmad the son of Tat&r Khan conspired against the life of his grandfather and took possession of the throne thus garnering eternal perdition. Al^madiMid was founded by him. With deep design and meditated hypoorisy he wiUidrew himself from all worldly pageantries till at a festival when all suspicion was laid asleep in the midst of universal enjoyment, he put to death twelve of his uncles. Subsequently he applied himself wiih earnestness to the duties of his government and was filled with continaal remorse, and to his last breath set himself to a just and capable adminis*

tration of the state. When Ditid Kh&n^ was deposed on account of his incapacity, Fat^ Khin son of Muhammad Shah was raised to the throne and was proclaimed 90 Solt^n Mabmtid (I). He distinguished himself by his recognition of

pointed to sacoeed him on the 2nd Bahia J, 793 A. H. (2l8t Feb. 1391) Bayley Hist, of Guj., p. 68. Wajih n'l Mulk was a Hindu called Sadh&ran, converted to Islam and belonged, sajs the Mirat i Sikandari, to the Tink caste, an outcast branch of the Khatris. One of them was expelled for his use of strong drinks and the name is said in Hindi to signify an outcast. The deriyation is asserted to rest on some form of the Sanskrit i^TW. meaning, separation, divorce. Ses Bsj-

le/s note. Ihid^ p. 67. Baber oiUs the race Tang, Memoirs, Erskine, p< 811. 1 ' It is commonly beHeved' says the Mirat i Sikandari that Tit4r Khin ploed his father in confinement and seated himself on the throne under title of Mhd. Sh^h, whence the repnM- I^ p. 8182. A. D. 1407, S He reigned ooly 7 days, flee Bayley's Hist, of Quj., pp. 161.2L

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265 mmt^ and by hk jusiioe, and ^rt himself with the fenoe of mniiifioenoe and iiberaUty. Mi^k Sh^^b&a who held the title of Imid n'l Malk was of the utmost service to him.* In the beginniag of his reiga some of the wealthy favourites conspired against the life of their lord and in the first instance plotted the overthrow of this judioions and sincere oounsellor. Like intrigoers as they were, they conveyed false allegations to the king, and as the worldly-minded are suspicions of eaoh other, he imprisoned this peerless denixen of the world of faith and purposed putting him to death. He was on the point of being condemned when Malik j^bdu'llah the superintendent of the elephuits who had the royal ear, revealed the

innocence of his faithful minister and the designs of the conspirators. The king skilfully contrived his escape and, the veil of their pretence being rent asunder, the miscreants took to arms. The royal guard and the slaves together with the officers in charge of the elephants made a stand against them, and the elephant) themselves proved of service in chastising the rebels. Disgracefully routed, these disloyal subjects met with just retribution. At Mal^iid's death, his son MuzafEar Sh&b, with the assistance of the nobles, ascended the throne and assumed the title of Sul^n Muza^Mr (11). His reign was beneficent. Sh4h Ismail of the Sdfi dynasty of Persia sent him as presents the choicest goods of Ir&k.^ and he in turn courteously reciprocated his acknowledgments. On his decease, his son succeeded him under the title of Snlfan Sikandar. In a short time he was wickedly done to death by Imad a'l Mulk who raised his brother Na^ir Kh4n to the throne. The nobles plotted to displace him. The king appealed for succour to His Majesty B&ber and engaged to surrender to him the port of Dih <Din) with its dependencies and several kr&rs of tankahs, if he would advance in aid with his victorious troops. On account of his former ungrateful conduct, his offer was refused.* At this juncture, Bdhadur the son of Salfdu

1 And likewise bj his enormonB appetite. HiB daily allowance of food was one man Gajadlt weight (equal to 16 Bahloli a^ra). He pat aside 6 twra of boiled rioe and before going to sleep, plaeed half on one side of his ooaoh and hatf om the other, so that on whichever aide hm awoke, he might find something te eat. This was followed in the morning bf onp of honey, a onp of batter and 100 to 160 plantains. After this, Abul Jf Sid's appetite sinks into insignificance. JBs aUesrance was 22 nen daily. 84

8 The whole aooonnt will be fonnd in Bayley nnder this monarch's reign. The reader is referred to that work for details of this historical synopsis. 8 A tarqnoise cap of great ralae, a chest fnll of jewels, many valnable tieeaes and 80 Persian horses. Bayley, p. 244. 4 Ferishta says (Bayley, p. 819) that this letter nerer reached B&ber, the B^jah of Dnngarpur having intercepted it.

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266 Muzaffar came from Delhi at the invitation of the BiLbriyas^ and the nobles joined his standard. During his father's reign he was unable to remain at court through the envy borne towards him by his brother (Sikandar) He, therefore, betook himself to Sul^in Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi and was received with favour. The nobles of Jaunp6r invited him to be their king, and his intentions were inclined that way, when at this time his partisans wrote to him from Gujarat and entreated his acceptance of the throne. He willingly set out for the capital and being successful, he made his administration prosperous by his justice and liberality. Carried away by the intoxication of worldly success, he imprudently engaged in a war with Humaytin, and being defeated, sullenly withdrew in discomfiture.* At his death, Mir&n Muhammad ruler of Kh4ndesh, his nephew, wbom during his lifetime he had constituted his heir, was in his absence proclaimed in the khutbah by the nobles, but died shortly before re^hing Gujarat. Mal^mud, grandson of Sulfdn MuzafiEar, who was then in confinement, succeeded him. A miscreant called Burh^n with some of his adherents put him to death^ and under pretence of establishing a rightful

1 See p. 247, n. 1 and Bayley, p. 85, n.; and for his adventures after leaving Gnjarit, p. S21 et seq, S Baber says of him that he acted rightly in enforcing the law of retaliation by pntting to death }mid n'l Malk who had strangled his brother Sikandar, bat besides this, he slew a nnmber of his father's Amfrs and gave proof of a blood-thirsty and ungovernable nature. 8 Bayley, p. 446, et seq. Burhin who had been a low favourite of the king, poisoned and stabbed his master and sallied forth from the palace in the pomp of royalty when he was met and slain by Shirw&n Khin Bhatti, adopted son of Af zal one of the murdered nobles. Ferishta's account is that on the death of the king becoming known, ftimid Kh&n with Ghang(z Khan, Ulug Kh&n, I^bshi and others, came out to oppose him. Burh&n was thrown at the first charge and killed by Shirwdn Khin. His feet were tied to a rope and he was dragged

through the city. The Mirat-i'Sihandari g^ves the name of Basi u'l Hulk to one of the nobles who was sent to bring the new king, A^ad, to the capital, but Ferishta expressly states that this descendant of Al^mad Shih was named Bazf u'l Hulk and was raised to the throne as A^^mad Shih II. He oontinues, that disg^ted with his nominal sovereignty, after a 5 years' tutelage he took refuge with Mirin Mub&rak Shih one of the principal nobles on whose death in the field, an aooommodationwis ag^in effected with ftimid Khin, bat having expressed himself too openly as desirous of the death of that minister, he himself was found dead the next day, near the river opposite the house of Wajih u'l Mulk and it was g^venout that, caught in a love intrigue in that nobleman's house, he had been unwittingly shdn. The Mirat-i-BiJumdari t^ the story more in detail. On his death, Itimid Khin produced a boy (not named

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267 Biieaessioii, massacred twelve of the nobles. Itimild Kh&n prudently absented himself on the occasion, and next morning collecting his followers, attacked him and pat him to the death he deserved. He then set up one Razi ul Hulk by name a descendant of Sultan Ahmad, I, under the title of Saltan Ahmad (II) as a nominal sovereign and took the government into his own hands. But when the boy grew to manhood, he altered his purpose and oarryiog him to the house of one of his adherents> he slew him and then leading some unknown minor by the hand, swore upon oath that he was the son of the last SulfiLn MaJl^mlid (II). By fraudful allegations, he bestowed on him the sovereign authority and giving him the title of Sul^dn MozafEar, he himself assumed the reins of power, until his present Majesty tiirew the shadow of justice over the province and annexed this pro* sperous country to the imperial dominions. Hay it ever be adorned with perpetuity and high and low enjoy ttnfading blessings. Subah of AJmer (Ajmere). It is situated in the second climate. Its length from the village of Bhahar^ and dependencies of AmhSr to Bikaner and Jaisalmir is 168 koi. Its breadth from the extreme limits of the Sarkdr of Ajmer to Bdnswdrah

is 150 ko8. To the east lies Agra : to the north the dependencies of Delhi : to the south Qujardt : to the west Dtpdlpur and Multdn. The soil is sandy, and water obtainable only at great depth, whence the crops are dependent on rain. The winter is temperate, but the summer intensely hot. The spring harvest is inconsiderable. Jowdri^ Lahdarak and Mofh are the most abundant crops. A seventh or an eighth of the produce is paid as revenue, uid very little in money. The people dwell in tent-shaped bamboo huts.

mFerishta nor, I think, in the Mirat) whom he swore to be the son of Malymdd Sbih, II, his mother's pregnancy not haying been diacovered till the 6th month when too late to check it. For Md|ym6d had nnnatnrally interdicted the fertilitj of his wives to avoid a disputed throne. The nobles accepted or feared to oppose the pretension, and the boy was placed nnder the control of Ithnad KhAn. The snbseqnent history nay be read in Ferishta, or in Brigg's free but generally faithful rendering, but the events of his worthless life

it cannot be called a reign are lost in the contests of the nobles for their share of short-lived power till the incorporation of the kingdom with the empire on the 24th Bajab A. H. 890 (Nov. 20th 1572). Bayle/s translation oonolndes with the death of Ma^miid Shah IV, bnt his original continues the history of Gnjarit to 1001 A. H. (1592-8) and the death by his own hand of the last of its sovereigns. I Var. Phakar, Bikhar. Bahkar. T. Bhak<5r. G. Bekhur.

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269 To the south are the (AratraUi) monntams of which the p aa ee s ore diffl^ oalt to traverse. This S^bah is formed of Mewdr, Martodr and HadautV- The former poseegaes 10,000 (troops) and the whole of the Sarkdr of OhMr is dependent on it. Its len^h is 40 Asot b j 30 in breadth. It has three faiaoiis

fortresses, Ohtt&r the residence of the governor, Komhhalm^ and MdndoL In the village of Ohddarf^ one of the dependencies of Ohainpur is a seiqc mine. In Ohainpur and other dependencies of Mdn4al are eopper minss, which are extremely profitable. The chief of the state was formerly called Bdwal, bat for a long time past has been known as BdndJ^ He is of the G helot clan and pretends a descent from Noshirwin the Jnst.^ An ancestor of this family through the vicissitades of fortune came to Bedur and was distinguished as the chief of Namdlah.^ About eight hundred years previous to the present time, Namdlah was taken by an enemy and many were slain. One BSfo, a child, was carried by his mother from this scene of desolation to Mewdr, and found refuge with Bdjah MandaltkhP a BML When he grew up to man's estate he followed the pursuit of a shepherd and was devoted to hunting in which his daring was so conspicuous that he became in favour with the lUja and a trusted minister of state. On the death of the Bdj4, his four nephews disputed the succession, but they eventually decided to resign their pretensions in favour of Bdpa and to acknowledge his authority. Bdpc^ however, declined their offer. It happened one day that the finger of one the these four brothers began to bleed, and he drew with the blood the ceremonial mark of installation on the forehead of B^&, and the others also concurred in accepting his elevation. He then assumed the sovereignty. To this day the castom continues of making

1 Harowtee or H^rdote, a tract formed of the terrritory of Kotah and Bandi, and named after a dominant tribe of Bdjputs. 8 I. G. Komnlmair is a pass that runs throngb a series of ragged ravines in the Aravalli range and defended by a fortress. In art. Udaipur, it is spelt Kamalmer. 8 Var. Ch&war, Ghanra, Jiwadl. G. Ohowra. In the I. G. (under Udaipur) Jiwar, 24 milos S. of Udaipdr, is said to have possessed ziao mines now anworked.

^ The foundation of the Ghelot dynasty in Rdjpntilna was effectod by Bappa Bawal who is said to have established himself in Ohitor and Mew^ in 72S A. D. I. G. ^ It is asserted that a danghter of Noshirwin, whose qneen was a danghtec of Maurice of Constantinople married into the Udaip^ royal family. A Var, Pamilah. Bamilah. T. writes the former. G. the latter. 7 Rao Mandalik says Bayley (Hist.

Gnjar4t) is the title assomed by all ths chiefs of Gim^, p. 183.

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269 witih hmnuk blood ihu sign of investihire on any Bdna who sncoeedfl to the tbrona The nngratefol monarch pnt the four brothers to death. On a former occasion while passing throngh the wilds, mistaking one Saranfy^ a hermit, for a wild animal, he fitted an arrow to his bow. The hermit intnitiFely prescient of this action throngh his pnrity of heart, made himself known, and the IU3A repentantly ezcnsed himself and hnmblj visited him with assiduity. The hermit one day predicted his elevation, and marvellons tales are told regarding him. Having made his head qnartera at Sesoddf the tribe is called Setodiah and as a Bdihman, at the beginning of their history nurtured their house, they are accounted 8s belonging to this caste. When Bdtffal Battan Si^ died, a relative named Arn was raised to the throne and entitled RinA from whom the present Bdna JJm/rd is tenth in descent^ thus ; Hamir^ Kattd, Ldkha^ Mohal, Komhhdr, Bdemal, Sdngd^ JIdai Singh, PaHdh, Umrd. Ancient chroniclers record that Sultan A1& ud' din Khilji king of Delhi had heard that B6u>al Rattan 8i prince of Metodr possessed a most beautiful wife. He sent to demand her and was refused, upon which be led an army to enforce compliance and laid siege to Okitor, After a long persistenoe in beleaguering the place in vain, he had recourse to artifice and proposed terms of peace and friendship. The BAji readily acquiesced and invited him to an entertainment. The Sultan entered the fort with kis chosen followers and the meeting took plaoe amid festivi^ and mirth, and finding his opportunity he seised the R6j4 and carried him off. It is said that the Sultan's retinue consisted of a hundred men and 800 picked soldiers dressed as attendants. Before the R4ja's troops could assemble he was hurried away to the camp amidst the wailing of his people. The king kept the B4j4 in close confinement with a view to extort compliance with his desire. The faithful ministers of the RAji implored the king Bot to injure him and promised to deliver up to him not only the object of his love but other suitable partners for his harem. They also sent a forged letter purporting to come from the virtuons queen and lulled his suspicions to sleep. The king was delighted and not only refrained from perBonal violence but treated the B4j& with cordiality. It is related that 700 of the choicest troops dressed as women were placed in litters and set out for the king's camp and it was given out that the BAxd with a large number of her attendants was on the way to the royal pavi-

. 1 For. Harbanj. Marf j. * Far. Battan Sen. In As. Bes. iz.

p. 191. Batna Sinha, whose romantic

love for the beaatifol Padm&vati is the snljeot of the Hindi poem of that i

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270 lion. When they approached the camp, word was sent that the Bini wished to have an interview with the Raji previouB to entering the king's quarters. Lapped in his illusive dream of security the king granted the interview, during which the soldiers seizing the opportunity, threw oE their disguise and bore off their prince. Time after time the Rijpdte stood to face their pursuers fighting manfully and many were slain before the Raj& had gone &r. At length the Chauh^ns, Oaurd and Bddal made a stand fighting to the death enabling the B4wal to reach Chitor in safety amidst universal acclamation. The king having endured great hardships during the siege and finding it to no purpose, returned to Delhi. After an interval, he set his heart again on the same project but returned discomfited. The B&wal wearied with these assaults, conceived that an interview with the king might result in an alliance and that he would thus escape this state of continual strife. GTuided by a traitor he met the king at a place 7 ko8 from Ohttor where he was basely slain. His relative Arsiy after this fatal event, was raised to the throne. The Sultan returned to the seige of Chttor and captured it. The IUj4 was slain fighting and all the women voluntarily perished by fire. ffamdr his son betook himself to the adjacent mountains. Sulfin Muhammad Khuni^ made over the government of Ghitor to M&ldeva Chauhin ruler of Jalor. As this prince was unable to bring the province into order, he summoned flamirf made him his son-in-law, and through his means restored its prosperity. At his death, Hamir made away with his sons and raised the standard of independence.* The present local militia consists of 16,000 cavalry and 40,000 infantry, but Mew4r formerly controlled much more extensive territories, so much so that R4jah Sanka (Sanga) x>0Bsessed a force of 180,000 cavalry and a numerous in&uitry. Mdrwdr ia 100 kos ia length by 60 in breadth, and it comprises the Sarkdrs of Ajmer, Jodhpiiirf Sirdhi^ NdgSr, and BikanSr, It has long been head quarters of the Edthor tribe. When Muizz u'd din S4m^ had terminated his campaign against PitMrd (Prithwi Bij^, A. D. 1191 93),

1 " The murderer," the special title to fame of Muhammad Tnglak but this monopoly of the epithet is scarely fair

to many other members of the royal honses of Delhi. S As Abol Fasl has not thonght it necessary to g^ve the list of the Mewlb? Binas, I imitate his reserve. The lists of Wilson and Tod are summarised in

the XXVm Table of the U. T. p. 109. The dynasty of Bdpd dates from A D. 727 and Jewan Singh the last of bis race was living in 1828. * Shah&b n'd din Ab^ Mnzaifor Mnbammad b. Sim al Ghori (A. D. 11921206) the first of the Ghori dynasty in India.

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271 he resolved to turn his arms against Jaiohand king of Kanauj. The Rijali in his flight was drowned in the Gtuiges.^ His descendants fell into obscarity. His brother's son Slha,* who resided in Shumsdbdd was slain with a large number of troops. His three sons Sutik, Ashwatthama^ and if;* set out for GnjarAt, and on their way rested at Pdli^ near Sojhat, In this city dwelt a number of BdLhmans who were much molested by the Mtnah tribe, some of whom at this period made a raid on the town. The exiles came out, attacked them valorously, and put them to flight. The Brihmans gave them great honour and treated them with every consideration and thus alleviated in some degree their distress of heart. As they acquired the means of worldly success they grew bolder and seized Kh&r^ from the Qohel tribe and thus advanced their condition. Butdc independently wrested Eda/r from the Minahs, and Aj setting out for Bagldnah^ took that district by force from the KolU. From that time their descendants have inhabited the country. The descendants of Ashwatthamd who remained in Mdrwdr gradually gained credit till eventually Maldeva his sixteenth descendant waxed so powerful, that Sh6r Kh^ nearly lost his life in his campaign against him.^ This territory contains many forts, but the most important are Ajmer^ Jodhpur, BiJcdner^ JaUahnir, Amarhot, Ah^afh and J&lor. Hdddottf is called also the Sarkdr of Nigdr. It is inhabited by the H^ (Hara) tribe. This Subah comprises 7 Sarhdrs and 197 parganahs. The measured land is 2 Krors 14 lakhSf 85,941 higJios, 7 biswcu. The revenue in money

* Other acoounts aasert that he was lain by an arrow from the bow of Kn^biiddin the favorite general of Mnl^ammad Ghori, and the founder of the Djuasty ' of the Slave Kings, It is historical that his body was f onnd and recognised by his false teeth, "a oircnmstanoe," says Blphinstone in the solitary instflknce of homonr in his solemn history, "which throws grave light on the state of manners." One result of this defeat was the retreat of the greater part of the Bahtor dan from Kananj to Mibrwir. Yar. Binh&, 8ik&, Sahb6. See p. 226, Vol. II. Var. Bawaj, adopted by G. Lat. 25'' 46' N., long. 73" 26' 16"

B. acquired says the I. G. by the Bahtors of Kananj in 1166 A. D. Var. Kather, Kombhlr. 7 He invaded Marw&r in A. D. 1644 and his camp was surprised by an attack of 12000 Bijpfits who so nearly put an end to his oompaigning that he declared he had nearly lost the empire of India for a handful of millet, alluding to the poverty of the country and the low quality of its produce. The following is the line of Marw4r or Jodhpur princes in the IT. T. taken from Tod's genealogical rolls of the Bahtors, preserved by the Jains.

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272

18 28 krSrs 84 lakhs, 1,557 d^ms, {Bs. 7,210,088-14.9) of wbiefa 28 ItAlu, 26,336 ddms (Bt. 51,158-6-5). The local force is 86,500 cavaby, 847,000

infantrj. Barh&r of Ajmir. Containing 28 P<irgana%s, 5,605,487 BighcLs, Bevenne in monej, 62,183,390 DdTM. Suyurghdl 1,475,714 Ddms. Tribes, Kachhwdhdh, Afghdn^ CTiauhdn,

Ajmr with ^Kst. iU fort on a hill, one of tbe moat important in [ndi, Anb^, liaB stone fort on a hill, ...

Bighaa.

795,tt5 1,185,096 170,678

BeTenne

6,214,781 12,266.297 1,766,960

Snydrghal D.

^2,40

1210. Sivaji, grandson of Jaya Chandra eeitled in the dewrt, iUhtharaa (AsotliaiBa, Tod). Doohar. T. Dnla fiai. (Wilfbrd. made attempt on Kananj and Mand<5r.} Baipil. Kanhnl. Jalhnn. Cbado. Theedo.

Silnk or Silko (origin of the Silk^wats or Bhome^s). Biramdeva. 1881. Ohonda, atsanlted Manddr and made it hia capital. 1408. Binmal, of Oohila mother, made pilgrimage to C^ya. 1427. Bao Joda and 23 brothers, had separate fief a. 1468. founded Jodhp6r and removed from Mand($r. 1488. Bao S^joh, or Siinajmal; rape of Bahtor yirgiAS bj Pathans. 1616. Bao Ganga. 1681. Bao Maldeo, becomes chief Biija of Bijpnts. Fortifies

1668. Capital: sends son as hostage to Akbar. ; marriage aBumoe. 1683. Udaya Sinh: Chandra Bmb, ph^d bj dans, inetaUed by Akbar. 1694. Soor Sinh : named Siwai Bxja, a general in Mogid armies. 1619. B&J& Gaj Sinh, slain in G^jarit. 1637. Jeswant Sinh, died in Cabnl. 1680. Ajit Sinh, poethnmons. Bahtor conflict at Delhi 4th Jaly 1679 (7th Srayan 1716) 80 years' war against eonpire. Murdered by his son 1724. Abhay Sinh ; entitled Maharija R&jeswar, 1728. 1749. Bim Sinh, son, defeated by his nnde. 1749. Bakht Sinh, poisoned in 1762. 1762. Yijaya Sinh (Beejy Sinh) disputed succession with Bim Sinh. 1798. Bhim Sinh, usurps throne on his grandfathei^B death, by

defeat of ZaUm 6inh. 1808. Main Sinh. Feud for Kishna Kumiri, the I7daip6ur pria*

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273

Bighas. Reyenne D. Suyurghil D. Parbat.* 279,295 2,200,000

Bik6i, 90,488 486,161 ... Bhaniiy ... 849,774

1,400,000 .. Bhadmah, 68,712 271,266 Bawil, ... 368,712 749,783 ... Bahal, ... 81,914-11 600,000 ... B4ndhan, Sandari, 15,522 435,664 15,674 Bharondi," 24,220

270,000 ... T6smi, 861,779-12 8,300,090

J6bn^r/ 138,718 241,442 ... ^ik, 27,092.18 501,844 ... Deogiop, 49,065 1,200,000 ... BiSshanpur, 71,356

692,512 ... Sambhar, has a stone fort, 76,54S 9,649,947 277,687 Sarwir, has a brick fort, 194,064 1,616,825 ... Sithla/ 245,136 1,270,009 16,027 Snlaim^nib&d, 72,698 1,860,016 ... Kekri, 147,923

1,808,000

Kh^rwah, 50,640 7,020,847 ... Mabrofc. 252,871 5.756,402 ... M6zibid* 124,361 1,459,577 ... MasaudiWW, 251,978 1,587,990

NaWiinab, 266,614 2,660,159

260ri00 Har8<5r, has a brick fort. 168,278 1,200,926 926

Sarkdr of Ghttor, Contaioing 26 Parganahsy 1,678,800 Bighas, 17 Biswas. Revenue, 30,047,649 Dams. Suyurghdl, 360,737 Dams. Tribes, R4jpufe Sesodia, Cavalry, 22,000. Infantry, 82,000.

laUrapiir, known as Rdmpdr, Udaip6r, here is a large lake abont 16^ K68 in circumference ; by its means wheat crops are g^own,

Bighas.

101,526

Revenue D.

7000,000 1,120,000 in money.

SuyiirghM D.

* Var. and Ot. Parit. * Var. Biak6hi, Bhakoi. B^ghorwi. T. Bahacoi. G. Bhagorvi. * Var. and G. Bhardandah. * Var. Jotirah, Jon^r, Jonerah. Var. T. and G. Sathfli. * Var. T. and G. Mananrabad. ' The I. G. says 5 mites. T. calls the 35

lake Rai Sigar and describes it aa abont 2 miles in length and 200 paces across. The I. G. speaks of another, th^ finest from an engineering point of view at Eankroli or lUjnagar, of which the area is abont 12 square miles. There are besides many othor large artificial laket throughout the state.

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2T4

Bighas. Revenue D. Snydrghil D. Aparmil, 27,806

280,000

Art<5d, 44,720 200,000 IsUmpdr, known as Mohan, ... 120,600 in money. 6<5dhn<5r, has a stone fort, 118,265 4,311,551 69,815 PhdlU do. 257,481 2,848,470 43,47a fianehra) ... ... . 58,038

3,296,200 244,000 Wr 199,209 2,601,041 13,452 Bhin Sar6r, has a stone fort, ... 1,200,000 ... Bag6r, ... ... . 17,44-17 39,550 B^n, 234,804 1,176,729 1. Barsi^ ^ijfptir, has a stone fort, 35,098

1,375,000 ... Chitor, with snb. dist. 2 mahals, has a stone

fort, and is a frontier of Hindnstfo proper. 461,118 800,(D0 . Jiran, 39,218 1,985,250 Bfipwilrgh^ti,

470,294 S Andri, has a stone fort. 5^991 400,020 ...

S^mbal with the cnltiyated tracts. 100,000 in money ... Kosidnah, 62,718 268,812 ... Mandalgarh, has a stone fort on a hill, ... 8,384,750 in money ... Mdn4al, has a brick fort, 18,B48 447,090 Madiriyd, ... 160,000 in money

... fJomech (Nimach) Ac 3 mahals, 21,416 719,203 ...

Sarhdr of Bantanbhor. Containing 78 Mahals. 6,024,196 Bighas, 11 Biswas. Revenue, 89,824,576 Dams. Suyurghdl, 181,134 Ddms. Rdjptit Hacjd (Hara). Cavalry, 9,000. Infantry, 25,000.

Bighas. Revenue D. Snyurghai Alhanpar, 18,481 1.662,289 20,209 Uniiwl, 67,308 1,237,169 ...

AtidA, 45,849 770,525 ... A'tdn. 14,684 600,000 ... Islimpur, 5,191 77,500 ... Amkb6rah,' ... 160, 00 in money. ..< Antardah, 166,173 1,600,000

... Iw^n Bosamir, 25,747 1,200,000 ... Bundi, has a stone fort on a hill, ... 33,161 1,620,000 ... Boli, has a stone fort. 151,430 2,622,747 22,747

* Vdr. and T. Patti. Var. Ankhorah, Anghorah. G. Unghoreb.

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275

Bighas.

Snyurgh^ D. Bar6dak, 267,326 4,571,000

Barwirah, 168,226 1,969,776

Pa^n, 139,280 2,800,000

,, BhadUoiji, 96,886 2,686,389

,,

Baklant, 149,087 1,200,000

,, Palatiah, 29,302 1,400,000

,, Bh6Sr, 40,677 600,000

,, Banahta, 21,267 624,856

B^Wnah,

81,616 466,479

t Bejri, 16,694 884,890

,. Bilikhatri, 83,980 800,000

BhdriBhari.* 16.846 110,000

., Barin, 242,107 880,000

.. T<5nk, 602,402 7,600,000

,, T6dri, 443,028 5,869,006

., 400,768 6,456,840

., Talid, 22,609 428,288

,,

Jetpdr, 28,014 928,600

., Cluiteu, 616,626 7.586,829

,, Jhalawah.* 13,180 600,000

>* Jhiin. 87,758 476,000

Khiljip^r, 80,818

1,209,886

... Dhari, 97,861 1,800,000

... Delwirah, 54,668 409,260 9.260

... 783,400 in money. ... Bantanbh^r with sub. disk. 871-19 166,796 1,606 Rewandhnah,

49,746 430,364 6,292 8uiS<5par. 494,070 6,041,306

Sto6p, 86,636 1,068,876 ... Sahanairi, 28.575 800,000 Ko^ has a stone fort on a hill, near which

the C hambal flows, 860,878

8000,000 ... Khandar, has a stone fort on a hill. 90,246 400,000 . Khankrah,* 220,860 1,611,994 11.994 Khami* 86,448 628,178 26,744 KhdtoU,* 2,389 200,000 ,,, aadwirah/ 6,98012

188,095 > Kar6r, has a stone fort on a hill, 6.377 200,000 t. liikhri, do. 8,623 800,000 * I^ndah, 17,400 260,000 L6harwirah, 20,334 260,000 * Jiahiwad, 8,678

126,000 . Mdmidinah, 16 Mahalt, ... 4,100,000 ... Kal^imah, 172,698 8,299,241 f . Mingrdr, 140,799 1,004,848 ... Naw4hi, 38,927 30,000 .. ^agar. 83,900

1,000,000

* Under Subah of Ajmir, p. 102 Bhori Pahiri. Tar. Ghhaladah, 8 At p. 102 Delanah.

* Var. Kharti, Khari. * Var. Khanoi, KhanoU. In Thornton's Gazetteer ^atoli is mentioned as ^ town in Kotah. * Var. T. an<l G. Jg^adiud. Gndaved.

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276

Sarkdr of Jodhpur. Containing 22 Mahals. Revenue 14,528,750 Dams, Tribe, BAthor, Cavalry 16,000. Infantry, 60,000.

Revenue

Revenue

D.

D. A'86p has ft brick fort, 6,000,000 Jet&ran, has a small fort on a

I'ndrioti. 8,000 hill. 3,000,0C0 Phulddhi, has a stone fort, ... 640,000 Duniur&, > has a stone fori, 100,000 Palp4rah, 1,463,000 S<5jhat, has a stone fort on a

B^laril, 314,000 hill,

2,812, 750 P&li Ac, 3 Mahals, has a smaU

S^talm^r, do. 660,000 stone fort. 250,000 S^wdnfe, do. one of the

Bahilah, 180,0J0 most important strongholds

P<5dhah has a stone fort, 46,008 in India, 1,200,000 Bah&dar Ajun, has a stone fort

Kh^rwi, 220,000 on a plain,

800,000 Kheonsar, has a stone fort, ... 172,000 Jodhpur with sab. dist. has a

Kund<5j, do. 90,000 stone fort on a hill, 280,000 Mahewah, 960,000

Sarkdr of SirShu Containing 6 Mahals. Revenne 4,2,077,437 Dams. Tribes, lULjput, Ghelot, Afghan. Cavalry, 8000. Infantry, 3,800.

Tribe. Rijpdt. Do. Afgh&n. Rajpdt Ghelot

Abugafh and Sirdhi, 2 Mahals ; the latter has a strong stone fort, Binswarah, a delightful conntry; has a stone fort,

Jaldr, S4noh<5r, 2 Mahals ; has a very strong stone fort, Dungarpiir,

Revenne D. f 1 1-4 12,000,000 3000 15,000 8,000,000 1500 20,000 14,077,437 8,000,000 2000 1000 5000 2000

Sarkdr of Ndgor, Containing 31 Mahals. 8,037,460 Btghas, 14 JBtswas. Revenne, 40,389,830 Ddms. Suyurghdl, 30,806 Dams. Castes various. Cavalry, 4,600. Infantry, 22,000.

Amarsarndin, ludunah.

Bfghaa Biswas.

649,809 262,302

Revenue D.

7,029,370 1,313,006

-a. OQ

479

400020,000

Gastea.

Eaohhwihah.

Var. Dut&ri. G. Dootara.

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277

Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne D. 3 m 1 t Oastes. Bhadinah, 544,340 1,271,960 70460

BaldV 87,947 670,000 ...

Batddha, 143,370 322,816 ...

,., Barodah, 2,620 220,363

... ^irih Kim, 280,379 68,000 ...

J6el.

293,066 965,273 3200

Jdrodah, 141,692 874,284 2147

... Jakhrah, snrronnded by a

waste of sand, ... 137,757 ...

... ... ... Khirij Kha^, haa a stone

fort, and a quarry of white

marble. 77,677 348,814

... D^ndwinah, has a briok fort.

36,631 4,586,828 15215

... Dfinpiir, 219,698 780,085 .

... Eewiai, 801,171 1,995,824 ...

... R6ii. 616,212

913,251 ...

... Basdipur, 144,986 704,306 ...

Bah<5t, 45,269 183,137 ...

> Sid^lah, 153,032 1,266,930

 Fatehpiir Jahi^jhuD, has a

stone fort. 152,200 1,233,222 ... 600 2000 Eiy&Qi Kh&< Kiali, 28,740 1,587,167

ni. Khielah, 114,955 558.660 ...

Kojdrah, 270,490 466,890 ... ...

... Kdl^wah. 12,748 352,305 ...

Enmhiri,

469,881 435,604 3200

... Kh^rau,* 26,083 57,160

LiA6n, 149,760 780,842 4387

M^tb, has a stone fort, ... 2,144,773 7,701,622

45,437

Manohamagar, 129,895 2,903,386 ...

N6khi, 83,096 880,756 .

... ^ Nagdrwath sub. dist. has a

briok fort, 67,756-14 813,581 114,440 ...

...

Sarkdr of BikanSr. Containing 11 Mahals, Revenue 4,750,000 Ddms. Tribe, Bhdti. Cavalry, 12,000. Infantry, 60,000.

Tribe.

Tribe. Bikamptir, Bawalpdr, ... Bikan^r, Jaisalmir, Rth<5r. Bh&U.

* Bakdd. p. These names will ocoanonally be foond to differ from those in

the nominal list of Mahal s^ given nnder the ten yeara assessment rates.

Var. Ohiel. S Yar. Karan.

Qeran, G. Geyran.

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278

Tribe.

Tribe. Bharmll," P<5kal. Barkal. Pokharan, ... Chan tan, Kdtri, Dewadar^

Subah of Dehli, (Delhi). Tt is in the third climate. Its length from Palwal^ to Ludhiandh on the banks of the Satl^ is 165 kos. Its breadth from the Sarkdr of Rewdri

to the Kum&on hills is 140 hos, and again from Hisdr to Khizrdbdd is 130 kos. On the east lies^ the capital, Agra : on the north-east it marches with Khairdhdd in the Sdhah of Oudh : to the north are monntains : on the south the Suhahs of Agra and Ajmer : on the west is Ludhidnah. The chief rivers are the Ganges and the Jumna, and both these take their rise in this Sdhah, There are besides nnmerons other streams, amongst thera the Ohaghar. The monntains prinoipally to the north. The climate is nearly temperate. Much of the land is sabject to inundation and in some places there are three harvests. The fruits of Irin, Tiir4n and Hindustan are here grown and abundant flowers of various kinds. Lofty buildings of stone and brick delight the eye and gladden the heart, and it is scaron equalled for the choice productions of every clime. Delhi is one of the greatest cities of antiquity. It was first called Jndrapat^ and is situated in long.^ 114 38'., lafc. 28 15'. Although some

* In the naaps Balm^r (note) and RUiot. Races of the N. W. P. I. 37. ' A town of nndonbied antiqnity, snp^sed to figure in the earliest Aryan traditions under the name of Apelava, part of the Pindava kingdom of Indraprdstha. The word * Khdwar^ like * Bdkhtar* is often misapplied and the two are interchangeably and inoorreotly used for B. and W. alike. Abul Fazl, however, invariably uses " Bahktar" for W. and Khdwar for B, though with a southing tendency, as may be seen from his deli-

mitations of other provinces. Here Agra is certainly B. of Delhi in longitude, but it is also almost south of it. See Cunningham's explanation of the anomalous use of * Khdwar * and * Daltkhin \ in his Ano, Geog. of India, p. 94. ^ Yar. Indraparast. Properly Lat. 28 38' 58" N., long. 77" 16' 80" B. Though the true orthography of this name is Dehli or Dilli, I shall continue to write as it is usually written and pronounced. A variant in the name of this Sdbah, in one of t^ HSS. is Shahjehandbdd,

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279 consider it as in the second climate, making the soathom mountaiootM system begin from this region they are certainly mistaken as the latitude shows. Sultans Kufhu'ddin (1,206-10), and Shamsu'ddm (Altmish, 121035) resided in the citadel of Rajah Pithwra (Prithwi). Sultan GMydsud(Un Bdban erected another fort, intending it as a (royal) cemetery. He also built a handsome edifice in which if any criminal took sanctuary, he was absolyed from retribution. Muiaz u'd din Kai Kubdd (12[86-9) founded another city on the banks of the Jumna called Kilukhari, Amir Khusrau in his poem the " Kirdnu's S^dain^ '' eulogises this city and its palace. It is now the last resting-place of Humdytin where a new and splendid monument has been erected. Sultan 4^ t^'^ <^^^ (1295 1316) founded another city and fort called Siri. TugJUakdbdd is a memorial of Tughlak Shah (132124). His son Muhammad (132451) founded another city and raised a lofty pile with a thousand columns of marble and constructed other noble edifices. Suit an Fir6 (1351 88) gave his own name to Sr large town* which he founded and by a cutting from the Jwmna brought its waters to flow by. Qe likewise built another palace at a distance of 3 h68 from Firozdhdd^ named Jahdnnumd (the world-view). Three subter-* ranean passages were made wide enough to admit of his passing along m mounted procession with the ladies of his harem ; that towards the river, 5 jarihs in length ; the second towards the Jahdnnumd^ 2 Jeosy and the third to old Delhi, 3 hoa, Humilytin restored the citadel of Indrapat and named it Dinpandh (asylum of the faith), Sh6r Khdn destroyed the Delhi oi 4.ld ud din and built a separate town. Although the monuments of these cities are themselves eloquent and teach us the highest moral lessons, yet even is this latest Delhi now for the most part in ru:ins. The eemeteries are, however, populous. Khwdjah Kufh u*d din Ifshi lies here^ &nd Shaikh Nizdm u*d din Aulia^ and Shaikh Nasvr u*d din Mahmiid, the Lamp of Delhi, and Malik Ydr-i-Pirdn^ and Shaikh Sald^, and Malik KaUr-i-Aulia, and Mauland Muhammad^ and Hdji Abdu*l Wahhdb and Shaikh Abdu*llah J^uraishi, and Shaikh Shams Tark-i*Biydbdni, and Shaikh Shamsi'Autdd and Amtr Khusrau^ with many other servants of God in-

^ An excellent analysis of this well known poem by . B. Cowell will be found in the Jonm. Ab. Boo. Bengal) 1860, p. 225. ' It 10 supposed to hare ooonpied the ground between Hnmilyun's tomb Imdthe Ridge. I. G. The arohiteoture of Delhi has been treated with appre-

ciation and judgment by Fergusson in his Hist, of Ind. and Eastern Arch Tughluk4biMl stood to the S. of Delhi between the Kufb Min&r and the Jnmna< * Of thestf personages the last is suffi oiently famous to dispense with a reference, the rest need not be pursued into

the holy obscurity of their lives. That

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280 strncted in Divine knowledge who in this spot repose in their last sleep. Hei'e too lie Saltan Shahab ud din Ohoriy and Sultan Shams ui^d d4n^ and Ndsir u'd din Ohdzt, and Ohiyds u*d din, and Aid u*d din and Ku(b u'd din, and Tughluky and Muhammad 4a^t7, and Firoz and BahUl, and Sikandar Lodi. Many now living, likewise, have laid out pleasant spots and groves for their final resting-place to the introspective a source of blissfal ecstasy, to the wise an incentive to watchfnlness. In the hill of Isldmuhdd is a very deep spring called Prahhds^ Xand from which warm water continually babbles up, and which is a great place of worship. Biswamitra Rikhesar^ made a deep excavation of three htghaa of this hill and devoted it to purposes of worship, and to this day it testifies to the antiquity of this construction. Baddon is conspicuous amongst ancient cities and a great many holy religious are there buried. A part of the northern mountains of this Subah is called Ktimdon, Here are mines of gold, silver, lead, ii*on, copper, orpiment and borax. Here also are found the musk-deer and the Kutds cow,^ as well as silkworms, hawks, falcons and game of various kinds, and honey in abundance and the species of horse called Gut, (Gunt.)

they were born in one place and died in another and were considered learned doctors is the usnal extent of information to be gained after a laborious search very inadequately repaid by the result. The second and third and last on the list will be, found in Ferishta's YitsB et acta sanctorum at the close of his work. * This is the name of another celebrated place of pilgrimage near Dw^rka. It was here that occurred the destruction of the Yadu race alluded to by Abul Fazl under * Somnath,' when dissension excited by liquor brought about the fray where they all perished. By sending them to Prabh&sa, Krishna purposely prevented the Y^davas from

obtaining " Mnkti " or finftl liberation which would have been the consequence of dying at Dw&rk&. Death at Prabhasa conferred only ludra's heaven. Vishnu

P. Wilson, 609. Prabh^ is one of the 8 semi -divine beings called Vasua. These in the Mahibhdrata are named Dhara, Dhruva, Soma, Aha, Anila, Anala, Pratynsha and Prabhasa. * Visvamitr is the name of a celebrated Eshatriya deriving his lineage from an ancestor of Kusik of the lunar race : he was king of Eanya-Kubja or Kanauj. His famous quarrel with the rival sage Yasishtha to perform the great tribal sacrifice, runs through the Big Yeda and he succeeded in raising himself to the rank of a Br&hman by long and painful austerities. According to the Ramayan he became the companion and counsellor of the young Ramaohandra. He was the father of Sakuntala by the nymph Menaka whom the g^s, jealous of his increasing power, sent to seduce him from his passionless life. * see p. 172, note 2.

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281 There is game in plenty in the Sarkdr of Sambal (Sambhal), where the rhinoceros is found. ^ It is an animal like a small elephant, without a trcmk, and having a horn on its snout with which it attacks animals. From its skin, shields are made and from the horn, finger-guards for bowstrings string and the like. In the city of Sambal is a temple called Hart Uan4aP (the temple of Yishnu) belonging to a Br&hman, from among whoso descendants the tenth avatAr will appear in this spot. Hdnsi is an ancfent city, the resting-place of Jamdl the successor of Shaikh Farld-i-Shakar ganj,* Near the town of Sahnah is a hot spring on the summit of a hill, the peculiarity of which is undoubtedly due to a sulphur mine. Hi^dr (Hissar) was founded by Sultan Firdz who brought the waters of the Jwnna to it by means of a cutting. A holy devotee predicted his accession to the throne and at his request the canal was made. Strange to

say, it enters a pool named Bhcidrd near the town of Sirsdy and there loses itself. Wonderful stories are related regarding it. There are few rivers in this district, and wells have to be dug a considerable depth. Sahrind^ (Sirhind) is a city of note. Here are the gardens of Hdfix Eakhnah, the delight of all beholders. Thanesar is accounted one of the most sacred places of pilgrimage. The SarcuwaH flows near it for which the Hindus have great veneration. Near it is a lake called Kurukshetra,^ which pilgrims from distant parts come to visit and where they bathe, and bestow charitable offerings.

^ On Saber's 5th inyasion of India in 1525, ho hnneed the rbinooeros at Peshawar and killed two on the 15th Deo. M he notes in his memoirs. In 1519 he mentions having started many of these ftnirgftlg to the wost of the Indus where none now exist. See p. 16 : note. See Vol. I. 826, 689. ^ Genl. Gnnningham says (p. 146) that the name of Sarhind or ' frontier of Hind ' was popularly given to the city at an early period when it was the boundary town between the Hindus and later Mu^^ammedan kingdoms of Ghazni and iMhore, but the name is probably much older as the astronomer Yar&ha Mihira mentions the Sairindhatt immediately alter the Kul4tas or people of Kullu and 36

just before Brahmapura which was the capital of the hill country N. of Haridwir. * It is an oblong sheet of water, 8,546 feet in leugth by 1,900. During eclipses of the moon, the waters of all other tanks are believed to visit this, so that the bather is blessed by the concentrated virtues of all other ablutions. The town has rapidly declined in prosperity and is fast falling in ruins. The sanitary arrangements enforced during the pilgrimage have checked their popularity and perhaps diminished their merit. The right ankle of Durga is said to have fallen here on her being cut to pieces and her limbs scattered over the earth by Vishnu. This lake and

the visit of other pools at the time of

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282 This was the scene of the war of the Mahihhdrat which took place in the latter end of the Dtodpar Yug. In the city of Hasiinapur reigned Bdjd Bharata who by his jnstice and consideration for his people gathered a fitting reward of happiness, and his virtues and good deeds confirmed for a long period the succession in his family, and fortune favoured son af tr son. The eighth in lineal descent from him was JRdjd Kur from whom Kuru-Kshetra received its appellation. After six intermediate progenitors, an heir was bom named Vichitravirya,^ who had two sons, one of whom was Dhritardshtra. He was the father of 101 children, the eldest of whom was Bdjd Duryodhana, and they are called the Kauravas, The other was Pandu, Although the first mentioned was the elder son yet on account of his blindness, the succession fell to his brother who obtained the sovereignty. His sons are called the Pdndavas, There were five, namely, Yudishtira, Bhtmsena^ Arjuna, Nakula and Sahadeva, On Pandu^s death the kingdom reverted to Dhritarashtra, but although the nominal sovereignty was his, the real power was possessed by Duryodhana. Since to crush their enemies is the way of the princes of the earth, Duryodhana was ever in fear of the Pandavas and sought their destruction. When Dhritardshtra observed the growing feud, he resolved to establish his nephews in the city of Yiranavatra, and sent skilled artisans with instructions to build their residences. The workmen at the instigation of Duryodhana constructed a secret chamber of lac and pitch, in order that at a fitting opportunity the Pandavas might be destroyed in a flaming conflagration. But whom the Lord defends by his protection, what avails against him the striving of the impotent ? When the Pandavas accepting their exile, settled in this spot, they became aware of the design. By chance a woman with five sons dwelt hard by. The Pandavas set the house on fire and set out for the wilds with their mother, while their neighbours were consumed in the flames. Duryodhana believing that the Pandavas were destroyed, held a festival of rejoicing. The Pandavas after many adventures came forth from the wilds to the inhabited country and settled in the city of Bampild, In a short time, the fame of their valour, skill and open-handed munificence filled the world, but none knew their name or lineage, till Duryodhana himself awaking from his dream of security suspected that the burning of the Pandavas was a fable. After prosecuting inquiries, his suspicions

an eclipse, are mentioned by Albirdni in bis India. * He died obildless, bnt at the reqnest of bifl mother Satja-vati, the Bishi

Dwaip&jana raised np three children to him, viz., Dhritarashtra, Pandn and Vidnra. Viehna Parana.

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283 were confirmed, upon which he had recourse to eDtreaty, and recalled them with protestations of friendship, hoping thus to secure his aim. He bestowed Delhi (Indraprastha) upon them with half his kingdom and retained Easiinapur with the other half. Yudishthira by his prudence and good fortune aided by the divine favour rose to greatness and his administration advanced his power. The Kauravtis flocked to his service, and in a short space he acquired universal sway. The other brothers likewise redaced many princes to their obedience. Duryodhana was beside himself at the sight of their sovereign splendour, and the pangs of envy drove him more distraught. With deceptive intent, he held a festival and invited |.he Pdndavas and proposed a game of chaupar^ playing himself, with cogged dice. By this means he won all they possessed. The laat stake was made on the condition that if the Pandavas won, they should recover all that they had lost, but if otherwise, they were to quit the royal dominions and wander in the wilds for twelve years in the garb of mendicants after which they might return to civilised life for a year, and so conduct themselves that none should know them. If this last particular were infringed, they would have to pass a similar period of twelve years in the forests. Unsuspecting foul pKy, their uprightness brought them to ruin. lated by the success of his device, Duryodhana was lulled into the slumber of a false security while the Pandavas under the divine direction accomplished their part of the agreement. Duryodhana now began to treat them with severity. Much altercation followed till the Pandavas consented to accept five villages if peacefully surrendered to them. Duryodhana in his pride refused and rose in arras. The scene of the conflict was in the vicinity of KurU'kshetra. But as the end of the fraudful is disaster, Duryodhana^ and his companions were totally destroyed and Yudishthira was victorious after eighteen days of successive engagements. Towards the close of the Dwdpur Yug^ 135 years before the beginning of the Kali Yug, and 4,831 years anterior to this the 40th of the Divine Era,^ this event rose into fame and was left to posterity as a record of portentous warning. It is said that in this mighty war, the army of the Kauravas consisted of 11 achliauhiniy and that of the Pandavas of 7. An achhauhini consists of 21,870 men mounted on elephants, the same number in chariots, and 65,610' cavalry; and 109,350 infantry. Marvellous to relate but 11* individuals

' See p. 15 where it is stated that from the ra of lUja Tudhishthira to the 40ih of Akbar's reign (A. H. 1003, conunencing 5th Deo. 1594 and ending 25th November, 1595 A. D.) there had

elapsed 4,696 years, making the commencement of the Kali Yug 3,101 B, C. To this period an addition of 135 brings the figure to 4,831. Var. 12.

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28i of both armies survived this war. Four of the army of Duryodhanat escaping with their lives took refuge with Yudkishtiraf viz.^ Kripdckdra^a Br^lhman who had been preceptor to both families and was renowned for wisdom and valour; Ashwatthimdn who was celebrated for the same qualities ; Kritvarman Yadu, a brave champion ; and Saniaya who, together with his reputation for wisdom, acquired renown as the charioteer of Dhritardshtra, On the side of the Pandavas, eight survived,^ tV., the 5 brothers ; Satyaki Yadu famous for his bravery and sagacity ; Yuyutsa brother of Duryodhana by another mother, and Krishna. After thig Tudishtira reigned supreme for 36 years, and his happy destiny wad virtuous disposition discovering to him the vanity of mundane things, he sought retirement and resolutely forsook a world that oppresses the weak. Together with his brethren he chose the path of renunciation and played the last stake of his life. This great war has been related in the Mahdbhdrata with numerous episodes in a hundred thousand couplets, and has been translated into Persian by command of His Majesty under the title of Bazmndmah (History of the War). It is set forth in eighteen Parbh or books. The first part is an account of the KaiM'avas and Pandavas and a list of contents. The second ; Yud^shtira sends his brethren to conquest his supreme monarchy the gambling feast held by the Kauravas, &c. Third, the departure of the Pandavas into the solitude of their exile and other events. Fourthy the coming of the Pandavas from the wilds to the city of Finito and remaining unknown. Fifth, the Pandavas discover themselves ; the mediation of Krishna and his rejection; the gathering at Kuru-kshetra and disposition of the armies. Sixth, the opening of the combat, the wounding of Bhtshma, the slaughter of many of the sons of Dhritardshtra, and the events of the ten days* engagement. Seventh, the council of war held by Duryodhana ; the appointment of Drona^ to the general command, his death and other events during five days. Eighth, description of the two days' battle ; Duryodhana names Kama to the command, his exploits the flight of Yudishtira before him the death of Kama at the hand of Arjuna on the second day. Ninth, Shalya is appointed general on account of his

heroism his death Duryodhana conceals himself in a tank his end and that of many champions. Tenth, the conclusion of the war, the coming of Kritvarmdn, Ashwatthdmdn, and Kripachdraya to Duryodhana on the field of battle while still breathing and his advice of a night attack &o * Var. 7. The text has chosen the ( The fonnder according to tradition, wrong variant in taking 11 for 12. I of Dankanr in Balandshahar Dist L G.

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285

Eleventh, the lameniatdons of the women on both sides O^udhiri mother of Duryodhana carses Kriihna. Twelfth, aooonnt of Tudishtira after the yictory ^his desire to resign his kingdom. Byds and Krishna comfort him bj their oonnseL BhUhma delivera many admirable and instmctive maxims setting forth the duties of sovereign administration. Thirteenth, the advice tendered by Bh^hma, In my judgment, the 12th and 13th books should be comprised in one as they both contain the counsels of Bkishma, and the 9th divided into two, the one dealing' with the episode of Bhalya and the other with the death of Yudishtira. Fourteenth^ the great horse-sacrifice (ashwa-medh). Fifteenth, the retirement to a hermitage of Dhriirardstra, Gfdndhdri, and Kunti mother of Yiidishtira, Sixteenth, the destruction of the Tadu tribe. Seventeenth, Bdja Yudishtira retires with his brethren who all perish in a snow-drift. Eighteenth, Yudishtira in his own body mounts to the upper world ; the dissolution of the mortal remains of his brethren. The conclusion called Harhans, contains the histoiy of the Yadus, In this work, although there are numerous extravagant tales and fictions of the imagination, yet it affords many instructive moral observations, aod is an ample record of felicitous experience. This Subah contains 8 Sarkdrs subdivided into 232 parganahs the measured land consists of 2 Mrs, 5 lakhs and 46,816 Bighas 16 Biswas. The revenue is 60 krors, 16 lakks 16,566 DAms (Rs. 16,040,388-14) of which 3 krors, 30 lakhs, 76,7.^9 are Suyurghal (Rs. 8,26,893-7 7). The local force is 31,490 Cavalry, 242,310 Infantry. Sarkdr of Delhi. Containing 4S Mahals, 7,126,107 Bighas, 17 Biswas. Revenue 123,012,590 Dams., Suyurghdl 10,990,260 Ddms. Castes various. Cavalry, 4000. In^ntry 28,980.

IsUmib&d P&ka1,ha8 a stone fort on a hill,

A'^hah, Pintpat, has a briok fort, ...

Bighas Biswas.

970,67-19 14,912-8 668,444

Bevenne D.

1,779,407 51d,081 10,766,647

OQ

31,462 46,420 8,640,632

60 20 100

1000 200 2000

Castes.

Rjp(itSind. Ahir. Afgh&n, OSjar, Ranghap.

' This term is more strictly confined to Rijp^ts converted to IsUm, bnt in parts of Delhi, partionlarly Rohtak, it

is indiscriminately applied to B&jpiits, whether Hindn or Mnhammadan. The probable derivation is from the Sansk.

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286

Palam, Baran, has a brick fort on the Kdli Nadi, B^bpat, on the Jnmna, between two streamB, ... Palwal, * has a brick fori; and it stands on a monnd, ... Bamilwah, Puth, has a brick fori/, B^ri Dobal^han, Tilpat, has a brick fori>, ... Tandah Bhagwn (Tdndah Phnganah; on the Jnmna, Tilb^mpiir,

Jhajhar, Jh^rsah, has a stone fori; in the village of Dhinah bnilt, by Sult^ Piroz on the banks of the av^M* ... J^war, Jhinjh&nah, Ohapranli, stands between two streams ... Jal&Ubiid, stands between two streams amid mnch forest ... Jalilpdr Barwat> much forest

Bighas Biswas.

245,240 171,160 200,616 284,783 146,000 48,191 119,002.19 119,578

61,669 14,287-7 128,417

87,928 188,746 67,923-16 82,201-12

96,189 42,061-17

Revenne D.

6,726,787 8,907,928 8,682,868 1,769,498 1,879,126 621,749 1,404,226 8,077,913

1,289,806 870,874 1,422,451

8,606,228 1,878,878 1,700,250 1,138,759 1,833,711 1,001,876

1,231,880 153,190 180,259 218,226 60,769 7,248

92,583

11,866 15,764 306,461

176,079 85,489 100,250 6,719

1,775

70 20 20 26 25 60 40 40

1000 800 200 600 200 600 800 400

200 100 1000

600 400 800 800 600 400

Castes.

Jat.

[Brilh: Chanh&n,

Biijput., Gu. jar. Shaikhzidah. To^iwar (Tnar). Jat. Brihman, Ejp6t, Gdjar. Afghan,. Jat. Afgh&n, Jat

Badgdjar. Bjpdt,

Ghh6kar.* Jat. Do.

Do. Do.

K^ ran, battle. See Elliot's Races, N.-W. P., I, p. 4. The Gnjars,'and Rangpars of Delhi are notorious as being among the few rural populations that rose against us in the Mutiny, p. 180. * This mound stands to this day considerably above the surrounding level and consists entirely of ancient remains crumbling to decay. It is a town of undoubted antiquity and supposed to figure in the earliest Aryan traditions under the name of Apelava, part of the Pandava Kingdom of Indraprasthra, I. G. ' A note states that the maps mark a

village called Ddhinah in the parganah of Sahntth near the confines of Jdrsah parganahj but no river is mentioned. * Claim descent from a Jadon lUjpdt. Elliot. I. 99. * T. and G. have 8er6t and Seroot respectively. The I. G. mentions one in Rae Bareli the other in Fyzabad Dist. the latter was a flourishing weaving town and an imdmbdrah was bnilt at a cost of 400 by a voluntary contribution of 4 of a pice for each piece of cloth from each weaver. The King of Oadh hearing of this, commended their liberality and piety and as an encouragement,

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287

Bighas Biswas. Bevenae D. I 1 1* Castes. The old sabnrban distriot, ... 128,417 1,422,451 306,460 10 40 Jat, Ohanhin. G6jar, Jat, The new do. do. ... 86,447 3,685,315 595,984

25 800

Ahfr.

971 786,406 18,783 135 1,500

Dasnah, between Ganges

and Jomna,

282,777 4,933,310 162,535 60 800 Gheldt (here some illegible words.) Didri TAh^ ..' 179,789 4,826,059 118,577 20 400 Afghin, Jat. Dankanr, on the Jnmna, ... 128,523 1,016,682 4,340 20 200 G6jar.

Rohtak, has a brick fort, ... 686,886 8,599,270 428,000 100 2,000 Jat. Bonipat (Sonpat) has a briok

fort, 288,299 7,727,828 77M05 70 1,000 Afghan, Jat, 8afid(kn, has a brick fort, ...

81,780 1,975,696 99,647 60 600 Rijpdt Ranghar, Jat. Sikandarib&d, ... 66,907-16 1,259,190 17,844 50 400 Bhiti,G6jap. Sartwah, has a brick fort, ... 42,887-12 1,583,899 31,914 40 300

J(>*Ac. Sentah* 89,147-9 854,191 48,207 80 800 Chanh&n. SiyAnah, between two

streams 166,407-17 849,090 4,959 50 400 Taga.*

8hakarp6r 62,139 2,111,996 780,805 70 200 Ohanhin. Karn41, the stream S&n-

janii flows below the

town 540,444 5,678,242

207,999 50 800 Banghar Ohanhiin. TagA. Ganaor, has a brick fort ... 40,990-16 1,718,792 83,890 20 400 Garh Hnktesar, has a brick

fort on the Jumna, a

Hinda place of pilgri-

mage 101,840-10 1,591,492 41.490 40 400 RAjpnt,Mnsal man, Hindu.

Katanah, 91,706-13 1,423,779

892 20 150 Jat. K4ndhlah, 68,934-5 1,874,430 87,930 20 80 G6jar. Kasnah, on the Jumna 104,021-19 1,622,315 149,250 40 400 dS. Kharkkandah, ... 51,895-15

1,105,856 4,958 50 600 Afghan, Jat.

graciously desired its continuance, as a contribution to his private purse. It is not reported how the weavers received the royal message. ' T. Sanhata, G. Sanyhet. ' Sir H. Elliot has an interesting disooflsion on the Gaur Tagas, an important tribe of Brahmincal descent in the N.-W. of India extending over a great part of upper Bohilkhand, the upper Do&b and the Delhi territory. Mr. Beames supple-

ments his conclusions with a note which embodies without accepting the learned but unsafe deductions of General Cunningham. Tod's Bajasthiln furnishes additional matter if not imformation, regarding the obscurity of their origin. Sherring's Hindu Tribes and Castes should be consulted in elucidation of the doubtful readings of the text, a note on each of which would be impracticable.

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288

Bighas Biswas. Bevenue GQ 1 1 Castes. Ganger Kb^rah, (E. Gang^ru

has a brick fort between

two streams ... 11,062-16 816,406 13,880

40 300 Sayyid. Ldni, has a briok fort be-

tween two streams 76,868 8,278,878 148,446 20 200

Hirath (Meemt) has a briok

fort between two streams. 610,422 4,391,996 381,096 100 300 Tag*, BinShandriH.

Mindintbi, the autumn har-

vest abundant: near the

town a tank with is never

dry thooghout the year. 90,464 2,868,223 2,934 80 600 Jat. Hasfddabad, has an old

briok fort 89,478

2,809,156 269,319 SO 80 Do. Hastinipdr, on the Ganges :

an ancient Hindu settle-

ment, 176,340 4,466,904 36,291 20

300 Tagi. H&piir, on the Ki\i Nadi

between two streams, . . . 239,846 2,108,589 6,229 4 300 Do.

Sarkdr of Baddon, ContaiDing 18 MahaU. 8,093,850 Btghaa, 10 Biswas. 34,817,063 Dams. SuyurgMl. 457,181 Dams. Castes various. 2,850. Infantry, ?6,700.

Bevenae Cavalry,

Bighas

Biswas. Bevenue D. I 1 ! f Castes. AJiop, 82,467-17 1,362,867 ... 500 3000 Chauhan. Ao^lah, 14,701 690,620 60 400

Kavwar.* Badao^ with suburban dis

trict. 668,820-6 7,357,6''l 287,986 60 6000 Shiukhiidah, Kiyath. Bar^li, 661,227 12,607,434 91,820 1000 10,000

Rijpdt. Barsar, 196.700 2,147,824 6,764 60 600 E&yath. Paund, (BlUot Pdnar.) 6,749 260,840 60 300 Kah<$r! Talhi,* (BsOhati), 26,982 1,077,811 1,605 60

1000 Tagi, Brahman. Bahiswan, 263,120 2,493,898 16,444 100 2000

Bands Mandeh, (B. Satdsi

Mundiyd), 68,110 796,316 3,471 60 600

Tagi, BWLh-

* Var. Jandrdn. Var. Tovwar (Tudr).

Vdr, Talhati. Elliot Balat

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269

Bfghas Biawaa. Raven ae D. t 1 1 Castes,

QQ o 60 a 1-^

Snnej^, 29,758 1,81"5,725

500 Ulds.? K4nH. 65,684 2,489.869' 48,444 8.Q 2000 Bichhal. K6% Silbihan, has a fort : ...

227,500-8 1,219,165 ... 60 600 1 Ka^jwir." CWlah, 24,640 1,186,931 4,267 100 1000 Dewak/ BiohhaL

8a/rkdr of Kwmdon, Coniaining 21 Mttkah. The revenue of 5 Mahals undetermined. 16 Mahals, in money. 40,437,700 Ddme. Cmtm various. Cavalry, 3000. liifantry, 50,000.

Eevenne

Kevenua

D. JakHLm, D. Aodan, 400,000 5,000,000 BhdksiandBhdkai, 2 Mahals,... 400,000 Jariyah, 8,000,000 Bastwah, 200,000 Jdwan, 2,600,000 Pachdtar, 400,000 Gfaaoli, Sahajgar* aazarpCir,*

Bhikan Diwir, 200,000 Dwdrahk^,

Bhakti, 11,000,000 Malwiirah,* 2,500,000 Bh6ri, andetermined.

Maloh6r, Sitaoh<5r, K^mtia,

RatiU 10,026,000 8 Mahals, 6,]37.700 Chanki,* 400,000

Sarkdr of Sambhal, Containing 47 Mahals, 4,047,193 Bighas, 2 Biswas. 66,941,431 Ddms. Suyurghdl 2,892,394 Dams. Castes, varioas. 4,375. Infantry, 31,550. Elephants, 50.

Reveuae. Cavalry,

Bighas Biswas. Revenne D.

1 i 43 1 s Castes. Amsdhah, ... Aasampiir, ... laUunpdr Bharii, 820,654 66,467 66,096 6,342,000 2,389,478 1,870,640 993,358 187,644 12,183 1000 80 100 5000

800 200 60 Sayyid. Tag<i. Baiahnavi.

. * Tar. and T. Adon, O. Adown. ' Tar. and O. Batila. Var. Thanki. O. Thungy. T. IrtttgU. Note "in the maps, Chanki, 37

now called Balahri and Sarbani.** * Now Jaspiir. * Now Ghidarp6rah. * Var. Talwirah.

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Bigbas Biswas. Reyenne D. 1.

1 1 i Castes.

m o M S

trjhiri, ... 125,221 697.600 2,788 20 200

Jat. Akbardbid, 58,790-14

640,264 27,860 50 200 ...

IsUmpdr Darg6, 11,217-10 429,675 675 20 200

iBUmib&d, .. 26,26MO 846,848 6,894 50 500 ...

Jat. Bijnanr, ... 60,862 8,865.465 18.164 60 500 ... Tag*, BrahBaobhaHU)?, 115,226-12 828,822 8.632 50 800

nan. Tagi, Bir<$i, 16,027-12 150,000

... 25 100 < K<$hi. Biiiix^, 8,008-7 200,000 ... 25 100 ... Kbasia.! Ch&ndp6r ... 87,278 481,071 259,959 50 200 ...

Tagi, Jat. Ao. Jat. Jal^Iibiid, ... 49,893 1,470.072 12.268 25 100 ... Chauplab, (T. and var.

Chanp&lah), 1.016,199 1,840,812 ... 100

500 ... Gkmr. Jbild. 26,795 237,809 84,916 50 400 ... Jat. Jadw4r, 76,767-19 828.846 ... 50 200 ... Ba^jar. Subarban distriot of

8ambbal 206,450 8,822,448 148,789 100 500 ... Tag^ BWLh. man, Ao, Deorab, 96,965 1.924,887 ... 25 200 ...

Bbnkab (EUiot Dh^Ucah), 180,158-16 670,864 6,487 25 200 ... Bab^ Dabhirsi, ... 82,692-11 280,806 ... 25 200 ...

Bidflab, ... 80,180-15 210,000 ...

20 100 ... K6hi. Biljpdr, 189,890 700,000 *. 50 400 ... Rijpnt Bijabpiir, ... 40,846-9 612,977 2,288 25 150 .. K<$kar.

Sbaikba^dab. 8ambbal bas a briok

fort, 46,400 850,968 68,404 50 400 ... Khokbar.* Beobirab, ... 27,945 1.888,782 1.418 60 800

... Tagl Sirai, 52.400-11 968,769 152,814 20 200 ..* Sayyid, Ao. Bahantpdr, 54,844-10 944,804 1.088 50 400 ... Tagi. S^rsiwab, ... 87,608

808,065 15 400 . Kaorawah. Bb^pkdt, ... 19,870 4.921,051 218,157 100 1000 ...

8b&bi. 80,417 900,496 472 20 200

... Ganr. Kundarki, ... 86,164 674,986 74,936 60 400 Kiyatb. Kiratp^, ... 80,973 2,410,609 166,218 100 500 ... Tagi, Jat. Kaobb, 99,868

1,248,995 5,766 20 200 ...

Ganddar, ... 18,676-17 761,620 84,270 80 200

Taga. K&bar, 88,282-7 566,589 16,019 60 400 ...

CbanbfaL Ganaur, 51.005-1 267,919 17,719 10 100 .. Musalmin. Kbinkari, ... 81,546-7 200,000 ... 10 100

Lakbndr, ... 246,440 2,499,208

82,988 lOOC 6000 ... Gaux^ Lfswab, 1,871 100,000 ... 10 100 ...

Hagbalpor, 168.874 8,580.300 80,800 100 500 ... Tag<,

Hanjbanlab, (B. Ha-

jhaulah), 142.461 1,787,556 6,970 400 8000 ... BiutetfjaF. Handiwar, .. 65,710 1,266.995 20,465 25 800

... Bais. Kadinab, (Elliot Nagf-

nah), 99.288 2,647,242 284,868 50 500 ... Ahlr.

1 Kbassiab is given in Elliot (Appendix, 0. 287, I.) as a brancb of tbe Budraa.

> A Bijpdt clan, wbiob bas been oonsidered to be tbe same as tbe Gbaldr. B. J. 99,

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Kahtanr, in this p<irganahf the mnlberrj grows in great perfectiofn of sise and sweetness a span in iength)*^ * Neodhanish, Nardil, Hatamnah,

Bfghas Biswas.

85,974.12 209,620-10 181,621 6,706*14

BeTenne

1,788,160 904,676 1,408,098 260,000

4,675 48,212

60 100 60 60

800 600 400 400

Castes.

Tagi. Oanr. Ba^g6jar. Kddar.

Sarkdr of Sahdrcmpur, Mahals. 3,530,870 B{gka$^ 3 Biatoas. lUvenne, Castes, Yarions. Cavalry,

Containing 36 87,839,659 Dams. Suywrghal 4,991,485 Ddms 3,955. Infantry, 22,270.

Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne D. ^Q i

1 I Castes.

1 2 i_

Indri, has a brick fort

near the Jnnina, 148,900*28 7,078,826 691,908 60 1000

... Ranghar, Tagi. G6jar, A9wn.t Ambihtah, ... 17,764 824,560 ... ao 800

Bndhinah,... 155,688 8,698,041 181,780 40

800

Tag4, Jat Bidauli, ... 111,226 8,115,125 1,400,255 ... ... ... Sayyid. fiahatkanjiwar. 178,471 2,676,407 146,749 50 500 ... Ta^ Bh6gp6r, has a brick

B&rhah. fort on the Ganges,

a Hindi place of wor-

ship, 94,428 2,888,120 6,941

100 1000 ... Bjp6tSar{r. P6rohap&p, 86,940 2,191,460 120,488 20 200 ...

Bh^nah, (EUiot Bh^-

mah), ... 67,461

2,185,496 28,458 2000 7000 .11 Sayyid. Baghri, ... 60,890 1,918,196 74,840 80 200 ... Jat. Bhanith, ... 49,288 1,821,4^ 8,650 20 200

... Tag6.

281,877 8,578,640 817,860 20 500 Rajpiit, Sadbiir.

1 Probably, according to Dr. King, the JforiM laevigata, a long thin berry with a mawkiBh, sweet taste. t This word ( c)!^' ) signifies aiders' or 'assistants.' Unless it be another form of Anfdri, I am nnable to explain

it and the text g^ves it on the authority of all MSS. without comment. This town is the residence of the Przdah family of Sayyids. It many be an error for wb^ for which see Yol. I, p, 456, n. 2.

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292

Jaarisiy JauU,

Gharthawal, Baburban distriot of Sahdranpur, has a brick fort olotbs of the kinds, Khdfah and Chautdr (Vol. 1, p. 94) are here nade i& perfection, Deoband, has a briok fort, Bdmptir, ...

Borki,

Bdepfir TiUr, Sikri fihnkarh^ri) Sarsawah, has a briok fort, Sardt, Sirdhanah,... Bambalh^r^*

Sdranpalri,... Khat4nli, ... KhcSdi, Kairdnnh, ... Gangoh, Lakhnanti,... >InzaFarab&d, Manglaar, has fort.

brick

Halhaipur,... Nakdr,

Kinautah, ...

Bighafl Biswas.

81,856 211,761 45,663

85,916

212,836-16 836,861 79,419 2,768

4,688-8 183,211 106,800 90,617 113,780 31,963

10,648 104,747 86,618 71,246 62,137 79,694 81,305-15 60,987 81,010 65,612-10 29,224

BeTenoe D.

222,277 2,471,277 1,810,067

1,668^2

6,951,646 6,477,977 1,777,908 1,628,860

869,060 3,003,611 2,616,125 2,207,779 1,690,606 1,011,078

674,320 3,624,588 2,614,673 2,025,288 2,029,032 1,796;058 4,074,064 2,850,311 2,244,070 1,387,070 724,168

GQ

128,863 71,297 152,396

68,872

706,448 641,946 78,697 8,361

110,611 16,165 53,571 43,342 11,078

22,628 190,919 58,906 223,579 322,515 76,602 71,899 197,266 23,077 26,104 18,684

20

100 60 50 25

40 40 60 20

300 300 20 ^40 00 40 40

80 200

200

800 300 400 200

200 200 200 1000 300

260 800 4C)0 200 200U 2C00 200 300 500 300 800

Castes.

Jat. Bidar. Sayyid, (Gayalry entered under Sar<5t.) Tai.

Afghan, KaUl, Tags, fitiiar. Tags. Sadb&r, Tagi. Rajput, Sadb4r, Tagi, Brnhman. TagA. Jat. Tagi. Do. Tagi, Ahir. Sayyid (Car. entered ander Bhonah.) Jat. Tagm, Kolal. Jat, Taga Oujar. Tarkomin. Do. Ranghar, Sand^ Brahman,

Ba^gnjar. Afghin, Brahman. A^han, Brihman. Afghikn.

1 Var. Sadar, 3 Sanbaltar&.

ft Yar. Sadri note suggests Pnudlr.

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Sarkdr of ^Swdrt. Gentainmg 12 Mahals. 1,155,011 BigkaSy 10 Biswas. Snydrghal. 789,268 Bdms, Revenue . Cavalry, 2,175. Infantry, 14,600.

BiCgbas Biswas. Bevenne D. 3 So 1 1

Oastes. Biwal, 110,375 4,114,763 16,274 100 2001 Eijpfit, Ah{r, Jat. Do. Do. P^tn&dfai, 61,970 2,270,080 6,260 60 600 BhiSharah, (E. Bhorab) ... 38,647 766,548 846 100

leoo Abfr. Korii, has a brick fort, ... 36,868 986,228 61,673 60 600 Mnsalmin, KbaildAr.* BewM with sob. dist. ; has a

brick fort, 405,108 11,906,847 404,100 400 2000

Tbatbar, Abir, Jat. Batii Jatii, ... 62,10 269,608 628 > 400

E(5t l^asim Ali, 80,410 3,367,980 110,880 26 400 Rijpiit, Ahir. GheMt, 27,270-10 666,688 ... 700

2000 Bijpiit Thatbar. Eohlmah, .. 16,264 421,440 ... 60 600 Do. Do. 6iilmab, bas a stone fort on

a bill ; here a bot spring

and Hind^ shrinQ, 261,738 8,928,864 160,668 200 2000 Do. Do. Kimrinab, bas a stone fort

on a bill, ... 85,047 682,269 ... 600 4000 Various.

8ark6/r of Hidr Firdxah^ (Hissdr),

Containing 27 Mahals. 8,114,497 Bighas. Revenue, 52,554,905 D6ms Suyurghdly 1,406,519 Lams. Castes, various. Cavalry, 6,875, Infantry, 60,800.

Bigbas Biswas. Bevenue D. 1. 1 1 200 100 1 2000 1000 Castes. Agr(5wab (var. Agr<5hab). Game of idl kinds abounds. Sport chiefly bairking, ... Ahioni, 46,717 19,537 1,748,970 857,367 6,664 160,033 JM6,' Jat. Gujar, Jat.

> Yar. Kbald&n, Jald&z. * Called after the Emperor Fir6z Bbib Tngblak who founded the town of that name about 1864 A. D. * Yar. 9t6, JM, J&^d is no doubt

correct. It is anotber form of tbe word Jat, but also means a branch of the Cbam&r tribe, and is said to be a R4j. p6t tribe about Kam&l, chiefiy Mu^ammadans.

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Bfgbaa Biswas. Bevenne D. 1 i 1 Castes. A^kherah, has a briok fort,

and a Hindu temple called

Goyardhnn,'... 82,991 1,676,200 ... 200 2000 Jat, To^wlr. Bhangiw&l, 1,800,000 .. 200 2000

Jat, PAnya.* Pnniyi>, ... 1,200,000 ** 160 8000 Jat, Ponvan. Bh&rangif ** 880,882 ... 20C^ 2000 E6(bdr,Jat. BarwIUah, 186,799 1,097,807 109,062 100

1600 Maliks^dab, BalfWl. Bhafcd,* ... 440,280 at 50 1000 Jat. Barwi, 6,264 64,680 *. 26 800 J&tii,Jat. Bhatn^r baa a briok fort, ... 15,688 988,042

 500 10,000 B6^b6r, Baj* pdt. Tobinab, Do. 180,744 4,694,854 160,680 400 8000 Afgbn, Lobani. Bi^b6r, Raj. Tosbfim, 611,075 1,068,548 2,686 200 1000

piit^ Jat. Jind) 8 miles from tbe town

in tbe Tillage of Pandirab,

is a Hind6 temple, 281,684 5,401,749 128,080 600 4000 Stiir, lUj. pdt, Ji^.

Jam^lp^, tbe Gbaggar flows

tbrongb several Tillages

bere, 142,465 4,277,461 81,461 700 400 To^war, Jat. Hisir (Hissir) witb snb.

dist. bas 2 forts, one of

briok, one of stone, 176,512.18 4,089,895 188,879 600 2000 Ji^, Ban. gbar, Sowirin

(Sbeoran), Singwn.

Db&tarat, bas a briok fort,... 29,207-18 978,027 46,666 100 2000 Jat, Afgbln. Sirsi, do. 258,866 4,861,868 168,104 600 5000 Jnnab (note Jobiya). Seor&n, ... 400,000 ... 100

1000 Jat, Seorin

(Sbeoram.)

^ Goyardban (nonrisber of kine) name of a bill in Brind&ban, said to bave been lifted up and supported by Krisbna npon one finger for 7 days to shelter tbe cowberds from a storm of rain sent by Indra to test Krisbna's divinity. Henoe be is called Oovardhan dJuxr and Oin dhar tbe bill-supporter. A variant of A(kberah is Ankharab. G. and T. Augharab.

' A Jat clan. * At p. 106, Bba^. Tbese disorepancies cannot always be noted and must be compared by reference to botb lists, See BUiot's Races N-W. P. Vol. II, p. 188. ^ Tbis and tbe Sbeoram are two of tbe cbief Jat clans of tbe Delhi territory.

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Bfghas

Biswas. Reyenne D. 1i 60 1 Castes. 8f dhmiikh, soil mostly sand,

171,872

500 IWjpfit,

B&(h<5r,Jat. Bewftni, 48,512 76,750

... 100 1000 B4jp6t,J4^ Shinsdah Diliit (sixteen

Tillages) ... 29,740 960,111 12,586 200 1500 B4jp6t, TovFatb^b^, has a briok fort, 88,661 1,184^892 81,867

200 8000 Gdjar, Jat. GolUnab, 68,961 2,876,116 16,146 800 8000 Jat, a^ofd

in which the Hindds think

it anspioions and holy to

bathe, - 19,488 1,119,864 47,978 100 2000 Jat, Gadi (var. Kan.) Mnhim, has a brick fort (an

inegible sentence follows

in one MS.) ... 188,080 4^968,618 84,202 700 2000 Riipdt, Tovwar, Jat. HInai, has a briok fort, ... 886,115 5,484,438 180,056 600 7000 Biljpdt, Unltim, Ji(u, Jat.

Bark&r of Sirhind, Containing 33 MahdUy 7,729,466 Bighas, 7 Btswas. 160,790,549 Ddjns. Suyurghdl, 11,698,330. Castes, varioas. 9,225. Infentry, 55,700.

Bevenne, Cavalry,

Bighas Biswas. Revenne D. 1" 1 f Castes. AmbAlah, Ban6r, Pi^l, has a brick fort, 164,769 420,887 626,932 4,198,094 12,649,958 7,822,260 821,488 1.087,209 162,267 100 700 200

1000 8000 2000 Ranghar, AfgUn. Ranghar, Jat. Bb<$dar (Bhad<5r), 86,877 8,108,269 1,406,106 50 700 Jat, IA Bhatti. Raoghar. Manj (Var, Shaikh). Jat. Bba|andah, Pindri, Thifah, has a brick fort on theSntlej, ... 84^190 278,866 8,126,000 686,870 7,860,809 47,152 2,869,841

400 20 1500 2000 800 1,000

See. Vol. I, p. 626,

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296

1 Bighaa Biswas. Berenus D.

00 i 50 f Gastea. Tbin^sar, has a brick fart. 288,988-17 7,860,803 J 2,069,841 160& B*nghar, Jat. Chahat (T. and O. Jhet,

Jhnt.) on th Ghaggar. 1 158,749 760,994 49,860 860

1100 Afghin, Rijpdt. Jat. Chark (T. Djerk G. Jerk). 63,683 1,638,090 21,619 20 300 Khizr&Wid^ has a brick fort. 88S,489 12.069,918 6a, 170 200 8^00 Bh^t^, Jk. D<5rilah 66,768 2,188,443 86,710 50

300 Ranghar. Dh6teh, 71,357 1,601,346 1,346 300 1500 Rijp^t. Deor^nah, 12,339 680,986 17,385 20 200 Jat. Eupar, has a brick fort, ... 66,144 6,006J649 26,034

200 1000 Rajput 4ft(v Birhind with smb. disi. has

a brick fort, 1 828,468 12,082,630 603,636 1700 2000 RAjp^t, Bar^h, Khanff^ D&dah (D^du?) Jat. Sam&nahy 904,261

12,822,270 782.000 70o| 2000 BarAh. Jat. BunAm, has a brick fort, ... 988,562 7,007,696 7,696 500 2000 RangYkar. Sadhdrah, has a brick fort. 84,861 4,298,064 273,266 400 6000 Chaahin, Rangbar. Bnlt^nfHir 6&rhah, 13,736 427,036

3,769 20 100 Do. Rajpdt. Bhih&bRd, 134,146 6,761,468 761,687 200 1600 Chanhin, B4jp6t, Patl^pfir, 60,931 684,370 15,440 25 400 Rfijpdt, Pundir. Rangbar, Jat, Bar^h.

(var. Karydt Hie Sam6, 28,099 1,220,090 6,874 40 900

B&rah.) Kethal, has a brick fort:

here Hinda shrines, 918,026 10,638,630 309,146 20( 3000 RAjpdt. Guhr^m, Do. 188,674 6,138,630 1,058,982 50 100 Rangbar, Jat, Khanri. Lndbiinah. has a brick fort

on the Sntlej, 43,469 2,294,633 44,633 100 700 Awfin.' Khaari, Rangbar. Chauhin, Rangbar. Jat. Hnstafadb&d, 271,399 7,496,691 570,976 200 1000 Masengan, 204,877 7,058,259 626.690 200

1000 Mans^urptir, 116,242 1,830,. '25 326,690 200 1000 Raaghar. Ml^r, 103,444 260,683 2(J,176 100 500 - Mnnj. MiUshhiw&rah, has a brick

fort. 17,272 250,662 260,552 100 500 Khauri, WAh (var Wirah).

Hipari, 98,756 1,146,118 ... 80 800 Rangbar, Jat.

^ Bee Blliot, I. 113. Extract from Onnningham who g^ves the possession of Tazila to this people before Alexan-

der's invasion. Also Vol. I, p. 466, of the present work.

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307 Sovereigns of Delhi.

Twenty princes reigned 437 years 1 month Anangpil, T^o^war (Toar or Tenore of U. T.) Basdeva Ghangnn (var. Khanku, Khankdr, Kankeo, Kanakp&l Gangn. Pirtbimal (var. Pirthip41) ... Joideva ... .. .# Nirpal (var. Hirpdl) Adrah, (var. Andiraj and 26-8-15) Bichhraj Bik, (Anekpil, Anakpil) ... Baghnpal Nekpdl (Eekhpdl) Gop&l ... . . Solakban ... ... ... Jaipil Elai^warpdl Anekpil

Bijaipdl, (var. Tajpdl) ... Mahipdl (var. Muhetsil) ... Akn^pil ... ... ... Pirthiraj ... .

28 daye .i

Tb. M. D. .. 18

.. 19 1 18 . 21 3 28 .. 19 6

19 .. 20 7 28 .. 14 4 9 . 26 7 II .. 21 2 13 .. 22 3 16 . 21 6 5 . 20

4 4 . 18 3 16 . 25 2 2 . 16 4 13 . 29 9 11 . 29 6 18 . 24 1 6

. 25 2 13 . 21 2 15 . 22 3 16

* This number does not accord with the totals. It would be as unprofitable ms it is hopeless to attempt to digest or reconcile the order, number and lengpth of these reigns among various authorities, when dates are unknown or conjectural, the names of the princes disputed and their existence xpythioal. After this, the minute exactness of their duration of reigns would be ridiculous enooj^h even were not the totals short of the number that heads the list, hy about 60 years. Tiefitenthaler begins 38

the series from Tudishthira, differing as widely from Wilford and Tod, as they do from each other, and follows with another series from " quelques ecrits persans" at variance with what has preceded, and continuing with a farther list of princes " rapport^s encore diff^rement " from a Persian history. The unravelling of this tangle will afford abundant occapation to those interested in these details. I suspect that they are not many.

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208

SeTen princes reigned 95^ years and 7 months. Ys. M. D. Bildeya (Baldeva) Gbanhin ... ... 61 4> Amr Gangd ... ... ... 5 2 5 Ehirpal ... ... ... ... 20 1 5 Sdm6r ... ... ... ... 7 4 2 Jdhir ... ... , ... 4 4 8 Kdgdeva ... . S 1 5 Pithaura (Prithwi Bie) ... ..* ... 49 5 1 III. Eleven princes of the Ohori dynasty reigned 96 years 6 months and 20* days. AH. A. D. 588 1192 Salt&n M^izzn'ddin^ Muf^ammad S6m Ghori ... 14 jj^ntbn'ddin Eibak ... 4 Ar&m Sh&h, his son ... 1 Shamsn'ddin Altmish ... 26 Bnknn'ddin Fir<5z Sh&h, his son ... ... Baziah, his sister, ... 3 Muizzu'ddin Bahr&m Shdh, his brother ... ... 2 1 15 ^.Un'ddin Mas^dd Sh&h, his nephew ... ... 4 1 1 Nd^irn'ddin Mat^niid Sh&h, his uncle ... ... 19 8

Ghiya^u'ddiu Balban ... 20 and some months. Mnizzn'ddin Eaiknbid, his grandson ... ... 3 Do. IV. Thirteen princes of the Khilji dynasty reigned 129 years 10 months and 19 days. 688 1289 Sultan Jalaln'ddin Khilji 7, some months

602 1206 607 1210 607 1210 633 1285 631 1236 637 1239 640 1242 643

1246 664 1265 685 1286 ,

6 28 6 6

Var. 78 and Gladwin 88. The total gives 94-7. Cf. Table XXIII of U. T. p. 104, and Table L of the Indian

djnastieB taken from Ferishta, p. 124. Var. 8. * Also oaUed Shahibn'ddin.

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299

Ys. M. D. 695 1295 Snlt&i 1 j^lda'ddin Kbilji his nepbew 20, some months. 716 1316 > Shah&ba'ddin Omar, his son

8 some days. 717 1817 ^ntbu'ddin Mmb&rak Sh&h,

bis elder brother 141 4 721 1321 ft Nd^im'ddin Ebasran Eb&n,

6 721

1321 99 Ghijd^a'ddin TughlaV Shib, 4, some months. 725 1824 99 Mn^mmad, bis son, 27

752 1351 99 Fir6z Sb&b, son of bis pater-

nal uncle, 88 some months. 790

1388 n TagblaV Sb&b, his gprandson,

6 8 791 1889 Aba Bakr Sb&b, son of bis

paternal uDole, 1 6 793 1391 Mnbammad Sb6b, bis pater-

nal uDcle, 6 7 796 1893 )> j^la'addia Sikandar, bis son.

1 11 796 1393 It Ma^mud, bis brother, V. Eb4n* of the Sajyid Dynasty, 20 2 817

1414 Eliizr 7 2 2 824 1421 Mabirak Sbdb, 13 3 16 837 1433 Muhammad Sbilh, 10, some months. 850 1446 BnHii L AlauMdin ^ilam Sh&b, 7 do. 854

1450 ft Behl61 Lodi, ... 38 8 8 894 1488 Sikandar, his son, 28 5 923 1517 9f Ibrahim, his son, 7, some months.

ft BAber, 5

> Humayilin, ... .,. 9 8 1 947 1540 Sh6r Kb&n S6r, ... 5

952 1545 l> Salim Elb&n, bis son, 8 and odd.

^ All the HSS. ooncnr in this glaring error, an erident slip of a copyist of 14 for 4. He was wsed to the throne on the 7th Hoharram A. H. 717 (22nd Maroh 1317) and was killed 6th Babii I, A. H. 781 (6th Apnl 1821.)

 Var. 8. * Thus in all MSB., but Ferishta disooTors the method of computation bj ^ijjifg this reign from the abdication of

his father Fir<5z Shih in his favour on the 6th Sh^b&n 789 A. H. (21st August 1387) to his death on the I7th Rabii I 796 (20th January 1898) disregarding the two intermediate reigns. ^ I take the dates from the U. T. bui discrepancies arise from disputed succesi sions, and the state of anarchy which often existed in the interTaU of these reigns.

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300 Ys. M. D. 960 1558 Saltin Mdbdris Khin Adali. 961 1553 ^ Ibrahim, ... some months. 962 1554 Sikandar, ... ... ditto. Humiyte, ... ... 13 In th year 429 of the era of Bikramijit (A. D. 372) AnangpdP of the To^war tribe reigned with jostioe and founded Delhi. In the year 848 of the Bame lani-solar era (A. D. 791) in the vicinity of that renowned city, a hotly contested battle was fought between Prithirdj To^war and fiildeTS Ghanhdn, and the sovereignty was transferred to this latter tribe. During the reign of R4j& Pithanra (Prithwi Itdjd) Sal^n Maizzu'ddin S&m made several incursions into Hindustan without any materiid svccess. The Hindu chronicles narrate that the B&jd engaged and defeated the Sul^in^ in seven pitched battles. In the year 588 A. H. (A. D. 1192,) an eighth engagement took place near ThAnesar and the Bijd was taken prisoner. One hundred renowned champions (it is related) were among his special retainers. They were severally called Sdmant^ and their extraordinary exploits cannot be expressed in language nor reconciled to experience or reason. It is said that at this battle none of these champions was present, and that the Bijd kept to his palace in selfish indulgence, passing his time in unseemly pleasure, heedless of the administration of the state and of the welfare of his troops.

The story runs that Rdja Jaichand Rath6r, who held the supremacy of Hindustan was at this time ruling at Kanauj, and the other Rdjas to some extent acknowledged his authority and he himself was so liberalminded that many natives of Irdn and Turan were engaged in his servioe. He announced his intention of celebrating the great sacrifice symbolic of

Another name for Raja-S^na. Wilford sajB that he was called Anangp41a or befriended by love probably for his snocess in his amonrs, which he displayed by carrying off his brother's wife. Teiffenthaler calls him Rasena and credits him with the bnildmg of Delhi, which is confirmed by the Agni^ por&na. Wilford's criticism of these dates and his emendations (Vol. IX. As, Res. p. 169) are based on the incorrect statement that Abol Fazl makes the 1st year of Yikramaditya to correspond with the Ist of the Hijra. His oonolnsions are consequently entirely wrong.

' The text should hnve ^LkJLo in* stead of ^^UaJU as in the S. nl M. I learn from Professor Cowell tha* the primary meaning attached to this term in the St. Petersburg Diet, ia * neighbonr,* and the second signification, ' vassal/ in which sense it often ooeors in Sanskrit poetry. Monier Williams defines it as "a noighbonring king"* feudatory or tribotary prince " and adds a third meaning <a leader, genenli champion ' which applies to the text

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301 paramount supremacy and set about its prepamtions. One of its conditions is that all menial service should be performed bj princes alone, and that eren the duties of the royal scallery and the kindling of fires are directly a part of their office. He likewise promised to bestow his beautiful daughter on the bravest of the assembled chivalry. B>iji Pith aura had resolved to attend the festival, but a chance speech of some courtier that while the Chauhan sovereignty existed, the great sacrifice could not

legitimately be performed by the Ra^hdr chief, inflamed his ancestral pride and he held back. Raj4 Jaichand proposed to lead an army against him, but his counsellors representing the duration of the war and the approach of the appointed assembly, dissuaded him from the enterprise. To carry out the integrity of the festival, a statue of Riji Pithaura was made in gold and placed in the office of porter at the royal gates. Roused to indignation at this news, Bajd Pithaura set out in disguise accompanied by 500 picked warriors and suddenly appeared at the gathering and carrying off the image, he put a great number to the sword and hastily returned. The daughter of Jaichand, who was betrothed to another prince, hearing of this adventurous deed, fell in love with Pithaura and refused her suitor. Her father, wroth at her conduct, expelled her from her chamber in the palace and assigned her a separate dwelling. Pithaura, distracted at the news, returned with a determination to espouse her, and it was arranged that Ghdndi a bard, a rival in skill of Babylonian^ minstrelsy, should proceed to the court of Jaichand on the pretence of chanting his praises, while the IUj4 himself with a body of chosen followers should accompany him as attendants. Love transformed the intention into act, and by this ingenious device and the spell of valour, he carried off his heart's desire, and after prodigies of bravery and heroism reached his own kingdom. The hundred Sdmanis (above mentioned) accompanied him under various disguises. One after the other they covered his retreat and defeated their pursuers. Gobind Rae Gehldt made the first stand and bravely fighting, fell. Seven thousand of the enemy sank engulfed in death before him. Next Narsim^h Deva, Chdnd^, Pundir, and S4rdh61* Solanki, and Pdlhan Deva Kaohhwdhah with his two brothers, during the first day's action, after performing feats of astonishing heroism sold their lives dearly, and all these heroes perished in the retreat.

known proverbial expression for fasoination and enchantment. I am not, however, satisfied with the gloss but cannot amend it. Var. Sadh61.

* The words in the text ^^*^ji^ are meaningless, and the variants are not clearer, bnt to one MS. that reads ^ij^t, a marginal note explains it with the synonym 4/tt a Babylonian, a well-

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302 The Raj4, with the bard Ch^ndil and two of his brothers^ brought bis bride to Delhi amid the admiration of a wondering world.

nnfortanatelj the prince was all engrossed bj his affection for his beantifal wife and neglected ail other affairs. After a year had thus passed, Saltan Shahabn'ddin by reason of the above events, formed an alliance with Bdjd Jaichand, and assembling an army, invaded the country and captured many places. But no one dared even to represent, not to say, remedy this state of affairs. At last, the principal nobles meeting together, introduced Chandi through the seven gates of the palace, who enteiing the women's apartments, by his representations somewhat disturbed the Rdj&'s mind. But in the pride of his former victories, he marched to battle with but a small army. As his brave champions were now no more, his kingdom fallen from its ancient renown, and Jaichand his former ally, reversing his past policy, in league with the enemy, the B&jd in this contest was taken prisoner and carried by the Sul^in to Ghazni. Chdndd in his fidelity and loyalty hastened to Ghttzni, entered the Sultan's service and gained his favour. By his address, he discovered the Raj 4 and comforted him in his prison. He proposed that he should praise his dexterity with the bow to the Sultan who would desire to witness it, and that then he might use his opportunity. The proposal was carried out and the R^jd pierced the Snlfdn with an arrow. His retainers fell upon the Raj& and Ch&ad4 and out them to pieces. The Persian historians give a different account and state that the BdjA was killed in battle. Fate discloses many such events from its treasure-house of wonders. But where and blessed is he who will take warning thereby and act on the lesson ? When the Chauhdn dynasty fell, the choicest portion of Hindustan passed into the hands of Sul^dn Muizzu'ddin Ghori. Leaving Malik ^u^bu'ddin (Eibak) who was one of his slaves, at the village Guhr^m,^ he himself returned to Ghazni, laying waste the hilly country on his northern march, ^u^bu'ddin in the same year possessed himself of Delhi and many other places and followed up his successes with remarkable ability. On the death of Mi?^izzu*ddin, Ghiyd^u'ddin Mahmud son of Ghiy^^u'ddin Mul^ammad sent from Firdzkoh (his capital) the umbrella and insignia of royalty io Malik J^utbu'ddin. ^utbu'ddin was

* See list of towns in Sirhind Division, I it at 70 k6t from Delhi. The hilly oo nntry p. 296. Ferishta writes riband places I he wasted was the Siwiliks. Feriahta.

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803 eniKroned at Lahore and exalted his repntatiou bj bis justice, mnnificencd ftnd valour. He lost bis life while playing at chaugdn.^

The nobles raised his son Aram Shdb to the throne, but a strong faction set up Malik Altmish, who had been a purchased slave, and was the sonin-law and adopted heir of ^utbu'ddin. Arim Sh&h was defeated and retired into obscurity, and Altmish assumed the title of Sharasu'ddin. It is said that his father was chief of some of the Turkish tribes. His brethren and cousins distracted by envy, sold, like Joseph, this nursling of intelligence, into slavery. Through the vicissitudes of fortune, he had various changes of masters until a merchant brought him to Ohazni. Saltan Muizzu'ddin S6m proposed to purchase him, but his owner chafEered for his value and placed an exorbitant price on him. The Sultan enraged, forbade any one to purchase him. IjCutbu'ddin on his return to Ghazni after the conquest of Gujarit, having obtained permission, bought him for a large sum and adopted him as a son. Khw&jah IjCutbu'ddin Ifshi* was his contemporary and edified the world by his outward demeanour and the sanctity of his interior life. When Altmish died, his son (Buknu*ddin Fir6z Shilh) succeeded him who regarded wealth as a means of self-indulgence and thought little of winning the affections of his people. He made over the control of affairs to his mother Shdh Turkfin. The nobles withdrawing their allegiance raised Baziah the daughter of Sultan Shamsu'ddin to the throne. The Sultan himself had previously made her

* He fell with his horse while playing at polo, the modern term for an ancient game, and the pommel of his saddle entered his chest and killed him. A. H. 007, (1210 A. D.) Ferishta. The Kntab Minar, a mosqne at Delhi still preserve his name, if not his memory. The old chaugdn or polo grounds still exist, sajs Cunningham, (Lad&k, p. 311) in every large town in the Panjab hills ; in BiUspor, Nadon, E^ng^, Haripor and Ohamba where the goal stones are still standing. The g^me is repeatedly mentioned by Baber, but became obsolete gradually after bis time. * ITsh is in Transoziana and was his birthplace. He is also known as Kaki from the miraculous production of bread cakes of the kind called in the vernacular }tdk supplied by the prophet Khizr

for the needs of his family whose sustenance his meditations gave him no leisure or occasion to provide. These cakes were in Ferishta's day still baked and offered at his shrine. His mother was a woman of great and austere virtue, and his future sanctity was predicted by Khizr by whose personal apparition he was twice honoured. He was offered by Altmish the office of Shaikh u'l Isl&m which he declined. His intercourse with that monarch and the eminent saints of his day may be gathered from

Ferishta's monograph of his life at the close of his history. He died on the 14th Eabai I, A. H. 634, (A. D. \236). A sketch of his life is given in Dorn's History of the Afghans, Book III, p. 2, and his death placed in A. U. 603.

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804 his heir. Some of his courtiers asked him the reason of his doing so while he had pons still living. He replied that his sons, addicted to drinMng were unfitted for the dignity. Daring the reign of Muizu'ddin Bahram Shdh, the Mughal troops devastated Lahore. A disloyal faction imprisoDod the king and put him to death. In the reign of Sultan 4^Uu*ddin Masaud Shdh occurred an eruption of the Mughals into Bengal, entering by way of China or Tibet, . but his troops defeated them. Another body advanced from Turkieht^n to ITch. The Saltan set out to engage them, but on reach* ing the banks of the Bidh, intelligence reached him that the enemy had retreated. He returned to Delhi and there afEected the company of low and base flatterers and ended his days in prison. Na^iru'ddin MeJ^mud ruled with capacity and munificence. In his time also, the Mughals entered the Panjdb but retreated on hearing of his approach. The " Tabal^&t i Nd^iri "^ takes its name from him. He had many excellent qualities. Ghiya^u'ddin Balban who had been the slave and sonin-law of his father, he raised to the vank of chief minister and gave him the title of IJlugh' Kh4n. This minister filled his high office worthily and sought the divine favour in watchfulness over his people. N^iru'ddin dying without children, the faithful minister was raised to the sovereignty. Clemency and solid gravity of character added fresh lustre to his dignity, and far from spending his precious hours in unworthy pursuits, he gladdened his kingdom by his appreciation of merit, his knowledge of men and his devotion to God. Those of ill repute and the wicked were banished into obscurity, and the good happily prospered under his encouragement. He conferred the government of the Panjdb on his eldest son Mul^ammad, commonly known as Khdn i Shahtdy^ through whose valour and vigilance the province rested in security. Mir Khusrau and Mir Hasan were in his suite. He was returning from a visit to his father

^ A general history of Persia and India, down to the time of Saltan Kasfrn'ddin of Delhi, A. D. 1252. The anther was Abn Omar Manhdj al Jorj&ni.

* C^ or kr^ as it is sometimes written is a Tartar word and signifies * great,' and ased often as a proper name [as in the case of Ulagh Beg grandson of Timur. Or the martyred prince. See his death in Elphinstone, after his defeat of

the Mughals under Tf mdr Kh&n, and in Ferishta under Ghiyasn'ddin Balban where Abnl Fazl's assertion of the prince's unpreparedness is not confirmed. It was in the pursuit of the fljiag Mughals that he was surprised by an ambush while he halted by the banks of a stream to drink and to return thanks to God for his victory. Mir Khusrau alludes to his escape in his well-knoim poem, the Khizr Khani.

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305 nnprepared for hostilities, when he enoountered some Mughal troops between DipAlpdr and Lahor and lost his life in the action, Mir Khnsran was taken prisoner bat contrived to escape. The province of Bengal had been bestowed by Ghij^a'ddin on his youngest son Bughra Kh&n. On the death of Ghiya^u'ddin, the nobles despatched Kai Khasran the son of Khan i Shahid, who had been nominated heir, to (his father's government of) MuU^n, and bestowed the title of Sultan Maizzu'ddin Klaikab^d on the son of Bnghra Khdn who thus acquired the sovereignty of Delhi. His father in Bengal, assuming the title of Ni^ini'ddfn inarched to Delhi whence Kaikabdd advanced with a force to encounter him. The armies met on the banks of the Sarjd (Oogra) near the town of Ajodhya> and through the conspiracy of disloyal and evil counsellors, the father after the interview returned to Bengal and the supreme sove reign ty rested with the son. It is strange that Amir Khusrau should have chosen such a subject as this interview for encomium in his poem the Kirdn u^s Sgtdain, The fortunes of this thankless unfilial son through his insobriety fell into decay. A faction set up his son, under the title of Shamsu'ddin to remedy the disorder, and the body of the wretched Kaikubad was flung into the waters of the Jumna. Shamsu'ddin was set aside and the sovereignty, by assent of the ministers, conferred on the S^iiljis. Jaldln*ddin who was paymaster of the Imperial forces, ascended the throne and by his simplicity of character lent no favour to the designs of the factious. His nephew Malik ^^liu'ddin who had been brought up

under his care, went from Karrah to the Deccan and having amassed great booty was inflated by its possession and proved rebellious. The Sult4n by the persuasion of intriguers advanced from Delhi to Karrah, where the traitor slew him and assumed the title of Sul^^n A^au'ddin. Thus by a marvel of Fate did the empire devolve on this miscreant, yet he accomplished some excellent reforms. On several occasions he encountered and defeated the Mughals. Mir Khusrau dedicated to him his Khamsah^ and the story of Dewal* Rdni to his son Khizr Khdn. Unfortunately he aban-

' Oryive poems, via., the HashtBihisht, Sikandar Ndmah, Panj Gauj, Laila wa Majn6s, Shirin wa Khasraa. Known as Dewilde to western literature. Moore in a note to the preface of Lalla Rookh alludes to this poem on the anthoritj of Ferishta as " the history of the lores of Dewilde and Chizer 39

the son of the Emperor Alia, written in an elegant poem by the noble Chnsero." The story will be found in Briggs, Vol. I, pp. 327-866. Kaui?la Devi her mother, tlie wife of Karan Rie of Nahrw6la had been taken captire in the wars against that prince (1297) and placed in the royal harem. In 1806 an expedition

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306 daned his usual pmdenoe and fell under the inflaence of a eunuch (K&t6r) on whom he conferred the conduct of the administration. Through the sugge^ tions of that wretch, his three sons Ehizr Eh&n, Shddi Khin and Mubarak Khan were imprisoned, and on hia own death, by the same instrumentality the youngest son was raised to the throne under the title of Shahdbu'ddin. He destroyed the sight of two of his brothers, but Mubarak Khan providentially escaped. A few days later the wretch (KdfAr) was himself assassinated and Mubarak Kh4n wha was in prison became chief minister. Subsequently he deposed his younger brother, and assumed the title of Sul^n Kutbu'ddin. He reduced Gujar4t and the Deccan. Throngh his incapacity and licentious disposition he chose a favourite of the lower orders named Hasan for the comeliness of his person, and bestowed on him

the title of Khusrau Khan. Although the faithful ministers of the Crown represented the man*s unworthiness and infamy, the king regarded their honest advice as the suggestions of envy, till Khusrau Khan, plotting secretly, dared to assassinate his master and assumed the sorereignty under the title of Na^irn'ddtn. He put to death the surviving members of the family of 4-l^a'cldin and perpetrated the greatest cruelties. Malik Qh&fi who was one of Alau'ddin'a chief nobles, defeated and slew him and with the concurrence of the nobles, ascended the throne with the title of Sul^n Ghiya^u'ddin Tughla^l Sh&h. After settling the affairs of Bengal, he returned to Delhi. His son Mnl^ammad Khan erected a pavilion at thb distance of 3 kos from Delhi, in the space of three days and with much entreaty invited the king to enter it. The roof of the building fell in and the king perished in the ruina. Althongh (Zidu'ddin) Bami^ endeavours

proceeding to the Deocan imder Efdr, Kaa^la Deri represented to the king that ehe had borne two daughters to her former husband, that one had died, bat the other Dewal Devi was still alive and she desired to recover her. Passing throngh Mdlwah, Kitur demanded her of Karan Eae withont snooess. Shankan Deva Rile, prince of Deogarh had long songht to obtain her hand, but the proud Rajpnt had hitherto refused his daughter to the npstart Mahratta. The desire to gain his aid in the war against the king's troops secnred his consent and he des-

patched her nnder an escort which fell in accidentally with a body of Mu^^ammadan troops near the caves of EITora. An engagement resulted in the capture of the princess and her deapatch to her mother at Delhi. Her beauty won the heart of Khizr Khin the king's son and the rough course of their lore with its hapless termination is celebrated in the Khizr Kh&ni. When they first met these precocious Tovers were respectively ten and eight years of age. ' The well-known author of the Tar^h % F&o Shdhi,

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307

to sabstantiate the innocence of Ma|^mmad Khdn, the haste with which the pavilion was erected, and the eagerness to entertain the king therein, have all the appearance of guilt j design. When Snlfin Mul^mmad died, Fir6z the son of (S&ldr) Rajab his paternal ancle was, according to the will of Muhammad, raised to the throne. He ruled with capacity and prudence and left many useful works as memorials of his reign. At his death anarchy to some extent prevailed in the empire. A faction set up his grandson (Ghiyaffu'ddin) Taghlal^ Shah (11) but in a short space he was sent to his last sleep by the hands of traitors and Abu Bakr^ another grandson succeeded him. In the reign of Sul^n Mahmdd, the direction of affairs devolved on Mallu Khin who received the title of I^b^l Khan, but his incapacity and ill-fortune were unequal to the burden of state guidance. Internal disorders arose. A grandson of Fir6z Sh^h was acknowledged by some, uader the title of Na^rat Sh4h and increased the anai*chy. Constant struggles took place in the vicinity of Delhi till in the year 801 A. H. (A. D. 1398) Timdr invaded the country. Sultan Mji^imdd fled to Q a jardt and every competitor for power was crushed. When Tiraiir was on his ret am march, he left Khizr Khdn, whom he had met during this invasion, in the government of Multan and Dipdlptir. For two months Delhi was a waste. Na^rat Shdh who had fled into the Dodb, took possession of the throne. Ilfhil Khin then marched on Dal hi and seized it and the other fled to Mew&t. Maljimtid Khdn now came from Gujardt and Ikbdl Khan figned acceptance of his service. One night the Sultan, in desperation of his affairs departed alone to the court of Saltan Ibrahim of the Sharki dynasty (of Jaunpiir) but met with no encouragement nor assistance. He was compelled therefore to return and Jl^bal Khdn DOW opposed him bat without success, and subsequently was taken prisoner in an action against Khizr Khan and was slain. Sultan Mahmud now took possession of Delhi, and was for some time occupied in hostilities, till he was carried ofE by an illness, and the Khilji dynasty terminated with him. For a short period allegiance was paid to Daulat Kban (Lodi) Khdsah Khaily till Khizr Khan marched from Multdn and took possession of Delhi. Malik Marddn Daulat Khan, one of the nobles of the Court of Sultan Firdz, had adopted Sulaiman the father of Khizr Kh&n as his son who subsequently, in default of recognised heirs, succeeded to his govem-

^ Son of Zafar Khan son of Fir6i Bhih.

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308 ment.^ Khizr Khan in gratitude (to Timiir) did not* assame the regal

title bat styled his Court " The Sublime Standards," and adorned the Khuibah with the name of that illustrious monarch and afterwards with that of Mirz4 Shih Rukh, but it concluded with a prayer for himself. His son Mubdrak Shih succeeded him in accordance with his will. Sul(4a Ibrahim Sharljii and Hoshang (of Mdlwah) bein^ engaged in hostilities, Mubarak intended an attack on Kdlpi and the adjacent territories, but he was perfidiously set upon by a band of traitors and slain.^ Mu^mmad Shah, who according to some was the son of Farid the sou of Khizr Khio, while another account makes him the son of Mubdrak, was raised to the throne. Sul^dn Alau'ddin (his son and successor) possessed no share of rectitude and abandoned himself to licentious gratification* Bahl61 (Lodi) now aspired to greatness. He was the nephew of Sul^dn Shdh Lodi of the Shahti Kh^l* tribe (of Afghans). His father Bahrdm in the time of Sul^dn Mat^mtid, came with five sons from the borders of Bal6t to Multdn and subsisted with some difficulty^ by traffic. Sul^dn Shdh^ obtained service under Khizr Khdn. He received the title of Islam Khdn, and the reyennes of Sirhind were assigned to him. Bah 161, the son of his nephew on his brother's side was prospering ill in Sirhind, but was received into favour by him and adopted as a son. Bahl6i was born in Multan and during the month in which his birth was expected, a beam of the house fell and killed his mother. He was extracted by the Ceraarean operation

* The obflonrity of this eentenoe in the original lies in the elliptical style of Abal Fazl. The sense I have g^ven is in acoordanoo with the facts of Ferishta who sajs that Malik Marwdn DanUt had adopted Sulaiman, and being himself appointed to the goTomment of Moltdn, was succeeded at his death bj his own son Malik Shaikh. The latter dying, made way for Snlaiman who was in tarn saoceeded by his son Khizr Khdn. Ferishta makes the name Marwdn and not Marddn. * The MSS. omit thenegativOi bat the text sapplies it. Ferishta is clear on the point. " He did not take the name of king nor assame any regal epithet." The title in the text is not mentioned by him, which, however, is somewhat analogous to the Ottoman style of the * Babi

i^&li ' or Snblime Porte, though io the latter it is absolute, and in the former icarions. ' He had laid the foundations of the city of Mnbimkdbid on the Jonma and was in the habit of visiting it to inspect the progress of the baildings It was in one of these that he was assassinated at the instigation of the Wasir Sarwar nl Malk on the 9th Rajab 887 (A. D. 1433). Ferishta.

See Vol. I, p. 502. One MS. reads "^^ for ^ which woald alter the character of his mercantile specalations and substitnte opalence for distress. * His eldest son, the others were Malik KHi, Malik Fir<5z, Malik Ha^mmad and Malik Khwijfth. Ferishta.

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309 and bis destiny proved fortunate. Although he allowed his sovereign (Alau'ddin) who lived in retirement (at Badaon) to retain nominal power, he boldly assumed the supreme authority^ His reign showed some capacity aivd his conduct was marked by intelligence and recognition of merit. He was carried off by an illness in his 80th year. It is said that he once happened to meet with a darvesh, having at the time with him but a trifling sum of money. The spiritually enlightened recluse called out, " Who will buy the kingdom of Delhi for such a sum of money ? " His companions laughed in mockery at the man, but Bah Id I frankly gave him all he had, and paid him reverence and eventually fulfilled the prediction.* He carried on wars with the Sharl^i kings which continued with varying successes, until he took Jaunpdr and this dynasty was overthrown. He left his son, Bdrbak at Jaunpdr and returned to Delhi. As he was returning to Delhi from an expedition against Gwalior he died near the town of Saketh.^ His son Nizdm Khdn with the concurrence of the nobles, assumed the sovereignty and was styled Sultan Sikandar. He ruled with sagacity and appreciation of character and transferred the capital to Agra In the year A. H. 911 (A. D. 1505), a great earthquake occurred and many lofty buildings were levelled. Sikandar was of comely person and mild disposition and popular from his liberality and open-handedness. On his death, his son SuHdn Ibrahim ascended the throne of Delhi and his authority was recognised as far as the confines of Jaunpdr, the nobles conferring upon Jalal Kh4n another son of Sikandar's, the sovereignty of Jaunptir. Dissensions followed between the brothers, and Jalal Khdn abandoned his government and took refuge with the governor of Gwalior but meeting with no success, fled to the court of Suljdn Mahmdd of M^lwah, and succeeding as little there, he set out for Gondwanah. There the royal partisans^ seized him and carried him to the king by whom he was put to death. During his reign various chiefs revolted, such as Datyd Khdn Loh4ni viceroy of Behdr, and his son Bahddur Khdn had the Khutbah read and the coin minted in his own name. Daulat Khan Lodi fled to Kabul and sought protection at the court of Baber, whom he led to the conquest of Hindustdn while affairs resulted in a prosperous issue.

* Bemoving the name of Al&a'ddin from the Khuthahf and assuming the insignia of royalty. Ferishta This story is also told in Ferishta. " Near Bhad&wali, one of the dependencies of Saket/* Ferishta ; but Abnl Fazl places Bhadanli in the Sarkir of Bahir in the Agra Sdbah. It was on his

retnm from Etawah that he was seized with illness. Suketa or Saketa according to the I. G. is one of the classical names borne by Ajodhya, the ancient capital of Oadh. Abnl Fasl places 8ake(h in the Sarkdr of Eananj. * He was captured by a body of Gonds. Ferishta.

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310 Subah of Ldhor, It is situated in the third climate. Its length from the river ScUlaj (Sntlej) to the Sind river is 180 k^s. Its breadth from Bhimbar to Chauhhandi one of the dependencies of Satgarah} 86 kSs. It is bonnded on the east by Sirhind ; on the north by Kashmir ; on the south by BikanSr and Ajmer ; on the west by Multdn. It has six principal rivers which all flow from the northern mountains. (1.) The SutleJ the ancient name of which is Shattudat* and whose source is in the Kdhlor hills. Rupar^ Mdchhtiodrah and L4dhidnah are situated on its banks, and it receives the Bidh at the Bauh^ ferry. (2.) The Bidh (Beds) was anciently called Bipasha^ (Sansk. Yipasa Gr. Hyphasis). Its source is named Biahhund in the Kullu mountains in the vicinity of which the town of Salfdnpur^ stands above the river. (3.) The Bavif the ancient frawati,^ rises in the Bhadrdfi hills. Labor the capital, is situated on its bauks. (4.) The Chendbf ancieotly Ghandarhhdgd, From the summit of the Khatwdr^ range issue two sweet water streams, the one called Chandar, the

* Satgarha is sitnated 13 miles east of Oogaira on one of the projecting points of the high- bank whioh marks the limits of the windings of the Bavi on the east. The name means * seven castles' but these no longer exist. There is an old briok fort and several isolated monnds which mark the site of an ancient citj. Cnnningham, p. 212. ' Zapaiof ( various reading ZapaZftfis) of Ptolemy : the Sjdrus or better reading, Hesidms of Pliny. It rises like the Indus on the slopes of the Eailis mountains, the Siva's paradise of ancient Sanskrit literature, with peaks 22,000 feet high. The twin lakes of M4nasarowar and Kakas-tal, united with each other, are its direct source. See I. G. * In the maps, according to the text note, Baupur, The junction is at the south boundary of the Kaparthala state. * It bank long feet is in Kullu proper on the right of the Beas in lat. 81'' 68' N., and 77*7' B, at an elevation of 4,092 above sea level. It is perched on a

natural eminence, once surrounded by a wall. Only two gateways remain of the ancient fortifications. I. G. 5 Hydraotes of Arrian. ^ Var. Bhadri It rises in the northern half of the Banghal valley in Kangra dist. * Yar. Ehatwfidlh. Another variant is Kishtwdrah and undoubtedly the true reading. The I. G. places Kistawdr in the Kashmir state, lat. 33** 18' 30" N., long 75'' 48' E. near the left bank of the Chenab which here forces its way through a gorge with precipitous cliffs 1000 feet high. The course of this river and details of its volume will be found in Genl. Cunningham's Ladak and in Drew's 'Jummoo and Kashmir' where the history of Kishtw4r is briefly sketched. Jr<f/iiut;<{ra is siud.by Gunningham to signify 'abounding in wood.' The Chenib is called Sandabad by Ptolemy but the Greek historians of Alexander named it Akesines because its

proper name was of ill omen, from its

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311 oihefr Bhdgd which unite near Khatwdr and are known hj the above namei whence thej flow by BahlSlpur, Sudharah and Hazdrah. (5.) The Bihaty^ anciently called Bidasta, has its rise in a lake in the parganah of VSr in Kashmir, flows through Srinagar and enters Hindu' Stan. Bhdrdh^ lies on its (left) bank. (6.) The source of the Sindh (Indus) is placed by some between Kashmir and Kdshghar, while others locate it in China. It flows along the borders of the Sawdd territory by Afak Benareifi and Ohaupdrah into Baluchistdn. His Majesty has given the name of BSth Jdlandhar to the valley between the Bidh and the Satlaj ; of Bdri, to that between the Bidh and the Bdvi ; of Bechna to that between the Bidvi and the Ohendb ; of Jenhat* to the valley of the Ohendb and the Bihat, and Sindh Sdgar to that of the

limilarity thinks Bishop Thirhrall to AKtfat^Zpav^ayof 'devoarer of Alexander.' Ladak, pp. 118, 352. The deriTation of Ohendb from Oh^-db is obyions, and is supposed to hare been given from the notion of its rise in Chinese territory, a supposition within approximate lUnge of faot. ' For the taxation fixed by Akbar on the districts bordering on the Jhelum, see Vol. I, p. 346, under Bihat. Bidasta and Bihat are corruptions of the Sansk^ Vitasta, the Hydaspes of Horace, and the mom correct Bida^pes of Ptolemy. The pool of Vira N^ was walled round by Jahangir, but the true source of the river is more to the S.-W. in N. lat. 88** SC and E. long. 75^ 25^ Cunningham's Ladik, p. 112. ' In Sh&hp^r dist. lat. 82 29^ N., long. 72 67' B. The old town was destroyed by hill tribes, the new was founded about 1640, and was the centre of a mahal under Akbar. The ruins of the oi:^na1 city known as Jobn^hnagar

are identified by Genl. Cunningham with the capital of Sopheites, contemporary of Alexander the Great.

* It is so called by the Mn^ammadan historians in contradistinction to Katak Benares in Orissa at the opposite ex tremity of the empire I. G. On his return from K&bul, on the 14th Safar 989 A. H. (20th March 1581), Akbar crossed the Indus at Attook and ordered the building of the fort, of mortar and stone in order to control that part of the country and called it A^ak which signifies in the remacular 'hindrance' or ' prohibition,' it being forbidden to the Hindus to cross the Indus. Ferishta. The Swt territory is here meant, the riyer of that name, the Suastos of the Greeks (Sansk. Snyastn) rising on the east slopes of the mountains which divide Panjakora from the Swat country, receives the drainage of the Sw&t valley and entering the Peshawar dist. north of Mlchni, joins the Kdbul river at Nisatha. The course of the Indus has there a somewhat parallel direction. ^ Var. Jhat and Chhat, (under list of Sarkdrs Chenhat) more commonly known as the Jeeh or Jechna Doab.

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312 Bihat and Stndh. The distanoe^ between the Satlaj and the Bi&h is 50 k6s. BiAh Bivi 17 RAvi ChenAb 30 Chenab Bihat 20 Bihat Sindh 68 This province is populous, its climate healthy and its agricuUaral fertility rarely equalled. The irrigation is chiefly from wells. The winter

though not as rigorous as in Persia and TnrkestAn, is more severe than is any other part of India. Through the encouragement given by Hia Majesty, the choicest productions of TurkestAn, Persia and Hindustan are to be found here. Musk-melons are to be had throughout the whole year. They come first in season when the sun is in Taurus and Gemini, (April, May, June,) and a later crop when he is in Cancer and Leo (June, July, August). When the season is over, they are imported from Kashmir and from K&bul, Badaksh&n and Turkestan. Snow is brought down every year from the northern mountains. The horses resemble the . Ir^k breed and are of excellent mettle. In some parts of the country, they employ themselves in washing the soil whence gold, silver, copper, rwi,* zinc, brass and lead are obtained. There are skilful handicraftsmen of various kinds. Ldhor is a large city in the Bari Dotib. In size and population it is among the first. In ancient astronomical tables it is recorded as Lohdwar. Its longitude is lOQ"" 22', lat. 31 "* 50'. During the present reign the fortifications and citadel have been strengthened with brick masonry and as it was on several occasions the seat of government, many splendid buildings have been erected and delightful gardens have lent it additional beauty. It is the resort of people of all countries whose manufactures present an astonishing display and it is beyond measure remarkable in populousness and extent. NagarkSt is a city situated on a hill : its fort is called Kdngrah. Near the town is the shrine of Mahamdyd^ which is considered as a manifestation

* Tieffentbaler qnotes other measurementB besides these, giving the reason for the variations in the differences of roate, the incapacity of travellers and the universal ignorance of geometry. ' This metal is defined at p. 41 Vol. I. as be composed of 4 a^rs of copper to J of lead, and in India called Bhangdr. Properly, lat. 81" 84' 6" N., long. 74*^ 21' E.

* The Great Illasion, or the illusory nature of worldly objects divinely personified, an spithet of the goddess Dargi. The earlier name of Hardwir, Mayap^ir, represents the ancient wor* ship of this supreme energy and ' "bj her, whose name is Maya,' says the Bhaga* vata the Lord made the universe. His temple still exists in Hard war, and is described in Cunningham's Anot. Geog.

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313

of the divinity. Pilgrims from distant parts visit it and obtain their desires. Strange it is that in order that their prayers may be favourably heard, they cat out their tongues : with some it grows again on the spot, with others after one or two days. Although the medical faculty allow the possibility of growth in the tongue, yet in so short space of time it is sufficiently amazing. In the Hindu mythology, Mdhamaya is said to be the wife of Mahddeva, and the learned of this creed represent by this name the energizing power of the deity. It is said that on beholding the disi'espect (shown to her husband, STiva) she cut herself in pieces and her body fell in four places ; her head and some of her limbs in the northern mountains of Kashmir near Kamrdj\ and these relics are called Sharadd : other parts fell near Bijdpur in the Deccan and are known as TuJjd (Turja) Bhatodni, Such portions as reached the eastern quarter near Kamrup are called Kdmdkhya^^ and the remnant that kept its place is celebrated as Jdla*idhari which is this particular spot.*

1 The names in the text are incorrectly transliterated. 9 The erndition of Professor Cowell has directed me to the sonrce of this legend which may be read with variation of detail in the preface to the Gopatha Bdlhmana published in Nos. 215-252 of the Bibl. Ind. pp. 30-35. It occurs in the 2nd Book in the germ which afterwards developed into the Pauranic tale of Daksha's gpreat sacrifice. This mindhorn son of Brahmfi and father of Uma or Darga assisted at a Yisrasrig sacrifice celebrated by his father in which discourtesy was shown to S'iva. A quarrel broke out between Daksha and S'iva, resulting in the exclusion of the latter from the great sacrifice to which the whole Hindu pantheon was bid. Uma seated in her blissful mansion on the crest of the Kail^ mountain, saw the crowds proceeding to her father's court to which she repaired and learning the exclusion of her husband, upbraided her father for hv injustice and refused to retain the body she had inherited from him. Covering herself up with her robe, she 4,0

gave up her life in a trance of meditation. The wrath of S'iva incarnate in a giant form pursued the feasters and created stupendous havoc. Vishnu unable to pacify S'iva and knowing that his fury was kindled by the sight of his dead wife, cut the body to pieces bit by bit with his discus and threw it about the earth and thus calmed the irate and oblivious deity who thereupon restored the killed and wounded to life and soundness. Dakslia's head having been burnt in the mel^e, it was replaced by that of a goat which happened to be at hand, apparently without remonstrance from the reanimated demigod or oven his consciousness of the substitution. The Tantra Ghuddmani is able fortunately to detail the portions of the body and to identify the places where they fell. As these are said to be still held in high veneration, I record them for the instruction of the curious or the devout. 1. The crown of the head at Hinguld (Hinglaj). 2. The three eyes at Sarkarara. 3. The nose at Sugandhfi. 4.

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314 In the vicinifcy torch-like flames issue from the ground in some places, and others resemble the blaze of lamps.^ There is a concourse of pilgrims and various things are cast into the flames with the expectation of obtaining temporal blessings. Over them a domed temple has been erected aud au astonishing crowd assembles therein. The vulgar impute to miraculons agency what is simply the efEect of a mine of brimstone.

The top of the neck at KiLsmira. 5. The tongue at Jwalamakhi. 6. Right breast at Jalandhara. 7. Heart at Vaidyan&tha. 8. Knees at Nep^la. 9. Right hand at Minasa. 10. Kavel at Ukala. 11. Eight cheek at Ooi^daki. 12. Left arm at Vahula. 13. Elbow at Ujjayani. 14. Right arm at Chatt6la, Chandra^ekhara. 15. Right foot at Tripura. 16. Left foot at Tn>rota.

17. rh alBoia at Eamagiri (K^mdkhya). 18. Right great toe at Yug&djL 19. Other right toes at Kdlipi^ha (Kalighdt). 20. Fingers at Pray&ga. 21. Thighs at Jajanti. 22. Earrings at Yar^nasi. 23. Back of the trunk at Eamyi^rama. 84. Right ankle at Ennikshetra. 25 Wrists at Manivedaka. 26. Back of the neck at Srisaila. 27. Backbone at K^nchi. 28. One hip at Kdlam&dhara. 29. Other hip at Narmadi. 80. Left breast at Ramag^ri. 31. Hairs of the head at Yrind&yana. 32. Upper row of teeth at $uchi. 83. Lower ditto at Panohasigara. 34. Left talpa (shoalder-blade) at Earatoy^. 35. Right ditto at ^ripir. yatta. 36. Left ankle at Yibh^ha. 37. Belly at Prabasha. 88. Upper lip at Bhairavaparvata. 89. Chin at JalaBthata. 40. Left cheek at Qodavari. 41. Right shoulder at Ratndvali. 42. Left shonlder at Mithila. 43. Legbone at NaUp^ti. 44. Ears at Earmata. 45. Mind (?) at Yakre^vara. 46. Palm at Jasora. 47. Lower lip at A^^ahasa. 48. Necklace at Nandipnra. 49. Anklets at Lanka. 50. Toes of left foot at Ylrdta. 51. Right leg at Magadha.

See Hugel's Travels in Eashmfr p. 42, for th is phenomenon. The text ha JLr^t*^ for3.r*** ^ which is a lamp in the shape of a platter, three feet in height from the base, and about 6 inches diameter at the top; having in the middle a small tube with two holes through which the wick is fed by oil or grease ( *V ) kept in liquefaotion by tl^e flame. This shrine is the famous Jwdldmukhi (mouth of Flame) distant two days' journey from Eangra* It is thus described by Tieffenthaler or Bernoulli for him. "Au milieu da temple, qui est entierement oeint de murailles, est un creuz long de li anne, de la memo largeur et de la meme profondeur, d'ou s'elancent des flammes. On y jette du bois de Sandal, du riz, de I'huile, du beurre, du I'esprit de yin, des amandes et d'autres ohoses que le feu sduterrain consume et r^uit en cendres : les Gentils prennent eusuite ces oondrea, s'en frottent doucement les yeux et le front et les conservent dans leurs mu-

Bons oomme des reliques sacr^s. De trois autres endroits creus^s dans le mar sortent encore des flammes brillantes ; le peuple superstitieux se prostement k la vue de ces flammes et adorent en suppliant la divinity qu'il oroit caohte sous la forme du feu. Autre fois il offroit k cette idole qui yomit des flammes, une tete coupee aveo nne serpe de yendangeur ; malt oela se pratique rarement aujourdhui. On monte i oe tarn-

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316 In the middle of Sindh Sdgar near Bhamsdhad is the cell of Bdln^th Jogi which they call Tilah Bdlndt\,^ Devotees of Hindastan regard it with yeneratioQ and Jogis especially make pilgrimage to it. Rock-salt is found in this neighhourhood. There is a mountain 20 kSs in length from which they excavate it, and some of the workmen carry it out. Of what is ohi4uned, three-fourt.hs is the share of those that excavate and one-fourth is allotted to the carriers. Merchants purchase it at from half to two ddiiM a man and transport it to distant countries. The landowner takes 10 ddms for every carrier and the merchant pays a duty of one rupee for every 17 man to the state. From this salt artificers make dishes, dishcovers, plates and lamp-stands. The five Bodha of this province are subdivided into 234 parganahs. The measured land is one Wr, 61 lakhs, 55,643 Bighas, and 3 Biswas* The gross revenue is 55 hrdrs, 94 lahhs, 58,423 ddms, (Rs. 1,398,646-9-2), Of this 98 lakhs, 65,594 irfm^. (Rs. 246,639-13-7) are Suyurghdl. The local force consists of 54,480 Cavalry and 426,086 Infantry. Sarkdr of the Befl Jdlandhar Dodh. Containing 60 Mahals, 3,279,302 Bighas, 17 Biswas. Revenue 124,365,212 Ddms in money. Suyurghdl 2,651,788 Ddms, Castes, various. Cavalry, 4,155. Infantry 79,536.

pie par an esoalier d*cnviroii 100 inarches. Da sommet de la montagne ooale on raisaeaa qai se jette dans an bassin A pea de distance dn temple. Le troa par leqael la soaroe s'elanoe se nomne Qoree J>ebbi, oe qni signifie : la boStede Goreondt, parceqiiil s'asseyoit en oet endroit poor se Uvrer i la contemplation. La oontr^e dans laqnelle le temple est sita^ se nomme Radjcob^r

et I'endroit a le nom de Tagrdta." See the I. G. nnder Jalandhar for the Jaw&la Mnkhi legend. ^ General Canningham (Ancient Geog. of India, p. 164) says that the Tila range, 30 miles in length, occupies the west tank of the Jhelam from the east bend of the river below Mangala to the bed of the Bonhar river, 12 miles north of JsUUpor. The full name is Gorakndth to Tila, the more ancient, Bdlnath lea Tila,

both derived from the temple on the sammit dedicated to the Ban as Bilnnth, bat now devoted to the worship of Goraknath, a form of Siva. The name Bdlnath, he oonsiders older than the time of Alexander identical with Pintaroh's Hill of the Elephant, but his inferences are more plausible than secure. * The spelling of this word has several variants, but its true orthography seems to be *^ "be^h." Sandy unproductive soil. The I. G. interprets it equivalent to khddar, low alluvial soil and prodactive, but its fertility depends on the deposit of silt during inundations, and thus both significations may hold good. General Canningham derives it from the " back " {pah) of the Daitya King Jalandhara who was crashed under Jawala Mukhi by Siva and whose torso

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316

Bighas Biswas. Rerenne D.

& i 1 Castes. Isllm^b&d, 8,735 458,122

15 200 Afghin. Pafci Dhin<5V ... 67,866 8,601,678 mfim 80 400 Nr6, (Tar. Mrd.) Bhiingi, 51,089-18

2,760,580 10,282 20 800 Do. (yar. B4rad.) Kh6ri Bajwirah 12,868 2,425,818 689 80 200

Wihah. Bhal<5ii, has a stone fort, ... 82,761 1,805,006

 70 1000 DhAdwil (Tar. D<$al.) Barwab, 18,611 668,000 ... *

P^Iakwih,' 4,582 200,000 . ... ...

BachhritV 4,215

160,000

Besili and Khat^h, 2

Mahids,'^ 11,405 566,866 .* ... *

Taiwan, 201,460 6,780,887 804,889

70 700 Main.* Tatilrp^r, has a stone fort,... 8,458 170,388 ... ... ...

JMandhar, has a briok fort, 474,808 14,751,626 778,167 100 1000 Afghin Lodhi, and Lobini, and Bangbar tribe. ChanWisi. 96,880

5,468,918 255,516 50 1000 Afghan. Jeort^ 48,124 2,474,854 28,527 50 800 BhattL Jas<5n B&Ukdti, has a stone

fort, 15,054 600,000

... 50O 8000 Jaswil, called also Bikan^r. Chit<Sr or Chit<5r , . 818,000 ... 100 2000 SombansL Hajipdr Sdriyiinah, 59,255 2,698,874 ... ... .*

Dddrak/ 497,202.11

9,707,993 92ii58 150 4000 Ebdri Wihah. Khokbai.* Desdbah, has a brick fort, ... 157,962 4,474,950 67,249

... Pa^jil, has a stone fort, ... 84,150 1,650,000

800 4000 SastOiwiL Pifjlah, Do.

80,218 1,200,000 ... ...

Darparah, 26,444 900,000

. ...

Dardhi, 15,054 600,000 100 1000 SombansL Ddnn&g<5r,

11,490 455,870

...

Dhankali, 1.880 72,000 . ... ...

Ba^m&b^d, ... 8,750 2,480,689 18,681 80 200 Eh6ri W4ah.

lies nnder the npper part of the Doilb,

and oonclndes characteristically that Akbar accepted this version by his application of the name. Andent G^eog. of India, p. 138. ' Yar. Dhaniy&t. Compare these names, with the nominal list of Sarkdrs and Mahals of Labor nnder the ten years' rates. Yar. Balnkw&h. PalkwArah. (T. do.). Bilkw&rah. Text-note says Pilakwih in maps is north of M4nsaw&l.

* Text-note. In maps Baohhertd and in one MS. local force, 2 Cavalry, 10,000 Infantry Yar. BeUUi and Eb^sah. Bilssti and Eanab. * See Yol. I, p. 526, a snbdiv of Bangbar Eijputs. A Text note: in maps Chan^r near the B^. T At p. 110 Dirdak. See Vol. I, p. 456.

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317

Bighas, Biswas. Beyenne D. & !

s Castes. Bijp&rpatan, has a stone

fort, ... 1.800,000 .,,

...

Snl^iaptir, has a briok fort, 101,865 4,020,282 405,830 200 1000 Bhatti '

59,952 2,538,225 16,485 50 500 Khdri Wdhah. Sakhet' Mandawi, has

copper and iron mines, ... 42,150 1,680,000 ... 100 8000 Sombansi. Sopftr, ...

24,588 1,000,000 ... ... 2000 Sasahwdl.* Sibah, has a stone fort, ... 8,114.18 800,000 200 2000 Do. Soiiu, 218,383* ... .

...

8haikhp6r, 97,178 4,722,604 62,689 150 2000 Bhaiiir Sher^h, 8,640 194,294 ... . ...

Iiupiir, . .. ... 846,667

... ...

K6thf, 116,286 5,546,661 86;670 80 400 Jat. GarhIKimbhih. 58,088 2,670,087 4,580 20 200 Jat. Ko|lah, 42,152 1,680,000 *. 800 4000

Jasro^ah. Kotlahar, has a stone fort. 82,982-16 1,810,847 ... 200 8000 Kotlahariah. Ehflo^dh&r, 42,048-12 48 ,000 *. ..* ... ... .. Kh^6nkh^ri has a stone

under

fort,

6.021-16 240,000 .. Nakr6h Jasw&l. Oangd^ has a stone fort, 6,021-16 240,000 ... ... ... Do. Kh^rah, 6021.16 240,000 ... 20 4000 Sdrajbansi. Qhaw^n (var and G.

Ghaw^s.) 14,742-14 586,906 ... ... ... *. .. Ufdhto, 15,959-8 536,414 17,810 ... ...

Ulsangi, 5,937

236,850 ... ... ... ... Mitni Niiriah,* 68,229 21,061,665 6,156 20 400 BhaniM^lsi. 54,653-17 1,828,559 1,217 20 8000 Baoghar, Jat. Banghar,

Hi^ammadptir, 88,281 1,802,558 10,558 100 lOOO

Mafn. Hinsawil, 6,668 286,667 > ... ...

MaMfe,' 6,412

4,603,620 ... ... ... ... *. Han^hdfcah, ... 18,280 426,367 ... ... ... ... Nak<5dar, 78,731 8,710,796 9,757 20 1000 Main. Nankal,

4,808 267,270 ... ... ... ... ... NaknSh,* 82,642 1,800,061 ... 500 6000 Jaswil. Konangal, 46,180 2,315,868 30 300 Balooh, Jat.

Kand6n, 188,439 5,300,000 ... 100 1500 Nagarkotiah. Harhanah with AkbardbM,

2MahaU, 626,889 6,032,082 49,650 40 406 N&rii. Hadidbad,

17,126 619,467 2,067 ... ...

' Yar. Saket, Text-note : in maps Sakefc and Mandl. ' Yar. Sanahw&l, Sasnahw^l, Sinahwti. * One MS. gives fchis as the revenue. * So in the MSS. bat text-note gives Garh Diwslah in maps: also in I. G. in Hoshlarpdr Dist

Var. Norbah, Nnrtah, Nurinah. See Yol. 1, 526. ^ Yar. Alhipdr Mal<5t. Yar. Nakrddah: in the maps Nakrotah.

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Sarkdr of the Bdri Dodb, Gotitaining 52 Mahals. 4,5S0,002 Btghas, 18 Bisuhu. Revenue 142,808,183 Ddma revenue in cash from crops charged at special rates and from land paying the general htgdh rate. SuyurghAl, 8,923,922 Dams.

Castes, various. Cavalry, 31,055. Infantry, 129,800.

Bighas, Biswas. Bevenne D.

i f Castes. Anohharah,

600,000 60 600 Khokhar. Aiid6rah, 26i781 1,198,789 7,6*24 .

 ... Abhipdr, .. 168,000 .. ... ... a...*. U'dar, . 9,600 ... ... ..*.. Lahore city Baldah see Blliot

p. 88* ... 8,912,600 ... 6000 4000

PhnlwAri, 4,727-10 452,f>94 143,956 20 100 ...... Ph6W, 106,i63 2,413,268 18,268 20 100 Sadh^I,*

Bhalar. Khokhar. Panchgrimi, 65,657 1,461,680 78,177 16 1000 Bbarli,' 17,967 4.060,607 209,789 ... ...

Bhelwal, 62,876 8,181,699 226,408 20 400

Jat. Pati Haibatpdr,* 1,676,633 28,896,880 284,647 700 10,000 Jat. Batdlah, 616,479 16,820,998 266,863 200 6000 BhaUl.Jat. Pa(b4n, has a briok fort. ... 199,872 7,297,016 97,016 250

2000 Brihmaii. Panitt, 66,789 4,266,000 276,091 160 400 Jat Khatiib. Bi6b, 60,623 3,822,266 8,976 200 2000 Bhatti. Babidnrpiir, 11,489 447,760 ...

...

.. .. Talwirah, 6,384 614,666 10,864 20 200 Ba^^Wl. Thandd^ 26,222 610,064 8,284 20 600 Afghin. OhandWin, 7,194-10 863,668 ...

20 100 Jat, Sindhl Oh&rb^h Barhi, 218 68,602 .* ...

.... Jamftri (Tar. ChanUri), 260,614 8,813.140 809,090 200 2000 Khokhar. JaUlibdd, 162,068 6,168,119

80,466 800 4000 Afghin, Jat, Bhatti. Ghbat and Amb^lah, 2

MahaU, ... 2,800,000 * 60 500 BijpiLt S<$m. bansi. Jafgar,* .. 46,600

 *.. .. *.... KhiDpiir, ... 280.088 t.t 80 600 Khokhar. Dibbawttah, ... 121,496 6,282,189 67,674 100 8000 Jat. Dahm6rf, ...

1,600,000 60 1300

Darwab, ... 240,000 ... 60 600 B&jp6t Som. bo^si.

* Text-note suggests 8%ndhu, as that and Bhalar are two among the very nnmsrons septs of the Jat tribe. * Yar. Kharli in nominal list of Mahals of this Subah under ten jears Rates which ee. ' See Cnnningham, Ano. Geog. of liidia, p. 201.

* Yar. Jafkar, Hankar, Chankar. G. Jntker. ' Now known as N6rp6r, according to a text-note, having been so called in the reign of the Emperor Jah&ngir.

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Blgbas Biswas. Bevenne D. CQ 1 f Castes. Darwah, Digar,*

24,000

Sankhi Arwal, ... 10,874 544,146 19,418

10 ioo Arwal. Biadh6w&ii, 263,402 5,854,649 12,700 200 400 Jat Sindhfi. Lahore anbnrbs, 11,401 674,053 202,800 . * ...... Shibpttr, 42,899 8,882,285

126,720

... * ... Sh&T)dr, ... 480,000 ... ...

...... Ghnrbatriwan," 7,891.18 411,986 68,108 20 100 Jat Sindhii Kastir, 269,466 8,916,606

28,124 800 4000 Bhatti. Kalinfir, 286,082 8,829,111 447,639 150 1500 Jat, Ba]^lcti. Kao! Wihan, ... 68,608 8,611,499 127,666 50 600 Khokhar, Bakh&i.* Khokhowfl,* ... 75,194

8,475,610 8,510 20 500 Jat. Gwtiijar, 66,289 2,648,000 8,000 100 8000 Rajptit Sombansi.

E&Dgr&li> has a stone fort, ... ... 2,400,000

... 2400 29,000 S6mbansi. Eotlah, .. 182,618 * . *

Kark&rion, ... ...

16,000 ... ... ... .... Malik Shih, .. 28,684-9 1,476,662

52,288 10 100 Bhandil, (Tar. Bba Han and Kab4k, 2 MaJuHs.

2,400,000 . 800

d&I.) B4ipdt. Mahr<$r, ... 24,000 ... ...

Hoehiir Karnilah,* 22,225

489,872 ... 20 400 Jat. Palam, > Patiy^, Bhatti, JarjiyaV ^ These fonr pargnnaks, are now abandoned. ... 9,600 ... ... ... ... ...

SarJcdr of the Bechndu Dodh. Gontainii^ 57 Mahals. 4,253,148 Bighas^ 3 Bitwas, Beyenne, 172,047,691 Dams. Suyurghdl, 2,684,134 Bdms, Castes, various. Cavalry, 6,795. Infantry, 99,652.

Bighas Biswas. Revenne D. 2 f 50 500 1 a 1000 5000 Castes. Amriki Bhatti, Lands of Biigh Rae Bochah. Uminib&d, has a brick fort. 70,752-8 2,683 616,676-4 1,942,606 62,887 24,868,006 8,678 498i480 BhatKi. Khokh^, Chimah* &o.

' Yar. D^ar, Darodah Digar. Var. Gharibrawan. ' Text-note, suggests Baghela. Var. and G. Qhoghowtt.

' Yar. Dhanah, Banah, in map Ombah sonth of N6rp<ir. Yar. Kariilah, Karbdlah. ' Yar. Jarjar. See 7ol. I, 456, n. 2.

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Bighas Biswas. Bevenne

1 i Castes. Panohnagar/ ... 81,741 1,181,266 27,879 60

500 Jat. Parsardr, (I. G. Paerdr), ... 609,858.4 27,978,588 486,551 20C 4000 Jat. B&j<$h^ T^lah&a Badilbhandil* ... 28,752-18 1,611,882 46,979 ... ...

Pati Zafarw&l, has a fort, ... 6,108,148 8,697,888

160,865 60 2000 Jat, Bhdl. 5n.* K6irL Pati Tarmali,* 29,066 526,968 ... 20 400 Bhaldfc, 20,812.10 818,182 100 2000 Manhis.t Bhadrin,7 situate on a hiU, ...

240,000 ... 60 4000 Do. BaUwarahy 6,021.6 240,000 ... 60 3000 BaliwaHah. Bh^tiyal, 2,407-18 96,000 80 1000 Bhfitiyttah. Ban,

1,846-19 48,000 100 4000 Manh^ T4ral, 88,669-8 2,144,946 8,400 160 2000 Jat,TiraL Tal6ndi, 96,698-17 1,678,207 8,792 80 800 Jat

Chimah Ghatah, 96,698 5,878,691 26,489 100 1000 Ohimah Ghatah. Gbandanwarak, (var.

darak), 81,426-6 4,128,881 80,671 60 160 Jat.Warak. Ohho^4liAr>

22,858-5 1,891,692 .. ...

JaH4ha4i,S ... 12,474 815,687 81,135 ... ...

Ghanfwat, has a brick^ fort. 154,164 2,806,869 190,062 500 6000 Jat, Jab6har.'

Jammii, situate at the foot

of a hill, and a stone fort,

above it,ll ... 19,829-11 3,966,000 1000 20,000 Manhls. Jasr6t^ (in one MS)) in another j 150,480 \

1,150,000/ ... 400 6000

480-19 ... ... ... ... Chari Champ&,* 6,021-6 240,000 ... 100 1000 Gwil^rL H&fiz&bild, 169,499 4,548,000 48,000

160 160 Jat Balhant (Bhalar.) The lands of Ehinpdr, 402 27,028 ... ... Danlatpiir, 4,779-10 115,050 ... ... ... ..a D&dd Bhandill Barhi, 28,142

1,725,089 287,082

... .. ... DanlatiblMl, ... 14v868 241,740 io 100 JatSaUh, (ar.Sad.) Btipnagar, 6,706 410,618 ... . ... ...a.. Binhi,

58,850-8 276,650 6,461 ... ... Brihman, B&ghbfiaa Reohni, 180,207 8,680,742 442,082 700 7000 S&hiimali, 152,891 5,574,764 18,853 40 1200 ...... Sidhpfir,

108,923 8,127,212 76,972 100 2000 Jat, Marili.

1 Yar. 8 Yar. Salah. Yar. 4 Yar.

and G. Bijnagar. Bijrah and BeUh, Mah6d and Bad6bindM. Bholrin, Bhodwan.

6 Yar. Barmali. Yar. Balinis, Balihis, Malhis. 7 Yar. Bhadin. Yar. Jtti4ha4i, Jlfidhary, Habddhadi, G. Jeodherj.

9 Yar. Stone. 10 Yar. Janbiihar, Habdhar. 11 The town and palaoe stand on the sonth bank of tke river T&yi a tribataiy of the Ghenab ; the fort overhangs the left or east shore at an elevation of 160 feet above the stream, I. G. 18 Yar. and G. Charijini.

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Bighas Biswas. Beyenne D. 1' ! 1 Castes. 8iIk<5|, is sitnate on the

edge of a ridge on the

banks of the Aik torrent,

has a brick fort, 102,085 82,090,792 184,806 600 7000 Jat, GhamanL and Chimah. Sahajrio,^ 6,627-7 862,826 4,808 100 1000 Ohimah. 86dharah, on the Ghenilb,

has a high briok minaret, 121,721.1 7,096,710 99,781 too 1000 Do. Shinzdah Hinjrio,^ 64,140 1,636,480

60 1000 Jat. HinjWLo.l> h6r, 107,347 2,278,940 6i061

1000 6000 Jat, Lang&h, Saniwal (Sahiwal). Patt^ Bhandal Barhi, 7,826-7 618,917 6,842 ... ...

FaUb4d, 2,116-7 186,628 ... ... ...

GobindwAl, 66,069 1,268,957

194,622 60 800 Orak and Jat. K4mw*l (var. Kthoh4h, 126,698-12 5,888,264 ... 20 10,000

Kihwil.) Gnjrin Barhi, ... 2,681-14 670,986 11,787

. *

5%ind 2,801-19 208,964 21,702 ...

Kamari,^ commonly called

Sanii, 27,666-4 1,600,000 * 100

800

Kharli Tarli, ... ... 768,000 * ...

Lakhn<5r, 17,169-1 681,818 ...

...

Manga|wilah, ... 181.688 8,819,690 67,788 60 800

Jat. Mn^ammad Ban Ddkr&o, ... 16,661-6 1,127.908 8,367 ... .. Jat. Mahrdr, 102,686-4 8,005.602 6,602 6 500 Brahman. Mcngn, 62,293 1,476,225 6,748 20

1000 SilhAriya and Mank<5(, inclndes 4 towns

G6jar. each with a stone fort, ... 1,312 85,119 ... 80 1200 Manhas. Wan, 140,234 871,653 20,278 50

1000 Jarak7Silhar. Haminagar, 141,063 8,391,087 59,641 80 1000 Jat. Hantiyl, (var. Hatiyal;, ... 6,201-6 240.000 ... 80 200 Hatiyilah.

Ohenhat {JecK) Dodb. ContainiDg 21 Mahals, 2,633,210 Btghas, 5 Bistoas. Revenue, 04,502,394 Ddms. Suyurghdl 511,070 Ddms. Castes, various. Cavalry, 3,730. Infantry, 44,200.

1 Tar. Khams, Kiman, Var. Sajhrio, Sanjr&o. 3 Var. Jat. Mahjriio.

^ Var. Shihz^dah Sanjr&r, Shihzadah Hinirio, Shanzdah Sinjr&o, (Do. G.). 41

^ Var. MahjdU), Sinjr&o, Hijr^o. 6 Var. Karbari, called Sanibil, Saniir S^si. 7 Khirak Sihari4, Hirak.

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Bigbas Biswas. Berenoe D. OQ ! 1 t-H Castes. Andarhal, 81,070 485,418

...

... Gakkbar(Bee Vol.I.466l. Akhand6r Amb^an, 9,866.5 892,000 .* 800 3000 Manhis. Bb^rah, on tbe banks of the

Bhimbar,! ... 912,107-7 19,910,000 53,560

700 10,000

Bahl61pdr, on tbe banks of

tbe rirer Ohenab, 170,607 3,830,575 10,583 100 500 Jat. B61e't, 8,748 400,080 ... 60

300

Bbimbar, sitnated on tbe

banks of the stream, 28,668 1,200,000 ... ... **

Bhadd, 4,717 192,000 80 1200 Jat, Bband.

Biibati, 2,874 57,222 ... 10 100 MangharKhokhar. Bdadand Dndiy&l,* 2 MahaU, 27,421 735,741 ... 200 800 Shdrpdr, 169,874 8,121,646 8,497 100 1000 Jat,Khokar,

Jand^r. fihakarpAr, 7,684 1,050,819

...

Gnjrit, 285,094 8,266,150 ... 120 icioO

KaHydli, 67,818 2,643,270 6.633 100 2000

Khokhar, has a briok fort ...

92,826 2,820,594 58,410 100 1000 Kbokar. Ghari, on the rirer Bihat, ... 20,176 1,506,241 ... 20 2000 Do. L<516r, separated from Khu-

shib, 192,268

8,746,166 11,290 200 2000 Khokhar and Mikan.fr Manblb. Manrfi, Mal6( Rl(e Eed&ri, situate 2,839 432,000

400 2000

on a bill, 17,007 370,549

... 40 400 MangfaarHareo, 247,878 9,150,828 76,321 300 3000 Tat, Bar. wanij. P Haziirah, has a brick fort, ... 270,892 4,689,136 219,636 700 3000 Jat, Khokar Baranij?

Sindh Sdgar Bodh. Containing 42 Mahals, 1,409,929 Bighas, Revenne, 51,912,201 B6m,

Swyurghdl, 4,680 Ddms, Castes, varions. Cavalry, 8,553. Infantry, 69,700.

1 See p. 180, Bberab is on the left bank of the Jbelom. The Bhimbar torrent rising in the second Himalayan range flows within 4 miles N. W. of Gujr&t and e^entnally joins the Jaldlia ndld a branch of tbe Cbenab. I. G.

S Var. Bh^w^, Bhadw^L 8 Var. Sakkarwil. 4 Var. DndwAl. ^ Var. Sakan, Masin.

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Bighas Biswas. Berenve D. }' 1 5 ^ Castes. AkbarfWid Tarkhiri,*

204,881 5,491,738 2000 16,000 Gakkhar. Atak Ben&res (Attook), ... 6,418 3,202,216* 1000 6000 Ehatar, called also SaUsah.* Aw6n, here are hones of good

breed,*

10,096 415,970 .. 60 600 Awfcn. (See Vol. I. 466, n. and I. GK under Paharh&lab, baa a stone fort,

Haz&ra). below the fort rans the

river Sowiri* (Sohin), ... 192.247 6,158,109

 ... ...

Ba GhiMi Khio, ^7,426 820,000 100 1600 Jindbah (Janjiiah, see Vol. I, 456) B&laKbanar, ... 5,825 1,000,040 *. 20 100 Kha^tar. Para Khat^ar, ...

1,196 48,000 ,,, .1. ...

BaWkidban, 7,679 1,316,801 ... 100 600 Gakkhar. Tbarohak' D6mi, 6,082 260,676 . 100 1000 Do.

Saborban district of Rohtas,

has a stone fort, beneath

wbioh flows the Knhin

8tream,8 120,884 60,403,140 67,062 600

3000 Gakkhar, Ehnshib, sitaate near the

Bagiy&I. riyer Bihat (Jhelnm) the

greater part is jungle, ... 73,086 2,702,609 .* 600 7000 AfghAn Niyazi* and Isii Kh^l.

Din Gari, 147,647 8,801,201 * 1600 10,000 Gakkhar. Dbanko^ sitoato on the banks

of the riyer Mihran, vit.,

Indos, has a salt mine, ... 8,927 480,000

 160 4000 Awlm.

1 Var. Barkheri. In maps Tark Pari. Ferry receipts. * Tar. Karaa called HaUsah, Salisah, Salanah. For Khatar, see Vol. I, 466. * The text has ic^^ marked as doubtfol bat the variants incorrect and unmeaiiiBg as they are, confirm Tieffenthaler*8 reading of ^3 *T**** " ohevanx de bonne race." ^ Var. Sowli. T. Soi hat there can be no doaht the Soh^n is meant which rising in the Mnrree Hills passes, according to the I. G. '* near the mined Ghakkar fortress at Pharwala.** Var. Para, Bhiro, Text note. " Khd-

tar " now comprises Harri Kba^^r and NAla Khatlar. Var. Bharchak. The fort boilt by Sh^ Shih as a check on the Gakkhar tribes, now in picturesque ruin. It is situated in the Salt Bangre on a gorge overlooking the Kuhin Nadi 11 miles north-west of Jhelum town. The walls extend for three miles and encircle the rooks which command the entrance of the pass. Some parts have a thickness of from 80 to 40 feet. One gateway still remains in excellent preservation. I. G. See Vol. I, p. 484, and under Kibol of this volume.

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Bighas Biswas. Revenae D. 1 1 1 Castes. Darband, (here two nnintel-

ligible words), ... 8,100,000 in money. ...

20 600 Jn6hah (Janj^ah). DhadLb, 2,880 96,000 ... 20 160 Do. Diidwat, 2,830 96,000 ... 20 300 Do. Reshin, 1,196 92,496

... 10 200 Awan. Shamaabdd, ... 24,664 7,084,608 ... 60 600 Gakkhar, (var. KhoPatau fvar. Bat4U, MiHi,

khar). Shambdla), ... 11,146 624,000

... 100 1600 Jindhah. Fatebpur Eilaari (yar. Ka-

nanri and T.), 167,042 4,261,881 ... 600 10,000 Gakkhar. Knlbhalak, 40,918 2,888,268 18,176

80 200 Balooh Gh^b (var. Kh^t, Kh^a,

Khep), 16,961 984,161 ... 800 1200 Kha^tar(aio). Khir Darwizah, 4,816 24,641 ... 60

800 Jin<5hah. Kirjhdk/ 21,491 961,766 * 100 1500 Do. Kach^kof, one hds distant

from this parganah is the

6,826

840,000 60 2000 Rliwalah Tarin Aff?hin. K&hwan, has a stone fort, ... 4,660 192,000 ... 10 200 Jindhah. Kambat, 2,880 96,000 ...

Langahtiydr, (var. G. SiyAr).

2,380 96,000 ... io 100

Mdkhiillah, has a stone fort

on a hill there is scarcity

of water has a salt mine

and a shrine, 9,820 834,000 *" 100 1600 J&n<5hah.

* Said by Cunningham, (Anct. Geog., p. 168 and prononnoed Qirjhah) to be the Hindu name for Jaldlpiir, the probable site of the famous oity of Bokephala built in memory of Alexander's horse. * This well-known village lies on the road between Rawal Pindi and Peshawar which with its ruins, says the I. Q., forms part of a group of ancient oities lying round the site of the ancient Taxila. Hwen Thsang the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim of the 7th Century A. D. visited the tank of the Serpent King, Elapatra, identified with the spring of Bilb& WaU (andah4ri) or Panja Sahib. The fountain is hallowed by legends of Buddhist, Brahman, Moslem and Sikh.

The shrine of Panja S&hib crowns a precipitous hill about one mile east of the town, and at its foot is the holy tank, a small square reservoir, full of fish. Delapidated briok temples surround the edge and on the west side the water gushes out from beneath a rock made with the representation of a baud, ascribed by the Sikhs to their founder Bihi N&nak. The scenery is extremely picturesque ; the river Haroh hard by affords excellent fishing, and on its near shore two ancient cypresses are the only epitaph above the tomb of one of

Akbar*s wives. For KachakSt^ see Cunningham, Anot. Geog., p. 116.

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1 1

Bfghas Biswas. Revenue D.

! s Castes. Marfi], at the foot of a

moantain, 6,826 240,000 16 600

Maldt, has a stone fort on a

hill. 3,286 183,238 ... 10 200 Janohah.

Nandanpur, has a brick fort

on a hill, 40,997 24,110 4,110 20 160 Do. Nil&b, (Indos) land included

under (Attock) Benares.... 8,787 481,306

,, ... ,,,

under

Nrwi, on the Sind, 997 38,' 91 * Akbarabid. Gakkhar. K6k<58ira1 Khat^ar, 926 38,096 *> 10 60

Kha^tar. Hazirah JS^arla)^/ 214,932 1,806,312 6,342 100 600 Afghan. HatijIffLang, ... 7,281 800,000 *

Bhakar barkhatri (with illegible variants.) HazArah G^idkn, 6,676 280,890

under

Akbaribid.

Himmat Khin Karmun, ... 166 48,000 ... Do. Gakkhar.

Beyond the Five rivers (Birun i Panjnad^).

Bel6t, Sahldr, Kahl6r, (Punjdb Hill State),

Bfghas Biswas.

Revenue D.

822,740 1,700,000

1,800,000

1=

100 40 50

10,000 700 1000

Castes.

Baloch. Chandel and others. Do.

Suhah of MuUdn, It is situated in the first, second and third climates simultaneously. Before Tattah was comprised in this province, its len^^fth from Firozpur

Var. and G. FariV- Var. and T. ^ara^. * The valley of the Jhelum takes the name of THindh (Three rivers) after its junction with the Chen&b and the R&vi and that of Panjnad (Five rivers) after receiving the united waters of the Beas and Sutlej. I. G. This restricted signification cannot here apply. Certain

outlying portions beyond the limits of

the Punjab Proper were evidently attached to the S'&bahs of Labor and Mult6n and to the aarkar of Dipalpur and were denominated Bird/n i Panjnad. Their position may be surmised but assurance is perhaps beyond reach. The first two of these three names I cannot satisfactorily trace.

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and Sewistdn, was 403 kos and its breadth from B^atpur^ to JaiscUmtr, 108 kos, but since its inclusion, it measures to Kkach (Qanddv&) and Mekrdn, 660 kos. On the east, it marches with the Sa^hdr of Sirhind ; on the north with Sh6r ; on the south, with the 8ibah of Ajmer^ and on the west, with Khach and Mekrdn. For &cility of reference, the two territories are separately described. Its principal rivers are the six already mentioned. The Bihat (Jhelum) Joins the Ohendh near the parganah of Shor and after a course of 27 kSs, they unite with the Bayi at Zafarpur and the three flowing collectively in one stream for 60 kos, enter the Indus near Ifch, Within 12 kos oi Firozpi^r, the Bidh joins the Sutlej which then bears several names, w., -Har, Hor*, Dand, Numi,* and in the neighbourhood of

1 Khatpiir is placed by Abal Faal in the Baohna Doib and by Tieffenthaler aa the first stage in a journey from Labor to Multdn. " On passe en venant de Lahore par Kabpur, Gazafsaray, Kosohhara, Satghara, Harpam, Maktonnpour, Kanpour d'on Ton se rend tout droit a Houltan/' The text diffidently forms two name? of these four, vi., Harhiri, Dandnumi but the authority of the two best MSS* (relegated to the notes) divideathem. One at least of these names, Dand, still lives in the local designation of a former bank of the Sutlej, whose shifting course has modified the apect of the ^country. One ancient bed, forming the base of the segment where the Sutlej after its junction with the Beis curves round to the south-west is called the Sukhar Nai (I. G.) which crotaes the district east to west and joins the modefn channel near the

borders of Sirsa. The Danda bank points to a still more ancient course crossing the south-west comer 35 miles east of the present stream, traceable as far as Moodkee and thence at intervals to the Sutlej 15 miles farther north. The old beds of the Bdvi and BeAs which formerly united their waters much lower down, at present may be traced through a great part of the BAri Doib. (I. G.) Tieifenthaler transforms the whole river

system locating the eonfluenoe of tfae Bivi and the Galongara (his local name for the Sutlej augmented by the Befis) within 8 miles of Uoh and that of the Ghenib and B^vi at a town named " SoK tanpour," otherwise called ** Noschahra," near which the B&vi, joined by the Sutlej and Be&s falls into and loses its name in the Chenib, and this river, now holding the Jhelum, B&vi, Sutlej and Beis, continues to retain its own. See the ancient courses of these rivers in Can* ningham's Ancient Geography of India, p. 220, et aeq. General Cunningham bases bis discussion on Gladwin's translatioa, vit., * For the distance of 17 h6s from Feerozpoor, the rivers Bey ah and Sete* Inj unite : aod then again as they pass along, divide into 4 streams, vi>., the Hur, Haray, Dund and the Noomy: and near the city of Multin these 4 branches join again," and says that these beds still exist but their names are lost* Now Abul Fazl does not say that the Sutlej divides into 4 streams, but that it bears several names. I have been careful to be exactly literal in my version. The difficulty lies in the meaning of the words *^***' j^ Vi)T^, " nnites with those four** Gladwin understands the four which he divides, but there is no other tradition of their uniting near MultAn, and the Danda and the Sukhar

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MuUdn, confluent with the former four, thoir aocnmalated waters unite. Erery river that discharges itself into the Indus takes its name of Sindh, In Tattah, they call it Mihran.^ To the north are the mountains. Its climate is similar to that of Lahor which it resembles in many aspects, but in Mult&n, the rainfall is lgs and the heat excessive. Multdn is one of the oldest cities of India : Long. 107'' 35' ; Lat. 29'' 52'*. U has a brick fort and a lofty minaret adds to its beauty. Shaikh Bahdu^dcUn ZakaHyd and many other saints here repose. Bhakkar (Bhukkur) is a notable fortress ; in ancient chronicles it is oalled Manfurah.^ The six rivers united roll beneath it, one channel

Nai oertunly do not, for they strike the riYer at different points moch higher up. Abnl Fazl is describing the rivers watering the liolt&n Sdbah. He says they are the six previously mentioned, vm. under Lahor. He first speaks of the Jhelum and the Ohen&b and follows them to their jonotion with the SHvi and then to their meeting with the Indus. Here are four. He now turns to the Beds and Sutlej which join near Firozpur and the stream after bearing several names becomes confluent with " those four'' near Multiuif not, I consider, with the four local names, even were they separate beds, bat with the four that complete the six. The doubt arises why he should place the junction near Mult&n instead of Uch, bat this is not surprising to any one acoostomed to his obscure and vague style of narrative. Moreover the passage in the toxt resembles a notice of these six rivers in Saber's Memoirs to which Abul Facl was much indebted in the preparation of this third book of the Ain. The passage is as follows : I use the translation of Erskine. "To the north of Behrend, six rivers, the Bind, the Behat, the Ohenftb, the lUlvi, the Biih, and the Setlej, take their rise in these moun. tains, and all uniting with the Sind in the ten%U>ry of Multdn, take the common name of Sind, which flowing down

to the west, passes through the country of Tatta, and disembogues into the sea of Oman." Further the division of the Sutlej into the four local streams does not alter its point of junction with the Ghen4b for at p. 222, Cunningham says

that Abul Fasl's measurements of distances from the confluence of the Ohen^b and Jhelum to that of the Chen^b and Bdvi and the Ghen&b and Indus agree with the later state of these rivers. 1 The main stream of the Indus. See its course and the names of its channels in Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India, pp. 252, 272, 286, 298, &o. The Indus is called the Mihr^ by Ibn Haukal but his information leads him to believe that its source is the Oxus from whence passing Multlin and being joined by the Sind ! at three marches from that town falls into the sea at Dambal (Debal;. Ousely, p. 165. Properly 80** 12' N. Long. 71** 80* W. Tieff . gives the longitude from the Fortunate Islands at 108 but this he considers excessive. Bah^u'ddin is mentioned in Vol. I, 899, and Ferishta's monograph of the saint will probably satisfy his modem disciples. 8 After the decline of the Arab power in Sind about A. D. 871, two native kingdoms raised themselves at Multiin and Mansurah. The former comprised

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passing the southern face of the fort, the other the northern. The rainfall is inconsiderable, the fruits excellent. Between Siwi^ and Bhakkar is a vast desert, over which for three months of the hot season the simoom blows. The river 8%nd (Indus) inclines every few years alternately to its southern and northern banks and the village cultivation follows its course. For this reason the houses are constructed of wood and grass. This Suhah comprises three Sarkdrs of 88 parganahs, all under assessment for crops paying special rates. The measured land is 3,273,932 big has, 4 biswas. The gross revenue is 15 krorSf 14 lakhs, 3,619 dams, (as. 378,590-8-0), of which 30 lakhs, 59,948 dams (Rs. 76,498-11-2), are Suyurghdl. The local Militia consists of 18,785 Cavalry and 165,650

Infantry. Sarkdr of Multdn. Four Dodbs. Containing 47 Mahals, 558,649 Btghas, 4 Biswas. Revenue, 53,916,318 Ddms. Suyurghdl, 6,494,236 Dams. Cavalry, 8,965. Infantry, 90,650. Bet Jdlandhar Bodb. Containing 9 Mahals, 52,090 Btghas. Revenue, 17,240,147 Ddms.

Cavalry, 1,410. Infantry, 17,100.

> Bfghas Biswas. Bevenae D.

! o 80 10 1 t-H Castes. Adamwihan,* ...

JaUldbdd, 5,886 5,000 869,445 299,798 ... 700 200 Qasar.S Bhim.

the apper valley of the Indus as far as Alor; the latter extended from that town to the sea and nearly coincided with the modem province of Sind. Alor, or Aror, the capital, almost rivalled Malt6n and had an extensive commerce. I. G. Genl. Cunningham (Ancient Geog.) gives the name of Man^iarah to the town fonnded, according to Masaddi, by Jamhur, the Moslem governor of Sindh, and named after his own father Man^iir, so close to Brahman&bid as to be regarded as the same place. His learned disonssion depends too much on analogies of sound iu names, to be quite convincing.

See, also, Mansiira in Elliot's Arabs in Sind, p. 50, et seq. 1 Siwi, Sewist&n, and Sehwin ate constantly confounded or mistaken as Elliot remarks without, however, himself determining the position of the first which is a town or the geog^phical limits of the second which is a province. Siwi is somewhat south of the direct line between Dera Ghaxi Khia and Quetta, now well known as Sibi. Vol. I, p. 862, 84we. 2 Var. and G. D&man. 3 Var. Jhhar, Chhar.

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32d

Bfghas Biswas. BeTenue D. 1 1 1 1 t-H 400 Castes. bunyapdr. 27,889 1,876,862 11,998 50 irki, Rind. RAjp6r,

1,368 90,397 ... 20 300 Jdnah. ^hhg0fh, 75,000 6,741,200 ... 400 4000 Kacbhi, Jdnah, Bik^nah/

MaUb. Pattpfip, 61,797 4,008,661 24,696 500 5000 J(inah. Kahrdr,* 47,695 806,866 40,981 100 8000 Jdnah. Kliaibul^,^ ... 80,411 594,288

... 200 ... Jat and another name illegible. Ghalu* Kbrah, 18,810 1,201,086 *. 100 2000 Kaln, Jat.

Bdri Dodb. Containing 11 Mahals, 137,629 Btghas, 13 Biswas. Bevenue, 9,863,341 Bdias, Suyirghdl, 207,382 Bdms, Cavalry, V75. Infantry, 14,650.

Bighas Biswas. BeYenne D. 1. s I

1 1-4 Castes. IslAmpdr, has a briok fori,... 28,086 1,650,896 60,394 1000 8000 Bh(m,Maral. Tsmailpur, 900 49>982 .. 5 50 Maral. Maltan town, has a briok

fort. 8,824 1,719,168 88,980 50 1000 Bhim.Shaikhz&dab. Tnlambab, 19,310 1,200,778 15,766 800 5000 8<5h<i. Villages of the parganah of

Chankhandi, 2,927 191,054 ... ,,, ..

Babarban district of Mnltin, 85,925 2,288,854 87468 . ... Bhim. Tillaffes of parganah of Khat-

piir. 2,487 149,578 ... ... ...

Do. Do. Deg Rfivi, 897-14 50,146 ... ... ...

8hah Aalampdr, 24,121 1,555,563 1,180 200 4000

Villages of pargariah of Eh&i-

bdldi, 7,584-19 490,664

. ...

Hatilah, 2,068 608,418 8,598 20 600 Jat.

Tar. irti. * Among some illegible variants,

Thinah. Var. and G. Khardar, bnt Kahror is well-known in MnlULn District. See I. G. and Cunningham, p. 241. Var. and T. Khailiildi. 42

T. and G. Kheln. The Degh (I. G.) is the chief tributary of the RAti, which it receives after entering Montgomery District on its north-west bank and then passes into liult&n District.

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330 Bechndu Dodb. Containing 6 Mahah, 83,229 Bighas, 18 Btswas. Revenue, 5,113,383 Ddms. Cavalry, 770. Infantry, 9,600.

Bigbas Biswas.

Berenne D. & 1 1 1^ Castes. Irajp6r and D^g Bvi, 87,230 2,877,800 100 2000 Kbaral. Ghankhandi, ... 7,620 216,880

M 100 2000 Do.

Kbatpdr, 8,887 606,898

! 600 8000 Jafc, Sindh. DaUbhati, 8,768.18 266,669

,,, 20 600 Kbaral.' Ealbah, 16,208 968,786

60 2000 Jai, S6b6.

8ind 8dgar Ddah, Containing 4 MahaU, 34,812 Bighas. Revenue, 2,178,192 Bami. Suyurghdl, 13,399 Dams. Cavalry, 220. Infantry, 2,000.

Bighas Biswas. Revenue D. 02 i 200 20 5 1 20<)0 600 Castes. Villages of IsUmpdr, Bangpfir, .*. Ka^pnr Kanki, ... MiBcellaneous villages, 1 Mahal, 6,776 22,907 6,600 600

873,867 1,410,787 806,068 88,080 l6;787 2,662 Jat. Bhim.

Beyond the Five^ Bivers, (JBirun % Panjnad.) Containing 17 Mahals,^ 205,893 Btghds, 13 Biswas. Revenne, 18,820,265 Dams. Suyurghal, 38,688 Dams. Cavalry, 5,800. Infantry, 57,600.

' A sligbt notice of tbe Kbarals oocnrs in tbe description of tbe Montgomery District. I. Q. ' Of tbeae Cunningbam can identify bat Ucb, Dir&wal, Moj and Marot, wbioh be places, east of tbe Sntlej. Tbe limits of tbe province of Mnltin in the time of Hwen Tbsang incladed tbe north half of the Bbawalpnr territory in addition

to the tract lying between the ri?er8, the north frontier extending from Derah Din Pan&h on the Indus to Pik Pattan, a distance of 160 miles ; on the west, tbe frontier line of tbe Indus to Kk&npdr, 160 miles ; on tbe east from P^ Pattan to tbe old bed of tbe Ghagar, 80 miles : on the south from Kh6np&r to the Qbagar, 220 miles, p. 220.

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Bfghas Biswas. Bevenne D. !' t 6 1 Castes. Ubanrah, 11,820 915,256 4,684 80 500 Dhar. ITch, 29,056 1,910,140

 100 400 Shaikzadah, Bnkhari Bayyid.

Bhnrtiwihan, (rar. and G.

Diman), 16,696 1,836,029 18,564 200 2000 Rijpiifc,

Lodhi. Balooh, Jamsh^r, . 4,334 848,087 ... 150 2000

Bholdi and

Nardi.^ Dadai, has a brick forfc, 40,620-11

2,400,000 4000 30,000 DddAi. Diwari Awiral, (Cnnniog-

bam. Dirawal), 2,718 140,000 50 500 R&ipnt, Eotw&l. D6d Khn, 17,890 1,440.000

... ... Villages of BAjpup, 452 29,854 ... ...

Rapari, 12,075 1,080,000 ..*

...

Sitpur, 44,538-8 4,608,000

1000 20,000 Afghin. Seorihi, 5.124 28,800 . 20 100 Dhar. Villages of Fate^piir, 5,224 880,779 * ,,,

fj Kahardr, 1,384 87,289

... ...

Majlol Ghixipdr, 40,521 2,400,000 * ,,,

Maah, has a brick forfc.

(Cmmingham Moj.) 9,083 707,069 20,440 50

1000 Koraishi. Mardt, do. 5,456 204,000 200 1000 Bhat(L Mahand 9,336-12 8,014,000 ... 200 1000

Sarkdr of Dipdlpur,^ Containing 29 Mahals^ 1,433,767 Bighas, 8 Butoas. Revenue, 129,331,153 D(iw. Suyurghdl, 2fi79,l70 Ddms. Cavalry, 6,210. Infantry. 53,300. B^t Jdlandhar Dodh. Containing 10 Mahals, 710,946 Btghas, 10 Biswas, ^.evenae, 88,808,855 Dams, Suyurghdl^ 1,481,564 Dims. Castes, various. Cavalry, 2,400. Infantry, 20,400.

* Var. Narwi Barwi. Var. Daw4i, Dadai. * Var. and G. Maldfc.

^ See Cnnningham, Ancient Geog^phy. India, p. 218, et tieq for this Sarkdr.

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Bighas ^ Biswas. Revenae D. 1! 1 Castes. Pa^^n, (Pik Pattan) has a

briok fort, 49,014 2,628,928 599,989 100 2000 Bhl,Dhdkar Dipilpar Lakhi, has a briok

fort, 242,844-11 18,614,069 499,636 600 7000 Ja^Khokhar,Ka8o,'

Dhanakshilh,* has a Inriok

Bhani. fort, 60,676-1 8,484,876 87,162 . 400

Deotir, 40,730 2,489,860 23,400 60 1000 Jat. Ba^matdb&d, ...

88,286 1,825,009 ... 100 2000 Balooh, Ehokhar. Kabulah/ has a briok fort,... 86,616-12 4,803,817 ... 1000 2000 JiUah*Rdiiu. (iyimpdr Lakhi, has a brick

fort,

64,678-19 2,008,274 88,866 800 2000 Bhatii, Jat. Kalntki Lakhi,... 65,248-8 2,885,969 98,809 60 1000 Do. do. Khokar&in Lakhi, 21,180 1,011,716 36,388 160 1000 Khokhar.

Lakhi Los^ni,* 61,619-16 8,166,769 6,940 100 2000 Bha^ Khilji.

Bart Dodh^ Containing 6 Mahals, 193,495 Btghas, 9 Biswas. Bev^nne, 1,175,393 Ddins. Castes, various. Cavalry, 1,100. Infantry, 14,000.

Bighas Biswas. Bevenae D.

! 1 1^ Castes. Bahrhpdl, ... 18,717-9 1,176,898

60 600 Bha^^. Bab4 Bhoj, has a fort. 89,385 2,020,256 20,256 150 2000 Sa/yid, Jat. Chahni,' 25,993 1,200,600 600 60 2000 Sayyid, Ao. Ba\^mibd, 24,329

1,182,714 ... 60 600 Kharal, Balooh. adkharah, ... 69.447 8,651,630 20,976 800 4000 Do. Mandh^, ... ... 25,6^4 2,703,429 ... 500 5000 Bhim.

* Var. Keadthi. * Var. and G. Dhanshlih. Var. and G. Lakhi ];f:ab<ilah. Var. Jdijah, see Johiya nnder Montgomery Dist. in I. G. with other

TBLiyi tribes. Also Oanningham, p. 246. Var. TdslMUii, Losfani. G. YusVini^ Var. Bhirahpal. ' Var. Jahni. At p. 113, Sadkarah,

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333 Bechndu Bdah. Containing 7 MahaU^ 142,856 Bighas^ 2 Biswas. Revenue, 8,534,915

Bams, Suyurghdl, 5,808 Ddms. try, 6,300.

Castes, various. Cavalry, 710. Infan-

Bighas Biswas. Revenae D. V0

! 1 1-^ Castes. Klinp6r, 19,699-18 1,286,740 80,380 30 600 Kbaral. Dalchi Chandhar, 9,158-12 606,657 1,620 60 1000 Ghaudhar. Shabzidah Balooh, 12,749-12 789,742

... 100 1000 Baloch. 4Abidi Abad, ... 6,976 843,932 ... 10 300 Jat. FaryjLdaWld, ... 18,708 1,098,694 ... 20 1000 Jat. Kharal, 83,732

1,907,069 2,800 300 2000 Khari. Mahes, 42,944 2,609,182 ... 200 600

Beyond the Five Rivers {Birun i Panjnad). Containing 6 Mahals, 386,470 Btghas, 7 Biswas. Revenue, 20,580,771 Bams. Snytirghdl, 549,972 Ddms. Cavalry, 1,000. Infantry, 12,300.

Bighas Biswas. Revenue D.

1 Castes. JalaUbid, 34,476-7 1,739,289 ... 50 1000 Ranghar, Bhatti.l Jat. Jan^l, 18,012 663,616 ... 300 4000 Bhatti. Ailampdr, 31,008-10 1,579,668 ...

60 1000 Ranghar, Jat. Fir6zp6r, 217,710-17 11,479,404 199,404 600 8000 Afghdn, Ranghar. Villages of Lakhi Kabiilah, 29,186 1,636,660

. ...

66,614-13 3,492,454

360,668 100 3600 BhaUi, Kho-

khar.

Sarkar of Bhakkar {Bukkur) . Containing 12 Mahals, 282,013 Bighas. Revenue, 18,424,947 Ddww. Suy^ghdl, 600,419 Ddms. Cavalry, 4,600. Infantry, 11,100.

* Text note soggests Lat^i as the proper reading. As there are abont 300 dans of Sindhis, besides the tribes and of Hindost&n proper, that may

be located in or abont this region, their identification is almost as hopeless as their orthography.

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Bighas Biswas. Revenue D. 1. r 02 ! i 1 Castes. Alor, has a fort, 143,700 1,132,160 20,560 200 600 Dharejah.1 Bhakkar, has a strong forti ... 74,362 ...

200 1000 Mehar and Kahir. Jindolah, 67,847 3,102,709 85,064 400 800 Jahna.S Jat6i', 179,821-14 2,346,873 156,841 400 800

Darb^ah, 121,146 1,262,761

68,872 200 600 Bha^ti. Sankar, 100,818 1,808,628 82,332 500 1000 Sah^jah.8 Sewi,

1,381,930 .* 500 1500

Fatbp6r, 8,050-10 477,869

... 200 1000 Saheiah, Dhir^jafa.

Khaj6nah> 10,063 645,205 .. 200 ICOO J4man. Ehdra Edkan, ... 154,151 2,732,331 188,608

500 1000 Dh4r6jah. K4khari, (var. K^kri), 178,838-16 2,106,431 63,208 500 1000 Manki^rah. Mdnhalah, 128,078 1,363,713 28,944 500 1000 Dhar^jah (var. Hiirejah).

Kings of Mid tan .^ Shaikh Ydsnf, reigned... Saltan Mal^mad^ (var. Muhammad Sh&h) Kutbu'ddin, his son Hnsain, his son

Years. 2 17 16 30

Var. Saranjah. The Dharejah forest is in Shikarpnr District I. G. under Bind. Var. Janah or Jatah. Var. Sahechah, Sahja, Samjah. Var. and G. Gharjdnah. ^ This province, says the U. T., was first conqnered hj Mahomed E^sim at the end of the first centary Hejira. It was recovered by the Hindus on the decline of the Ghazni power. After Mahomed Ghori's snbjngation it remained tributary to Delhi until A. H. A. D. 847. 1443. Shaikh Ydsuf established an independent monarchy. 849. 1445. Ray Sehra, or ]^ii^bu'ddin Hosen Langa I expelled the Shaikh.

A. H. 908.

A.D. 1502.

Mahmud Khin Langa ; his minister Jam Bayezid. 931. 1524. Hosen Langa 11, overcome by Sh&h Hosen Arghun. Under Hamayun, becomes a province of the em-

pire. ' This name is altogether omitted by Ferishta who describes Ka^bu'ddin's intrigue and succession, in his history of Mult&n. The name of l^utbn'ddin was Rae Sahra and he was governor of SsTri and the adjacent territory and the hesd of the Afghan clan of Lang&h. He died in A. H. 874 (A. D 1469), ^asain Shih in 904 or 908 (1498 or 1502) and Mahmud in 931 (1524).

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335

Tears. Salfin Fir6z, his son ... ... ... ... 1 Husain, a second time. Mahmiid, son of Sult^Ln Fir6z ... ... 27 Hasain, son of Snl^dn Firdz .. ... 1 Slidh J^nsain, (Argbdn), roler of Sind. Mirzd Kamrin. Sher Khan. Salim Kh^n. Sikandar h4n. At one period the province was subject to the sovereigns of Delhi : at another it was under the control of the rulers of Sind, and for a time was held by the princes of Qhazni. After its conquest hy Muizzu'ddin Sam (Ghori), it continued to pay tribute to Delhi. In the year A. H. 847 (A. D. 1443) when Sultan Alau'ddfn reigned at Delhi, and constituted authority fell into contempt, every chief in possession of power, set up a pretension to independence. A noisy faction raised Shaikh Ydsuf Kuraishi, a disciple of Shaikh Bahdu'ddfn Zakariya, to supremacy. Ho was subsequently deposed and proceeded with haste to the court of Sul^dn Bahldl at Delhi. The sovereignty now devolved upon one of the Langdh &mi1y, who assumed the title of Sul^dn Mahmud Shdh. It is related that this chief had given his daughter in marriage to Shaikh Ydsuf, and on the strength of this connection, used frequently to visit her alone, till one night by a successful intrigue he accomplished his design on the throne.

Daring the reign of Sul^in ^u^bu'ddin, Sul^dn Mal^mlid Khiiji advanced fiom Malwah against Mult^n but returned without effecting anything. Some maintain that the fii%t of the Langdh family who was raised to the throne was Kutbu'ddin. In the reign of Sultan Husain, Bahldl sent (his son) Barbak Shdh with a force to reinstate Shaikh Ydsuf, but they returned unsuccessful. SuHan Husain becoming old and doting, placed his eldest son upon the throne under the title of Fir6z Shah, and withdrew into retirement. His Wazir Imadu'l Mulk, poisoned him in revenge for the murder of his own son and Sult&n Husain a second time resumed the sceptre and appointed Mahmdd Khan, son of Sultan Firdz, his heir. On the death of Sultan Husain, after a reign of 30 or 34 years,i Sultan Mahmdd ascended the throne. During his reign several incursions were made by the Mughals who, however, retired discomfited. Some malicious intri-

' Ferishta gives bis death on the 26th of Safar A. H. 908 (I5Q2) bat adds that another account makes it 4 years earlier.

The whole of this narrative in mnoh greater detail will be found in that historian.

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336 gners throngb jealouRjr created a misunderstanding between tbe Sultan anj Jam Bajazid wbo bad long beld tbe office of prime minister, and misrepresentations oanningly made in a ronndaboat waj, brongbt tbem into open conflict. Tbe minister withdrew from Mnltan to Sb6r and read tbe khufbah in tbe name of Snlfdn Sikandar L<5di. On tbe death of Sn1(in Mahratid, bis infant son was raised to tbe throne as Snl(^n Hnsain (II). Mirza Shah ](Jusain (Argbdn) marched from Tattah and took Mnltin and entrusted its charge to Langar Khin. Mirza Omr^n dispossessed him of it and after him Sber Kh4n, Salim Kb4n and Sikandar successively beld it till the splendour of Humajdn's equal administration filled Hindast^a with its bngbtness and secured its peace. At tbe present day under tbe just sway of His Majesty bis subjects find there an undisturbed repose. Sarhdr of Tattah, Daring a long period this was an independent terntory but now forma part of tbe imperial dominions. Its length from Bhakkar to Kach and Mekrdn is 257 hde, its breadth from tbe town of Budtn to Bandar Ldhari} 100 kds^ and again from tbe town of Ohdndo one of the dependencies of Bhakkar f to Bikaner is 60 kds. On tbe east lies Oujardt : to the north Bhakkar and SSwi :* to the south, the ocban, and to the west Kach and Mekrdn, It is situated in the second climate and lies in Longitude 102^

30' ; Lat. 24 lO'.s The ancient capital was Brdhmandbdd,^ a large city. Its citadel bad 1,400 towers, at an interval of a tandhf^ and to this day there are many

* See this name in the I. G. (Index), Bnder *' Lahari Bandar," and in Onnningham in his account of Sindh. (Andent Geography). ' The text is, I thiok, here in error in transforming this name into the Persian y* with the itidfat, which the constmction of the sentence does not properly admit. I am in concurrence with Gladwin and Tieffenthaler. The town lies in Lat. 24 44' N. aad Long. 68"" B. * Identified by Cunningham with Harmatelia, (a softer pronunciation of Br&hmathala, or Brahmanasthala) of Diodorus and placed on the east branch of the Mihr&n or Indus, 47 miles north-

east of Haidaribad, 28 miles east of Hflla and 20 miles west of the eastern channel of the Indus known as Nibm. He giYes the number of bastions as 140 on the authority of the MSS. but both Gladwin and Blochmann concur in 1,400, and there is no variant reading. His conclnsion is, that the place known now as Bambhra ha thiU represents the mined city of Mansura and the neighbouring mound now called Dilnra, BrahmanibiUl. They certainly attest his industry and research if not his conclnanon which the absence of local coins of Hindd origin, though many of Arab c^T^noES are found, somewhat impug^. See p. 61.

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387

traces of its fortifications. Alor^ next became tbe metropolis and at the present day it is Tattahf also called DehaL The monatains to the north form several branches. One of them trends towards Kandahdr^ and another rising from the sea coast extends to the town of Kohbdr, called Bdmgar^ and terminates in Sewistdn and ia there known as Lakkhi.^ This tract is inhabited by an important Baloch tribe called Kalmdniy^ consisting of twenty thonsand cavalry. A fine breed of camels is here indigenous. A third range mns from 86hwdn to S6wi and is called KkcUtar^ where dwells a tribe named Nohmardi that can raise a force of 300 horse and 7,000 foot. Below this tribe, there is another clan of the Baloch known as Nazhari with a force of a thousand men. A good breed of horses comes from this tract. A fourth mountain chain touches Kach (Gtinddvd) on one side, and on the other the Kahndni territory, and is called Kdrah inhabited by 4,000 Balochis. In the winter season there is no need of poshtins ffur-lioed coats) and

1 The rnina of Alor, or more correctly Aror, are dtoated to the sonth of a gap in the low range of limebtone hilli stretching from Bhakar to the sonth for about 20 miles nntil it is lost in the broad belt of sand hills bounding the "Sin, or old bed of the Indos. On the west, Cunningham reg^ards it as the capital of the Musicani of Gurtius. He disputes the assertion of Abul Fazl that Debal and Tattah are the same. Bir H. Elliot places Debal at Kar&chi. General Ounningham prefers a site between Karachi and Tattah and is "almost <3ertain" that it must be the Indian city in which Zobeide in the Arabian Nights found all the people turned to stone. This certitude on such a point is striking and originaL t The Lakhi range (the text duplicates the k.) is an offshoot from the Kirthar which separates Sind from Beluchistin. I. G. Kohbdr has a variant Eorahyir, but I do not trace it ; the Msk^sir 'ul Umara has Kohbdr but as its description of Sindh is taken from Abul Fazl, its authority is of no independent value. 8 The Baloch and the Brahui are the two great races of Baloohistan, each 43

subdivided into an infinite number of tribes. Of these the Kumberani is said to take precedence of all others. The name in the text is not mentioned in the works I have consulted. Sherring mentions Kirmani.

^ No doubt the Kirthar range of the I. G., an off shoot of which, the Lakhi, terminates abruptly a few miles south of Sehw&n. Nafhari has a variant T<^2ari adopted by Gladwin. The plain country to the east of the mountain mass that intervenes between it and EheUt ia called Eachhi or Kachh Gandivd and Kdrah seems to be a spur that strikes thence to the Lakhi chain. North of the Bol&n, confused ranges of mountains extend to east with a strike nearly east and west to the Sulaim&n range. This tract inhabited by Marris, Bngtis and other Baloch tribes is bounded on the north by the province of Sewisfc&n (I. G.) General Onnningham states that Sehw&n is snid to be a contraction of Sewistin and rejects it as a juodem innovation of the Hindus, but he could scarcely have seen the text of Abul Fazl whose account does not admit of this

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338 the sammer heats are moderate except in Sewistdn. Fmits are of varionB kinds and mangoes are especially fine. In the desert tracts, a small kind of melon grows wild. Flowers are plentiful and camels are nnmerons 'and of a good breed. The means of locomotion is bj boats of which there are many kinds, large and small, to the number of 40,000. The wild ass is hunted, and game, such as, hares, the kotah pdchah^ and wild boars; fishing likewise is much pursued. The assessment of the country is made on the system of division of crops,* a third being taken from the husbandman. Here are salt-pits and iron mines. Shdli rice is abundant and of good quality. Six kds from Tattah is a mine of yellow stone, large and small slabs of which are quarried and used for building. The staple food consists of rice and fish. The latter is smoked and loaded in boats, and exported to the ports and other cities, afEording a considerable profit. Fish-oil is also extracted and used in boat building. There is a kind of fish called palwah which comes up into the Indus from the sea, unrivalled for its fine and exquisite flavour. Milk-curds of excellent quality are made and keep for four months. Near Sehtodn is a large lake, two days' journey in length called MancMr, in which artificial islands have been made by fishermen who dwell on them. But the greatest of all wonders is the Liver-Eater (Jigar Khwdr), an

individual who by glances and incantations can abstract a man's liver. Some aver that under certain conditions and at certain times, he renders the person senseless upon whom he looks, and then takes from him what resembles the seed of a pomegranate, which he conceals for a time in the

1 Literally ' short legged.' It is znentioDed bj Baber in his Memoirs among the fauna of K&bul and India and is thus described in firsldne's translation. ''Its size may be equal to that of the white deer. Its two fore-legs as well as its thighs are short, whence its name. Its horns are branching like those of the g^wezin but less. Every year too it casta its horns like the stag. It is a bad runner and therefore never leaves the jungle." These characteristics seem to point to the hog-deer. {Cervus porcintu,) S I believe this to be the proper trans-

lation of LT^ ^ and not *oom bearing' as I have construed it at p. 44, (final word of the page). According to the I. G. in Haidarabad District Sind, the Government assessment was formerly levied in kind (hhasffi) but on a petition from the ZamCndars, the payment has since been made in cash. They are paid by the tenants in kind at the following rates : On land under eharkhi (Persian wheel) cultivation, one- third of produce : on aaUdbi (canal flooding) lands, two-thirds ; in the case of the best lands, yielding cotton, tobacco and sngurcane, as a rule in cash.

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339

calf of bis leg. Daring this interval the person whose liver is stolen re mains nnconscions, and when thns helpless, the other throws the seed on the fire which spreads out like a plate. Of this he partakes with his fellows and the onoooscioas yictim dies. He can convey a knowledge of his art to

whomsoever he wills, by giving him a portion of this food to eat and teaching him the incantation. If he is oanght in the act and his calf be out open and the seed extracted and given to his victim, the latter will recover. The followers of this art are mostly women. They can convey intelligence from long distances in a brief space of time and if they be thrown into the river with a stone tied to them, they will not sink. When it is desired to deprive one of these of this power, they brand both sides of his head and his joints, fill his eyes with salt, suspend him for forty days in a subterraneoos chamber, and give him food without salt, and some of them recite incantations over him. During this period he is called Dhachrah, Although his power then no longer exists, he is still able to recognize a Inver-Eater, and these pests are captured through his detection. He can also restore people to health by incantation or administering a certain drug. Extraordinary tales are told of these people that are beyond measure astonishing. This country is the fourth Sarkdr of the Stibah of Mult&n. From the confines of Uch to Tattah towards the north are rocky mountain ranges inhabited by various Baloch tribes, and on the south from Uch to Oujardt are sandhills in which region are the AhsMm bhcUti^ and other numerous clans. From Bhakkar to Nofirpdr and UmarkSf are the Sodah, Jdrejah and other tribes. This Suhah contains 5 Sarkdrs subdivided into 53 parganahs. The revenue is 6,615,393^ dams, (Bs. 165,383-13-2.) Barkdr of Tattah. Containing 18 Mahah. Revenue, 25,999,991 Ddms.

Uhari Bandar, Batori,*

Beyenne D.

6,621,419 4,982,286

6ahrimp6r, B<5ri, ...

Bevenne D.

1,811,612 434,305

* According to Ounningham, the early Arab geographers place a Btrong*fort called Bhitia between Halt&n and Alor, which, from its position has a claim to be identified with the city boilt by Alexander among the Sogdi, but he mentions no tribe of the name, neither

have any of the Bhat^i Bajpnts mentioned by Elliot any such prefix as Ah8hdm, The Sodahs have been identified by Tod with the Sogdoi. Ancient Geography, pp. 253-254. Var. 6,615,293. 3 Var. Fatora, Batwir, Banwir.

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840

Revenue

BeTenne

D. Sirsi J&m, ... ... 0. Jak4r/

848,462 142,641 ^. 82,890 Karhar, (yar. and G. Karkar). 8,328,476 Darak, (rar. Dnrg), Dankari, (rar. Dikri), 2,970,441 Lekln Kh^n^h, ... 636,796 815,921 Maljah, 1,106,606 Batnah, 842,144 Minjar, i;821,75a Bankiirah,' 2,108,097 Nif&mpiir,

362,724

Sarkdr of Edjkdn. Gontaining 11 MahdU. Berenne, 11,784,586 Dims,

, Revenue

Bevenne

D. Kar6ri, D. B^h Fatt^ 840,178 629,987 B^lah,... 666,817 Laandi, 1,119,978 Hajkto, 655,699

Mandni, (var. and O. Mandri). 694,269 Jann, ... 8,166,418 Maddi, 2,852,605 Bahb^n 742,978 Nubiyir, (rar. and G. Napiy^r). 1,280,489 Detached villageaR... 486,788

Sarkdr of Seunstdn. 9 Mahals. Bevenne, 15,54.6,808 Dams.

B&tar, (var. Pitar G. Palar) ... Baghb^to, Batan (var. and T. Patau), ... B^ik^ (var. and G. Bdstkin, T. LuBigin), Janjah,

Revenue

D.

2,020,884 1,948,152 1,902,083 1,825,190 1,978,958

Kha^, .. Sub. dist. of Sewistin, has a strong fort, KAhin, Lakhiwat (var. Lakiiwat), ...

Revenue D.

1,829,923 1,669,732 1,640,764 1,231,776

1 Though there is no variant to this name, I suspect that there has been a transposition of the K and R, and that it is meant for the town of Jarak situated midway between Haidar4bad and Tattah. ' See Elliot, Arabs in Sind, p. 280. So I have translated j/^ *a^^, the term mosk^ri, being applied in old revenue accounts to small and scattered

estates not included in the acoounta of the districts in which they were situated and of which the assessments were paid direct to Government. The word occurs as MaHrin in the list of parganaha under the Sarkdrs of Tindah and FatUb^d, 84Jtbah Orissa. It may also signify the villages dependent on the preceding (maekdr) Mahalt vi., Rahb&n,

and thus Gladwin takes it.

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341 Sarhdr of Nasirjdr. 7 MahdU. Beyenne, 7,834,600 Ddms.

Uinarkd^ Samiwdni, (rar. and G. Sam&dini), Kidil, (yar. Eandil),

Beyenne D.

1,057,802 826,104 8,081,680 615,904

Kiair, Mirkandan, Nafirpfir,

Revenne D.

401,788 628,896 1,878,126

$arkdr of OhakarTidlah. 8 MdhaU. Revenue, 5,085,408 Ddms.

Arp^r,... Ohakarh&lah, Biyir,... Gh&zipiir,

Beyenae D.

781,190 747,176 719,207 988,656

Tew4ri, (var. Law&ri), Ehari Jiinah, Bnrkah ManlLwali, Barhi,...

Beyenne D.

571,073 508,162 490,868 883,688

Princei of Tattah.^ 1. The family of Tamim An^dri during the ascendancy of the House of Umayyah. 2. The Sumra (Ildjptit) line of 36 princes, reigned 500 years, (according to Ferishta 100 their names unrecorded).

^ The following lit is from the U. T. A. H. A. D. 87. 706. B^lochiflt&n inyaded by Hijaj, goyemor of Bassora, and Md.

E&sim. The ^iMoriM, the Bumeraa^ and the OwnoMLB or Jama^ Bncoesfliyely gain the aacendanpy, then a Delhi, goyemor 1208 ? Nasir nd din Kabbacha, beoomea independent, drowned. The Jami Dynasty of BwnanOf originally R4jpnt8. A.H. A.D. 787. 1886. J&m Afra; tributary to Toghlak Shilh.

A. H. A.D.

740. 1889. Jim Choban. 754. 1888. i> Bang { asserted his independence. 782. 1867.

* Timaji, his brother. 782. 1880. i> SaUhn'ddin, conyert to Islfon. 798. 1891. i> Nizamn'ddin. 796. 1898. > Ally Sher. 812. 1409. 1) Giran, son of Timaji. 812.

1409. >t Fatteh Eh6n. 827. 1428. $9 Toghlak, inyaded Gajerat. 864. 1460. }> Sikandar. 866. 1462. Sangar, elected.

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342

3. Of the Samma dynasty.

Jim Unar, reigned, ... Jdni, his brotheri y, Banhatijah, y, Tamichi, his brother, ,1 Sald^n'ddin, ... Niz&mu*ddin, his son, ,, ^li Sh6r Tamdchi, Kar&n, son of Tam^hi, Fateh Kh&n, son of Sikandar, Tnghlak, his brother, Mub&rak, the ehambeiiain, Sikandar, b. Fat]^ Kh&n,

Years Months D. 3 6 4 15 13 and some months. 11 and do. 2 and a fraction. 6 and some months. 1| 11 and some months. 28 3 16

A. H. A.D. 864. 1460. J&m Nandi or Niz^mu'ddin, oot. of Hasan Langa. 894. 1492. Ferozj the Torkhan family became powerfnli 1520. 927. 1620. Sh&h Beg Arghnn, oocnpiee Bind. 980. 1528. Sh&h Hosein Arghnn. 962. 1554. Mal^mdd of Bhakar. 982. 1672. Akbar annexes Bind.

(Feriflhta, 1001 1692.) Tieffenthaler's list except in the first 8 names is in accordance with these, allowing for his erratic spelling: Elliot's taken from the Tarikh i Masiimi, changes the third name only. Ferishta giyes the 1st and 8rd names Afz&h and Mini ; Briggs, Afr& and Bany. Ferishta makes Tamdji son of Mini i Briggs, his brother, Ferishta allots 62 years to the reign of Kizima'ddin Nandi ; Briggs, 82, and his dates are not taken from Ferishta who gives none except to the last 8 on the U. T. list and in accordance with it. I have to note that Ferishta gives the duration of the Somra dynasty, as 100

years and not 600 as Briggs records and the name of the sncceeding race, Satmah or Sntmah (o'*****) and not Soomnna. The title of Jim, Ferishta prononnoes a boast of their supposed descent from Jamshid, but commonly given to their head or chief to preserve the tradition of this fabnions lineage. The lineage of the Snmra and Samma dynasties is discussed in Appendix P. of Blliof s Arabs in Bind. The latter name may be traced in the Sambast and Sambus of Alexander's historians. Sambus ooonrs as Babbas in Plutarch, Saboutas in Strabo, Ambigarus in Justin and Ambiras in Orosius. These variations are not surprising and we have an analogous instance in the name of the famous English Free Lanoe of the Middle Ages, Sir John Hawkwood, whi^ ooouis frequently in the Italian writers of that time under the following disguises i Auguto, Aguto, Acute, Haukennod, Eau Kennode, Hau Kebbode, Haucatos^ Aucobedda, and Falcon del Bosco. Jdm shed is formed, according to Elliot's authorities, from Jim * king ' and Bh6d * sun ' (p. 195) but he modestly leaves the etymology of Jim undecided.

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343

Years Months D.

8 and some months.

60 and some months.

Sanjar, oommonly called Bddhan (yar. and G. Rddmany . Jim Nizdma*ddin, kno?ni as Jim Nandi, (see Vol. I, p. 362), ... Jim FinSz, his son. ^il^u'ddin, a relation of Firtfz, Fir6z, a second time. In former times, there lived a Biji named Siharas^ whose capital was Al<5r. His sway extended eastwards, as far as Kashmir and towards the west to Mekrin, while the sea confined it on the south and the mountains on the north. An inyading army entered the country from Persia, in opposing which the Biji lost his life. The invaders contenting themselves with devastating part of the territory, returned. Bie Sihi, the Biji's son, succeeded his father, by whose enlightened wisdom and the aid of hi intelligent minister BdrHf justice was universally administered and the repose of the country secured. A Brihman named Jach^ of an obscure station in life, attached himself to the minister's service and by flattery and address made himself of much consequence and was advanced to a post of dignity, and on the death of the minister, was chosen to succeed him. He basely and dishcmourably carried on an intrigue with the Biji's wife> which the Biji, notwithstanding its disclosure to him by the ministers of State, refused to credit. During the Biji's illness, the wicked wretch, in collusion with this shameless paramour, sent for the generals of the army separately, on pretence of consulting them and set them apart, and by seductive promises won over the several enemies of each to accomplish their death. WTien they were put out of the way and the Biji too bad breathed his last, he assumed the sovereignty.

' Of the Bai dynasty whose capital was Alor. The Tuhfat4l Kirdm makes 8iKara8 the son and snooessor of d% Dkodijf followed by Rdi adhoii, the first, second and third of that name. It was nnder the latter that Ohach rose to power. The names are differently

given by Postans. The same Persian work distributes 187 years over the reigns of these 3 Biis. The accession of Ohach and the extinction of the Bii dynasty is placed by Elliot in the

year 10 A. H. Arabs in Sind, pp. 169178. See also Ohacknamah. Elliot's Hist, of India. Vol. I. p. 188. ' So the text, bat a note amends it " Ohach." The orthography is doubtful. Two MSS. in the Bibliotheqne Boyale have Hoj : Beinand spells the name Tchotch : Benonard leans to Jaj as he considers it a cormption of Yajnya. De Sacy favours Hajij. Pottinger writes Ohach and is followed by all fingh'sh authors. Elliot, Arabs in Sind, p. 174.

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344 The parsaers of worldly iafcerests attached themselves to his cause and he took the Bdni to wife, thns garnering eternal pefdition, bnt he labonred for the prosperity and increase of his dominions and seized upon Koch (Ghuiddv&), and Mekrdn. Daring the Caliphate of Omar (b. u'l) Kha^^ab, Maghirah Abn'l 4^^ advanced by way of Bahrain to Debal, bat the troops there opposed him and he was killed in the engagement. In the Caliphate of Othman an intelligent ezplorei'* was sent to ascertain the condition of Sind, and an army of invasion was ander orders. The messenger, however, reported that if a large force were sent, supplies would fail, and a small one would effect nothing and he added many dissuasive representations. The Prince of the Faithful, Ali, despatched troops that occupied the borders of Debal but on hearing of the death of the Caliph they withdrew in haste to Mekrdn. Muawiyah twice despatched an army to Sind and on both occasions many of the troops perished. Ohach died after a prosperous reign of 40 years, and his youngest son Ddhir succeeded him on the throne. In the caliphate of Walid. b. Abda'i Malik, when Hajjdj was governor of Ir&V he despatched on his own authority Ma]{;iammad K&sim his cousin and son-iu-law to Sind who fought Dahir in several engagements.* On Thursday the 10th of Ramaz&n A. H. 99, (17th April 717) the Baj4 was killed in action and the territory of

* See EUiot'B Arabs in Sind, p. 3. * Hikim. b. Jabala al Abdi was sent to explore Sejistin and MekrAn and the oonntries bordering on the Indus valley by Abdu'Uah 4^mar, a ooosin of the Ciliph, who had suoceeded Abu Miisa Ashari in the government of Basra. His report was as follows : " Water in that country is of a dark colour, flowing only drop by drop, the fruits are sour and unwholesome, rocks abound and the soil is brackish. The thieves are intrepid warriors, and the bulk of the population dishonest and treacherous. If the troops sent there are few in number, they will be exterminated, if they are numerous, they will perish of hunger." Ihid. pp. 9 and 10. The expeditions of AU and Mu&wiyah and the progress of the Arab conquests in Sind

may be read in the succeeding pages. Elliot's conclusion that Debal was taken in A. H. 93 is conflrmed by As 6ay6ti in the biog^phy of Al Walid, b. Abdu'l Malik, in which year Kirakh, or Kiraj as Ibn ul Athir calls it, was also captured. (See my translation of As Say6ti's History of the Oaliphs, p. 229.) Elliot thinks this probably situated in, if not named from Kachh. I supposed it to be Karilchi which he identifies with the ancient Krokala of Arrian, but this does not alter its possible metathesis among the Arabs, into Eliraj. The pursuit of these analogies may be interesting but the result is conjecture. * Described in Elphinstone (Ed. 66) p. 308, and in Brigg's Ferishta, lY, p 417.

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345 Tatlah became subject to the invaders. The two daughters of Biji Dihir, who had been made captive were sent with some valnable presents to the Caliph. In a sjHrit of revenge, they deceitfully represented to the

Oaliph that Mutiammad J^dsim had dishonom^ them. He therefore ab* stained from visiting them, and in a fit of fnry gave orders that ]j|[asim should be stnffed into a raw hide and despatched to his presence. The ocmimands oi the Gali{^ reached him when he was abont to march against Hari Chand, king of Kanauj, and he obediently submitted to them. When be was thus carried to the court, the Caliph exhibited the spectacle to the two princesses who expressed their gratification in viewing the slayer of their father in this condition. This decision of the Caliph excites astonish* ment inasmuch as it was pronounced without deliberate investigation. It is the duty of just princes not to be swayed by the representation of any one individual, but to be circumspect in their inquiries, since truth is rare and falsehood prevalent, and more especially in regard to the recipients of their fiivour, towards whom the world bums with envy without just cause of resentment. Against the outwardly plausible and inwardly vicious they should be particularly on their guard, for many are the wicked and factious who speciously impose by their affected merit and by their misrepresentations bring ruin on the innocent. After Muhammad ^dsim's death, the sovereignty of this country devolved on the descendants of the Banu Tamim Anyiri.^ They were succeeded by the 8umrah race who established their rule and were followed by the Sammas who asserted their descent from Jamshtdy and each of them assumed the name of Jam, In the reign of Jdm Bdnhatiyah^

I Sereral of this tribe were at varions perioda sent to Bind. Under the Oalipliateof Yasid b. ^bd a'l Malik, Hal&l a't Tamimi was sent in pnrsnit of the fiann Mnhallab. About 107 A. H. Tamim b. Zaid al Vtbi snooeeded Jnnaid in the government of that province and died near Debal. Under the Abbaasidee M&sa b. K^b a't Tamimi, drove out ICanydr b. Jamhtir the Umayyad goyemor. ^bdn'r Baxz&k the first Ohameyide governor of Sind, aboat A H. 417, (1026) found the de. toendants of old Arab aettlers of the tribes of Thakift, Tamimi, Asad and

many other familief. The length of the Tamimi ooonpation ia unknown or disputed, and the obsouritj of the annals of the time precludes the possibility of decision. S Mini according to Ferishta who says that the expedition of Firds Tnghlak took place in 768 A. H. (A. D. 1820) and was unsuccessful owing to want of supplies and forage which Mini had out off by deyastating the country. He retired to Gujarat and after the rains and on the approach of winter, the second invasion occurred which led to the sob* mission of AI4ui.

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346 Saltan Fir6z Sb&h on three occasions led an army from Delhi against that prince, and obtcdned some conspicnons successes. On the third occasion, he took him prisoner and carried him to Delhi, leaving Sind nnder charge of his own officials. Snbseqaently being satisfied with his good will and capacity he reinstated bim in his goyernment. On the death of Jdm Tughlak, tbe chamberlain Mubdrak succeeded him throagh the efforts of a vain and seditious &ction, and was followed by Sikandar the son of Jdm Fat^ Khdn. During the reign of Jdm Nandd, Shdh Beg Arghun made a descent from ^andahdr and took SStoi and leaving the command of it to his brother Sul^dn MuJ^tammad, returned to ^andahar. The Jam marched a force against Muhammad who was killed in action. Sh^h Beg made a second incursion and took possession of Sehwdn and a considerable part of Sind and leaving his conquests in charge of his own people, withdrew. In the reign of Jdm Firdz, a relative of his named Salal^u'ddin rose in rebellion and failing in his attempt, took refuge with Sul(dn Ma^mtid of Gujardb who received him graciously and assisted him with an army ; Darya Khan the prime minister of Jam Firdz espoused his cause and the kingdom of Sind fell under his power without a blow. Subsequently the said Daryd Khdn determined to restore Jam Fir6z who had withdrawn into private life, but who thus recovered his kingdom. Saldhu'ddiu a second time advanced from Gujardt with a force furnished by the Sul^dn and occupied Sind. Fir6z retired to ^andahdr and Shdh Beg supplied him with troops, and an engagement took place near Sehwdn in which Saldhu'ddin and his son were slain. Thus Firdz was again established in his kingdom. In the year A. H. 929* (A. D. 1522-3) Shdh Beg took possession of Sind and Jdm Fir6z retired to Gujardt, gave his daughter in marriage to SuHdn Bahddur and was attached to the Court in the ranks of its nobles. Sind was now subject to Shah Beg. This prince was the son of Mir Zu'n Nun Beg, the commander-in-chief of Sul^a Husain Mirzd,^ who received the government of Kandahdr. He fell fighting bravely against Shaibak Khdn Uzbek who was engaged in hostilities with the sons of Sul^n Husain Mirzd. His eldest son succeeded to the government of ICandahdr, a prince of distinguished valour and versed in the learning of his age. At his death, his son Shdh Husain ascended the thi*one and wrested Multdn from Sultan Matmdd. After him Mirzd Isd son of Abdn'l Ali Tarkhdn^ succeed-

1 Ferishta says, 927 A H. 8 See Note 6, p. 220. S Tarkhdn was originallj a rank among the Maghala and Turks, bat in the time

of Baber it had come to belong to a parti cnlar family. The ancient Tarkhin was exempt from all duties and conld enter the royal presence without asking

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347 ed, followed by Mul^ammad Payandah^ bat this prince being sabject to fiti of menial estrangement, did not personally administer the government. Mirzi J6ni Beg, his son assumed the direction of affairs till His Majesty's victorious troops advanced into the country and reduced it to order, and Mirza Jdui Beg was enrolled in the ranks of his nobility. Suhaho/Kdhul It is situated in the third and fonrth climates, and comprises Kashmir^ Pahli, Bimhar, Stvdt, Bajaur^ Kandahdr and Zdbulistdn, Its capital was formerly Ghaznah^ but now Kabul. Sarkdr of Kashmir, It lies in the third and fourth climates. Its length from famhar Ver to KUhan Oanga is 120 Icds, and its breadth from 10 to 25 kSs. On the east are Paristdn and the river Chendb : on the south-east Bdnihdl and the Jammu mountains : on the north-east, Great Tibet : on the west, Pakli and the Kishen Ganga river : on the soath-west, the Gkkkkhar country : on the north-west. Little Tibet. It is encompassed on all sides by the Himalayan ranges. Twenty. six different roads lead into Hindustdn but those by Bhimhhar^ and Pahli are the best and are generally practicable on horseback. The first mentioned is the nearest and it has several routes of which three are good, viz., (1) Uasli Bhanp which was the former route for

loaTO and was to be pardoned nine times be the fanlt what it woald. He had perfect liberty of speech and might say what he pleased before royalty. The name constantly ocoars in the early portion of Baber's Memoirs. 1 He has omitted the succession of Ho^ammad Bal^i son of Is^ Tarkb&n to whom Eerishta gives a prosperoas reign of 18 years. The genealogical tree of Mirsi Jini Beg and the subsequent history of this family will be found at pp. 861-2, Vol. I of this work. Ferishta altogether omits Mu^mmad Payandah

and g^ves the succession to Jdni Beg immediately after Mu^mmad Bi^i. > The spelling is that of the text and varies from the same name given a lilUe above. According to Cunningham,

the name of '* Bhimbhar " was little used, the common appellation being Chibhdn which is found in Sharfu'ddin's History of Timtir under the form of Jibh&l. 8 The text has " Hasti Watar," but the present Governor of Jammu, Pandit Radha Kishan Kaul, with whom it has been my good fortune to be placed in communication, and whose courtesy adds a grace to his learning, has proved its inaccuracy and has suggested the emendation. Tho name with its derivation occurs later on and will be noticed in its place. The three different routes into Kashmir arc thus described by the Pandit. The first runs almost in a straight line passing through Nowsherah, Rajori, the Fir Panj&l pass and Shopiyon. The

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848 the march of troops ; (2) Pir Fanjdl} which His Majesty has thrice traverf* ed on his waj to the rose garden of Kashmir. If on these hills an ox or a horse be killed, storm clouds and wind arise with a fall of snow and rain ; (3) Tangtalah. The country is enchanting, and might be fittingly called a garden of perpetual spring surrounding a citadel terraced to the skies, and deserredlj appropriate to be either the delight of the worldling or the retired abode of the recluse. Its streams are sweet to the taste, its water&dl music to the ear, and its climate is invigorating. The rain and snowfall are similar to that of Turkest^ and Persia and its periodical rains occur at the same season as in Hindust&n. The lands are artificially watered* or dependent

second deviating ftom Bajori mna to the Fiinoli river and on to Piinoh and

oroflsing the Hdji Pir, joins the l(nrree road near Uri. The third, parting ftngxk Samani Sarai, passes through Kotli and Sera to Piinch and nnites with the second. The route by Bhnpiyon is the Pir Panj&l. The second is Tangtalah which name, however, is no longer known and is probably a misscript. The third is believed hy the Pandit to be the Hasti Bhanj, for it is the only one by which elephants can travel, and to this day elephants from Jamma must be sent bj Kotli to P6noh and across H&ji Pir to Uri. Cf. Yigne's Kashmir and Ladik, I. 147 in which 20 passes into Kashmir are mentioned and described. 1 Panchal in most of the MSS. which Gnnningham asserts is the pronunciation of the Punj&bis, and Pantsil of the Kashmiris, p. 12d. The superstition regarding the tempest 6t wind and snow and rain, appears to be connected with that of the Yedeh or rain- stone frequently alluded to by Baber, the history of which is given by lyHerbelot. It is of Tartar origin and the virtues of the stone are celebrated in Tarkand and attested by authorities who have never vritnessed them. It is said to be found in the head of a horse or a cow, and if steeped in blood of an animal with certain oeremonies, a

wind arises followed by snow and nun. See the introduction to Baber's memdrs by Brskine, p. xlviL The word Pir, according to Drew (Jommoo and Kashmir) has come to be used more or less generally in Kashmir for "pass," protiably from the "pir" or ttSkix who often sitablished himself upon it to maintain oraoquire the reputation of sanctity. Pir Pan j4l has oome to mean the pass of the Great Eange, Panjil being applied to a great nurantain ridge. There was once VkfakCr who lived cat it and bore the title of *'p6^," Bemier who crossed in Aurangzeb^s time mentions a hermit on the pass who had lived there since the reign of Jahangir. The creed he professed was not known, but his powers were said to be miraculous and the elements were nnder his control, rain, hail, storm and wind rising or ceasing at his bidding. He demanded alms in a tone of authority, and forbade any noise being made lest a tempeit should be the consequence, an ezpeiienee

which Jahingir incurred to his extreme peril through disobedience of this injunction. Voyages, II, 290. S The terms are Abi, Zalmi. The first signifies in the N.-W. P., land watered from ponds, tanks, lakes and watercourses, in distinction to thai watered from wells, and as being liable

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349 on rain for irrigation. The flowers are enchanting fill the heart with delight* YioletS) the red rose and wild nai'cissos cover the plains. To enumerate its flora would be impossible. Its spring and autumn are extremely beautiful. The houses are all of wood and are of four stories and some of more, but it is not the custom U> enclose them. Tulips^ are grown on the roofs which present a lovely sight in the spring time. Cattle and sundry stores are kept in Uie lower storey, the second contains the family apartments, and in the third and fourth are the household chattels. On account of the abundance of wood and the constant earthquakes, houses of stone and brick are not built, but the ancient temples inspire astonishment. At the present day many of them are in luins. Woollen fabrics are made in high perfection, especially shawls which are sent as valuable gifts to every clime. But the bane of this country is its people* yet strange to say, notwiih* standing its numerous population and the scantiness of the means of subsistence, thieving and begging are rare. Besides plums and mulberries, the fruits are numerous. Melons, apples, peaches, apricots are excellent. Although grapes are in plenty, the finer qualities are rare and the vines bear on mulberry trees. The mulberry is little eaten, its leaves being reserved for the silkworm. The eggs are brought from Oilgit and Little

to fail in the hot aeason, is assessed at a lower rate. The second is a Poshtii word (Baverty) and means growiog pontaneonslj and applied to crops wholly dependent on rain for irrigation or spring crops. The next term ChaU hhai in the text I have ventnred to amend as iJf^ which oconrs in a MS. helonging to the Governor of Jammn. ThoQi^h a variant ic^^ ^y Btand for Jidkh4^a sigpufying parched land that has absorbed its moisture, yet the absence of a conjoneiion between it and Lalmi evidences a disoomection in the entence. Another variant ^UJja. sapports this view bnt the reading of

the Jamma MS. is the best and fittingly precedes the sentence that follows. 1 Dr. King takes this to be probably the FritiUaria Imperialiaf though there is nothing against the plant being a real

tnlip, The 7. stellatcF^ iu common in many parts of the N. W. Himalayas, so common as to be a tronblesome weed in the fields. The European tulip is only one of a large genus and is not likely to be the plant referred to. Moorcroft says that the roofs are formed of layers of birch bark covered by a coating of earth in which seeds dropped by birds or wafted by the wind have vegetated and they are constantly overrun with grass and flowers. S All travellers from Hwen Thsang downwards concur in this opinion, but Moorcroft almost alone has realised that the vices of the Kashmirian are due to the effects of his politioU condition rather than his nature^ and that the transformation of his character is possible to a better government and a purer faith. Mendicancy has lacgely developed since Abul Fazl's day.

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850 Tibet, in the former of which they are procnred in greater abundance and are more choice. The food of the people ia chiefly rice, wine, fish and yarioas vegetables, and the last mentioned they dry and preserve. Bice is cooked and kept over night to be eaten. Though shdli rioe is plentiful, the finest quality is not obtainable. Wheat is small in grain and black in colour, and there is little of it, and^ little consumed. Gram' and barley are nowhere found. They have a species of sheep^ which they call Hdndu delicate and sweet in flavour and wholesome. Apparel is generally of wool, a coat of which will last for some years. The horses are small, strong, and traverse difficult ground. There are neither elephants nor camels. The cows are black and ill-shaped, but give excellent milk and butter. There are artificers of various kinds who might be deservedly employed in the greatest cities. The bazdr system is little in use, as a brisk traffic is carried on at their own places of business. Snakes, scorpions and other venomoas reptiles are not found in the cities.

There is a mountain called Mahddeva and in any spot whence its summit can

I Gladwin and the S. nl M. have here ' ma'ng/ the palse, Thaseolus munjo, 8 The chick-pea, Cicer arietinum. 8 Here follow two words, ^^ iS " like the KadV A marginal gloss to two MSS. defines these words as resembling in size and statnre the female of the * kharmi,* Another gloss explaining * kharmi * is unhappily wanting. According to Cnnningham (Ladak, p. 210) the Ladaki sheep are of two kinds, the tall black-faced Huniya nsed chiefly for carrying bnrdens and the pretty diminativ^e sheep of Purtfc nsed only for food. The common sheep is the Huniya which with the exception of the Turik breed is almost the only kind of sheep to be found throughout Tibet. It is much larger than any of the Indian breeds, the height averaging from 27 to 30 inches. Nearly the whole of the traffic is transported on these sheep which are food, clothing and carriage and are the principal wealth of the country. Drew ( Jummoo and Kashmir p. 288j gives the average weight carried

by them at from 24 to 32 lbs. The Purik sheep when full g^rown is not larger than a south-down lamb of 5 or 6 months^ and is said by Moorcroft to equal in the fineness and weight of its fleeoe and fiavour of its mutton any race hitherto discovered. The oxen are the y^k or chauri- tailed bull and the yak cow, Brimo or Dimo, and their prodnce with the common cattle. The yak is kept chiefly for loads, being generally too intractable for the plongh. The cow is kept only for milk. The most valuable hybrids are the Dso bull and Dtotno cow, the produce of the male yik and common cow. Other hybrids are the Dtepo or Drelpo, the male produce between the common bull and the Dsoim and the Dremo or female. The Governor of Jammu whose considerable attainments are always at the service of those who seek his aid, informs me that Handu is a pure Kashmiri word and sigpiifies an ordinary domestic rani, generally well fed and taken care of for the purposes of fighting or sacrifice.

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851 be seen, no snake exists, bnt fleas,^ lice, gnats and flies are very common* From the general use of pellet-bows which are fitted with bow-strings, sparrows are very scarce. The people take their pleasure in skiffs apon the lakes, and their hawks strike the wild-fowl in mid-air and bring them to the boats, and sometimes they hold them down in the water in their talons, and stand on them, presenting an exciting spectacle. Stags and partridges likewise afford sport and the leopard too is tracked. The carriage of goods is effected by boat, bat men also carry great loads oyer the most difficult country. Boatmen and carpenters drive a thriving trade. The Brahman class is very numerous. Although Kashmir has a dialect^ of its own, their learned books are in the Sanskrit language. They have a separate character which they use for manuscript work, and they write chiefly on Tuz which is the bark of a tree,^ worked into sheets with some rude art and which keeps for years. All their ancient documents are written on this. Their ink is so prepared as to be indelible by washing. Although, in ancient times, the learning of the Hindds was in vogue, at the present day, various sciences are studied and their knowledge is of a more general character. Their astrological

1 The text has ^ for ^ S The languages of Kashmir are dirided into 13 sepcurate dialects. Of these Dogri and Ghibali which do not differ maoh frou) Hindustani and Panj&bi are spoken on the hills and the Pdnoh and Jammn country. Kashmiri is mostly used in Kashmir proper and is corionsly and closely related to Sanskrit. Fire dialects are included in the term Fahdri : two are Tibetan spoken in Baltiatdn, Ladakh and Champas) and three or four varieties of the Dard dialects of Aryan origin in the North -West. The thirteen dialects are enumerated and discussed by Drew (Jummoo and Kashmir) and a Language map defines the groups that are mutually incomprehensible, classifying the dialects under five languages. Cunningham says that the Devanagari alphabet of India was introduced into Tibet from Kashmir in the first half of the 7th century of our era. Thumi Sambhota was the first who taught the

Tibetans the use of the Kashmirian characters which remain unchanged to this day. Ladik, p. 5. " Tim in the Burh^ i 1f.i\\ is said to be the bark of a tree used to wrap round saddles and bows. According to Dozy Ibn Bait^ makes it synonymous with *^^) jl^> the white poplar, a meaning confirmed by Hamza Ispahdni who calls it the J!]<x^, a name of similar import. Dr. King identifies it with the wellknown birch, Betula Bhojpattra, Wall. Bhojpattra he states is the current vernacular name, but in the N. W Himalayas it is known in yarious localities as Barj, Burzal, Sh^ &c. Its bark splits into very thin layers and is largely used even now for writing upon, and many of the oldest Sanskrit MSS. are written on it. It is also used nowadays, to make umbrellas, for wrapping up parcels and to roll up as tubes for flexible hookahstems. The etymology of Tun is not dear.

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352 art and astronomy are after the manner of the Hindus. The majority of the narrow-minded oonservatives of blind tradition are Sunnis, and there are some Imdmii and Nur Bakshisy^ all perpetually at strife with each other. These are chiefly from Persia and Tnrkestdn. Their musicians are exceeding many and all equally monotonous, and with each note they seem to dig

^ Ab the aoooant of thia sect in Ferishta has been almost entirely passed oyer bj Briggs in his translation, the omission may be here made good and will serve the doable porpose of supplementing his version and elucidating the present text. With the following note may be compared a monograph on the Boshaniyah sect by Dr. Leyden in the Xlth Vol. Asiatic Researohes.

Mini Haidar (Doghlit) in his work the Satab i Bashidi says that formerly all the inhabitants of Kashmir were of the 9anifL sect. In the time of Fatb Shiih, a man named Shamsu'ddfn came from Iri^ and declared himself to be a follower of Mir Mu^mmad Ndr Baksh. He introduced a new form of religion which he called Niirbakshi and promulgated various heretic and impious opinions and circulated among the reprobate a book of theology named Uhiktah which accords neither with the Sunni or Bhi^ belief. And the followers of this sect, like heretics, consider it their duty to revile and abuse the three Oaliphs and Ayesha, but unlike the Shi^hs, they regard Amir Sayyid Muhammad N^ Baksh as the Mahdi and Apostle of his time, and they do not believe as the Shi^hs do in saints and holy persons, but consider them to be Sunnis. He thus introduced innovations in religious worship as well as in worldly transactions, and styled his creed N^bakshi. Mirzi Haidar adds, ' I have seen many elders of this sect in Badaksh&n who have shared in my literary and scientific pursuits. They all outwardly observe the various religi-

ous obligations and follow the instmo* tions of the Prophet, and their belief is in conformity with that of the Sunnis. One of the sons of Amir Sayyid Md. Ndr Baksh showed me his work. Thers was a striking passage in it which runs thus: "Kings and the rich and the ignorant are of opinion that worldly power cannot be combined with piety and purity of heart in any one person. This idea is altogether false, for the great prophets and apostles, notwithstanding their divine legation ruled kingdoms and strove likewise for purity of heart, such as Joseph, Solomon, David, Moses and our Prophet." This opinion is opposed to the belief of the Ndrbakahi sect but is in accord with that of the Sunnis. I sent the theological work UMUah which was well known in those days in Kashmir to the learned men of India. Their judgment on it was as follows : ' Gk>d, show unto ns the truth in its reality and the false wherein it is void, and show unto us things as they verily are.' After a sfcudions and oarefol consideration of this work, it appears to ns that its author believes in a false

religion, has forsaken the divine commands and prohibitions and has ezdnded himself from the congregation of the Sunnis. In his pretension that God hath commanded him to do away witk all differences, firstly, in the developments of the religious teaching of Islam that have arisen among the followers of the Prophet and to restore it to the form it held in his time without addition or diminution^ and secondly, in its fimda*

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353 iheir nails into jour liver. The most respectable class in this country is that of the BdLhmans, who notwithstanding their need of freedom from the bonds of tradition and custom, are true worshippers of God. They do not loosen the tongue of calumny against those not of their faith, nor beg nor importune. They employ themselves in planting fruit trees, and are geaerally a source of benefit to the people. They abstain

menial prisoiples among the secta and among all peoples with certainty of belief, he is false and inclined to the doctrine of heretics and perverts. It is the religions duty of those who have the power, to destroy this book and efface it from the earth, and to extirpate this religion, root and branch) and to prohibit p^ersons from following it and acting according to its dog^nas. And if they persist in their belief and abandon not their false creed, it is necessary for the secuity of the Mnslims from their ill example, to chastise and even slay them. But if thej abandon it and repent of their past condact, thej should be directed to follow the teaching of Abu Qanifa to whom onr Prophet alladed in his saying, * Lamp of my followers.* When this declaration reached me, I compelled many men of Kashmir who were much disposed to this heresy, to accept willingly or otherwise the trne religion (and I pnt others to death. Borne of these men saved themselves by adopting mystic doctrines and called

themselves Sufis. In reality they are not sincere S^s, but are a sprinkling of heretics and atheists who lead men astray, do not know what is lawful or unlawful, consider night watching and abstinence in food, acts of piety and purity, eat whatever is put before them, ire avaricious and greedy to an extreme ; sedulously employ themselves in the interpretation of dreams, fortune-telling ftAd disclosing events, past and future ; ptostrate themselves before one another, 45

and together with siich disgraceful acts, observe the forty days of retirement ; are averse from the pursuits of the learned, walk proudly in the way of interior holiness, omitting the observance of religious forms and ceremonies, and maintain that the former is independent of the latter. In short, such here* tics and atheists are not to be found elsewhere in the world. May God preserve us, and take the people of Islam Under His protection, and sare them from such calamities and misfortunes in the name of Muhammad and his descendants." Before these people, there lived in Kashmir a sect of Sun-worshippers who were called Shamm&ssin. Their creed was that the sun's light owed its existence to their purity of faith, and that they themselves existed through the light of the sun, and that if they rendered their faith impure, the sua would cease to be. On the other hand if the sun ceased to shine they would not live ; thus they owed their existence to the sun and without them it could not endure. When the sun is present, that is in the day-time they ore bound to act virtuously, as he sees their actions, but when it is night and the sun neither sees them nor has knowledge of what they do, their moral responsibility for their deeds ceases. This sect called themselves " Sharasu'ddin (Sun of Religion) pretending to receive the delivery of the title from heaven. The Kashmiris abbreviated it into Shammdsi.''

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854 from flesh-meat and do not marry. There are ahont two thousand of thii class. The Toldh^ in this oonntry ia 16 mouihasy each mcuhd being equal to 6 surJchs. The gold mohnr weighs 16 ddnis, each ddni equalling 6 mrhhs^ being 4 surkks more than the ordinary mohnrs of Delhi. Bop Sitwd^ is a silver coin of 9 mdshas. The panchhu is of copper, eqnal to the fourth of a dam and is called kasSrah, One-foarth of this is the hahgagnij of which again one-fourth ia called shakri. 4 kasirahs^l rdhat. 40 kasSrahs^l sdsnti 1^ sdmu 3sl sikkah, 100 sikkahs =1 lakh which, according to the imperial estimate, is equal to one thousand ddmg. The whole country is regarded as holy ground by the Hind^ sages. Forty-five shrines are dedicated to Mahadeva, sixty-four to Vishnu, three to Brahma, and twenty -two to JDurga, In seveu hundred places there are graven images of snakes which they worship and regarding which wonder^ f ul legends are told.^

i Cf. Vol. I, p. 16, n. 86, and 87. The Surkh is the oommon red and blaok bead, Abras freaatoriuSf and if equal to a Rati in weight. For Ddni^ the S. nl M. has D6nak O^^^ the Arabioised form of D&ng (-^l^) probably the correct reading as it certainly is almost the corresponding weight, 6 aurkha being equal to a mdsha with the Kashmfris, and 8 in India. Bnt every denominati(Hi of weight has local yariations. At p. 32, Vol. I, the weights of two current mohnrs of pure gold are g^ven, vi%., L&l i Jalili-1 tola y urA;?w -97i surhha. The other 11 mdahas - 88 do. The Kashmiri mohur 16 ddni or \ ddndka > 96 aurkhs. 1D-6S ) The 96 ratia or aurkha in a tolah exactly represent the 96 carat grains in the gold assay pound. S The faultiness of the text has been oorreted by the learning of the Gover-

nor of Jammu who tells me that " rop" signifies silver, and " sis " a thousand, in Kashmiri. In tormer times ordinary money transactions were conducted in Kashmir by means of copper coins, for the great majority of payments were made in grain which has always been abundant there^ bnt from its monc^wly by the State, difficult to obtain. One copper coin was called a hundred, and two colors two hundred, and so on. A thousand, represented 10 coppers which was probably the only silver coin of early times. Its valoe now would be about 2} annas, but as Abul Fail gives its weight as 9 mdahua, its value would then have been about 10 annas. This coin is now unknown. The text has panchuhu and hdrahkdni. ft Serpent- worship, according to Genl. Cunningham, has been the prevailing religion in Kashmir from time immemorial. The reigning sovereign who at the time of Hwen Thsang's arrival in Kash-

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856 Srinagar is the capital and is 4 farsaths in length. The rivers Bihaty Mdr^ and Laehmahhul^ flow through it. The last-mentioned runs oooasionallj dry : the second, at times, becomes so shallow that boats cannot pass. This has been a flourishing city from ancient times* and the home of artificers of varions kinds. Beantifnl shawls are woven, and they mannfactnre woollen stnffs^ extremely soft. Durmah, paffu and other woollen materials are prepared bat the best are brought from Tibet. Mir Sayyid Alt Hamaddni* resided for some time in this city, and a monastery founded by him still preserves his memory. To the east is a high hill known as the Koh % Sttlaimdn^ and adjoining the city are two large lakes always full of water, and it is remarkable that their water vrill not deteriorate in good savour and wholesomeness for any length of time provided that their free exit is undisturbed* Near the town of Brang is a long defile in which is a pool seven yards square and as deep as a man's stature. It is regarded as a place of great sanctity. Strange to say it is dry during eleven months, but in the Divine month of TJrdi-bihisht (April), water bubbles forth from two springs.

mlr in A. D. 631, was Dnrlabha, is said to have been the son of a Niiga or Dragon, and the dynasty he foonded is oalled the Nga or Karkola. Ancient Geography of India, p. 92. 1 The Jhelam, which nearly intersects the valley is formed, says the I. G., by the junction of three streams, the Arpat, Bring and Sandaram, and receives in its course namerons tributaries. It mentions the TsoHt i Kul, or apple-tree canal connecting the Dal or city lake, with the Jhelum which it enters opposite the palace and the Nalli Mdr which flows into the Bind near Shidipdr connecting the Auehar with the Dal, The Dudgangs, a stream of good volume joins the river on the left bank at the city of Brinagar. t Srinagari, the old capital, prior to the erection of Pravarasenapura is stated in the Baja TarangirU to have been founded by AK>ka, who reigned between B. 0. 188 866. It stood on the site of the imsent Pandrethin, and is said to have

extended along the bank of the river from the foot of the Takt i Sulaimdn to Pdntasok, a distance of more than three miles. The word istP^^, the same word as at page 110 of the text, with a different in the final t, translated. Vol. I, p. 96. "Scarlet broad-doth." In Wilson's Glossary, it is translated woollen or broad-cloth, derived apparently from the English 'scarlet.' For Durmah and FaU4, see Vol. I, p. 95. * This monastery is built entirely of wood. Pandit Badba Kishan, Governor of Jammu tells me that it is still extant and known as the Kh&nl^&h i Muiilla, on the right bank of the Bihat above Zenu Kadal the fourth bridge of the town of Srinagar. An illustration of it will be found in the title page of Drew's Jammu and Kashmir, where it is called the mosque of Shih Hamad^n. His story is griven in Vigne II. 82 and in Hiigel's Travels, p. 117.

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356 First in one comer of it is a cavitj like a mortar called Sendh hrdri : when this becomes full, the spring rises in another, comer called Sai rishi. From these two sources the pool runs over. Sometimes it boils np for three hours, and at times for only a second. Then it begins to decrease till not a drop remains. At threo periods of the daj, viz.^ morning, noon and evening, this rise occurs. Various flowers are thrown in as offerings to either spring, and after the reflux of the water, the flowers of each Totarj are found in their respectiye springs.^ But this, like the divining cup is a contrivance of the ancients to se* cure the devotion of the simple. In this vicinity also is a spring, which during six months is dry. On a stated day, the peasants flock to worship and make appropriatory offerings of a sheep or a goat. Water then flows forth and irrigates the cultivation of five villages. If the flush is in excess, they resort to the same supplications, and the stream subsides of its own accord. There is also another spring called Kokar Ndg^ the water of which is limpid, cold and wholesome. Should a hungry person drink of it, his hunger will be appeased,* and its satisfaction in turn renews appetite. At a little distance, in the midst of a beautiful temple, seven fountains excite the wonderment of the beholder. In the summer time self-immolating ascetics here heap ap a large fire around themselves, and with the utmost fortitude suffer themselves to be burnt to ashes. This they consider a means of union with the Deity. There is also a spring which produces touchstone, and to the north of it a lofty hill which contains an iron mine. The village of Vej Brdra, one of the dependencies of rneh is a place of great sanctity. It was formerly a large city* and contained wonderfol

1 Tieffenthaler ascribes the oanse of the phenomenon to the meltmg of the mountain snows under the inflaence of the san which descending along hollows or by snbterranean passages reach this cavern and boil np within it. The later ebnllitions he conceives, are dne either to the shade of the trees or the declining force of the sun on the snows. Bemier's opinion is somewhat the same. Voyages, II, 293. S Yigne (I. 889) on the contrary bears testimony to its being provocative of appetite. The spring, situated aboat

2| miles from the iron works at Sof Ahan, forms a stream eqaal in volume to that of Yemag and f ar snperior in the quality of its water. * The principal ancient cities of Kashmir are the old capital of Srinagari and the new, Pravaraaenapdra which was lost in the former name : Ehagendrapura and Khanamusha, identified with KiUcapur on the left bank of the Bihat, ten miles to the south of the Takht i Sulaimlin, and Khnnamoh, four miles north-east of Pdrapnr: Tijipara and Pantasdk. The former twenty -five miles

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357 temples. In the vicinitj is an upland meadow called Nandimargy of which I know not whether most to praise its level sweep of mead, the loveliness of its verdure and flowers, or the bountiful virtues of its streams and its air. In the village of Pampur one of the dependencies of Vihi, there are fields of saffron to the extent of ten or twelve thousand bighasy a sight that would enchant the most fastidious. At the close of the month of March and during all April, which is the season of cultivation,^ the land is ploughed up and rendered soft, and each portion is prepared with the spade for planting, and the saffron bulbs are hard in the ground. In a month's time they sprout and at the close of September, it is at its full growth, shooting up somewhat over a span. The stalk is white, and when it has sprouted to the height of a finger, it begins to flower one bud after another in succession till there are eight flowers in bloom. It has six lilac-tinted petals. IJsuallj among six' filaments, three are yellow and three mddj. The last three yield the saffron. When the flowers are over, leaves appear upon the stalk. Once planted it will flower for six years in succession.

aonfch-east of the oapital : the latter throe milee from the Takht i Snlaimin ; Sarapnra the modem Sopnr, mentioned in the Kashmir chronicloB as Kambuya: E^nishkap^ira, oormpted to Eirnpnr : Hnshkapara probably Baramnla: Joshkapiira now Zakra or Zakar four miles north of the capital : Parihasapfiraboilt by Lalita* ditya (A. D. 723760} : Sadmapora, now Pampor: and Avanlipdra, now only a small village, Wantipnr, seventeen miles south-east of the present oapital. Canningham, pp. 95, 108. The text has

Panjbr^rah, Yig^e, and Moororoft Bij Beara, I follow the spelling of the Governor of Jammn. 1 See Vol. I, p. 84 where the method of cultivation of this plant is explained somewhat differently, and the Wdlqdt i Jahlngiri, in Elliot's Hist. India, Yl, 375. S I am indebted to Dr. King for the following note : " There are three stamens and three stigmas in each flower. The latter jield the saffron. The style divides at the level of the anthers into three yellow

drooping branches which hang out of the flower and become gradoally thickened and tabular upward, stigmas dilated, notched and often split down one side, dark orange coloured. The mode of collection and preparation of safiFron varies in different countries, but it consists essentially in removing the stigmas with the upper part of the style from the other parts of the flower and afterwards drying the parts detached. A not uncommon adulteration of saffron is made by intermixing the dyed stamens of the saffron crocus. It takes from 7000 to 8000 flowers to yield 17} ounces of fresh saffron which by drying is reduced to 8|." Medicinal Plants. Bentley and Trimen, IV, 274. In the Wa^jit i Jehangiri, it is asserted that in an ordinary year, 400 maunds or 3,200 Khoras&ni maunds are produced. Half belongs to Government, half to the cultivators and a sir sells for about 10 Bs. A note states that one good grain of saffron contains the stigmata and styles of 9 flowers i hence 4,329 flowers yield one oz.

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S5S The first year, the yield is small : in the second as 30 to 10. In the third year it reaches its highest point and the balbs are dug up. If left in the

same soil, they gradually deteriorate, but if taken up they may be profitably transplanted. In the village of ZdMoan are a spring and a reservoir which are considered sacred, and it is thought that the safEron seed came from this spring. When the cultivation begins, they worship at this fount and poor cow's milk into it. If as it &tlls it sinks into the water, it is accounted a good omen and the saffron crop will be plentiful, but if it floats on the surface, it will be otherwise. In the village of E%r%u 360 springs refresh the eye and each of these is accounted a means of divine worship. Near this is an iron mine. Maru Adwin adjoins Qreat Tibet where the Handu is found of the best breed and large in size, and carries heavy burdens. Near this is a hill called Ohatar Kot on the summit of which snakes are so numerous that no one can approach it. There is also a high hill difficult of ascent, on which^ is a large lake. It is not every one that can find his way to it, for it often disappears from sight. At the foot of the mountain in different places images of MaMdeva fashioned of a stone like crystal are found and are a source of wonder. In the neighbourhood of Achh Dal, one of the dependencies of Khatt<^r is a fountain which shoots up to the height of a cubit, and is scarce equalled for its coldness, limpidity and refreshing qualiUes. The sick that drink of it and persevere in a course of its waters, recover their health. In the village of KoHhdr^ is a deep spring, surrounded by stone temples. When its water decreases, an image of Mahddeva in sandal-wood appears. The quality of this spring does not alter. In the vicinity of Wular is a lofty mountain, containing a salt spring. The Kashmir stag^ is here found in numbers. Matan* stands upon a hill and once possessed a large temple. There

i I conceive the text would be amended by a different punctuation, via,, ^y^ 3^ji 'hi )^^^. This retains the reading and the sense, which the text confuses. The name above is Mam Wurdwfin according to Vigne. S Kotih&ris a perg^ah according to Vigne and produces the beet silk in Kashmir.

8 The Bard Singha or' Kashmir stag. {Cervua Cashmerianus), It is known in Kashmir as the Hanglu, and Vigne describes it aa most numerous in Dachhinp4rah. 4 This name is retained by Hiigel

(Travels, p. 135), through apparently not familiar to Vigne (I, 381), who gives it the bettor known appellation of Mar*

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359 is a small pool on tlie Bammii, the water of wbich never decreases. Some suppose this to be the Well of Babylon^ but at the present day there is no traoe of anything but an ordinary pit. On the slope of the hill is a spring, at the head of whioh a reservoir has been constmcted, fall of fish. The sanctity of the place preserves tbem from being touched. By the side of it is a cave, the depth of which cannot be ascertained. In Khdfwarpdrah is a source, whose waters tumble headlong with a mighty roar. In the village of Aisk^ is the cell of Bdh& Zainu^ddin Bishi, It is in the tide of a hill. It is said that in ancient times the hill held no water, but when he took up his abode there, a spring began to flow. For twelve years he occupied this cell and at length oloeed its mouth with a large stone and never went forth again, and none has ever found trace of him. The town of Dachchhinpdrak^ is on the side of a mountain bordering

tand, Bitaated on the highest part of the KtrBwah or raised plain between IsUm^bad and the higher mountains. The temple is described by Hugel as ** Koran Pandau/' the beautiful ruins of which are the finest in Kashmir. Tigne inrerts the order as Pandu Koru. At J 50 yards distance as the Oh&h i Balul or well of HArdt and Mar6t whose story does not need repetition. The spring referred to in the following paragraph is that of Bawan, one of the holiest in Kashmir, swarming, says Yigne, (I, 859) with Himalayan trout. Hiigel gives the legend of the oayes one of whioh he was assured extended 10 k<Ss, and that no one who ever entered, had been known to return. He penetrated to the end of it in a few minutes. Hatan is the name of the Karmomh at the end of which, aooording to Moororoft, the Martand temple stands (II, 255) ascribed like

most of the architectural remains to the Pindns. * The Tillage of Aish Ma^6m or the abode of pleasure, holds in a long building situated conspicuously on the left bank ol the Lidar, the shrine of

the saint. He directed that a tomb should be erected where his stnff should be found, as his body would disappear. It is stai missing. Bee Vigne, II, 6. The text has Ash with a variant Aish, * With reference to this name and that of Khdwarpdrah Cunningham instances an effect on the nomenclature of the points of the compass caused by difference of creed. By the Hindu who worships the sun, the cardinal points are named with reference to the East, as para, the * front * or earth, to whioh he turns in his daily morning worship ; apara, * behind* or the West, Vdma, the left' hand or North, And dakahina, the 'right' hand or the South. By the Mul^ammadan who turns to the West or Mecca, these terms are reversed, and * Dachin * which still means the * right ' hand in Kashmiri, is now used to denote the North and Kdwar on the * left ' to denote the South Thus on the Lidar, there is the subdivision of Dachinpdra to the west of the stream, and Kdwarpdra to the south. On the Behat river also, below Bardhmulaf the subdivision of Dachin lies to the north, and that of

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360 Oreat Tibet and is fed by the waters of the above-mentioned spring. Between Oreat Tibet and the above-mentioned parganah is a cave in which is an image in ice called Amar Nat, It is considered a shrine of great sanctity. When the new moon rises from her throne of rajs, a babble as it were of ice is formed in the cave which daily increases little by little for fifteen days till it is somewhat higher than two yards, of the measure of the yard determined by His Majesty ; with the waning moon, the image likewise begins to decrease, till no trace of it remains when the moon disap-

pears. They believe it to be the image of Mahddeoa and regard it as a means (throngh supplication) of the fulfilment of their desires. Near the cave is a rill called Amrdoti, the clay of which is extremely white. They account it auspicious and smear themselves with it. The snows of this mountainous tract nowhere melt, and from the extreme cold, the straitness of the defiles and the rough inequalities of the road, they are surmounted with great toil. In the village of DakMrnAn is a up and becomes turbid its sur^e rubbish, the dust of dissension men's stone^ is in the vicinity spring, and whenever its water boils is covered with particles of straw and arises in the country. A quarry of Solo^ of which utensils are &,shioned.

About the pargatuih of Phdk grow a variety of herbs and plants. Adjoining is a large lake called Dal, One side of it is contiguous to the city and on its surface a number of floating islands* are constructed which are cultivated, and fraudulent people will at times cut oE a piece and carry it away to a difEerent position. Sulfdn Zainu'l 4^bidtn constructed in this lake a causeway (sad) of clay and stone one kos in length from the

Kdwar to the soatb of the stream. This change in the meaning of Dachin from south to north mast have taken place before the time of Akbar as Abol Fazl describes Dachinpdra as situated at the pool of a mountain on the side of Great Tibet, that is to the north of the Lidar. Ancient Geography, India, p. 94. The Amam&th cave is marked in Drew's map, soath-east of Baltal and Sonamarg, near the sources of the Bind river. Its history and ceremonies are told by Vigne, II, 8. The ice bubble was doubtless a stalactite. See Moorcroft, II, 262. * Applied indiscriminately to both

agate and onyx. Tieffenthaler describes a stone of their country, as green with white streaks which is worked with diamond powder and made into phials, saucers, hafts of daggers and the Uke. It is probably a kind of jade. ' Cucumbers and melons are commonly grown on them. Their cons&ruc* tion is described by Moorcroft (II, 138) with the thoroughness which characterises his obsenrations. The causeway is called by Vigne, (II, 99) Sad i Chodri and is carried entirely throngh the lake to the village of Isha Bryri, four miles on the opposite side. It more resembled a line of rashes than a causeway in his day.

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861 city to this parganah. In the vioinify also is a spring of which the sick drink and are restored to health. In the village of Thtd^^ is a delightful spot where seven springs unite : around them are stone buildings, memorials of bygone times. There is also a source which in winter is warm and in summer cold. In the village of BdzwaL is a waterfall from the crest of 8hdhk6t. It is called Shdlahmdr, Here fish are caught in numbers. A streamlet is caged at two ends and when the water is carried off, the fish between are taken. In Ishibdrfl is a spring held sacred by the people of Hindustan, called Surycuar, surrounded by stone temples. Shakamdg is a spring which is dry all the year, but should the 9bh of any month happen to fall on a Friday, it bubbles up and flows from mom till eve, and people flock to partake of its blessings. In the village of Bambal^ are a spring and a pool. Those who have special needs throw in a nut, if it floats, it is an augury of success ; if it sinks, it is considered adverse. In Bdnihal is a temple dedicated to Durgah, If any one desires to learn the issue of a strife between himself and his enemy, he fills two vessels with boiled rice, the one representing his own fortunes, the other those of his foe, and places them in the temple and closes the doors. On the following day the devotees present themselves to learn the result. In whose vessel roses and saffron are found, his undertaking will prosper, and that which is full of straws and dirt, portends the ruin of the person it represents. Stmnger still, in a dispute where it is difficult to discover the truth, each party is given a fowl or a goat and sent to the temple. They then poison each of these animals and severally rub them with their hands. His animal whose cause is just recovers, and the other dies.

In the Ver tract of country is the source of the Bihat, It is a pool measuring Skjarib which tosses in foam with an astonishing roar, and its depth is unfathomable. It goes by the name of Vemdg^ and is surrounded by a stone embankment and to its east are temples of stone. In the village of I^amhar is a spring called Bawan Bendh^ which during two

' Thad, in the text. * In the text Isha haUri. I am guided on thee name by the Qoyemor of Jammo. Yar. Zambfl, Zfmbal, Ratil. ^ Ver. is the old name for ShahAb&d. 4^

A desoription of this celebrated fountain may be read in Vigne's Kashmir, I, 832, and in Hoorcroft, II, 26a * Yar. Bhawan Send, Biun Send, Bhu Sendh, Pawan Sendhi

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362 months of the epring-time is in agitation. It is always full and its water never decreases. In Devsar in the village of Balaa is a pool called Balan Nilg 20 yards square in which the water is agitated : it is embosomed in delightful verdure and canopied bj shady trees. Whosoever is desirous of knowing^ the prospects of the harvest, or whether his own circumstances are to be prosperous or unfavourable, fills an earthen vessel with rice, writes his name on its rim, and closing its mouth, casts it into the spring. After a time the vessel of its own accord floats on the surface, and he then opens it and if the rice be fragrant and warm, the year will be prosperous and his undertakings successful, but if it be filled with clay or mud and rubbish, the reverse will be the case.* Veshau^ is the name of a stream which issues picturesquely from an orifice in a mountain, and at the same place is a declivity down which the waters tumble from a height of 20 yards with a thundering roar. Hinda devotees throw themselves down from its summit and with the utmost fortitude sacrifice their lives, in the belief that it is a means of securing

their spiritual welfare. Kuthdr^ is a spring which remains dry for eleven years, and when the planet Jupiter enters the sign of Leo, it flows on the following Thursday and during the succeeding seven days is again dry and once more fills on the Thursday next following, and so continues for a year. In the village of Matalhdmah is a wood in which is a heronry,^ the feathers are taken for plumes, and the birds are here regularly fed. Near Shukroh^ is a low hill on the summit of which is a fountain which flows throughout the year and is a place of pilgrimage for the devout. The snow does not fall on this spur.

* This is also mentioned bj Ferishta. ' Yigne calls the cataract, Arabal or Haribal. * This appears to be the Eosah Nig of Yigne which he says is pronoanced Eaosar or Kantsar by the Mn^ammadans after the fountain in Paradise. ^ The text has relegated jfv^ to a note as doabtful and snbstitnted the conjectural emendation of V^> glo* which is wrong. The learned Pandit JELadha Kishan, to whom I am indebted for so mach regarding Kashmir, tells me that

the word is pronoanced Onkar or Okar and signifies a heron. See Vigne, I, 806. The heronries are striotlj guarded and in the spring when their long feathers fall from their necks, there is a watchman in attendance to pick them np. * The Brihmans of Kashmir identify this place which Cunningham supposes to be Zukru or Zukur still a considerable village four miles north of the capital, with Jushkapura founded by the IndoScythian prince Jushka, a brother (^ Kanishka and HiMhka, p 101.

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863 In Ifdgdm is a spring called N^h Ndg,^ the basin of which measureB 40 bigahs. Its waters are exquisitely clear and it is considered a sacred spot, and xnanj volantarily perish by 6re aboat its border. Strange to relate omens are taken by its means. A nnt is divided into four parts and thrown in, and if an odd number fioats, the angui'y is favourable, if otherwise, the reverse. In the same way if milk (thrown in) sinks, it is a good omen, and if not, it is unpropitious. In ancient times a volume, which they call NUmctt^ arose from its depths, which contained a detailed description of Kashmir and the history and particulars of its temples. They say that a flourishing city with lofty buildings is underneath its waters, and that in the time of Badu Shdh,^ a Brdhman descended into it and returned after three days, bringing back some of its rarities and narrated his experiences. In the village of Btrutod is a spring and in its wat-er lepers bathe early on the first day of the week and are restored to health. In the vicinity is a plateau, a pasture ground for cattle, the grass of which has peculiar fatten* ing properties. In the village of Salthal of the parganah of ftehh is found a quivering tree.^ If the smallest branch of it be shaken, the whole tree becomes tremulous. Ldr borders on the mountains of Cheat Tibet, To its north is a lofty mountain which dominates all the surrounding country, and the ascent of which is arduous. At its foot are two springs, two yards distant from each other, the waters of one being extremely cold and those of the other exceedingly hot. They are considered sacred and the bones of bodies are here reduced to ashes : the bones and ashes of the dead are cast into a large lake on the mountain and this ceremony is regarded as a means of union with the Divinity. If the flesh of an animal fall into it, a heavy fall

* There are two of thia name; one motioned by Vigne, (II, 170) near Drabog&m, the oapitAl of the parganah of Shnkm, which \b nothing more than a large pond in the forest. He heard nothing of Abnl FaxVs legend, on the spot ; the other hy Moorcroft, (II, 283) who did not actnally visit it as it lay ont of his ronte, bat describes it as the Bdoroe of two streams, one taking the direction of the Lala-Koal or Fohrn in Kaehmfr, the other that of Kathae in the Baramnla pass.

* Badn Shah isZainu'l^Adbidin (Vigne, II. 73). ' Dr. King informs me that the Aspen {IPopvlus trBmula) ooonrs wild in the N. W. Himalaya. The P. Enyhratica of which the leaves are as tremnlons as the

aspen, is also common in many parts. The former has a more northern range and is fonnd in Siberia and may have been introduced into Kashmir. For the proper names in the text I follow the guidance of the Governor of Jammu.

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364 of snow and rain ensues. The riyer called Bind wbich rises in Tibet ^ in wholesome to drink, and is so clear that the fish in it are visible. Thej strike them with iron spears and catch them also in other ways. Shahdb* u'ddinptir is on the banks of the Bihat^ and abont it are large plane trees which is a favotirite resort. The Bind joins the Bihat at this point. In Tulmuld is an area of abont 100 higlias in extent which is flooded during the rains, and remains somewhat moist even after the waters have dried up. The people plunge in sticks of a jard in length, more or less, and work them about, and thrusting their hands into the holes pull out fish of four pounds weight and more, but commonly of small size. In Satpur is a pool, the depth of which cannot bo fathomed. It is held in great veneration and is a place of worship. Bhuieaar is a temple dedicated to Mahddeva, Whoever approaches to pay his devotions, hears the sounds of ceremonial worship and no one can tell whence they proceed. In Khoihdma which adjoins Little Tibet is a large lake called the Wular twenty-eight kSs in circumference. The BihcU flows into it and its course is somewhat lost to the eye.^ Here Sultan Zainu'l Adbidin built a large palace called Zain Lanka, Boats full of stones and branches of trees are sunk in the lake and pulled up by ropes after the lapse of three or four months, and many fish are taken that have homed there. The capture of water-fowl here affords considerable sport, and in the village of Ajas^ stags are chased down to the lake and taken. Near Mdehhdmu is an island covered with trees which when shaken by the wind, cause the island also to quake. Saffron is also cultivated in Paraspur. It formerly held a lofty temple which when destroyed by Sikandar father of Sul^n Zainu*l Adbidin^ a copper tablet was discovered on which was inscribed in Sanskrity that after the lapse of eleven hundred years, one Sikandar, would destroy it and gather for himself exceeding great chastisement.^

^ See Yigne, IT, 158. The legend of the Lanka islet is given in MiL[^ammad Aazam's Hist of Eashmfr translated by me in the A. 8. Journal, XLIX, Part 1, 1880.

 Var, Ahsan. * Cunningham alludes to this at p. 102 and adds, * The same story is told by Fenshta with the addition of the name of the B&ja whom the translator oalls Balndt probably a mistake for

Ldldit, the contracted form of Lalitmdi* tya among the Kashmiris. As the difference of time between this prince and Sikandar is barely 700 years, it is strange that the tradition should presenre a date so much at ariance with the chronology of their own natire ohronioles.' His inference of the inaoouraoy of the translation is correct. Feriahta has distinctly TtolUadit, and not Balndt^ and he places the temple at Tdra$pwr,

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365 In the Parganah of Kamraj^ at the village of Trahgdm the residence of the Chahs is a foantain of sweet water called Ohatamdg and in the middle is a stone building of great age. The fish grow to great size bat whosoever teaches them, is afflicted by some calamity. Near Kargon is a defile called Sdyam^ where an area of ten jarihs of land becomes so hot at the time of the conjunction of Jupiter and Leo that trees are burnt up and a vessel of water if left on the ground will boil. A flourishing IMtle town stands here. From Kamrdj is a defile, one end of which touches Kdshghar and on the west lies Fakliy where gold is obtained in the following manner. The skins of long-haired goats are spread in the fords of the river, with stones placed round them that the current may not bear them away. They are taken up after three days and lef fc in the sun. When dry, they are shaken, yielding their three tolahs weight of gold dust. CKlgit is the name of another pass which leads to Kdshghar. Gold is there obtained by soil washings. At two days' distance from Hdehdmun is the river named Padmati which flows from the Ddrdu^ country. Gold is also found in this river.

bat P. IB the right initial and pronounced by the Kashmiris PoruMjdr, (Yigne, n, 148). Farihdsapura was built by

Baja Lalitaditya who reigned A. D. 723760. It was, writes Cunningham, situated on the river bank of the Jhelum near the present village of Sumbal. The names in Briggs are frequently incorrect and his version skips whole passages of his author. See also p. 85, Vol. I. * Kamrij and Mer^j were two large districts into which Kashmir was divided from the earliest times, the former being the north half of the valley below the junction of the Sind with the Jhelum, and the latter the south half, above that junction. Cunningham, p. 94. Yigne calls the village T^u*agdon (II, 139) the villagre of the stars. The remains of ancient masonry a fine spring were till to be seen, some of the blocks little inferior in size to those of Martand. * Snhoyum in Vigne, (II, 281,) who that it lies near the village of

Nichi Hama in the Parganah of Machiapora at the north-west end of the valley, and that 36 years before his visit an intense heat was found to issue from the spot. The phenomenon has several times occurred, a white smoke being occasionally seen to issue from the ground, but without sulphurous smell or fissures in the soil. Few people can be traced through so long a period in the same place as these whom H. H. Wilson (Moorcroft, II, 266, n.) identifies as the Ddradas of Sanskrit geography, and Daradrss or Darad of Strabo. He supposes them to be the Kafirs of the Mu^mmadans, though now nominally converted to Islam. The auriferous region of the DiUradas is mentioned by Humboldt (Cosmos II. p. 513. B. C. Ott^) who places it either in the Thibetian highlands east of the Bolor chain, west of Iskardo, or towards the desert of Gobi described also as auriferous by Hewen Thsang.

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36^ On its banks is a stone temple called 8drada\ dedicated to Durgd, and regarded with great veneration. On every eighth Hthi of Shuhlapaeheh,^ it begins to shake and prodnoes the most extraordinary effect. The system of revenue collection is by appraisement and division of crops, assessments for crops paying special rates and cash transactions not being the cnstom of the country. Some part of the Satr Jxhii^ cesses, however, are taken in cash. Payments in coin and kind were estimated in kharwdra of (Shdli) rice. Although one-third* had been fr a long time past the nominal share of the State, more than two shares was actually taken but through His Majesty's justice, it has been reduced to one half. According to the assessment of J^dzi^ (AH) the revenue was fixed at 30 lakhs, 63,050 kharwdrs, II taraks, each kharwdr being 3 man, 8 sSrs Ak^ harshdhi. A weight of two dams is called a pal, and ^ and ^ of this weight are also in use. Seven and a half pals are considered equivalent to one sSr, two sirs are equal to half a man, and four sSrs to a tarak, and sixteen taraks to one kJiarwdr. A taraJc, according to the royal weights (of Akbar) is eight sirs. Taking the prices current for several years, the Kdzi struck an average of

^ A name of Dorg^ as well as of Saraswati. See this name in the description of E&ngra nnder Sdbah of Lahore. See p. 17 of this Volnme. See p. 68, n. The immemorial tradition in Kashmir considered the whole of the land as the property of the niler. Of some portions of the Ichdlsah lands the sovereigns divested themselves by grants in jagir for varions periods. The Sikhs made a general resumption, ousted the possessors of grants and reduced thousands to destitution. In Moorcroft's time (II, 125) the kh^lsa lands were let out for cultivation. Those near the city as Sar Kishti, head or upper cultivation, those more remote Pai- Kishti, or foot and lower. When the grain was trodden out, an equal division took place formerly between the farmer and the government, but the latter advanced its demands like it appropriated | of the

Sar-Kishti and f of the P. K. crop. The straw fell generously to the share

of the cultivator who was also permitted to steal a portion of his own produce by the overseer, for a consideration. In the time of Zainu'l Anbidfn, the rice crop (the staple) is said to have been 77 lakhs of hha9^JodT8, In Moorcroft's day it was 20, at from 2} to 6} Rs. a kharwdr. His weight- measures diifer from those of Abul Fazl, a Jcharwdr being 16 taraks, a taralc 6 s^ra, a sSr iO pala^ a pal 3^ Mahomed Shahi rupees, which (the rupee being 178'3 grains) should make the tSr nearly 2 pounds. The actual 84r was, however, not above one pound avoirdupois, and a kharwdr or ass-load was therefore 96 pounds. A horse-load equalled 22 tarths. See pp. 847 and 411 of Vol. I, where further information is given regarding the revenue system, its exactions and the disturbances which led to the l^&zi's murder.

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867 the aggregate, and the kJharwdr (in kind) was ascertained to be 29 ddiMf and the khanvdr in monej, was fixed according to the former rate of 13^ dams. The revenne, therefore, amounted to 7 hr&rs, 46 lakhs, 70,411 dams. (Rs. 1,866,760-4-5), out of which 9 lakhs, 1,663 kharwdrs and 8 taraks were paid in money, equivalent to 1 kr&Ty 20 lakhs, 22, 183 ddms. (Rs. 300,554-9-2.) The revenue fixed by Apaf Khan,^ was 30 lakhs, 79,443 kharwdrs, of which 10 lakhs, 11,330^* kharwdrs were in money. The cesses bdj and tamghd,^ "w&ce altogether jremitted by His Majesty, which produced a reduction of 67,824^ kharwdrs, equivalent to 898,400 ddms. (Rs. 22,460.) For the additional relief of the husbandman, five ddms on the price of a kharwdr, were thrown in. Although the revenue, in kharwdrs, of Aaf Khdn was in excess of that of K4zi ^.li by 16,392 kharwdrs, yet calculated in money the receipts are less, after deducting the remissions, by 860,034^ ddms (Rs. 21,500-13-7), because he estimated the kharwdr in money which is of lower relative worth, above its value. In the revenue returns forwarded by ^dzi AH to the Imperial Exchequer, forty-one parganahs are taken while the return submitted by Asaf Khdn contains but thirty-eight, there being but thirty-eight in point of fact. For ]^azi Ali on a review of the question separated the two villages Maaifid and Ddrdu, of the parganah of Kamrdj, and dividing the parganah of 8d%r % Mawdzi into two, constituted these into two parganahs. In former times certain selected towns of ewih parganah were denominated Sdiru'l Mawdzi (village-group) and were held as Khdlisah.* Kdzi Ali

 Vol. I, p. 411. Var. 15,380i. ' I have retained these expressions as ibej may serve to throw some h'ght on their exact natnre. Tamghd has been already defined at p. 67 of this Yolnme, aa being a demand in excess of the land reyenae and hdj is simply a toll or tax and must here have a somewhat similar application, bat there were various other taxes in excess of land revenue, such as Jihdtt Bdir Jihdt, Farua'dt and others whose nature is defined at p. 58. Elliot discusses the value of the terms at p. 6, VoLlI, of his Races of the North- West ^rovijicee, but he arrives at no determination of their special fiscal significance. The two are, in several instances, found

coupled together when remissions of taxation are mentioned and perhaps they were thus employed to express all cesses of whatever kind over and above the land revenue. Tamgha occurs later under Kabul, signifying inland tolls. * Lands of which the revenue was the property of the government, not being made over in grants or gifts, JdgCr or Indm to any other parties. Also to lands and villages held immediately of gfovemment and of which the State is the manager or holder. More generally it was applied to the exchequer under the Mu|;^l.mmadan administration. It is more usually pronounced Khdlsah* Wilson's Gloss.

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368

tLTiiied forty villages of the Marrdj^ side nnder the name of Parganaht

Hdveli and retained eighty-eight* villages of KcLmrdj according to the for mer distribntion, as pargandh of Sdiru'l Mawdzi, The whole kingdom was divided nnder its anoient rnlers into two divisions, Marrdj on the east, and Kamrdj on the west. At the present day that a great part of the army in Kashmir has been withdrawn, the local militia consists of 4,892 cavalry and 92,400 infantry. Sarkdr of Kashmir, Containing 88 Mahals, Revenue 8,011,618 kharwdrs, 12 taraJks, being equivalent to 62,113,040J ddms. (Rs. 1,652,826) ; out of which 9,435,006 kharwdrSf 14 taraks is paid in money, equivalent to 12,501,880 ddms, (Rs. 312,547.) Castes, various. Cavalry, 3,202. Infantry, 27,725. The Marrdj Tract, Containing 22 Mahals. Revenue 1,7.02,819 kharwdrs, equivalent to 35,796,122^ ddms, (Rs. 894,903), of wliich 670,651 kharwdrs, 12 taraks ^re paid in money, equivalent to 8,885,248 ddms, (Rs. 222,131-3-2). Cavalry, 1,620. Infantry, 4,600. City of 8'rinagar, Revenue 342,694 kharwdrs, 12 taraks, in money, 342,996 kharwdrs, 8 taraks; in kind, 1,698 kharwdrs^ 4 taraks. Parganahs east of 8'rxnagar, 3 Mahals,

ffcohh, Brang, Vihi,

In kind.

wdrs.

Taraks,

144,102 78,834 4 209,632 8

In money.

Khar-

Taraks.

62,034 4 8,769 8 161,968 8

50 1000 400

Castes.

Khamasli* and Zinalu Bat,* t. e., Br&hman.

Abul Fazl dnplioates the r, but at p. 98 of the text, one MS. giyes Mardj which is the usual spelling. The Governor of Jammu says that both fonns are in use. Vigne, (I. 272) and Moororoft, (II. 113) give a list of 36 parganahs. H. H. Wilson the editor of Moorcroft's trayels notices that he has omitted some names.

Var. eight. Var. Kashmah, and unintelUgible variants of Zinah. Further on, a variant g^ves Bh/U, which in Blliot, I, 151, is one of the classifications of Brahmana in the Censoa N.-W. P. for 1866.

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360 ParganahSf nortk-easif 7 Mahals.

In kind. In money. ! ^ Oaates.

^y-raU. ^: '-<*

Wttlar, 188,666 4 12,608 8 20 200

Dardah and Shil. Fiimc, ... . . 7,1111 12 17,402 8 ... .*

Daohhinpirah, 76,158 6,902 12 20 100 Khia^ Khiwarp&rah, 45,226 8 8,676 8 100 500 Khiwar." Khatt^*-*

87,479 4 8,221 12 16 800 Dard. Mani A4wm (Mara Wardw6n,

i,041 200 200

Vigno),

balf bowmen

Maton, ... 190,481 18,621 20

100 Bal.

Parganahsy touth^easty 11 Ma^U,

In kind. In monej. 1 s Oa0te9.

^I"^--^^:- '--

A^irin, ... 101,482 4 14,816 16 1 100 Dard. rtchh, ... 98,869

14,877 4 6 80 Brihman. Banihil, ... 6,485 401ior8eload8^

400 4000 Sihar. BIA ... 8,515 besides transit duties re. mitted. 4,286 8 50 800 N^. IWTBar, ... 85,644 8

822 8 800 000 Zlnah. Zinahp^r, 15,876 4 1,790 1 20

8<5paraaman,* 6,183 besides does on firewood. 2,008 4 70 200 Kambah. Shidarah, 89,167 8,550 12 ...

... Thakar.

* Var. mwBh or Qidah. * Var. Kih6. * This most be a mistake for 12, as 16 tarahB make a khanodr : in the Arabic nomerali the 2 (r) and 6 (l) wre easily oonfoanded. * A horse load is 22 taraka, 47

* Tar. Talk. The Niik are olassiied in Elliot 1, 152, as Brihmans. * Nnmeral omitted. ^ Var. Basah, Binhah, Batiah. * So^rsaman, S4r9aman. * Var. Bhakar. Drew oonfirms the reading Thakor, which is the chief cnltiTating oaaie in th* hilli.

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S70

In kind. In money. 1

1 Castes.

Ss o

^sy-raU ^- ''-

Shukrdh,... 46,224 12,767 8 20 ... Ashwr. JS&gim, ... 189.770 12 22,676 4 16

100 Bat. Vdr, 12,270 8 888 600 6000 Sahsali.'

Kamvr6j Tract. Containing 16 Mahals, Bevenne 1,218,799 khartodrs, 12 taraki, equivalent to 26,316,918 dams, (Bs. 657,922-15-2.) In money, 272,954$ kharwdra, equivalent to 3,616,632 ddins, (Rs. 90,415-12-9.) Cavalry, 1,590. Infantry, 16,965. ParganahSy north-west.

In kind. In money. I ! Ga8te& Zinahkar, Khoihima, 18,268

88,670 12 82,56i 16,622 60 60 100 1000 Bat, Masaimn. Zinah.

ParganahSf south-west.

In kind. In money. ! 1 Castes. Indarkdl, Paraspdr, 9,668 4 18,880 12 7.288 8,862 8 ... ...

Bat. SiyAhi.

* Yar. Sahah, Sansah, Nakhah.

I Var. Ahir.

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871

In kind. In monej. i ! 1 Oaates.

^:^-^r^-*-

Patan, ...

4799 4 628 80 110 Bhat. Mnsnlm&n. B4nkal, ... 116.288 12 20.280 4 200 600 Bikri.* Barwi, ... 67,098 12 18.888 85 80 Khio.* Telkim, ... 16,416 12

4.486 4 ... 80 Pandit. Dinad,* . 6d,219i 17.088* 160 400 D<5ni. Daohhin KMwarali, ... 86,222 4 20.668 26 800 Khasi, Kankn.* Zinah. Sair Q'l Maw^, 192.641 4 18.668 12 ...

...

Kh<5i, ... 12.946 870 ... 16 Raw^r. Kamrij, ... 842.844 4 108.726 4 1000 10,000 Chak. Kar^han/ 116,474 29,779 12 110

Sovereigns of Kashmir, Fifty-three princes reigned daring a period of 1266 years.

Ugnand. Dam6dar,|^i^ Bal, 5 Thirty-five princes succeeded whose names are unknown.* n. Layah, (var. Lava.) Kishen, his son (yar. Kish.)

* Yar. Akbari, Khas^ri. * Var. Kahlu'. * Var. Daneo. Dans^o. ^Ytfr. Khakar. Binah, Kahikankn Dinah, Eahki Kahkn. * Gardhan, and Kardhan, in the Onlzir i Kashmir. * Ab some of these names are snpplied by the U. T., I append the series in apposition to the dynasties in the text. The series in Tieilenthaler corresponds, and is taken (sajs a note, apparently by Anqnetil dn Perron) from a history of Cashmir written by Haidar Maler, A. H. 1027 (A. D. 1607).

Bajas of Oashmir of the line of G-wru in the Innar race worshippers of Niigas or snakes. The Big4 Tarangini whence this line is taken, commences with an account of the dessication of the yalley by Casyapa Mxmiy supposed to allude to the deluge. Wilson, As. Es. XV. 1. First period. Caurara race 1266 years. B. 0. 8714. Cashmir colonised by Casyapa. B. 0. 2666. W. Fifty-three princes, names omitted by Hindu writerii

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872 Kahgftndra, his don. Snrandra, bis son. Godharai of another tribe. Stiran, bis son. JanakSy bis son. Shachinar, (var. Hashka^ Bishka). Agdha^ son of Janaka's paternal uncle. Jal<5ka, his son. Damddar, descendant of Asdka. Hasbka, \ Zashka. C three brothers. Buddhists. Kaniska, \ Abhiman.

bat partly anpplied by

SannlEh^. Mnlj^ammadan autho-

Akber Ehin. rity as follows t

Jaber Ehlln. Snllm&ii.

Nandor Eh&n. Cassalgham.

Banker Eh&n, slain by. Maherkaz.

Bakra R4jl Bandn Ehin, (Panda of

An interval ensoes and the lunar line.)

aothentio history ooo^L<5di Ehin.

mences with Ledder Kh&n. B. C. 2448. Gonerda," I, Kali Yoga Sunder Khin, Hind6

658. Qonanda or Ag^ worship established.

nand, a relation of Cnnder KhlLn.

Jarasondha^ 1400. Vf ilSnnder Ehin.

son. Tnndn Khin,

Damodara, I. Beddn Kh&n.

Gonerda, II. Mahand Eh&n.

Thirty-five prinoss } Dorbinash Kh4n.

names forgotten. Deosir Eb&n. > 1709. Lava (BaMava) Loo of Tehab Ehin, dethroned

by king of Cabul.

torians. Cfljn Ehn. it 1664. Gaos^saya. LuTkhab Eh&n. t 1660. Ehagendra. Bhermayaran Eh&n. 1600. Sorendra, oot. with Bah* Kanreng Khia, oonqner-

man of Persia. ed China. }>

1576. Godhara. Barigh Eh&n. 1) 1687. Snvarna. Oowasheh Eh&n. > 1477. Janaoa. Panda Ehanll, extended tt 1471. Saohinara. empire to the sea. II 1894. Atoca, established Bud* Haris Ehin.

dhism.

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873 III. lUjd Ganand (Qonerda III) reigned, Bhikan (Vibliishana,) his son, ... Indrajita, his son, ... Biwana, his son, Bhikan II, his son, ... Nara, (also called Khar),' his son, Sidha, his son, Utpalachah, his son, Hiranya, his son, ... Hirankal, his son, ... Abaskaha, his son, ... Mihirkal, his son, ... Baka (Vaka), his son, Khatnanda, his son, Yasnnanda, his son, Nara, his son, Aja, (Aksha), his son, Gopdditja, his son, (MSS. E6parat), Karan, his son, Narendraditja, his son, Yndishfc'hira, his son,

T. 36 53 35 30 35 39 60 30 37 60 60 70 63 30 52 60 60 60 67 36 48

M. D.

13

11 3 10 10

B. O. 1882. Jalooa, adopted oastes. 1302. Damodara, II, a Saiya; transformed into a snake. prin-

1277. Huskha,

1217.

"^ Tartar Jushca. I ^" ^^*^ . , I blished Canishoa, J Bnddhism. Abhimanyn, an orthodox Hinda. B. C. 423 W. Second Period, Gonerdiya dynasty, 1013 years, or 878 years after adjustment. (Wilson.) For all these dynasties see Wilson's Essay on the Hinda Bistory of Cashmere, As. Res. XY. B.C. 1182 Qonerda III, Nilga worship resnmed, B. C. 888 W. 1147 Vibishana, 870

B.C. 1096 Indrajita, 1060-6 Bdvana, 1080.6 Vfbishana II, 993 Nara (Kinnara^ persecnted Buddhists, 953-3 Siddha, 893.3 Utpaliiza, 862-9 Hirany&za, 825-2 Hiranydcula, 765-2 Viilucula,

705-2 Mihir&oula, inraded Lanka or Ceylon, 635-2 Yaoa, 572-2 Xitinanda, 542-2 Yasunanda, 490 Nara II, or Bara, 430 Aza (by some said to have built the

B. C. 852 834 816 298 280 262 244 226 218 200 182 164 146 128

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IV.

Six princes reigned 192 years.

Pratapaditya, said to be a descendant of Vikramdditja, ... Jal6ka, bis son, Tanjir, (Tanjfna) his son, (T. Tanzar G. and var Banjlr), ... Bijai, relation of above, ... Jayandra, (var. Chandra), his son, ... Arya Uij, V. Ten princes reigned 592 years, 2 months, 1 day. Meghavdhana, a descendant of Judisht'hira, Srishtas6na, his son, Hiran, his son, Mdtrignpfca, Brdhman, ... Pravara86na, a descendant of Meghavdhana, Jndisht'hira, his son, Lakshman, called also Nandradit, ... RanAditya, his younger brother, Vikramaditya, his son, ... BAlAditya, his younger brother, no issue.

Y. M. D.

32 32 36 8 37 47

34 30 30 4 63 39 13 30 42 36

2 9 3

temple on the

TakhtiSulaimto,

by others, the

following mon-

arch, T.), B.C. 100 B.C.

870 Gopaditya, a pious

br&hmanlBt, M 82 810 Gokema, > 64 258 Narendraditya,

 46 216-9 Yndhisht'hira, sur-

named the Blind, )> 28

Aditya Dynasty, 192 years . 168-9 Pratfipaditya, kins-

man of Viorama-

ditya, a

10 136-9 Jalanoas, a 22 104-9 Tnnjina, a great

famine, } 64 66-9 Vijaya, >i 90 60-9 Jayendra, II 93

B.C. 23-9 Ary& R^]A, of miracnlons aooession, B. C. 135 Gonerdlya line restored, 692 years, or 438, adjusted. A. D. 23-3 M^ghavidhana, inyiied Baaddhas and iilyaded Ceylon. 57-2 Sreshtad^na, or Pravaras^na. 87-3 HiranyA, contention with Torom&na Ta'Oataja^ connected with Vioramaditya. ll7-5 M^trigupta, Brihman f rem tTjjain succeeded by election, 471 W. 122-2 Pravaras^na, invaded Siladitya of Gnjer&t, 476 185-2 Yndhisht'hira II, 499 224-5 Nandravat, Narendrlditya, or Lakshmani, 622 237-5 Ratkdditya, married daughter of Ohola Bja, 545

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Seventeen princes reigned 257 years, 5 months, 20 Dnrlabhavardan, son-in-law of Bdlidit, Pratapaditja, grandson of his daughter, Ghandrapifa,^ his eldest son, Tdrapifa, his brother, Lalitdditya, another brother, Kayalaj&pir^, his son,

Vajrdditya, his brother, . Prithivyapff4, his son, ... Sangr&pir4, grandson of Lalitaditya by a son, ... Jayapifa ditto, Jaj, his brother-in-law, ... Lalitdpifa, his son, .. Sangrdmapifa, his brother, Brihaspati, son of Lalitipifa, Ajit^pfa, or Ajaydpifa, son of Prabhabipifa, Anangipifa, son of Sangrdmdpifa, ... ntpaUpifa, son of Ajaydpifa.

days ,

T. M. D. 36

50

8 4, 24 36 7 11

15

31

some months

12

37

12

36

A, D. 537-5 Yikramaditya, supposed an interpolation, 568 579-5 Bildditya, last of the Gonerda race, 592 N^ or Carcota dynasty, 260

years, 6 months. 615-5 Dorlabhaverddhana, oonneoted with Yezdijird. [pdr. 651-5 PratiLpaditya, founded PratapaDurlabhaca. 701-5 Chanddlpfra, or Chandranand, a Tirtnons prince. 710-1 T^rapira, a tyrant. 714-1 Lalit^tya, conquered Yasoyama of Kanauj (Yasovigraha of inscriptions) and overran India. 750-8 Ouvalayipfpa. 751-8 Vajriditya. 758-8 Prithivyipira. 762-10 SangramapifCk. 769-10 Jajja, an usurper, deposed by

A. D. 772-10 Jayipfra, married daughter of Jayanta of Gaur, encouraged learning, invaded Bhima S^naof Gujerat; 841. 808-10 LaliUlpfra. 815-10 Sangrimipfra, II or Prithivyipfra. 822-10 Vrihaspati, or Ohippatajaya, son of a prostitute whose five brothers governed in his name. 884-10 Ajitipira, set up by the same usurpers. 870-10 Anang^pira, restored to sucoes' sion. 873-10 Utpalapfra, last of the Carcota race. ^ The text has the 4^-1tdr or hard 4 which is convertible with the Hindi hard r, to which I have ventured to alter it in correspondence with the Hindi pronunciation of these names.

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876

VI. Fifteen princes reigned 89 years^ 1 month, 15 days. Avanti VarmA, of the Chamar easte, S^ankar Yarmd, hid son, .. Gopdl Varmi, Sankat, said to be his brother, Sngandh^ Rdiii, mother of abOVe-mentioned Gopdl, Partha; son of Narjit Varma, son of Sukh Varma, Ndrjit Varmd, son of Sukh Varmd, his brother, ... ChakraTarmA, Sdra Varmd, his brother, Pdi-thd, son of Ndrjit, Chakra Varmd, second time, Sankar Vardhana, son of Mir Vardhana, Chakra Varmd, third time, Unmatti Avanti Varmd, son of Rdja Pdrthd, Snrma (S^nra) Varmd, second time, last of the Chamdr princes, ,., ... ... 6 VII. Ten princes reigned 64 years, 3 months, 14 days. Jasasra (Jasaskar) Dev, a peasant, ... 9 Bdranit, an uncle's descendant, ... ... 1 Sangrdma Deva, son of Jasaskar, ... ... 6 7

T. M. D. 28 3 3 18 7 19 2

10 2

15 10 1 1 10 15 I

1 4

6 3

2 2

Utpala Dynaity, 84 years, 5 months. A. D. 875-10 Aditya Varmd, or Avanti Varmi, a severe famine. 904-1 Sankara Varmd, invaded Gujjara and Bdjd Bhoja, Elashmir cycle brongbt into use. 922-9 Gopdla Varmd, killed youth. Sankata, last of the Varmd race. 924-9 Sngandhd Rdni, recommended election of 926-9 Pdrthd. TheTatrisand Eoangas powerfnL 941-9 Nirjita Varmd, also called Pan^t, the Cripple. 942-9 Ohakra Varmd, civil wars.

A.D. 952-9 Snra Varma.

953-9 Partbd, a second time 954-3 Chakra Varmd, do. 954-9 Sanoara Vardhana. 956-3 Chaora Varmd, third time. 957-7 Unmatti Varmd 955-9 Sfara Varmd, II. Last or mixed Djuasty 64 jears, 4 months. 960-3 Yasascara D^va, elected sovereign. 969-8 Sang^ma D^va, dethroned and killed by 969-7 Parvagupta, slain at Sar^wari Ketra.

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Parva Gupta, one of his subjects, Khema (Ksb^ma) Oupta, Abbimau, bis son, Nanda Gupta, bis son, Tribbiivana, ... Bbima Gupta, son of Abbiman, Dida Rani, motber of Abbiman, Twenty-seven princes reigned 351 years, 6 months, 17 days. Sangi-ama, son of Adiraj, nephew of the Bdui, ... 24 2 Harir^ja, bis son, .., ,,. .,, 22 Ananta, bis son, . ... ... 5 5 Kalasa D^va, bis son, ... ... .. 2G

T. M. D 1 4 8 6 14

1 1 9 2 7 4 3 20 23 6

A. D. 971-8 Xema Gapta, destroyed many Yihorae of Baddhists. 979-9 AbhimanyTi,iDtrigaefl and tamalt. 993-9 Nandi Qngtet, pab to death bj his

grandmother Diddi. 994-10 Tribhiiyana, shared the same fate. 996-10 Bhimi Gupta, ditto. 1001-1 Did& Bilni, assumed the throne, adopts. 1024-7 Sangrima Deva II. with whom Wilson's list closes. 10S2 Harir^ji and Ananta D^va, his sons (continued from printed Taringini.)* 1054 Kalasa. 1062 UtkarSi, and Harsha D^va. * The lengths of reigns only are given in the original ; oa^culating backwards from AUu'ddin, it becomes necessary to curtail the reign of Hariri ja (52 years) by about 80 years to form a natural link with Wilson's date of Sangr&ma D^va. Prinsep. I add that the conclusion of this series is incompatible with the fictions even of Hindu Chronology, and though the intervention of 18 Mahammadan kings be conceded, the 48

term of four years is an extremely undignified allowance for this royal procession. The dates of the Mul^ammadan kings is continued from Table LXXV of the U. T, taken apparently from Briggs whose calculations are based on two dates given by Ferishta, viz , that of Shah MiVs arrival in Knshmfr under Sinha D^a, in 715 (A. D. 1815) and the death of lUja Adin in 747 (1846). According to Ferishta, the latter was succeeded by Koiahdevi who, after a brief opposition to Shah Mir, espoused him. She was imprisoned the following day and her husband ascended the throne and died after a reign of tliree years. To his son Jamshid is allotted 1 year and 2 months. Allowing a year for the brief reign of the Rani, this would give the accession of Alaa'ddin about A. D. 1851. Ferishta docs not give separate dates to each reign as might be inferred from Briggs' digest of his pages.. He places the death of

^u^bu'ddm in 796 (A. D. 1393) ; that of Sikandar the Iconoclast in 819 ( 1416). AU Sh&h in 826 (1422) and Zuin u*l Aibidln in 877 (1472).

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Utkatia, his son, Hara^, son of Kalasa, Uchal, grandfather of Hara^, Riddha, son of Siddha, one of the murderers of Uchal. Salhan, brother of Uchal, Sasalha, brother of Salhan, Bhekhj4jar, son of Harad, Rijd Susalha, second time, Jaja Singh, son of Snsalha, Parm&nak, son of above ... ... Dati (var. and G. Danji D^va), his son, Jas D6va, his younger brother, Chag (Jag) D^va, son of above, Bdjd D^va, his son, Sangr^ma D^va, his son, Bama D^va, his son, Lachhman (Lakshman) D^va, son of a Brahman, 8inha D6va, chief of Labdar of Daskhinparah, ... ' Binha D6va, brother of above, Binjan of Tibet, a native of that country, Adin D6va, relation of Sinha D6va, Bani Kot4 D6vi, wife of Adin D6va,...

T. M. D.

22 12

10 4, 2 one night and 3 hours.

3 27 7 10

6 12 2 3 27

9 6 10 9 i 17 18 13 14 2 23 3 7 16 10 21 1 13 13 3 12 14 5 27 19 3 26

10 some months. 15 2 10

6 15

A. D. 1062 1072 1002 1072 1088 1088 1110 1119 1126 1135 1163

Udayama Yikrama, son of the latter. Sankha B4j&. Salha, grandson of Udayama. Snaalha, nsorper, ditto. Mallina, hia brother, (end of Kalhana Pandit'R list). Jaya Sinh, son of Susalha (Jona Bajd's list). Paramdna. Bandi Deva. Bopya D^va. Jassa D^va, his brother, an im-

beoile. Jag^ D^ya, son of Bopyf^.

A. D. 1167 1190 1206 1227 1261 1276

1294 1294

Sangr&ma D^ra, III. Rima D^ya. Lakhana D^va, adopted. Sinha D6va, new line i killed by brother-in-law Sinha D^va, II, nsnrper, himself deposed and killed by the Mlech.obHs under E&j4 Dnllaoh ? The Bhota Dynasty. Sri Binchana, obtained throne by conquest. Kota Bani, his wife. Udyana D^va, second husband. Their minister, Shih Amir killed

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379

ThirtyA.H. A. D. 715 1315 750 1349 752 1351 765 1363 785 1386 7991 1396 819 1416 826 1422 877

1472 878 1473 891 1486 902 1496

911 1505

942 1535

two princes reigned 282 years, 5 months, 1 day. Sultan Shamsn'ddin, minister of Sinha D^va, Jamshid, his son, ... ... Alan'ddin, son of Shamsa'ddin, Shahibu'ddin, ^utbu*ddin, son of Hasann*ddin, Sikandar, his son whose name was Sankdr, ^li Shdh, liis son, Zainu'l A^bidin, younger brother of 41iShdh, ... Hdji Haidar Shah, his son, Hasan Khdn,* his son, ... Muhammad Sh&h, lus son, .. Fait Sh&h, son of Adam Khin, son of Sult&n Zainu'l 4&bidfn, Muhammad Shdh, a second time, Fatb Shiih, a second time, Muhammad Shuh, a third time, Ibrahim, his son, Ndzak Sh4h, son of Fath ShAh, (Fe-

rishta, *^ son of Ibrahim, son of Muhammad Sh&h)," ... Muhammad Shdh,* a fourtli time, Shamsi, son of Muhammad Shdh, Ismail Sh4h, his brother.

T. M. D. 2 11 25 1 10

12 18 13 20

15 5 2 22 9

6 6 9

52

1 2

12

5 2 7

9 1

9 9 1 1

11 11 11

8 25 1

34 8 10

2 9

the whole family and succeeded 9 Sri Shamsa'ddin. 18 MalM^mm&dan princes snooeeded. Names not recorded. Vikhjaaa Bhatt, oyercame the last of these. 1298 ? Jayansera, his son oTerooiae by Snlt&n. 1300 Alla'addin, Mnl^ammad Sh6h. Death of Kutbu'ddfn 798. Ferishta. * Of the length of this reig^, Ferishta states he is ignorant, hut Briggs makes kim * led to believe ' that it " mast have been nineteen years."

Ferishta, 894r (1488-9). * Ferishta gives fifty years for the whole reign of Ma^ammad ShUh, which wonld place the date of his son Shamsa'ddin's accession in 941, (1584) ; Ferishta is nnable to give the length of his reign and omitting mention of IsmaO, follows it with the accession of Nazuk who, after six months gives place to Mirza Haidar. The Shamsu'ddm of Ferishta, is the father of Niizak, t;i., Ibrahim. The series and dates of Ferishta contiuao in the following order :

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Y. 1 U.I 0.

13 9

1 5

10

10 6

6 10

8 9

1 020

1 25 I 2

5 3

A. H. A. D. Sul(dn Ndzak Shdh, a second time, Ismfiil-Sbdh, a second time, 948 1641 Mirzd flaidar Gurgin, Snlt^n Ndznk Shah, a third time, Gbdzi Khdn, son of Kdji Chak, ... 971 1563 HiLsain Chik, his brother, 41i Chak, brother of Hasain Chak, 986 1578 YusnfSh4h, his son, Sayyid Mubarak Sh4h, one of his nobles, ... Lobar Chak, son of Sikandar, son of Kaji Chak,

Yusuf Shdh, a second time, YdVub Kh&n, his son. Thus this series of 191 princes, reigning throughout a period of 4,109 years, 11 months and 9 days, passed away. When the Imperial standards were for the first time borne aloft in this garden of perpetual spring, a book called Bdj Tarangini written in the Sanskrit tongue containing an account of the princes of Kashmir during a period of some four thousand years, was presented to His Majesty. It had been the custom in that country for its rulers to employ certain learned men in writing its annals. His Majesty who was desirous of extending the bounds of knowledge appointed capable interpreters in its translation which in a short time was happily accomplished. In this work it is stated that the whole of this mountainous region was submerged under water and called Sati Sar, 8ati is the name of the wife of MaMdeva, and Sar signifies a lake. One day of Brdhmd comprises 14 manvantarcis.^ Up to the 40th year of the Divine Era, of the seventh manvantara, at which time Kashmir began to be inhabited, 27 (kalpas) each of four cycles (y^)

Y. M. D. Ndznlj :, second time, 6

Mirza Haidar, 10

Ndznk, third time, 10

960-1552. Ibrahim, son of Nazuk (Briggs,

brother).

963-1555. Ism^fl, brother of

Ibrahim, 2

964.1556. Habib, Bon of Ismail, Gh^zi Shah (Ghizi 6

Khan Chak), ... 4

971-1563. Hnsain, brother of Ghdzi.

977-1569. 41i Sh4h Chak.

985-1677. Yusuf Shh, son of Ali Sh^h who abdicated in 995 (1586) in favour of his son Y63^ab, and in the same year Kashmir was occupied hj Akbar and shortly after formally annexed. ^ A manvantara is the period or age of a Manu, being equal to 12,000 years of the gods, or 4,320,000 years of mortalB. Its nature and duration are fully described in H. H. Wilson's Vishnu Purina.

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as before mentioned,^ have elapsed and of the twenty-eighth three cyeletf^ and of the fourth cycle 4J01 solar years. And when, according to the legend which they relate, the waters had somewhat subsided, Kasyapa who is regarded as one of the most sublime amongst ascetics, brought in the Brahmans to inhabit the new region.* When men began to multiply they sought to have a just ruler over them, and experienced elders, solicitous of the public weal met together in council and elected to the supreme authority one who was distinguished for his wisdom, his large understanding, his comprehensive benevolence and his personal courage. From this period dates the origin of their monarchical government which proceeded thus to the time of Ugnand 4,044 years prior to this the 40th year of the Divine Era.^ Ugnand fell by the hand of Balbhadra, the elder brotber of Kishan in the battle fought at Mathura betweau Kishan and

JarasandTia rajd of Beh^r. Bamddara (his son), to revenge his death marched against some of the relations of Kishan who were hastening to a marriage festival in l^andahdr, and was killed fighting on the banks of the 8ind, His wife being then pregnant and the astrologers foretelling that it would prove a son, Kishan bestowed on him the government of the province. Thirty-five princes succeeded, but through their tyranny their names are no more remembered. When Lavah ascended the throne, justice was universally administered and deeds met their just recognition. He founded in Kdmraj the great city of Lavapur the ruins of which are still to be traced It is said to have held 800,000,000 houses. As the sage* of Oanjah well says : Hoase linked to hoase fnom Ispahan to Rai Like jointed canes, I've hoard, stretch ooantlessly. So that a oat might trace the distant span Prom roof to roof twixt Rai and Ispahan j Bnt if the tale my credit dofch belio, The teller is its surety, faith not I.

See p. 15 of this Vol. According to TieffoTithaler, he was called " Cashapmir, from Cashapa grandson of Brahma and -m^r, a mountain or hahitation." Baber mentions in his Memoirs that the hill country along the opper course of the Indus was formerly inhabited by a race called Kds from whom he conjectures that Kashmir received its name. The Kaaia regio of Plolemy applies to the race and seems to confirm his oonjecture. Kasyapa was the son of Marichi the sou of Brahmi, and was

father of Vivaswat the father of Mann. His name signifies a tortoise which form he assumed as Prajapati, the father of all, and had a large share in the work of creation. He was one of the seven great Rishis Dowson. Ah the 40th year of Akbar's reign IS A. H. 1003, commencing 5th Deo. J 594 and ending 25th Nov. 1595 A. D. the date of Ugnand would be B. C. 2449. * Shaikh Niz6mi, who was bom in that town. The lines occur in the Haft

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382

When the succession devoWed on Asoka the son of Janaka*s paternal nncle, he abolished the Brahminical religion and .established the Jain &ith.^ His personal virtues adorned his reign, and his son Bdjd Jaloka was distinguished for his justice, and his conquests were limited only by the ocean. On his return from Kanauj^ then the capital of Hindustan, he brought with him a number of learned and enlightened men and of these his sagacity and perception of worth selected seven individuals. To one of them he entrusted the administration of justice; to another the revenue department ; to a third the finances ; to a fourth the superintendence of th troops ; the fifth took charge of the department of commerce ; the sixth controlled the material resources of the state, and the seventh interpreted the mysteries of the stars. He had also a knowledge of alchemy. It is said that a huge serpent ministered to his commands, mounted upon which be could descend below water for a long space. Sometimes he appeared as an old man, and at other times, as a youth, and marvellous tales are related of him. Buddhism became prevalent about this time. Damodar (II) is said by some to have been one of the descendants of Asoka. He was a pious devout prince but was transformed into a snake through the curse of an ascetic. In the reign of Bdjd Nara the Br^hmans prevailed over the Buddhists and levelled their temples to the ground. Bdjd Mihirkal was a shameless tyrant, but by the strange freaks of fortune he made extensive conquests. As he was once returning homevrards by the pass of Hastibhanj, an elephant lost its footing, and its screama and

Taikar, one of the Khamsah or Five poems of Nizimi. The other four are the Makhzani Asrdr, JTAusrau tea Bhirin^ Zaila wa Majnitn, and the Sikandar Ndmah, Some copies have the Khirad Nimah (Aristotle's instmctions to Alexander) instead of the Haft Faihar. I The origin, history and sects of the Jains are sketched in H. G. Briggs' Cities of Gujarashtara. Prof. Wilson remarks that their faith was introduced into the peninsula about the 7th century A. D. ; Col.- Sykes thinks about the 4th. It is closely allied to Buddhism, though the Jains assert it to be long anterior. Sir W. Hunter defines Jainism as Buddhism equipped with a mythology of saints and narrowed in its practical aspects from a

national religion to suit the exclusive requirements of a sect. According to one view, the Jains are a remnant of the Indian Buddhists who saved themselves from extinction by oompromises with Hinduism and erected themselves into a separate caste. Another view represents them as the unbroken succession of the Nigantha sect of the Asoka edicts. The Buddhism of Asoka (244 B. C.) is said to be a later product than the Jain doctrines. The I. G. refers to the modem literature of the snbjeot in Mr. Ed. Thomas' Jainism or the Earlp faith of Asoka, Mr. Bhys David's article in The Academy of 18th Sept. 1879 ; and Numismata Oi-ientala (Ceylon fasoioalas) pp. 66, 60. (Trftbner, 1877.)

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383 manner of &lling caused him such amusement that he ordered a handred elephants to be precipitated in a similar manner. From this circumstance the pass received its name hasti signifying elephant, and bhanj,^ injury. Daring his reign, a large rook blocked up the ferry of a river, and, however much it was cut away, it yet increased again during the night to its ordinary dimensioos. Remedies were proposed in vain. At length a voice came forth intimating that if touched by the hand of a chaste woman, the rock would displace itself. Time after time it was touched by women in socceasion, and when no effect was produced, he ordered the women to be put to death for incontinence, the children for bastardy, and the husbands for consenting to the evil, until three krors of human beings were massacred. The miracle was at length effected by the hand of a chaste woman, a potter by trade and caused great wonder. The Bajd being afflicted by various diseases, burnt himself to death. Bdjd QopaMt possessed considerable learning and his justice increased the extent of his sway. The slaughtering of animals was forbidden throughout his domiuions and high and low abstained from eating flesh. The temple which now stands on Solomon^s Hill was built by his minister. Bdjd Jf4di$hthira in the beginning of his rule administered the state with an impartial hand, but in a short space through his licentious conduct and intimacy with base associates, his subjects became extranged from him, and the kings of Hindust&n and Tibet were arrayed against him. The chiefs of Kashmir threw him into prison. During the reign of Bdjd Tanjir (Banjir) snow fell when the sun was in Leo (July, August). The crops were destroyed and a terrible famine

threw the country into disorder. Bdjd Jayandra possessed a minister wise, loyal and virtuous, and Toid of levity and dissimulation. His equals bore him envy and the wicked at heart but specious in appearance sought his ruin and undermined his influence bj underhand misrepresentations. As princes are on these occasions apt to eiT and do not investigate closely, forgetful of former experiences of what envy can effect, the minister was overthrown, and

* In Sanskrit vi[ or ^Y deBtmction, loss, injury. See p. 847 The Governor of Jammn informs me that this word does not occur in the body of the Bdj Tarangini, as Br. Stein who is editing the Sanskrit text has shown him, but where the mention of this elephant story is

mado, there is a margfinal gloss in Dr. Stein's MS. in which it is stated that the spot where the accident took place is still known by the name of Hastibhanj or bhenj. There is no doubt therefore that the Hasti Watar of the text is incorrect.

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384 baDished iu disgrace. His strange destiny, however, did not deprive him of his composure. He allowed not grief to encompass him, but gladdened his days with cheerfulness of heai't. His wicked enemies represented him as aiming at the throne, and the Bdjd, ignorant of the real facts, ordered him to be impaled. After some time had elapsed, his spiritual preceptor happened to pass that way and read on the frontal bone of his skull that he was destined to disgrace and imprisonment and to be impaled, but that he should again come to life and obtain the sovereignty. Amazed at learning this, he took down the body and secretly kept it and continued in supplication to the Almighty. One night the spirits gathered round and by their incantations restored the corpse to life. In a short time he sue- ceeded to the throne, but his experience of life soon induced him to withdraw into retirement. Megavdhan was renowned for his virtues and gave peace and security to Hindustan as far as the borders of the ocean. After the death of Riijd Hiran without issue, the chiefs of Kashmir paid allegiance to Rdjd Btkramdjit the ruler of Hindustan. Mujd Matrigupta was a learned Kashmiri Brdhman. Bikramdjit profited by his wisdom but did not advance

his temporal interests. He, however, gave him a sealed letter to convey to Kashmir and furnishing him with a small sum of money for his expenses as he started, despatched him on his mission. The Brahman set out with a heavy heart. On his arrival in Kashmir, the letter was opened. It ran thus. * The bearer has rendered important services at my Court and has experienced many reverses of fortune. On the receipt of this letter, let the government of the country be entrusted to him, and be this mandate obeyed under fear of the royal displeasure.' The chiefs met in council and .yielded their submission. B'ijd Pravarasina had withdrawn from the country and lived in retirement in Hindustan. A devout and enlightened servant of God predicted to him the good tidings of his future elevation to a throne. On the faith of this, he went to Nagarkdt and possessed himself of that place. On hearing of the death of Bikramdjit, Matrigupta abdicated and setting out for Benares lived in seclusion. PravarasSna was universally distinguished for his justice and liberality. He founded Sriuagar^ the capital of the

* The old capital previous to the erection of Pravaras^napnra ia stated to have been founded by Asoka (Rdj Tarangini, i, 104,) (B 0. 268226). It stood on the site of the present Pdndrethan and is said to have extended along

the bank of the river from the foot of the TuJcht i Sulaimdn to Fdntusok, a distance of more than three miles. It was still the capital iu the reign of Pravaras^na J, towards the end of the 5th century when the king erected a famous symbol

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385 country and rendered it populous during his reign with 600,000 houses. With surpassing munificence he sent to Mdtrigupta the aggregate of eleven years' revenue of Kashmir which that personage bestowed upon the indigent. Bdjd Randdilya was a just prince and made many conquests. In the neighbourhood of Kishtawiir near the river Ohenab, he entered a cave with all his family and many of his courtiers, and was seen no more ; many strange legends are related regarding him. Bdjd Bdldditya invaded Hindustan and extended his dominions to > the borders of the sea. In the reign of Itdjd Ghandrajpifa the wife of a Brdhman appeared to him claiming justice, saying, that her husband had been killed and the murderer was undiscovered. He asked her if she suspected any ono, to

wliich she replied that her husband was of an amiable disposition and had no enemy, but that he often had disputations on points of philosophy with a certain person This man was brought up but strenuously denied the accusation, and the complainant would not accept an ordeal by fire or water lest the man should employ some supernatural means of escaping it. The R^ja in his perplexity could neither eat nor sleep. An enlightened eage appearing to him in a vision taught him an incantation to be uttered over rice- meal scattered about, upon which the suspected person was to walk. If the footsteps of two people were observed as he passed over it, he was not to be suffered to escape. Through this suggestion the truth was discovered and punishment duly meted out. But as a Brdhman could not be put to death, an iron image of a man without a head was made and his forehead branded therewith. Rdjd LcUitdditya devoted himself to the prosperity of his kingdom and in the strength of the divine aid overran Irdn, Turan, Fars, Hindustan, Eha^a, and the whole habitable globe, and administered his dominions with justice. He died in the mountains of the north, and it is said that he was turned into stone by the curse of an ascetic, but others relate the story differently. Bdjd Jaydpira reached a lofty pitch of glory and his conquests were extensive. Ninety-nino thousand nine hundred and ninety- nine horses were bestowed by him in charity at Benares, and liis gifts to the poor were on the same munificent scale. He asked of the elders whether the army of his grandfather Lalitaditya or his own were the larger. They answered that

of the god Siva, named after himself Pravareswara, The new capital was built by Pravaras^na, II, in the beginning of the 6th century. Anct. Gcog. India, p. 97. Neither the text nor the U. T. 49

mention two homonymous monarohs; This epoch given by Cunningham shows that they must have followed in close succession, and a single name has possibly been by error duplicated.

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886 his contained bat 80,000 litters, whereas 126,000 of such conveyances were arrayed under his grandfather's standard, by which proportion he might judge of the numerical strength of his other retinue. When he had pro-

ceeded some distance on his march of conquest, his brother-in-law, Jajja^ who was in Kashmir disputed the throne. The nobles of the king, in anxious fear for their wives and children, betrayed him and preferred their outward reputation before their true honour. The Rdja hastened alone to Bengal, and with the aid of troops from that country, repossessed himself of his kingdom, Jajja being slain in battle. Bdjd Lalitdpifa took low companions into favour and associated with buffoons, and his wise councillors withdrew from the court. His minister finding remonstrance of no avail, retired from office. Bdjd Sankar Vantid conquered Gujardt and Sind, and overran the Deccan, but left it in the possession of its ruler. Although in the beginning of his reign he followed a virtuous course, he lacked perseverance. The intoxication of worldly prosperity plunged him into every vice. During the reign of Bdjd Jasaskardeva, a Bi'dhman lost a purse of a hundred gold mohurs. Under the impulse of violent grief he resolved to make away with himself. The thief hearing of this, asked him how much he would be satisfied to take, if he discovered the purse. The Brahman answered, " Whatever you please." The thief ofEered him ten mohurs. The Br&hman, sore at heart, appealed to the Braja who inquired into the case, and sending for the thief ordered him to restore ninety mohurs^ intending by this, that the amount the thief desired to keep for himself, should be the portion of the Br&hman. In the reign of " Sinhadeva^ a Mu^mmadan named Shih Amir who traced his descent to Arjnn the Pandava was in the royal service. About this time Dalju the chief commander under the king of ^andah&r, attacked and plundered the kingdom. The Bdjd took refuge in the mountain passes and levied forcible contributions on the people, and sent them to him and entreated him as a supplicant. The invader withdrew, dreading the severity of the weather, and many of his troops perished in the snow. About the same time also, Binjan^ the son of the ruler of Tibet invaded the country which was reduced to great distress. On the death of the Bij4, the sovereignty devolved on Binjan who was distinguished for his munificence. He appointed Shah Mir his minister whose religion, through intimacy and association with him, he eventually adopted. When Bdjd Adindeva died, the aforesaid Sh&h Mir by specious flattery and intriguing, married his widow. In the year 742, A H. (1341-2,

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887 A. D.) he caused the hhuthah to be read, and the coin to be minted in his own name and assumed the title of Shamsu^ddin and levied a tax of one-sixth on all imports into Kashmir. It had been revealed to him in a dream that he would obtain the sovereignty of the kingdom.^

Salfdn Aldu'ddln issued an ordinance that an unchaste woman should not inherit of her husband. Stdfdn Shahdbuddin encouraged learning and proclaimed an equal administration of the laws. Nagarkdt, Tibet and other places were overmn by him. During the reign of Sulfdn Kuthu*dd(n Mir Sayyid iJLli Hamaddni arrived in Kashmir and was received with great favour. Sulfdn Bikcmdar was a rigid follower of religious tradition and a bigot. He overthrew idolatrous shrines and persecuted people not of his faith. During his reign, Timdr invaded Hindustdn and sent him two elephants. Sikandar desired to pay his homage to that conqueror, but on his road to the interview he learnt that it was reported in Tlmtir's camp that the sovereign of Kashmir was bringing with him a present of a thousand horses. Concerned at the untruthfulness of this rumour he returned and sent his excuses.* AH Sh6h appointed (his brother) Zainu'l Adbidin regent in his stead and set out for Hijdz. By the persuasion of foolish B^nd evil advi6ers^ and through inconstancy of purpose, he returned with the view of recovering his authority in Kashmir and aided by the Rajd of Jammu he took possession of the kingdom. Zainu'l A^bidin set out for

* Saoh is the literal translation according to the panctaation of the text which I Buspect is in error. Ferishta states that Shamsu'ddin abolished the exactions of his predecessors and having repaired the ruin, caused by the invasion and exactions of DaljUf by written orders fixed the revenue at Jth of the produce. The readings of Gladwin and the 8. al M. here complete the sentence and continue, that before he came to Kashmir, it was revealed to him in a dream that he should obtain the kingdom. I have little doubt that this is the correct division of the sentences. A full stop should follow i^ and ^^1j\ should be preceded by the word U^ inadvertently omitted, but retained by

Gladwin and S. ul M. The text would then run as follows *' Assumed the title of Shamsu'ddin and fixed the revenue at one-sixth of the produce. Before his arrival in Kashmir, it had boea revealed to him in a dream that he would obtain Ac." Ferishta relates this circumstance with detail, somewhat curtailed by Briggs. These, states Ferishta, were his father-in-law the Jammu Rdjd, and the

chief of Rm'auri, who dissuaded him from abandoning his authority and abdicating in favour of his brother. Finding that without their help, his restoration could not be effected thoy reinstated him by force.

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388 the Punjab and joined Jasrat; of the Khokhar^ tribe Ah' Shah collecting a large armj advanced into the Pnnjdb and a great battle took place in which i^li Shah was defeated and fell into obscurity while Zainul Adbidin recovered the sovereignty of Kashmir. Jasrat leaving Kashmir advanced against Delhi but defeated by Sul^n Bahlol Lodi retreated to Kashmir and with the assistance of an ai*my from its monarch, conqaered the Panjab. Zainn*l Adbidin overran Tibet and Sind. He was a wise prince, devoted to philosophical studies and it was his fortune to enjoy universal peace. He was regarded by high and low as a special servant of Qod and venerated as a saint. He was credited with the power of divesting himself of his corporeal form, and he foretold that under the dynaaty of the Chdks^ the sovereignty of Kashmir would be transferred from that fiamily to the monarchs of Hindustan, which prediction after a period of years was accomplished. His benevolence and love of his people induced him to abolish the capitation tax {levied on other than Muslims) and to prohibit the slaughtering of cows, as well as penalties and presents of all kinds. He added somewhat to the measure of the Jarib. His private revenues were drawn from copper mines. He often personally administered medicinal remedies* and resolved all difficult undertakings with ease. Robbers were employed in chained gangs on public works. His gentleness of disposition dissuaded men from the pursuit of game, and he himself eat no flesh meat. He caused many works to be translated from the Arabic, Persian, Kashmiri and Sanskrit languages. During his reign musicians from Persia and Turkestan flocked to his court ; among them Mulla IJudi the imme-

^ According to FeriBhtti Jasrat Shaikha OhaJcar imprisoned by Timor in Samarkand, oscoped and fonnded or acqnired a principality in tho Panjab. Zaina'l Aabidfn with his aid defeated ^\i Shdh who, according to one account was taken prisoner by Jasrat, and to another was expelled from Kashmir by his snccessfnl brother. Mention of Jasrat oocars in Ferishta nnder Bahlol Lodi, and Zainn'l Ailbidfn, he says, on his accession fitted oat an army nnder Jasrat for the con-

quest of Delhi and the Punjdb. Unable to cope with Bahlol Lodi at Delhi, he, however, possessed himself of the Punjab. This freebooter g^ave considerable trouble to the Sayyid dynasty and

held his own against Bahlol Lodi when that chief governed Multan under Sayyid Muhammad. See Vol. I, 456, n. for the Gakkhars (as it is there spelt) and the reference to Delmerick's history of this tribe. Ferishta says that for the encouragement of the study of medicine, he specially favoured Sri Bhat an eminent physician, by whose advice, the Br&hmans, expelled under Sikander the Ironoclast, were recalled. Briggs has been too sparing in his extracts of this reign of the most celebrated among Moslem monarchs of Kashmir. Wearied with his long task, the gaps are greater as he approaches its completion.

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399 diate pupil of tlie faraons Khw^jah Abdn'l ^Cadir arrived from Khnrds.'iit, and Mulla Jamil who in singing and painting was preeminent among his contemporanes. Saltan Aba S^id Mirza sent him presents of Arab horses and dromedaries from Kharasan and Bahlol Lodi king of Delhi and Sultan Mahmtid of Gujarat were in friendly alliance with him. Stdfdn Hasan, collecting an army invaded the Punjab and encountering Tatar^ Khdn (Lodi) in several actions devastated the country. In the reign of Fath Shdh, Mir Shamsu'ddin one of the disciples of Shdh Kasim Anwar,* came from Irdk and promulgated the Nur Bakshi doctrines, from which period date the dissensions between Sunnis and Shi{is in this country. During the third reign of Muhammad 8hdh when he recovered the kingdom by the help of Sul^dn Sikandar (Lodi of Delhi), B4ber invaded Hindustan. During Sulfdn Ibrahim*8 domination, Abdul Mdkri^ represented to Sultan B^ber that Kashmir might be conquered with little diflficulty. Shaikh ^^li Beg, Mul^ammad Khdn and Mahmtid Khdn were therefore

despatched to that country and obtained some success but the inti-igues of the people prevented a settlement and they returned with gifts and pi'esents and Ndzuk Shah succeeded to the government. Under the reign of

* The Delhi governor of the Panjdb and the conntry nt the foot of the hills. Briggs mistranslates his anthor here, and makes Tdtar Khnn penetrate into Jarama and sack Sinlkot, whereas Ferishta snjs that the Kashmir troops, under Malik Bari Bhat fonght Tatar Khan, ravaged his country and pinndered Siilkdt. ' Ferishta places the accession of Fat^^ Shah in A. H. 894 (A. D. 1488-9), about which time occurred the arrival of Shah Kasim son of Sayyid Muhammad 2fur Bahshy and the estubliahmont of his doctrines as the prevailing creed. All religioaa grants and places of worship ^ere made over to this sect, among the most iilnstrions converts to which were the Chak tribe. Their proselytes were very numerous, but the esoteric doctrines of Mir Shamsn'ddin being beyond the oomprehension of some of them, on the

death of this apostle, they fell into heresy or reverted to paganism. Briggs ornaments his page with the ceremony and explanation of the " cup of gpraoo *' given to the proselytes. It may be trne, but Ferishta does not allude to it. He was the son of Ibrahim Mikri who was minister in chief to Mnl^ammad Shdh during his second reign. Abd&l Makri his son played a considerable part in the stirring events of this time and was eventually driven from court by the intrigues of the minister Malik K^ji. llo wont to India and incited Baber to the conquest of Kashmir. Fearing that the inhabitants would be opposed to the foreign rule of the Mughals, the enthronement of N^zuk the son of Ibrahim was adopted as a pretext to conciliate the Kashmiris, who, on his instalment in authority, dismissed the troops of Bdber with conciliatory gifts.

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390 Muhammad Shnh for the fonrth time, the emperor Hamiytjn ascended the throne of Delhi, and when Mirzd Kdrndln^ was at Lahor, the officers formerly despatched to Kashmir (AH Beg and Muhammad Eh4n) persuaded him that Kashmir could be taken with little trouble.* The Mirzi therefore, despatched Marram (Beg) Kpkah with a body of troops to that country which they occupied. Massacres were frequent and their intolerable tyranny drove the people to rise till the Mughal chiefs sued for terms and withdrew. In the year A. H. 930, (1523-4) by command of Sultan Said Khdn of Kdshghar, his son Sikandar Khin and Mirz4 Haidar* advanced into Kashmir at the head of 10,000 troops by way of Tibet and Lar, and taking an enormous booty retired after a short time under terms of peace. In the year A. H. 948 (1541-2) Mirza Haidar, by command of Hamdytin a second time entered Kashmir, guided by some of the natives of that country, as has been related in former accounts, and took possession of a part of Great Tibet. K4ji Cbak came to Hindustan and bringing with him the aid of an army from Sher Khdn, engaged Mirz^ Haidar but was defeated. The Mirz^ won over the Kashmiris by peaceful and conciliatory measures, so that he succeeded in having the Khuthah read and the coin minted in the name of Humiiytin, the Kashmiris having previously read the Khuthah in the name of Ndzuk Sh&h. At the present time under the sway of His Imperial Majesty it is the secure and happy abode of many nationalities, including natives of Persia and Turkestan as well as of Kashmir. Sarhdr of PaklL Its length is 35 and its breadth 25 kos. It is bounded on the east by Kashmir^ on the north by Katdr,^ on the south by the territory of the GakharSj* and on the west by Afak Bendres. Timur left a few troops to

Brother of the Emperor, governor of Kabul and Kandahir, to whom Hamaytin had ceded the government of the Pnnjdb and the Indos frontier. See Vol. I, pp 460-1, for a slight notice of this historian, poet, and prince who governed Kashmir for ten years. The events of his reign are condensed by Briggs under the name of the impotent Ndzuk, who is as unworthy of the preference as are the reasons by which Briggs, fegainst the authority of Terishta, supports it. Var. Ki(5r, Kan6r. T. Katour. G.

Kinore. Erskine says (p. 144) that

Eattor or Kat6r is a place of note in the Kafirist&n country, but in the maps Kunar occupies a corresponding position. " The Gakar chiefs hold the lower valley of the Jhelum and the upper course of the Haro river to the S. W. of Kashmir. They are all Muharamadans, but their conversion is comparatively recent as their names were Indian down to the invasion of Timnr. Their occupation of these districts is of very early date ; but they are Turanians and not Arians, as none but a Gakar will inter-

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801 hold this tract, and their descendants remain there to this day. Snow lies perpetually on these mountains and at times falls on the plaius.^ The period of winter is longer than the summer. The rainfall is somewhat similar to Hindustan. It is watered by three rivers, the Kishan Oanga^ the Bihat and the Sindh, The language of the country dilEers from that of Kashmir, Hindustan or Zdbulistdn. Vetches and barley are the principal crops. Apricots, peaches and walnuts g^ow wild, it not being the custom to plant fruit trees. Game and horses, camels and buffaloes are of middling account : goats and poultry, plentiful. The rulers of this district generally paid tribute to EZashmir. Sarkdrof Satvdd (Siodt). It comprises three districts, those of Bimbar, Stodt and Bajaur, The first is 16 kos long by 12 broad and is bounded by Pakli on the east, Kator and Kdshghar^ on the north, Afak Benares on the south and 8wdt on the west. Two roads approach it from Hindustan, viz.f the Sherkhdnt^ pass and the Balandart* Kotal ; although both routes are difficult to traverse, the first is the more rugged. The second district (Sw^t) is 40 Jeds in length by 5 to 15 in breadth. On the east lies Bimhar ; to the north Katdr (Kunar) and Kdshghar ; to the south Bigrdm^ and on the west Bajaur, It possesses many defiles. Near the Damghdr^ pass which leads to Kdshghar is the town of Mangldr^

many with a Oakar, a practice repognaot to HindoiBin which permits no man to marry one of his own tribe. They also oocnpj several portions of the E. Dodb, as Goliilna near Gnjar Kh&n, and Bogiil nnder the lofty hill of Balnith. Bat these districts do not properly be-

long to the hills, although they were snbject to Kashmir at the time of Hwen Thsang's visit in the seventh century." Anct. Geog. Ind. p. 132. * I would amend the punctuation of the text, placing a stop after *l^ *l^. ' By Kisbghar cannot be meant the well-known town of E. Tarkestiln which is too far removed, but Chitral or Kishkar, which, according to Erskine, ( Biter's Memoirs) is a corruption of Kashghar with the territory of which it was long included, the name having

survived the dominion. The Kaaia or Ahhasaa regio of Ptolemy beyond Mount Imaus has perhaps given its name to both KAshghar and Kashmir. Var. Sarjani, Sarkhani. Var. Malandari, Makandari ; a marginal gloss has Bulandi. VoL I, p. 344, Balandri. Kotal signifies the crest of a defile. This name is said by Cunningham (p. 29) to signify " the city " par excellence and is applied to 3 other ancient sites near Kabul, Jal^Ub&d and Peshawar. Masson derives the name from tho Turki 6i or 60 "chief" and the Hind grdrrif a hybrid to which Cunningham prefers the simpler Sanscrit prefix in vijrdtna. Var. *^^ ^J^ or ^jiMj j^. ^ This was the capital of Udyana, the

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392

the residence of the governor. It is entered by two rontes from Hindastan, tiz., the passes of Malkand Baj^ and Sherkhdnah. It has no extremes of

heat or cold, and though snow falls, it does not lie in the plains for more than three or four days ; in the mountains it is perpetual. It is springtime here during the peiiodical rains of Hindustan. Rainfall occurs and the spring and autumn are very delightful. Its flora are those of Turkestan and India, wild violets and narcissus covering the meadows, and various kinds of fruit trees grow wild. Peaches and pears are excellent, and fine hawks and falcons are obtained. It also possesses an iron mine. The third district (Bajaur) is 25 kos in length by 5 to 10 in breadth. On the east lies 8wdt, on the north Kator and Kdshghar, on the south Bigrdmy and on the west Kuner (and) Ndrkil.^ Numerous passes lead from Kabul. An ancient mausoleum* exists here, and there is a strong fortress which is said to be the residence of the governor. Amir Sayyid Ali HamadAni died here and his body was conveyed to Kkutldn* by his last testament. Its climate is similar to that of Swat, bat the extremes of cold and heat are gi-eater. It has only three roads, one from Hindustan called Ddnishkoh and two from Kabul, one called Samaj and the other Kuner and Nurkil, the easiest of these being Bdnishkol. Adjoining this and between the mountains and the Indus and Kabul rivers, is a plain, 30 kos in length by 20 to 25 kos in breadth. The whole of this tract of hill and plain is the domain of the Yusufzai clan. In the time of Mirzd Ulugh Beg of Kabul, they migrated from

Sanskrit name for the modem districts of Panjkora, Bajaur, Swdt and Buu^r. It is mentioned by Hwen Thsang as Mung-kie-li or Mangala, probably the Mangora of Wilford*s surveyor and the Manglora of General Court's map. It ^as about 24 miles in circuit and very populous. Anct. Geog. Ind. p. 82. Var. Malkand, Sher Kh6n; MaUk Ranj or Rfkh. Erskine states that K^ner and Mrgil form another Tuman situated in the midst of Kafiristdn which forms its boundary. Niirgil, says Bdber, lies on the west and Kuner on the east of the Chegh&n sardi or Kamoh river, p. U3. The text is here in the hesitancy of

uncertain readings and makes fact or sense of none. Baler removes the doubt. The word Jt)> should be transferred from the bottom of p. 585 to the top of p. 586, and a stop placed after fj^^^^. The word *^ according to the Burhdn i ICdti is equivalent to the

arabicized form ^* Var. Jilan, but Bfiber confirms Khutlan. Hamaddni, he says, died one farsang higher up than Kuner, and his disciples carried him to Khutldn. A mausoleum is erected on the spot where he died and in the year 920 (15U) Baber ciroumambulatod his tomb, near which are groves of orange and citron, p. 14.4.

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893 EAbul to this territory and wrested it from the Snlt^^ns who affected to be descended from a daughter of Alexander Bicomntns. It is said that this monarch left some of his treasures in these parts with a few of his kindred and to this day the descendants of this band dwell in these moontains and affect to show their genealogical descent from Alexander.^ Under the |resent OTer-during Imperial sway, of the lawless inhabi*tants of this country, some have been put to deaths others imprisoned, while some happily dwell under their tribal rule. Sarkdr of Dattr, Banu^ and Isakhel. This territory is to the south-east of Kdbulf and is inhabited entirely by Afghans. It is the principal settlement of the Shir4ni| EaradLni and Waziri tribes. Sarkdr of ^andahdr. It is situated in the thixd climate. Its length from Kaldt Banjdrah to (?W and Oharjistdrfi is 300 hos : its breadth from Sind to Farah is 260 kos. On its east lies Sind ; to the north Qhdr and QharjUtdn ; on the south Siwi^ and on the west Farah; Kdbul and Ohaznin on the north-east. Its mountains are covered with perpetual snow Which seldom falls in the city. Eighteen dtndrs^ make a tumdn^ and each iumdn is equivalent to 800

* See Slphinsione'B Cabal. App. 0. p. 617. * I am indebted to the critical aonmen of Pandit Badha Kishan, governor of Jammn, for hia ingenions emendation of the faulty text. The two first names

ef the three are jumbled together into one with a misplaoement of the diaoritioal points in all the variants. The alteration required to clear the diffionlty was simple, bat its simplicity anobserved as is osoallj the case, antil after the disooyery. Isakhail is still a tahail of Bana district, and Daar is independent territory. The ooantry which the Isakhail, according to Baber, shared with the Kerani, Kivi, Siir andNidzi Afghins, has Chanp&rali and the Indus to the southy Dinkdt on the east, and on the west the Desht, called also Bdzdr and T&k. After 50

the sack of Koh^t, Baber attacked the Isakhails who fled to the Chanpdrah hills, and following them ap stormed their songart. Seep. 160. But all through his operations in Bana, Biber nses W. for S. and the other points of the compass aooordii^ly. Hence we have oil the B. Ohanp&rah and Sind, Dinkot on the N. and Desht or Dam^ on the S. Brskine. * See Vol. I, p. 881. Its Umits are defined by Brskine, (p. 152), within Herat on the west^ Farah on the south and Qhor on the east, and the reader is referred to Silvestre de Saci's Mines de I'Orient., Vol. I, p. 821 for a learned dissertation on its position. ^ See Yol. I, p. Si. Brskine's note on the tumdn (p. 61} is at fault through his not knowing its varying ieooi values

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394 dams. The tumdn of Khar&s4n is equal in value to 30 rupees and the ^wmin of WV to 40. Grain is for the most part taken in kharwdrs, the kharwdr being equivalent to 40 ^andahiri man, or 10 of Hindustan.

The capital of the district is Eiandahdr. Its longitude is 107^^ 40', and the latitude 33^ 40'. It has two forts. The summer heats are extreme and the cold in winter is inconsiderable, but the ice-pits are filled in December and January. Once in three or four years a fall of snow occurs and is hailed with delight. Flowers and fruits are in abundance. Its wheat is extremely white, and is sent as a present of value to distant countries. At a distance of five hSs is a hill called Aehdarkoh (the Dragon Hill) in which is a wonderful cave known as the Cave of Jamshtd, People enter with lighted lamps, but the oppression of its atmosphere prevents exploration of its extent. Eight kSs from Kdldt is a large mountain in the side of which is a huge cave called Ohdr % Shdh (the King's Cave). Within it are two natural columns, one of which touches the roof of the cave and is 30 yards high. Water flows down it and enters a basin at its foot. The other is 11 yards in height. The waters of the Hirmand (Helmand) which rises between Balkh, and Kabul, flow in this direction along the skirts* of the mountains. The meaning of Hirmand is ' abounding in blessings.' Mauldnd Mtdnu*ddtn in his history of Khurs&n records that it feeds a thousand streams. At a distance of 16 kos is a mountain, at the base of which is an area of land called Nattl^^ formerly full of watercourses, where melons are grown in great quantity and perfection. The mountain has sevei^al clear springs. There is also an iron-mine, and at the foot of the mountain is an iron-foundry for the smelting of the ore, a work of ancient times. West of Kandahar is a long torrid tract of country, {Oarms(r) through which flows the Hirmand. One side of it touches the Ddtoar^

wbioh would aoooont for the diverse reckonings of Tavernier, Ohardin and Delia Yalle. Mandelsloe mnst be wrong in making the zecchin ^ 9 rnpees, nearly doable its gold value in silver at a time when the rate for the conversion of the rupee was as in Akbar's day, 8 or 9 to the . Var. 170. Properly, long. 66^ SC B., lat. 81^37' N. ' ^andah&r is in a plain on the left

bank of the Arghand^b which falls into the Don, a tributary of the Helmund. It is separated from the Arghandib by a rang^ of mountains. * Yar. TauU, Tabsal, Batsal, Bansanil, Bambal. * See Vol. I, Geog. Index for this tract as Gfarmstr and under Ddwar, and ElphinBtone. Cihal. pp. 186-187. Zamin Ddwar lies west of the Helmand below the hills or as firskine

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8d5 territory, and on the other Sistdn. There are many forts and much cultivation on both sides of the river. In this neighbourhood once stood a large City, the residence of the Sultans of Ghor, and many ruins still exist of the palaces of its ancient kings. Between the Hirmand and ](Candah4r is the welh known city of Mai" mandy described in old astronomical tables. Wheat and barley are called SafSdbariA The jar{b of sixty (square) yards is used for measurements, but they reckon 30 yards of this according to the Hijdii jarib, each yard of 24J digits, the gaz there in use ; equal altogether to 54 gaz of ^andahdr. In the exchequer, out of every ten hhanvdrs, two are taken for the minister of finance on account of revenue and jihdt cesses. Cultivation is reckoned under seven heads. In the registers, the best kind of land is marked with an a and calculating the produce of each jdrib at 3 kharwdrSf 24 man are taken as revenue. Thus :

No. Kind of land. Distinguishing Mark Produce in Khafwdra. Beveuue in man.

Best.

8 24

Best and Medinm. 2* 20

Medium. 2 16

Medinm and Poor. ^ ^ H 12

Poor. <> 1 8

Poor and Poorest. > J> 80 man.

Poorest. .^.^ 8 4

But if the husbandman is incapable of sustaining this class of assessment, the produce is divided into three heaps, two of which are taken by the tenant, and the third is again subdivided into three shares, two* of which go to the revenue depai'tment and the third is charged to incidental expenses.

defines it elsewhere, on the right bank of the Helmand reaching from Jirbesha under the Hazira hills to the Helmand. ' Var. and G. safddtari, I am disposed to tbiDk the marginal reading correct and that it signifies white crops in contradistinction to the sahzbari or green crops that follow lower down, though it

is not easy to see why rice should be relegated to the green, rather than the white class. There are, however, two kinds of shdli rice, the white requiring deep water and the red needing only a moist soil. ' I read J> for^ an evident error.

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89S

Tbe reyeQue Irom gmpes also i taken by agreement and by piling a special rajke. In the latter oaee ezperta appraiae the average enttnm of tibe yinejard ai^l exact 4 bdbene$ lor each hharwir. Under the reigns of Bilber and Hnm&jiin the rate was fixed at 2 IMerig and 4 tang<khs^ The hdberi is ooike miiidV weight and 2^ are equivalent to the mpee. Besides these three (wheat, barley, gfi^>e8X npoa nine oth^ articles called saitharif 7| hdheris are taken lor every jariK former^ rated at 5 hdb^ru^ im^., rioe (Sh&li), mnsk-mdone, water-melons cacnmbers, onions, turnips, earrota and lettuce. On other crops than theae, two hdberis were f arm^^ taken, the Tnrkovt&na exacting three^ In the torrid tract (abovo'^neoittoned, between D&war and Sistan), the safSdbari crops are divided into three heaps according to the ^andah&r custom and all crops paying special rates are registered under the * and ^ class (No. 2), and for every janh^ 50 man of the torrid tract {Garms{r) equalling 20 man of ^andah^r, are taken. The kharwdr of this district is 100 man, equivalent to 10 man of Hindustan. Grapes are tieated in the same manner as at ^andah&r. AU articles under Sahzhatrif pay two laberis on each janb. In the Bdwar tract, produce under safiditari is apportioned in three heaps as described above and the exchequer receives for every 4 jari&, one kharwdr weight of Ditrar, which is equivalent to one hharwdr and ten man of Jg^andahir, and for other produce, one hharwdr on three ^r6s.* Barkdr of ^andahdr. Containing 24 MahaU, Revenue 8,114| ttimdus^ 39,600 dinars: 45,775 sheep ; 45 Balochi horses : 3, 752,977 kharwdrs of grain ; 420 m^tn of rice ; 2 kharwdrs of flour ; 20 man of clarified butter. It furnishes 13,875 Cavalry and 25,260 Infantry. J^andahdr city 6,270 tumdns in cash ; 35,120 kharwdrs of com ; 550 horse j 1,000 foot.

' See p. 86, Vol. I. ' Under the Caliphs, the land-tax was vsoall/ rated at } of the produce of wheat and barley if the fields were watered by pnblic canals ; -fg if irrigated by wheels or other artificial means ; and i if altogether nnirrigated. If arable land were left anonltivated, it seems to have paid 1 dirhem per jar(b and -^ of probable jMrodaoe. Of dates, grapes, garden prodnoe, -I was taken either in kind or money ; and i of the yield of

wines, fishing, pearls and generally of IMTodaots not derired from onltivaiion, was to be delirered in kind or paid in ralue eren before the expenses had been defrayed. The customs and transit dues, for which nnbelievers paid a doable rate, and the taxes on trades, mannfaotnres and handicrafts were also sonroes of pnblic rerenue. Sir H. Elliot. (Arabs

in Sind, p. 78). His principal references are to Hammer-Pnrgstall In the Asiatic Joomal, XXX, p. 52.

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897 BependenoieB east of JfandahAr. TerrUory of Duhi^^ has a fort of unbaked brick. 6 tumdns in money : 1,800 khartodrs of grain ; 12,000 sheep; 15 Balochi horses ; Afghans of the TaHn and Kdkar tribes : 500 horse, and 1,000 foot. of Pashang ; has an old fort of unbaked brick. 33 tumdns in money; 3,200 sheep; 500 kharwdra of grain; 1,500 horse and 1,500 foot. of Bhdl, has a mud fort ; 4^ tirndriB in money ; &4iO sheep ; 780 kharwdrs of grain; Afghans of Kds^ and Baloch; 1,000 horse, and 1,000 feot. of Mashtangy (Mastang) has a mud fort ; 10 tumdns and 8,000 dindrs in money ; 470 kJiarwdrs in grain. Afgh&ns of Kdsi,^ and Baloch 100 horse and 500 foot. of Khelgari^ 12 tumdns in money ; 415 kharwdrs of grain ; 200 horse, 300 foot. Tribe of Pani, 60 sheep, an Afghan clan, 1,000 borse, 1,000 foot. Ahddliy formerly paid revenue 1,000 sheep ; fixed in the time of the Kdzilbdshis^ at 100 twndns, 400 horse, (JOO foot. Ahddliy 2,800 sheep, 6 kharwdrs of butter. Afghans. 2,000 horse, 3,000 foot. Jamandif responsible for 11 tumdns and 4,000 dindrs. Afgh&ns, 30 horse, 20 foot. Surhh Bdhdf i BalocMn^ revenue included under city of fi[andiahr. 50 horse, 50 foot. Bependenoiei south of ^iandahdr, J^aldt Banjdrahf has a strong mud fort. 30 Balochi horses^ 30 camels, Baloch 500 horse, 500 foot. Shirdbak, 1,200 sheep. Afghans. 200 horse, 100 foot.

* Brskme eayr thtst fcbe whot ootrnfepy probably took the name of Diiki from j^ lying among the hills, Df&U mgniij^ iDg a hill in the language o the oonntry^

and may be opposed to I>Mbty or plain,. Biber, p. 164. Var. KAai. Var. AfghiB and So^at. * This name {KiUl^ red, hdsh, head) wa given to the seven Turkish tribes, descendants of the oaptivee released by Tunur At the xeqjBieBt oi SaMvCddSu anoea-

tor of Shaikh Ism^ the ffrst of the Snffavean monarohs. To the gratitude of these Oarmanian oapSives the fifo/l, (Anglioe Sophy) dynasty of Persia owed its elevation to the throne. SeetheXIYtk Chapter of Malcolm's History of Persia. Bound l^e red cap was twisted a torban in 12 plaits to the memory and in honour of the \2 Imdms. lyHerbelbt. The term is applied generally to the Persians, and ia sO' employed by B6biMP> 9.];8i.

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898 Tribe of Bieakh,^ 225 sheep. Afghans. 200 horse, 300 foot. I, Mirkhdni, 9 tumdns in money, 3,250 sheep. Afgh&ns.

horse, 400 foot. of Maswdni? 200 sheep. 100 foot.

7 man of bntter. Afghans. 50 horse,

Dependencies north of KandaMr. Territory of Kaldt Tarti^Ifi has a very strong mud fort. 520 tumdns, 9 fiOO dindrs in money. 4,346 sheep; 1,171 Ar^rti^ar* (of grain ?) 1 man of bntter; 1 hharwdr of rice. Ghilzai Afghdns. 2,200

horse, 3,820 foot. Eastdrah Dahlah,* 1,454 sheep; 20 kharwdrs of grain; 200 horse, 500 foot. Eazdr Banjah BanjiJ^ 160 sheep ; 15 horse, 60 foot. Territory of Tarin^ has a strong fort. 15,000 sheep ; 1,000 kharwdrs of grain. Hazdrah tribe. 1,500 horse, 3,000 foot. Dependencies west of Kandahar, Territory of the torrid tract (Garmstr), 602 tumdns, and 8,000 ddndrs in money; 12,000 kharwdrs of grain. 200 horse, 2,000 foot. of Zamin Ddwar, 1,200 horse, 1,000 foot. Tribe of Sidhkhdnah, 42 tumdns; 30 horse, 70 foot. Fort of Kushk NakhSd, has a mnd fort, revenne included under city of Kandahdr. Sarkdr of Kdbul It is situated in the third and fourth climates. Its length from A(ak Bendres on the Indus to the Hindu koh is 150 kds ; its breadth from Kardbdgh^ of l^andahir to Oheghdn 8erd, 100 kSs. It is bounded on the

" Var. BiBlri. ' Var. Masw&li, Mastiw&ni. * Var. and G. Barliik, var. (aid Yastarluk, Tnrak. * Var. Dahnah. Var. and Q. Dhajar Banji; var. Sahar Sahi. * According to Tieffenthaler 11 royal miles from Ghazni (abont 19| common miles) on the road to l^andah&r, I, 21. The greater part of the aoooont of this

prOYince is taken without acknowledgment bj Abnl Fazl from the Memoirs of Bdber, which should be in the hands of the reader for comparison and illostration of this brief sketch. Oheghdnserdi con* tains one village only, according to Bdber, and lies in the entrance of Kafiristdn. The large river known as the GheghinBArii river comes from the north-east behind Bajanr. Another smaller stream from the west after flowing through

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399 east by Hindustan ; on the north-west by the mountains and Gh6r ; between to the north lies Anderdb of Badakshdn, the Hindu koh intervening ; on the south by Farmul and Naghr. Adequate praise of it<^ climate is beyond the power of pen to express, and although its winter is severe rather than moderate, it occasions no distress. The torrid and cold belts are so contiguous that the transition may be made from one to the other in a single day. Such approximation of summer and winter pasturage in an inhabited country is uncommon. Snow falls both in the plains and on the mountains ; in the former from November and on the latter from September : Baber states that the snowfall in the direction of Uindustdn does not pass the crest of the Bdddtn Ohashmah.^ This doubtless was the case in those days, but at the present time it extends to the crest of the Nimlahy and indeed as far as the Khaihar pass. Even in summer time covering is needed during the nights. There are various delightful fruits, but the melons are not so good.* Agriculture is not very prosperous. The country is surrounded on all sides by lofty mountains, so that the sudden invasion of an enemy is attended with extreme difficulty. The Hindu koh separates K&bul from Badakshdn and Balkh, and seven routes are employed by the people of Turdn in their marches to and fro. Three are by the Panjhir^ (valley), the highest of which is over the Khawdk pass ; below this is Tal, and the next lower in succession, Bdzdrak.

Ploh, a district of Kiifiristin, falls into it. Naghr is sometimes written Naghz. It is now unknown bat Erskine conjeotnres it to have been on the upper course of the Kurram, and Farmul probably Urgh^n where the Persian race of Farmulis still exist. Niamatu'llah (Dom's History of the Afghans, p. 57) says that Farmul was originally the name of a river running between the borders of K&bnl and Ghazni and the dwellers on its banks were called Farmulis. See Elphinstone's G&bul, p. 816 for a fuller account of this divisk>a of the Tajiks. ^ The pass of B&d&m Ohashmah lies south of the K4bul river between Little Kibul and B&rk6b Erskine. * B^ber confirms or originates this fact, and adds that those raised from seed brought from Khurdsdn are tolerable.

He praises those of Bokhara, but pronounces those of Akhsi, a district north of the Jaxartes, to be beyond comparison the best. * The word is so written by Biber, but, according to Cunningham, (p. 32,) the true name is PanMr, the Arabs writing j for the Indian ch. The modern spelling of Panjshir, adopted by Bumes, Leech and others, now prevails. A town named FanjsfUr is mentioned by Ibn Haukal and a mountain called Pashii was crossed by Ibn Batdta on his way from Knnduz to Parw&n. The height of the Ehaw&k pass over the Hinda Knsh is marked in Curzon's map. (Russia in Central Asia) 13,000 feet. In this enumeration, as Erskine observes, B&ber begins from the east. The whole passage is taken almost word for word from the Memoirs.

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400

The best of these is J\il bat it is somewhat long as its name implies. The most direct is over the heights of Bdadrak. Between the high range and Farwdn are seven other heights called Haft Bachah (the Seven YoungUngi). From Anderdh two roads unite at the foot of the main pass and debouch (on Parwin) by the Haft Bachah. This is extremely ardaoos. Three other roads lead by Parw&n up the Qhorband valley. The nearest route is by the pass of Yanguyuli,^ (the new road) which leads down to Waliydu and Khinjdn ; another is the ^ihchdlc pass, also somewhat easy to traverse, aad a third is the Shibertu, In the summer when the rivers rise, it ia by this pass that they descend by way of Bdmidn and Tdlikdn, but in the winter the Ahdarah route is chosen, for at this season, all other routes but this are closed. There is also a road leading from Khurdsdn to J^andahdr which is direct and has no mountain pass.

* I have corrooted the inaoooraoies of the text by the tme readings in Biber. For Jy.yjfi^, read ^j^ji^j^ and for

^k^ji read oy>J For Bimiin and Tdli^an, Erskiue has Bamian and Saigh&n. He adds that B&z&rak mnst be the straight road from Saif&b&d to Ghiurmaghz&r (p. 189). The Parwiln ronte is that by Parw&n to Chrmaghs4r which passes between Saifibid and the head of the valley of Sanleh-anleng (between Panjhir and Ohorband). Yangi-jAli is that by Doshikh direct upon Khinjin. The Kipch&k route runs ap the valley of Ghorband and then over the moantains to the junction of the two rivers at IHLila Beisa. The Shibertd pass is hj 8hiber. There seems to have been a direct road from that to Mader in dry weather ; but in wet, people went ronnd by Bilmi&n, SaighAn and the pass of Dend&n Shiken, or the Tooth-breaker. Bilber himself passed through Btoi&n and by the Bhibertd Kotal on his march from Khorasan to Kabul in February 1507. Three of these roads, the rpU9oy of Strabo, leading to Bactria parted at Opi^ near OhartUor, the Hupiin of Bilber, identified with Alex-

andria Opiana by Cunningham who gives the routes as follows : 1 . Ihe north-east road, by the Fanjshir valley, and over the Khiwak pass to Anderib. 2. The west road by the Enshia valley, and over the Hindu Kush Pasi to Ghori. 8. The south-west road up the Ghorband valley and over the Hajiyak (H&jigak) Pass to B&miin. The first of these roads> he continues, was taken bj Aiexander on his march into Baotriana from the territorj of the ParopamiaadfD, and by Timor on his invasion of India. It was also crossed by Lieut. Wood on his return from the sources of the Oxos. The second road, he supposes Alexander to have followed on his return from Baotriana, as Strabo mentions the choice of another and shorter route over the same mountains. The third was taken by Ohangiz Kh&n after his capture of B^in; bj Moororoft and Burnes on their journeys to Bokhara ; by Dr. Lord

and Lt Wood when driven back by the snow from the Eushin pass, and wti surveyed by Sturt in IS40 after its sueoessfnl passage by a troop of horseartillery.

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401 From Hindustan five roads are practicable. 1. Karpah, which after traversing two defiles, leads to Jalaldbdd. This rente is not mentioned by Bdber and doubtless was not used in his time. 2. Khaihar^ this was formerly somewhat difficult, but by the command of His Majesty it has been made easily practicable for wheeled conveyance, and at the present time travellers from Turin and India take this route. ^ 3. Bangash which is reached by crossing the Indus at the Dhankot* ferry. 4. Naghr. 6. Farmulf by which the Indus must be crossed at the Ghaupdrah ferry. Eleven languages are spoken in this province, each nationality using its own, viz.^ Turkish, Mughal, Persian, Hindi, Afghani, Pushtu, Pardchi, Geberi, Bereki, Lamghdni and Arabic.^ The chief tribes* are the Hazdrahs

" The S. nl M. stafces that by the command of Nidir Sh&h, after his conqaest of Kibal, the Afghilns made the Khaibar pass broad enough to allow 40 horsemen to ride abreast, and it was so swept and cleared that travellers were nnioconvenienced by thorns and stones. Behind his commands was the sword. The Karpah or as Elphiostone writes it, Oarrapa Pass is in the Mohmand oonntrj, bat seldom traversed on acconnt of its ragged defiles and the freqaent crossings OTor the stony and rapid fords of the Cabal river, (p. 365). ' Erskine writes the word Dinkot and locates it 'near " Khushalghar " or "perhaps Kalabagh." The road from Ghanpilrah to Farmnl was probably the direct road from Kanig^ram to Urghun. Ghaaparah itself he places near " Kagalwala'* on the Karram. ' Baber adds Pashii ; Gabri is said in the Khal&sata'l Ans&b, to be a place in Bajanr. Dom, p. 131.

See Vol. I, p. 871. The meaning there given to i5^' does not apply here. The word is constantly ased by Bdber cither alone or in conjunction with n and Ulus, as at pp. 77, 138, 140, to signify the wild nomad tribes of the country. At p. 151 is the following passage : *' As in Khorasfin and Samarkand, the possessors of the Wolds are the Turks 51

and Aimiks, so in this country, (Kiibal) the inhabitants of the Waste are Haz<iras and Afghilns. The most powerful of the Hazaras in this territory, are the Sultdn Masaiidi Haziras^ and the most powerful of the Afghiins are the Mehmend Afghans." This interpretation is also confirmed by Dora who in his annotations on Part 1st of his History of the Afghans, p. 67, refers to this passage of the Ain i Akbari in discussing the origin of the Haziras and Afghdns. The general name of Aimdk or Eim&k has become the special designation of a particular cl aster of sopts. The author of Ansdbn&mah i Afdghinah employs the term *al3Ujjf plural of O *i^^ ia the meaning of tribes, and in another passage speaks of the Char Aimdk consisting of 60,000 families. De Goignes (Hist, des Huns. I. Part II, p. 9) gives the eponymous founders of these four tribes or Aim&ks and the curious origin of their names, bat he is in error in making Nikodar the gprandson of Hulagu (I. 283). Nikodar took the name of Ahmad Khin and according to D'Herbelot was the 9th of the Moghal Emperors of the race of Ghengiz Ehdn. He reigned from A. D. 1282 to 1284. Durn places the event related by Abul Fazl between A. H. 644647. Elphinstone (Cibul) doTOtes an interesting chapter to the

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402

and Afghans^ and the pastmage of the oountrj is in the hands of these two clans. The Hazdrahs are the descendants of the Chaghatai army, sent hj Manku Kddn to the assistance of Huldku Khdn, These troops were sent to these parts under the command of his son Nikoddr Oghlitn, Their settlements extend from Ghazni to Kandahdr and from Maidan to the confines of Balkh. They nnmher more than 100,000 families,^ the third part of which consists of cavalry. They possess horses, sheep and goats. They are divided into factions, each covetous of what they can obtain, deceptive in their common intercourse and their conventions of amity savour of the wolf. The Afghdns consider themselves the descendants of the Israelites, They assert that their remote progenitor, named Afghan,^ had three sons, viz., Sarahan to whom the Sarahani clan trace their lineage; the second, Ohv/rghusht from whom the Ghurghustis claim descent, and the third Bat an to whom the pedigree of the Bafani tribe is ascribed. From these throe branches they developed into their several clans, each distinguished by its eponymous tribarch. The following septs unite in SARABAN, ru., Tartn, Baraich^ Miydnah, Kharshtn, Shirdni, t/Vwiar, Kdsi, Jamandy Kheshgi^ Katdniy^ Khaltl, Mohmandzai, Ddudzai, YtMufzai, Kaliydni,* and Tarkaldni, From GHUflGHUSHT spring the Surdli (var. Surani), Jilam, Orakzai, Afrtdiy Jagtdniy Khattakiy Karardniy BdwaVy Mansuhy KdkoTy Ndghar,

Aimiks and Haz&rahs. The former, h^ BSkjBy live in oamps, called Orde, derived from the Turkish Ordu from which name is derived the lingua franca of HinduBt&n and oar English word, ' horde.' De Gnignes applies the same name to the palaces of the four pdndpal wives of OhengzKWin. (III. 70.) * Lit. honses; the Tartars reckon the numbers of their families by households, tents and sometimes by kettles, Erskine's B&ber. ' In Dom, Abddr Bashid, sumamed Path&n. See p. 41, Part II, and annotations for these genealogies. Ba^an according to Dom is more frequently written ipHi and sometimes (j^f. The tribal ramifications are given by Niamat-u'llah in considerable detail which it is unprofitable to transcribe and may be pursued in Dom, in Elphinstone's Ciibul, and Sherring's Tribes, Vol. II.

* According to the Khnli^at-u'l Ans&b (Dorn, p. 127) the Kat^nis possess no territory but are scattered in single families. From Niiai descend the H6sakhail, Isakhail, Sambal Saharangfa, conjointly called Niibis: they reside

about the town of Makhad on the banks of the Indus as far as Dera Ismad Khin. The descendants of Pani reside about Shik&rptir. Another aooonnt places them, after their expulsion fh>m their country, about Jeypdr and Jodhpiir where they subsist by traffic and carry merchandise to the Deccan. Nighar's descendants reside about Dera Ghizikhdn, and Kikaris near yandahir. The word ' zai' or 'zacy ' as Baverty writes the word, signifies ' son,' and answers to Mac, Fitz, and O. Suffixed to the tribal name, it means ' a man' of the par* ticular clan. Probably a misscript for Gagiy^bL

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403 Bdniy Uaswini, Pani, and Tdran, To BAT AN are ascribed fche Ohilzai, Lodiy Niydzly Lohdnty S^r, Bani, Sarwdni and Kakbor.^ It is said that Moht Ali^ Ohdri whom the Afghans call Mat^ had illicit iniercoarse with one o the daaghters of Bafan. When the results of this clandestine intimacj were about to become manifest, he preserved her reputation bj mairiage, and three sons were bom to him, viz.y Ohilzatf Lodi, and Sarwdni, Some assert the Afgh&ns to be Oopts^ and that when the Israelites came to Egypt from Jernsalem, this people passed into Hindustan. The ti-adition is too long to be condensed within narrow limits, bat it is noticed in passing as a fanciful digression. There are many wild tribes, such as the Khwdjak Khizri, Kakshdl, Matddni, Uzbekf Kalatki, Pardnchi, Nilpurchi, Bakderi, Bahsudiy Stdibdi^ Tufa^ kanddz (matchlockmen), Arab, Gilahbdn (shepherds) and Tukbai but not as numerous as the first mentioned, and most of them at the present time have become settled colonists. The Oity of Kdbul is situated in the fourth climate. Its longitude is 104 40, * and its latitude 34 30/ It is one of the finest of ancient* cities, and is said to have been founded in the time of Pashang. It possesses a double earthwork fortress of considerable strength. To the southwest of the fortified town is a low hill which is a source of much beneficence, called Shdh Kdbul,^ doubtless with reference to an edifice erected

* Var. Oakbor.

' According to Dom, Shdh Hasain, Prince of Ghor, (pp. 46, 48, Part II.). Mata was the name of Shaikh Patni's daughter and Shdh Husain not being of Afghda extraction, his descendants were called by the maternal name of Mati. The name of Ghilzai was given on acconnt of the clandestine amour, ' ghil ' signifying thief, and ' zai * bom, a son. * This is taken, according to Tiefifenthaler, from the Fortunate Islands. Its true position is long. 69"" 6' E., lat. 84'' 3(K. This meridian is the subject of a later portion of the A. A. * It says nian that sary was the old capital of the country, Cunningham, before the Macedoconquest, and Ibn Haukal states inauguration at Kdbul was a necesqualification for goyernmeut in a

king. TiefFenthaler names 4 gates, vin.^ Lahor, Kdbul, Ifglbandi and Fatmthi, adding that near this last was an ancient castle with mud walls. It was pulled down by A^med Abddli, and the houses in front of the Fatouhi gato razed to the ground. A now fort was then erected of brick work ' sur un lieu elev^,' and its garden laid out by the governor. * Erskine says that there is a hill south of Kdbul on which ^dbil (Cain) the founder, is said to have been interred, but the only hill south-west is that known as Bdber Badshdh where Bdber himself was interred, and is the great holiday resort of the people. Bdbor's description is as follows : " There is a small ridge which runs out from the hill of Shdh Kabul and is called Al^dbain, and there is besides another small hill on which stands

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404 upon it by one of its former kings. Upon its sammit stands the citadel,

and there was a separate ridge^ nancied Akdbatn. As it somewhat overlooked the fort, it was included within its precincts by royal command. Skirting its base are fair embankments, pleasnre-g irdens and . delightful groves, amongst which the Shahr Ard (Pride of the City) are especially beantifnl. The city is watered by two streams. One of these, called the Jui Khatibdn, enters from Lalandar and flowing through the Shahr Ard passes by the city ; the other, ' the Jui Put i Mdstdn^^ more wholesome and limpid than the former, from the narrows of the Deh % Ygtkuh winds past the Delhi Gate and runs on to Beh % Mgtmurah. Near this a canal called Mdhum Anagah^ has been brought, which is of extreme convenience, and adjacent is the Qulkanah quarter fair to the eye and dear to the heart. From the hill (of Shah K4bul) flow three streams citywards ; at the head of one is the shrine of Khwdjah Hamu ;* the second, according to popular belief, had been visited by the prophet Khizr ; the third is over against (the tomb of) Khwdjah Abdu's Samad known as Khwdjah Eoshandi, The wise of ancient times considered Kabul and ^andahar as the twin gates of Hindustan, the one leading to Turkest&n and the other to Persia. The ens tody of these highways secured India from foreign invaders, and they are likewise the appropriate portals to foreign travel. In Kdbul as well as in Samarkand and Bokhara, a parganaJi which comprises towns and villages is called a Tumdn,^ The Tumdn of Bigrdm is called Parashdwary the spring season of which is delightful. Here is a shrine greatly venerated called Korhhatri^^ visited by people especially jogis from distant parts.

the citadel. The fortified town lies on the north of the citadel." Erskine identifies AV^bainwith that now called Ashikdn Arifin, which oonueots with Baber Badshah. The Bala Hissir is on the same ridge farther east and sonth-east of the town. The beneficence of the Sh6h Kabnl mentioned in the text, is dae to three streams that issue from it, two of which are in the vicinity of the shady and retired Gnlkanah, the scene, as Bdber not regretfully notes, of many a debauch. The position of the citadel and of the conjoined hills, has been carefully described by Forster. Travel8,p. 73. * I read ij^j^ {^. and would so amend the text.

' It is a canal derired from the riTer Logar as it enters the plains of Shevaki and has a course of about five miles. I. G. 'The name of Akbar's nurse (Anagab) who attended him from his cradle and exercised a backstair influence that affected many political fortunes. See Vol. I. 323 and note, and Vol. I. 90 of Mrs. Beveridge's Translation of Count Nocr's Kaisar Akbar."

Var. Samu, but Biber, Shams. * And Bdber adds that in Andejin, K^shghar and the neighbouring countries, it is called Urchin, This shrine, is mentioned by Biber as one of the holy places of the Hindu j(5gis who came from g^reat distanoes to

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405 The Tumdn of Neknxhdl is one of the dependencies of Lamghdn. The residence of the governor was formerly at Adinahpur bat is now at JeldldhM, There is here no snowfall and the cold is not so severe. Nine streams irrigate the cultivated lands ; the pomegranates have no seed-stones Near Jeldldbad is the Bdgh % Safd^ (The Garden of Purity) a memorial of Baber, and adjacent to Adinahpur is the Bdgh % Wafd (The Garden of Fidelity) another relic of the same monarch. To the south lies the stupendous range of the Safed koh (The White Mountain) with its perpetual snows from which it derives its name. In this neighbourhood is a low hill^ where when it snows in Kdbul, a similar snowfall occurs.

cnt off their hair and shave their beardi at this spot. He rode oat to BigHim to see the great tree bat was not shown the shrine in 1605. Fonrteen years later his onrioeity was gratified. Gor Ehatri was once a Baddhiat monastery, (I. G.) then rebuilt into a Hindu temple, and now used as a sardi. I refer the reader to the Gazetteer for a sketch of the ancient and modern history of Pesh&war. His cariosity may be farther gratified or coDfouoded by the learned details of Canningham of this ancient capital of the Gandh&ra kingdom. Qor or Kor Khafrif (the Grain Merchants' Hoase,) he says, was applied to a cell in the Ranig&t hil], sixteen miles north of Ohind, as well as to the great vihdra of Kanishka at Peshdwar which is mentioned in the Memoirs of Bdber. Peshawar was also fortanate in possessing, daring the first centuries of the Christian era, the begging-pot of Bnddha and the holy p{pal tree which had shaded the great eremite when ho predicted the

coming of the king Kanishka. Var. N^knihdr ; in the I. G. Nangni/tdr and by B^ber Nangenhdr, or Nekerhar, the district south of the K&bal river in the province of Jelilldb&d, that on the north, bounded on the west and east by the Alingar and Kunar rivers, being Lamghdn. It lies along the Kdbul river on the south, and the name is said

to mean * nine rivers.' The I. G. affirms it to be a distortion of the ancient name of ITagarahdra, identified by Lassen with the Nasfara of Ptolemy regarded by Cunningham as identical with JeUlaWLd. A.dinahp(ir is south of the Kibol river A. garden of this name was planted by Biber at Keldeh-KehAr (Kuller Kaher) near Pind Dddan Khdn, eleven years after that of the Bdgh i Wafd near Adinahpur south of the Kdbul riyer. It was situated 10 hoa from Bahrah in the middle of the hill of Jud on a level plot of ground in the centre of which was a lake which received the water of the surrounding hills and was about five miles in circumference. Bahrah or Bhira is marked in the maps 20 Jlco from Kuller Kaher, but the name is said to be common in the district. I find mention of no other Bdgh i J^afd nearer Jeldldbdd. Jfid is apparently a spur of the Salt Range. Bdber states that the tribes of Jdd and Janjtjhah descended from a common ancestor, are the ruling races of the district and of all the tribes between the Sind and Bahrah. The hill received its name from its supposed resemblance to Mount Ararat, (Jddi). Bdber is more explicit. *0n the south of the fort of Adinahpur is the 8urkh-rud (runs into the Kdbul river between Jagdalik and Gandamak). On

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406 The Tumdn of Mandrdur : monkeys here abound. The Alishang ri^er uniting with the Alingdr joins the Bdrdn^ while the Oheghdn Sardi river flowing through the north-east quarter enters KatSr,^ The Tumdn of Alishang is surrounded by lofty mountains covered with snow in which is the source of the ^^ishang river. The inhabitants are called Kafirs, In the vicinity is a tomb asserted by the people to be that of Ldm the father of Noah, called also Lamek (Lamech). The people here pronounce the kdf like a ghain, and hence the currency of the name (Lamgh&n). The mountainous Tumdn of Najrdo^ also is peopled by the kdfirs. Instead of lamp they burn the chilghozahfi There is also an animal called the Flying Foxy^ which flies upward about the height of a yard* There is also a rat which exhales the smell of musk.^ Oharkh is a village of the Tumdn of Loghar which gives its name to Maulana T^kuh Oharkhi, Sajdtoand is also one of the well-known villages of this Tum4n The mountains of the Tumdn of Badrdo^ are the home of kdfirs and wild H&zarahs and Afgh&ns.

the north is a detached mass of mountain dividing Nangenh&r and the Lamgh&nAt. Wherever it snows at Kilbnli the snow falls also on the top of this mountain by which means the people of the Lamgh&n&t can tell when it snows at KdbnL Briber's words are : * The river of Gheghansarlii, after passing through Eaferistto from the north-east, unites with the river B^n, in the BaliHk of K&meh and then passes onwards to the east.' ' It lies north-east from Kibul in the hill country according to Biber, who adds that their inhabitants are wine drinkers, never pray, fear neither God nor man, and are heathenish in their usages. The seed of the Finns gerardiana ; the cone, which is as big as a man's two fists, and also the tree itself, said to be derived from chihal * forty* and ghoua a *nut.* Sansk. ^^T + #t^. Copied from B4ber whose account is as follows : " It is an animal larger than

a squirrel with a kind of leathern web stretching between its fore and hind

feet like a bat's wing. It is said that they can fly a bowshot from a higher tree to a lower one. I myself have never seen them fly, but have let one go beside a tree which it quickly clung to and ascended, and when driven away, expanded its wings like a bird and came to the gfround without injury." This must be the flying squirrel, which does not fly though wing-handed, but is supported by its membrane as it leaps. * Bdber likewise mentions the muskrat, but adds that he had never seen it ; whence Erskine suggests the inference that it may not have been as common in India in his day as it is now. Perhaps the upper part of Tugow now called Bihighii. Charkh is now called Charkh Boraki. The geography of this part of the country may be followed in Elphinstone's C4bul, Cap. II, 94.

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407

sitaated intermediately between the tomd this tract about the beginning of spring and

The Tumdn of AUa\ is and cold belts. Birds cross good sport is had. The Tumdn of Bangash^ furnishes 7,000 Cavalry and 87,800 Infantry, viz.:

Mohmand ... Khalil, ... Ddudzai, ... Oagiydnty,..

Muhammadzaif Sdni, Utmdnkhail, Ohilzaiy ... KhizrkhaUf ShSrzddy ... Kharguniy^ KhaUakiy... Abdu'r Bahmdni, Afridiy Oruky (Orakzai)

The Tumdn of Oardes^ has a strong fort, part three and four stories high.

Cavalry. 500 600 3,000 600 400 100 60 100 30 20 10 200 100 600

600

Infantry. 600 6,600 37,000 4,500 4,000 1,400 850 2,900 950 1,400 200 4,000 2,500 10,500 5,500

6,510 82,700 The bouses are for the most

* B4ber, Alah-sdi^ which Erskine gays is now called Tngow. ** It lies two or three farsangg east of Najr&o from which yon advance straight towards Alah-s&i." Baber places it between the cold and warm belts, and says that the birds take their flight across in the spring. Fowlers sit behind, scream and raise nets as the flights of fowl approach and intercept them. In the winter season the birds come down to the skirts of the hills and if in their flight they happen to pass over a vineyard they are no longer able to fly and are canght. A similar story is told of some fields near Whitby. (Kotes to Hacmion.) The pomegranates

of Alah-R^i are famons in the country, and are sent to Hindostin. Ocoapies the lower grounds from

Gardes to Koh&t. B^ber says it is infested by Afghin robbers such as the Ehngliini, Khirilchf, Buri and the Linder. Var. KharkdU. Upwards of eixty-five miles southeast from E&bul. B&ber says that the Daroghi of the Ttimim of Zdrmat, south of Kibol and south-east of Qhazni, resides at Gbxd^z which is not named as a separate Ttim6n. Next follows the Tdm4n of Farmul omitted by Abul Fazl. It \b notable only in the fact that the Shaikhzldahs, who were treated, as

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408

Ghazntn is situated in the third ciimatB, and is also known as Zdhul, and was the capital of Sultan Ma^mdd, Sultan Shahdba'ddin and several other monarchs. This territory was formerly called Zabnlistin, and some reckon ](Candahdr as included within it. Here is the last resting-place of ffaUm Sandi^ and many other saintly personages. The winter season is said to rd^emble that of Samarkand and Tabriz. A river* runs from north to south which waters all the arable tracts. The cultivators are put to great trouble as fresh soil has to be supplied each year to fertilize the land and it becomes then more productive than that of Kabul. The metal called rtitn^ is here abundant and is imported into Hindustan. In the time of Baber there was here a tomb which shook whenever the praises of Ma^ammad were recited. The investigations of acute observers discovered that this was effected by the fraud of relic -mongers. There is also a spring into which if any filth be thrown, a thunderstorm ensues with a fall of snow and rain.* The Tumdn of Daman % koh^ has a profusion of flowers and its spring and autumn are matchless in beauty.

B&ber says, with snch distmgaisbed favoar in Hindastan daring the time of the Afghans, were all of Farmul and descended from Shaikh Mnhammad Mosalm^n. ' This tomb is mentioned by Elphin-

stone, Cibnl, 433. He was a mystic of high authority and repnte whom the gfreat Snfi Maalan& H(im looked up to as his master. He flourished under Bahr&m Sh&h son of Mas^tid Shdh of Qhazni (A. D. 1 118-52) to whom he dedicated his Hadikat ^\ Halpiilf:. He left also the usual Diwiin which is necessary to every Persian poet's fame or ambition. He is said to have died in 1131 at the age of 62. Orient. Biog., Beale. ' Ghazni is situated on the left bank of a river of the same name. It runs north to Loghar and joins the E^bul river. Biiber says it may be large enough to drive four or five mills. * Composed of four sere of copper to li of lead. See Vol. I. p. 41.

* Albirdni in his Chronology, Chap. XIII alludes to the '* famous well in the mountains of Farghina" which causes rain if contaminated and adduces several similar traditions. Bdber says that he made strict inquiry for the well but no one could give him the slightest information abont it. The discovery of the fraud at the tovnh is due to his observation. A scaffolding had been erected over it, so contrived, that it could be set in motion when any one stood upon it, so that a looker on imagined it was the tomb that moved. He directed the persons who attended the tomb to come down from the scaffolding, after which no number of prayers or praises could persuade it to stir. This beautiful plain is better known as Koh Ddman the hiU sUH of the Paghmdn range. The gardens of Istalif at its north extremity, gay with flowers, its limpid ice-cold streams, the Arghwin trees with their vivid blossoms of scar-

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409

In the T4mdii of Qhorhand the variety of floral hues is beyond expreaBiOD. Three and thirty species of tulips here bloom and one kind named the rote-scented tulip breathes the fragrance of the bl ash-rose.^ Mines of silver and lapis-lazali are also fonnd. Near the mountains is a sandy tract called Khwdjah B4g i Batodn^ and from this quicksand, the sound as of drums is heard in the summer time. In the Tiimdn of Zohdk and Bdmidn, the fortress of Zohdk is a menument of great antiquity, and in good preservation, but the fort of Bamian is in ruins. In the mountain-side caves have been excavated and ornamented with plaster and paintings. Of these there are 12,000 which are called Suniaj and in former times were used by the people as winter retreats. Three colossal figures are here : one is the statue of a man, 80 yards in height ; another that of a woman 50 yards high, and the third is that of a child measuring 15 yards. Strange to relate, in one of these caves is placed a coffin containing the body of one who reposes in his last sleep. ^

let and yellow seen in no othor parfc of the country, its gproves of oak and spreading plane trees have excited the eloquent admiration of Bilber. ^ It is needless to say that the nomenclature of native flora by Persian or Indian writers is extremely unscientific and vague, and beyond a few woll-known kinds, the rest are indiscriminately oxpressed hy a shuffling of the few botanical terms they possess, and the same name does duty for more than one flower. Thus nasr^n is the eglantine and the narcissus ; Idlah the tulip and the red poppy and the prefix of gul which means both 'rose' and ' flowor' increases the confusion. Again * raydhin plur. of ^ rayhdn* means particularly the Ocymum 6(ut2eum, hence any sweet smelling shrub, and further extended in a general sense to flowers of any kind. A glanco at the Abul Fazl's description of tho flora of India at p. 82, 1st Vol. sufficos to show the breadth and freedom of his treatment. This large licence of expression in Oriental writers may be perhaps considerately permitted in their translators. ThiB acconnt of tho tulips is 52

taken directly from Bdber's Memoirs who mentions that he himself thus named the tulip alluded to in the text. He also noticed in the skirts of the same hills below Parwdn, the Idlah i fad barg or

hundred-leaved tulip, found only in one narrow spot emerging from the straits of Ghorband. This flower Erskine calls tho double poppy. The etymology of Ghorband is giren by Bitber from band a steep hill pass, and ghor the country to which it mainly leads. This is mentioned by Biibor. The namo of Khwdjah RSg i rawdn (Khwdjah quicksand) appears in tho margin of Blphinstone's Turki copy of Baber's Memoirs as that of one of three personages known as the 8eh Ydrdn or Three Friends who have given this nnmo to a fountain in the Koh Daman (Khwdjah Seh Yardn) mentioned byBdber. The other two are Khwdjah Maudud Chashti and Khwdjah Khawond S^id, p. 147. * The punctuation in the text is clearly misplaced. The asterisk after J^ v^ should be removed and intervene between {i^irih and e^, the former word losing its izdfat. Moorcroft describes

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410

The oldest and most learned of antiqnarianfl can give no aooonnt of its origin, but Buppose it to be of great antiqtiity. In days of old the ancients prepared a medicament with which they anointed corpses and consigned them to earth in a hard soil. The simple deceived by this art, attribute their preservation to a miracle. The territory of Kdbnl comprises twenty Tiimdns. The Emperor B4ber in his Memoirs sets down the revenne at twenty lakhs of Shahrukhis, inclusive of Tamgha^ imposts, equivalent to three laJcha and twenty thonswid Akbar Shdhi rupees, the rupee being reckoned at forty ddm$.

these idols with hifl usual aoouraoy of observation, (II, 887). The andexit city of Bimiin oaUed Gnlgnla stood on a conical hill pierced with caves. Two colossal idols are cut out of the rock opposite the hill on which the city stood. The larger, said to represent a male, is

called Sang-sal, the smaller called Bhakmuma, is said to he a female, bat the general appearance indicates no difference of sex. Thej stand in recesses cnt out of the rock; and both have been mutilated. The height of the smaller figure is 117 feet ; and the larger is probably a third more. Dead bodies have been occasionsJlj found in subterranean chambers which have fallen to dust on exposure to the air. Moorcroft is convinced from his intimate acquaintance with the monasteries of Ladakh and Ohanthan, and from the character of the painting and sculptures, that Bimian was the residence of a great Lama bearing the same relation to the Lamaism of the West as Lassa does to the East. The excavations which were connected by means of galleries and staircases, constituted the accommodation of the higher orders of the clergy and the insulated cells were the dwellings of the lower monastic society. The word Shakmuma, he considers a probable corruption of Shak-muni. Bumes, eight years later, visited Bimiin, and gives the

height of the lai^ger figure as 120 feet and an illustration of the idols as he saw them. He records the plastering and the vivid colours of the paintings bat his opinion on their origin has little to recommend it. Masson (Joum. A. S. Soc. 1886, p. 188) ascribes them with a confidence not shared by his readers, to the Bassanian age and dynasty, A. D. 220. ^ Inland tolls. See Vol. I. 189, but Bdber's words are : " The amount of the revenue of Kibul, whether arising from settUd lands or reused from the ui^itants of the waste, is eight lajths of Shdhrukhis." The word * twenty ' '^-ij must b^ a copyist's error for *2*-A eiglit, as the Akbar Shihi rapee being equal to 2} Shfihrukhis, the whole would give exactly three lakhs and twenty thousand rupees. The word tamgha on the case in point, occurs later at p. 172 where Baber says, with reference to one of his officen. ** The revenue of K<bnl arises from a Tamgha. This tamgha I bestowed on him, and made him at the same time Darogha of K&bul and Pan jhir, gave him the property tax levied from the Hazrahs and conferred on him the office of

Oaptain of my Guards." Erskine notes tamgha as the stamp tax. All animals, goods, clothes <bc. brought into the country are stamped or marked and a tax collected.

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At the precient time notwithstanding the remission of varioas taxes, by the blessing of this ever-daring role, the revenue has reached the amount of six krdrsy seventy-three lakhsy six thousand, nine hundred and eighty-three ddms. (Rs. 1,682,674-9.) The increase is to be attributed to the improved state of the cultivation, and also that Farashdwar and Athtaghar^ were not included in the former account, and lastly, that the revenue officers of that time were not as capable as they are at present. Sarkar of Kdhul. Containing 22 Mahals : Revenue 80,507,465 Ddms in money : Suyurghdl 137,178 Ddms. Cavalry, 28,187. Infantry, 212,700. City of K4bul Revenue, 1,275,841 Ddma. Cavalry, 7,000. Infantry, 15,000. Dependenoie$ east of KdhuL

Tdmin of Bignrim Neknih&l (Nangnihlr) Bnldk i Kdmah (not recoiled)

Bevenue. D.

9,092,410 11,894,008

Sayilrghil, D.

1,224

200

6,000

Tribes.

North.

Bevenne. D. SuyfirghiU. D. 1 1 Tribes. Tm&n of Mandr&ar, ... 2,684,880

60

600

^liahang, ... 8,701,150 1948 60 6000 ^^lishiliig. Lamgh&L AUngir, ... 1,644,670 ... 600 1000 Biil6k Najrio, 2,046,451 . 8000 8000 K&ar. Tdm&n of Loghar,

8,193,214 22,960 60 600

Badr&o, ... ... 418,886 60 600 ... * AlsAi, 600,000 ** ... 5000 Dilaz&k. Panjhir (Panjahip), 461,940 ** ...

36,000 Pani.

' A oorraption of Hashtnag^, now a tdhea of the Peshiwar district. The "eight towns" of which it was composed were Tangi, Shirpao, Umnai, Torangzai, Usmilnzai, Bajnr, Ohdrsada

and Paring. The last two are seated close together in a bend of the Kihul river and the sites of all are shown in Map IV. of Cunningham's Anot. Ckog., p. 46.

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412

South.

Bevenne. D. Snydrgh^l. |' D. S i Tribes.

7,087

Tdmin of Bangash, 8,332,347

87,800 Afghin. Kohat, (var. Kohast. Kar-

bast.) 701,620 ... 800 6000 Orakzai &o. Naghr (var. Naghz.) 864,000

... 1000 7000 Afghan. BavtikhaU.> Gard^z, 2,030,002 ! 200 1000 Afghin. Maiddn, 1,606,799 J, 864 2OO0 ... Hazarah Maiditni. Ghajmln, 3,768,642 1,076 1000

5000

West

Berenae. D. SnyupghAl. D. 1 l-H Tribes. Tumin of Farmnl, 325,712

1000 5000

D^man i koh, 16,461,785 ... 60C0 30,000

 Ghorband ... 1,574,760 ... seoo 50C0 Haziirahand Turkom&n. Zohik B^mi^, 861,760 ... 200 1000

In the year 77 of the Flight (A. D. 696-7) Abdu'l Malik b. Marwan removed Umayyah b. j^bda'l Malik from the government of Khurasan and confen-ed it npon Hajjaj b. Yusuf of the tribe of Thakif, and sent Abdullah b. Abu Bakr to Sistan, who levied an army, marched against Ran^h^l king of K4bul. The latter unable to withstand him took refuge in the depths of the mountains. Abdu'Uah not realising the difficulties of his undertaking eagerly pursued. The mountaineers barricading the passes with stone breast-works, blocked his road. The invading force was hardpressed and reduced to extremity through want of provisions. A.bdu'llah was therefore compelled to purchase a retreat with the sum of 700,000 dirhams, equivalent in present money value to 3,00,000 nipees. Shuraih b. Hani in indignation at the compact advanced to an engagement notwithstanding hia being stricken in years, and fell bravely fighting. Hajjaj on hearing of the event, reprimanded Abdullah and removed him from his

Var. Shahu KhaU.

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413 command. In the year 80 (A. D. 699) he appointed AbduV Rahman b. MuJI^mmad Asb^th to conduct the war against Ran^h^l and bestowed on him the government of Sistan and the adjacent territory, ^^bdu'r Ba^^njn on his arrival in Kdbul adopted the former tactics, but prudently occupied each defile with his pickets and pei*forming prodigies of valour, secui*ed a large booty. The difficulties of j the country, however, prevented its permanent occupation. Hajjaj disapproving his retreat sent him a severe reprimand in the following terms : ** Although your exei*tions during the present year have been strenuous, the retribution demanded by your dishonourable retreat is that immediately on the receipt of this letter, you take possession of the country. Should you, through persistence in your own opinions or through fear of the consequences to yourself, refuse to comply and defer operations till the coming year, you are removed from your command, and are hereby required to look upon Ishak b. Mnl^ammad as your commander and to place yourself under his orders." Abdu'r Ralj^m^n, confiding in the strength of possession, disloyally formed a compact with his officers and refusing submission, made peace with the king of K4bul and marched against Hajjaj. The conditions of peace were that ^-^d^'^^^^ ^^ victorious should altogether withdraw from Kabul and in no way molest it, but if defeated, the king should on his part afford him protection and assistance. Hajjaj was enraged at this rebellions conduct, and gave him battle outside the walls of Tustar.^ Abdu'r Ralj^m^n was victorious, and Hajjdj retreated to Bafrah. A second engagement took place in which the rebel was defeated and took refuge in the fortress of Bast^ which was held by one of his lieutenants. This accursed of God and man, with a view to ingratiate himself with Hajjdj, seized him with the intention of surrendering him to Hajjaj. The king of Kdbul, on being informed of the circumstance, set out with the greatest expedition and releasing him, returned with him to Elibul. On several subsequent occasions, with the assistance of the king, he continued the war but without success. In the lunar year 84, (A. D. 703) Ranth61 overcome by the persuasion and seductive promises of Hajjaj, sent 4-bdu'llah to him as a prisoner. The latter resenting the dishonour, whilst on the road, threw himself from a precipice and was killed. In A. H. 107 (A.D. 725-6) under the caliphate of Hishdm b. ^bdul Malik, Amin b. Abdu'llah ^ashari, governor of Khurasdn conquered Ghor,

* Now Shiister in KhozistaiL It was first conquered in A. H. 20 in tha Caliphate of Omar. See my translation of

A. S. Snyuti's History of the Caliphs, p. 136. ' Basht in Lnristln.

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4U Oharjist&D, the territory of Nimroz^ and K&bul and made (the latter) his capital. From that time continnonsly nnder the dynasties of Umayyah and ^bbdsy it was held by the governor of Kharasan, nntil nnder the Sdminis, Alptegin a slave of that Honse, withdrew from their obedience, took possession of Ghaznin and K4bnl and asserted his independence. On his death Sabnktegin ft^ther of the great Maf^mnd succeeded to the kingdom, and it continued nnder the House of Qhazni. From this it passed to that of Ghor and thence into the possession of their slaves, one of whom was T&ju'ddin Eldoz. The kings of Khw&rizm succeeded, yielding in turn to the Great Kddn Ghangiz Kh&n. From him it reverted to Timur and is held by his descendants. May its f<^une, through the enduring justice, unstinted clemency and ever increasing wisdom of the Imperial House, be blessed by an unfading prosperity. ArN 16. The KarSh or Kos. The system of survey and measurement, as promoting the interests of civilization having deeply engaged the attention of His Majesty, directions were issued for the ascertainment of distances and their determination by the standard measure of the kos. The kSs was fixed at 100 tandbsy^ each consisting of 50 Ildhi gaz, or of 400 poles (^J^ bdns) each pole of 12^ gag. Both of these measurements give 5000 gax to the Jcds, Whenever His Majesty travels, the distances are recorded in pole-

^ UBoallj applied to SejesUbi. Elliot. Arabs in Bind, p. 172. ' See p. 61 of this Yolame. This snbjeot 18 disonssed bj Elliot (Races, N.-W. P. II. 194). Cunningham (Anot. G^g. of Ind. App. B. p. 571) and Tieffenthaler (I. 28). To the measurements of Abnl Fazl, I maj add the length of the kda, as fixed by B&ber. On Deo. 19th, 1626 he gave orders, as his Memoirs record, to have the distance measured between ^gra and E&bnl ; that at every 9 ^a, a mindr should be raised 12 gcu in height snrmonnted by a pavilion ; that at every 10 Ttds, a post-house for 6 horses should be placed. The kds was fixed in conformity with the mil according to the following verse in Turki.

Four thousand paces are one mA Enow that the men of Hindust^ call it a hwroh. This pace is a cubit and a half; Every cubit is six hand-breadths ; Each hand-breadth is six inches; and again each inch Is the breadth of six barleyooms. Know all this. The measuring tandb, waste consist of 40 goM or paces, each measuring one and a half of the cubit that has been mentioned and so equal to nine hand-breadths, and 100 of these tandbs were to go to one k68. Erskine adds that the larger ga or pace was 9 band-breadths ; the sm aHer or cubit, 6 hand-breadths.

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415 measnrementB bj oarefnl surveyors, and their oaloulations are audited by the superintendent and inspector. Sh^r Khin fixed the k6$ at 60 jaiibs^ each of 60 Sikandari gag which measurement is employed in the Delhi country. In Mdkoah it consists of 90 tandbs of 60 gaz each and in Oujardt is called the cow kSs, that is, the greatest distance at which the ordinary lowing of a cow can be heard, whioH is put by experts at 50 Jarihs. In Bengal it is called dhapiyah} which is the distance that a fast runner can traverse at one breath. Some assert that it is the distance within which a green leaf placed on the head of one who walks rapidly, will become dry. In ancient tables of measurement bjfarsakh of distances and magnitudes, it is recorded that the circumference* of the globe according to the method of the old geographers, was 8000/ar^A;^, but 6,800 of the modem school, wliile all agree in defining Skfarsahh as three kSs. The former made the hds 3000 gaz, each gaz of 32 digits. The latter fixed it at 4000 gaz, each of 24 digits. The digit with both was the breadth of six ordinary barleyooms placed front to back in succession, and the breadth of each barleycorn was equal to the thickness of six hairs of the mane of a Turki horse. To short-sighted superficial observers, it would appear that these two systems difEer in their estimate of the k6$y but it is clear to the perspicacity of the far-seeing that their conclusion is the same, and the apparent difference is caused by the variance in the number of the digits as may be proved by

the rule of proportion. This consists of four numbers, the first bearing the same ratio to the second, as the third does to the fourth, as for instance, two is to four as eight is to sixteen. Of the properties of this relation one is this that the product of the extremes is equal to the product of the means, as is evident from the example above mentioned. The proof is given in the 19th proposition of the 7th book of Euclid^ where the apparent contradic-

Properly nPtoT. The word is Hindi and not Bengali as might be inferred from the text. It means a short mn according to Wilson's Glossary, about i of a ko$ or half a mile. ' The oircomf erence of the earth, aooovding to onr oalcnlations is 24,897 miles and the farsdkh is aboat 8| English miles; there are of coarse many local variations, ^amdn'llah Mnstanfi, the author of the Nnzhat'nl l^oldb, says that the farsdkh under the Kaianian dynasty contained 3 miles of 12,000 feet : that of

Khwarism was 15,000 yards ; in Azarbijn and Armenia, 12,000 yards, while in the two Ira'ks and the neighbonring proTinoes it was reckoned at 6000 yards, and in some other places at 8000. The diversity is noticed by Pliny. Persoe sohoBnos et parasangas alii alia mensnra determinant. See Ibn Hankal. Onseley. Pref. * The Elements of Enolid were restored to Europe by translations from the Arabic which were began to be made under the Caliphs Hariin and Mamiin

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410 tion is removed. The ratio of 8000 to 4000 is the ratio of 24 to 32. Although the four numbers are here severally distinct, the prodaei of 3000 and of 32 whioh are the extremes, is equal to the product of 4000 and of 24 whioh are the means, namely, 96,000. Thus the result in both is the same, and the discrepancy in the number of yards is through the difllerence in the number of digits. Each farsahh therefore consists of 12,000 gat (of 24 digits) according to the measure of the moderns or of 9000 (of 32

digits) according to the gas of the ancients. The properties and virtues of these proportional numbers are manifold. Among them are the following : If one of the extremes be unknown, multiply the means together and divide by the known extreme, and the quotient is the unknown extreme. For instance in the given example, if 2, the first extreme, be unknown, by multipljdng the means together which are 4 and 8, we get 32. Dividing this by 16, the quotient (2) is the unknown extreme. In the same way, if the other extreme, which is 16, be unknown, by dividing the product of the means by 2, the known extreme, the quotient is 16. Again, if the unknown quantity be one of the means, we divide the product of the extremes by the known mean, and the quotient is the unknown mean. For example, if 4, the first mean, be unknown, by dividing the product of the extremes, which is 32, by the known mean which is 8, the quotient is 4.

at a time when the very namo of that geometrician had disappeared from the West. Na?im'ddiu T^si (s^ P *i ^' ^ <>' this Volnmc) in the preface to his Arabic Edition of the thirteen books of the Elements, describes their original composition by EncHd and the snbseqaeut addition of two books by Bypsidoa who is disguised under the name o ,^j^-^l (probably a copyist's error for ^j j J t g-**'jt ) of Ascalon. The attempts of sacoeedlug geometricians to add to or explain the Elements are enumerated, and the reasons that led to his own. This edition, excellent in type but somewhat faulty in the orthography of the Arabic, was printed in Rome in 1594 and from it I transcribe the enunciation of the proposition referred to in the text.

^liJr ^j:-^ ^yi ^j jjjrf ^kwo

^3 ^^yxJ\ ^J:-^ ^y 4^

t. e. : eV' ^^ ** When four numbers are proportiondila, the product of the let aud 4th the product of the 2nd and 3rd, and if the product of the Ist and 4ith = the product of the 2nd and 3rd, the ratio of the 1st is to the 2nd as the ratio of the 3rd to the 4th." The proof follows. The 7th, 8th and 9th books of Euclid treat of the fundamental properties of numbers on whioh the rules of arithmetic must be founded. The 10th is the development of all the preceding ones, geometrical and aritlv metical. When the modern system

began to prevail, these books were abandoned to the antiquary. In Smith's Dictionary art. Euoleides, the Greek and Arabic editions of the Elements are folly discussed and enumerated.

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417

And if the second mean, 8, be nnknown, bj dividing the prodact of the extremes bj 4, tbe quotient is 8. By the same means the distance and altitude from the base of a given object can be ascertained. A staff of a given height is fixed upright. Its shadow and that of the elevate object are measured. The ratio of the shadow of the staff to the staff is proportional to the ratio of the shadow of the object-height to the height itself. Again, a sfcaff is fixed in the ground in the same line with the height to be measared and regarded from such a point that the line of vision may pass over the top of the staff to the summit of the object-height ; the ratio of the distance from the stand-point of vision to the base of the staff is to the height of the staff as the ratio of th e distance from the same point to the base of the object is to the height of the object. And if the altitude of an object be measured in a mirror or water and the like, a position must be taken whence the incident line of vision may strike the summit of the (reflected) object- height. The ratio of the distance of the reflected summit from the foot of the spectator is to his height as the ratio of the distance of the same point from the base of the object is to the height of the object. And if it be required to find the depth of a well, the observer must stand where his line of vision traversing the brink of the well touches the level bottom of the well on the side opposite to him. The ratio of the distance of the brink of the well from the foot of the observer is to his height as the breadth of the well is to its depth. 1 Some take the harid as the standard measure of length and make.

3 farsakh. 3 mil 12,000 bd^ (pole). 4 gaz, 24 digits.

6 barleycorns. 6 hairs of a mule's tail.

1 harid equal to 1 farsakh 1 mil A hdft 1 gaz 1 digit 1 barleycorn According to the Hindu philosophers 8 barleycorns stripped of husks and laid breadth-ways make 1 digit (angusht), 24 digits n 1 dast (cubit). 4 dast 1 dand (pole or perch) or dhanuh, 2000 dand 1 karSh or kos. 4 karoh 1 yoojana.

> This method of calcalating distance and altitudes is more soientifically given 63

with illastrations in the Sidhanta Siromani of Pandit Bapn Deva.

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418 Some measure by the steps of a woman with a water- jar on her head and carrying a child in her arms, reckoning a thousand snch steps to a kds.

Praise be unto God idiat the institutes of imperial administration hare been completed and a general survey of the Empire, by the aid of dirine grace, placed upon record. The numbers of the tribal contingents and the chronology of the ancient kings with some other particulars have cost considerable labour, and from the conflicting accounts received, I was well nigh relinquishing the task, but the decrees of fate cannot be resisted. I have set down what has best commended itself to my judgment, hoping that it may win lustre from the light of public acceptance and its errors escape the carping of illiberal criticism. End op Volume IT.

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INDEX TO THE SECOND VOLUME OF THK ArN I AKBABf.

[ The nombera refer to the pagea ; . Beang ' footnote.' ]

Aai

^DILABiCD, 223. Aim 8hh, 226, 227. Aidil Shih Ajni, 226. Ailam SlUili, 218. Aifimi, 10. Aa'iham of Edfa, 88 n 1. AbbiB-b-Mafa'b, 85 n 8. Abbaarides, The, 345 n 1, 414. Abdarah route, 400. Adinahptir, 405. Abdul All TarkhlUi, 846.

Abdal Jalil, Al^mad Sanjari, 11. Abdol Mikri, 889 and n 3. Abdul MaHk.b.Marw&n, 412. AbdnUab Aiunir, 844 n 2. ^bdnllah-b-Aba Bakr, 412. AbdnrBashld, 402 nl. Abdor RabnUn-b-Mu^d. Ash^th, 413. Abdnr Baxtilf. of Bind, 346 n 1. .4^, signification of the term, 848 n 2. Abn^ The, 82 2. Abraha, 27 n 1. Abn Ali-b-Maakawaih, 5 n. Aba Bakr Shih, 307. Ab^garh,251, 271. Abd 9mid, A^ad-b-Moi^ammad a^ $aghini, 7n. Abn ^imid al Ghazz^li, 8 n. Abn ^imid An^ari, 8 n. Abu Hanifa, 352 n 1. Abd ^anifah Dinawari, 34 n 3. Aba Is^j^ Bazsdz, 35 n 5. 54

Abn Ul^Hf. Ibrahim-b-^bib, 9. Abd l^iflim Ka*bi, 85 n 7. Abn Mf Bhar of Balkh, 10, 22 and n 2. Abn Mnbammad al Khojandi, 5 n. Abd Mdsa Ash^, 27 w 8, 60, 344 n 2. Abn Na^r Ya^ya b. Jarir at Takriti, 9. Abn Bashid, 12. Abd Bayll^an, 7 n. Abn Baza' Yazdi, 11. Abn Saa'd Abdnl K^rim Muhammad, 9.

Abd Said, Mina, 220 and n 5, 389. Abd Safydn, 34 n 7, 60. Abn Tayyib Sind-b-Ali, 8 8. AbnV A^?, 217 n 2. Abnl Fadhl Ma'aha^llah, 10. Abiia Paraj, 5 , 6 it 7, 83 n 8 5. Abnl Faral^ Sbirdzi, 8 n. Abn'l Fatb a? dfi, 11. Abn'l Fatb Abdnrraj^mdn Sanjari, 11. Abnl Fazl, 2 n 2, 3 n 1, 26 m 2, 86 n 4^ 56 n 8, 63 1, 128 It 5, 146 , 163 n 2, 169 H 2, 172 M 2, 180 n 5, 189 # 2, 214 n 1, 216 n 1, 227 w 2, 240 n 7, 265 n I, 270 It 2, 278 # 3, 280 n 1, 800 1, 309 n 3, 326n 2, 337 n 1, 849 n 2, 359 n 2, 863, 1, 898 n 6, 414 n 2. Abnl ^asan Fdrsi, 35 n 8. Abnl l^asan Tdsi, 9. Abnl l^assan, 6. Abn'l ^nsain, 88 n 1. Abnl j^dsim, 6. Aba'l ^iaim as Saraki, 8. Abal ^iaim KmU, 35 n 12.

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420

Abnl Mabiuin, 81 n 8, 84 fi 8, 85 n 4. Abnl Wafi Ndrhini, n 8. Abu't Tayyib-b-Abdillah, 9. AbysBioia, 27 n 8. Academy, The, 882 n 1. Achtihanhinif an, 288.

Aobh Dal, 358. Adab fi istim&l il ^isib, 10. AdiLb-ul-K^tib, 32 n 6. ^dani Tables, 11. Adam, 15 n 1, 2h Adam, Era of, 21. Adhadi Oanon, 8 n. Adhad-ad-danlah, 4 n 2, 8, 88 n 8. Adili, 221 1 8. Adin&tb, 247 n 2. Adin, B&j6, 877 n 1. Adindera, B^j&, 886. Aditya Ponwr, 215. Adw&r i Kar&in, 9. Afgbdn, 402. Afghins, The, 401 n 4, 404. AiriiBi^b, 118 n 2. Afridi, 402. Afzal, 266 n. 8. Africa, 19 1, 26 it 6. Agni, 214 n 2. Agnikula, The, raoeB, 166, 217 n 2. Agni Farina, 210 n 1, 211 n 1, 215 n 1, 800 nl. Agra, 98, 179, 221, 289 n7, (267,) 278 309, 414 n 2. Agra (dlBtriot), 167. Agra, Sdbah of, 70, 89, 91, 99, 179, 278, 809 n 8. Agra, Sark&r of, 96, 182. AhirB, The, 248. Abmad Abd41i, 408 n 4. A^iiutd Abdul- Jalil Sanjari, 11. A^mad-b-Abdu*llah Jabi, 7. A^mad-b-Md.-b-a^-TaTyib, 9.

A^mad-b-Isl^ak SarakhBi, 9. Al^mad Khin, 219. A^mad of Gnjer&t, 219 and n 1, 220, 226, 261, 264, 267. A^mad of Samar^nd, 220 n 4. A^^mad of the Peooan^ 220.

A\^mad&b&d, 115, 226, 288 n 4, 240, 242, 249, 261, 264. A^adib&d, Sark&r of, 252. A|^mad-b-Sayyr, 85 n 4^ Abmadnagar, 115, 222, 228, 238 and n 4, 261. Abmadpdr, 246. Al^mad Bhih II, 266 n 8, 267. Ahsh&m BhatU Tribe, The, 889. Absan Khin, 226. AI^Ban at Ta^m, 84 n 2. Ahw&zi al, 11. Aimaks The, 401 n 4. Aish, 359, Ma^&m, 859 I. Aj, 271. Ajaipil, 268. Ajas, 864. Ajodhya, 171, 805, 809 n. 8. Ajmere, Sarkir of, 102, 267, 270, 272. Ajmere, 8dbah of, 102, 108, 267,287, 826. Ajmere, 195, 217 n 2, 289, 271, 810. AV&bain, 403 n 2. Akbar, 1 n 1, 86 m 1, 89 n 1, 114 , 117 n 1, 123 ft 1, 126 M 2, 127 n 2, 167 2, 170n 6, 174fi8, 180 n 8, 222 91,225 n 1, 231 n 4, 239 n 1, 241 n, 245 f8, 283 n 1, 811 n 1, 2 d; 8, 815 n 2, 324 n 2, 359 n 2, 880 n, 881 n 8, 393-4 n4.

Ahhar Shdhi C^, 61. Akcheh, 56 and n 2. Akesines, The, 810 n 7. Akhai, 399 n 2. Akkah Bihibi, 11. Akhl&ki Ni^iri, 5 n. A 120. 'Alai, The, of Shirwini, II. Alda'ddin, 8 n. AU'uddin of Bengal, 169 n 3. AU'addin Al Khw&razmi, 11. Ali^nddin Mas'iid Ghori, 298, 804. ^LUUddin, 149, 230 n 1. Alanddin fmdd Sh&h, 238 n 4. 4Llanddin Khilji, 269, 806. AUnddrn ^ilam Shih, 808, 309 and ft I, 885.

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421

Al4iiddm of Kashmir, 877 n 1, 887. 41^'nddm SUh, 217> 226 n^ 268, 879 280,806. Al BanOlnsi, 10. Al Batt&ni, see Battini, al. Al Bedfi, 6. Al Bidijah wan Nih&yah, 34 n 1. Albirdni'fl chronology, 7, 9, 10, 11, 21 n I and 2^ 82 fi 1 and 8, 26 n 2, 27 n

and n 1, 28 *t 8 and 4, 20 fi 8, 81 n, 406 m4. Albirtini*8 India, 7, 10, 11, 18 ft 1 and 4, 20 II 1, 116 H, 121 n 4. Al Binini, 1 n 2, 2 2, 7, 9, 14 n, 20, 21 n 2, 22 notes, 25 n 4. Albnmaser, 10. Aleppo, 7, 19 n 1. Alexander the Great, 28 m 1, 24, 119 and n 1, 296 ft 1, 810 ft 7 811 ft 2, 815 ft 1, 324 ft 1, 889 ft 1, 842 ft, 881 ft 4, 898. Alexandria, 88 n 2. Alexandria Esobata, 119 n 1. Alexandria Opiana, 400 n 1. Al Fadhl-b-Sahl, 9. Al Fasari, 9. Al 9kimi, 4 ft 2. Al H&rtini, 9. Al ^&sib or the Be(d:oner, 7. All, 171 ft 6, 844 and ft 2. AH al Khisin al Marwasi, 11. 4U Beg, Shaikh, 889, 890. 4li-b-Amajdr, 6. AU K^ Khan, 170 ft 6. All Mohio, 851. 4U Sbih of Kashmir, 877 ft 1, 887, 888 and ft 1. Alishang, 406. Al Kindi, 10. Alia, Emperor, 305 n 2. Allahabad, Bdbah of, 78, 89, 115, 151, 170. Allahabad, Sarkar of, 89. AUahabid, 149, 167 n 2, 170 n 6, 179. Almagest of Ptolemy, 8 ft 2, 8, 28, 26. Al Maghfizi was Si jar, 82 n 1. Almanac, definition of, 12, Al Maufdr (Ooliph), 9, 33.

Al M&mtim, see Mimtin. Al Moatadhid (Caliph j, 9. Al Mosta'in, 10. Alor, 827 ft 8, 887 and ft 1, 839 ft 1, 343. Alp Khim, 218.

Alpt^gin, 414. Alptegiir, 414. Alwar, 181. Al84,407. Altmish, Malik, 808 and ft 2. Altodn Khn, 118 ft 2. Alwand, 161 ft 6. Alwar, Sarkir of, 96, 191. Amamath cave, The, 859-60 n 2, 860. Amb^, 267. AnUn, The, 66 and n 1. Amfn-b-i^bdollah ^^hari, 413. Amir Fat^^n'llah Shirisi, 80. Amir Khnsran, 279. Amir Sayyid Mnhd. Ndr Bakbsh, 352 ft 1. Amrioti rill, 868. ^mr-b-Lo^ayy, 26 ft 8. Anagah, 404, n 8. AnangpUl, 800. Ancient Geogpraphy of India, 278 ft 8, 891-2 ft 7. Andhras, Narapati, 280 ft 1. Andejdn, 404 n 5. Anderib, 899, 400 and ft 1. Anhil, 262. Anhilpdr, 262. Anhilwarah, 244 ft 16, 247 n 4. Anqaetil de Perron, 871 ft 6. Ansibnimah-i-afiighina, 401 ft 2. Angara, The, 8 ft. Antiooh, 26. Antonins of Rome, Era of, 26. Apelava, 278 ft 2, 286 n 1 Arabia, 49 2, 110 n 1. Arabian Nights, The, 887 ft 1. Arabs, Eras of the, before IsUm, 26. Arabs, The, 827 ft 3. Ardish Mabfili 122 n 1, 128, ft 2.

Arakan, 119, 120 and ft 1. Arakhosia, The, 120 ft 4. AdLm Sh&h, 808. I Ai*amHie, 248.

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422

Arand, The, 157. Ijayalli, 268 and n 2* Arh, 115 nl. Arba'in, 84 n 8. rohimedes, 2 8, 8 and n 2. rdashir, 28 fi 4. Argfaand^b, The, 894 n 2U Arghun, 29 n 2. Arghwdn tree, 408 n 5 Argyra, 120 n 1, Aristarohas, 2 n 2, 2 3, 8 and n 2. Aristotle, 58 n 1 and 2, 54 fi 1, 881 n 4. Arjnn, 214 n 2, 282, 284, 886w Arkand, 10. Armenia, 415 n 2. Aror, 837 n 1. Arpat, The, 855 n 1. Arrian, 810 n 5, 844 n 2* ArridGBOB, Era of, 28. Ard, 269, 270. A8l, 12. AsiAhir, 228n U Asiba'i, Tables, 11. Asad Tribe, 845 i 1. Aslif, an idol, 26 n 8. A^af Eh4n, 867. Aslif Eh&n, Ehwijah, 88. ABSa7li^,844n2. As Sajnti's History of the GaUphs, 226 n4. Ashik&n Arifdn, 404 n. AshwatthUmi, 226, 271, 284. Asiatio Besearches, 18 n 1, 116 n and n ], 120 ft 5, 210 2, 216 M 1, 268 n 2, 800 M 1, 862 n 1,

Asiatic Sooietj, 88 n 1. Asiatio Society of Bengal, Journal of, 216 n 8, 279 n 1, 864, n 1. Asiatio Society, Joomal of, 1 n 1, 896 n 2. 'Asir, 222, 228 and n 1, 224, 225, 226. Asi, The, 168. Afma'i, 82 n 4. Asoka, 214 n 2, 855 n 2, 882 and 1, 884 nl. Aspen tree. The, 868 n 8. Asper, 56 A 2. Assam, 117 n 8, lia

Anaessment, k}Teniment, 388 n 2. AstrowmUa Jrloboroto, 8 n 2. Astronomy, Indian, 12. A^ Benares, 811 and n 8, 890, 891, 398. ^t^nddin Jnwaini 85 n 14. Ath&r-Ql BOfijA, 1 n 2, 2 f 2, 20m 1. At Tamimi, 10. Attock, 811, n 8. Attok, 119 n 1. Anchar, The, 855 n 1. Angostan Era, 25. Angnstns, 25 m 5. Anrangzeb, 225 1, 280 n ], 831 n 4, 240n4,848nl. Autocracy, 51. Ayanlipdra, 356 n 8. Avatdr, 16 fi 1, 171 Avioenna, 88 n 3, 36 Ayicenna, Chronogram Awadh, 115, 171. Awin, a tribe, 296 n Ayesha, 852 1.

n 8, 281. it 5. on, 86. 1.

Asarbijin, 4 ti 4^ 415 n 2. Ashdark(^, 894.

B.

fAA\ 36. B&b4 N&nak, 324 n. 2. BiU Wali, 324 n 2. Bkh& Zainuddin Bfshi, 859. Bber, 124 n 5, 149, 151 n 1, 170ff 6, 180, 194 n 1, 220 n 5, 221 n 2, 268 n 4, 265, 266 n 2, 281 n 1, 808 n 1, 809, 388 n 1, 346n 8, 848 n 1, 381 n 2, 889 and 93,392n3and4,398i2,896,897A 1 and 4, 898 n 6, 399 n 2 and 3, 400 II, 1, 401 n 8 and4,408n5,404n5 and 6, 405 n 1, 2 and 3, 405 and ns 406 notes, 407 n 1, 2 and 4, 408 and n 2, 409 nl and 2, 410 and n 1, 414i2. B&ber's Memoirs, 124 n 5, 151 n 1, 264 n, 281 n 1, 826 2, 388 n 1, 346 n 3, 348 n 1, 881 n 2, 891 2, 398 n 6, 399 n 8, 400, 402 1, 405 n, 409 n 1 and 2, 414 n 2. Bdb^ri, The, a coin, 886. Bber B&dshah, 408 n 5.

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433

B&briawAr, 247 ft 1. BIbriyas, The, 247, 266. Babylon, Well of, 859. Baobgotifl, The, 163 n 1. Bactria, 119 n 2, 400 n 1.

Badakhahio, 220 n 5, 812, 852 % 1, 899. Bidal, 270. Bdm Cbashmah pass, 899 and n 1. Badion, 280, 309. Badion, Sarkir of, 104, 288. BidheOah, 244. Ba^b^ls, The, 248, 250. Badrio,406. Bada Shah, 868 and n 2. Bigar, 166 n 2. Baghdad, 8 and n 2, 4 and na 1 and 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 82 fM 1, 8, 4 and 5, 60. Bigh^h, 244, 248, 263. Princes of, 260. Bagh i ^4, 405. Waf a, 405. Bagia, Sark&r of, 123, 184. Baglinah, 195, 251, 271. Bigris, The 166 n 2. Bahidor Khn, 170 n 6, 809. Bahldnr Khin Firo\\, 222 n 1,226, 227 Bahadur Shih, 149, 218, 227. SolUn, 846. B4hligh], 406 n 6. Bahin'ddin ZakanyA, Shaikh, 827 and a 2, 385. Ba^,49. Bahjat ol Fikar fi Hall ish Shams wal ^mar, 10. Bahlol, Snlt^n, 170, 280. Lodi, 808, 809 835, 838 and n 1, 889. Bahl<$lp6r, 311. Bahmani dynasij. The, 220 n 1, 238 n 4. Bahhtioh, 69, 172 and n 1, 402. Babrain, 56, 844, 116. Bahrah, 405 n 2. Bahr&m, 308.

Bahriun Gk>r, 210, n 4, 215 n 1. Babroch, Sarkir of, 255. BaihalF, 84 n 8. Baihallpi, al, 84 n 8. Baiha^, Khw&ja Abnl-Fasl, 85 n 2. Baflly, Mr., 13 n 1.

Baiones, 247 n 2. BaitaHUii, The, 219 n 1. Bajaor, 347, 391 and n 7, 392, 398 n 6 401 n 3. B^ tax, 867 n 8. B&karganj District, 116 n 8. B&kharai, al, 34 m 8. Bdkhtar, 278 n 8. Bakshd, 159. BaliMlitTa, Uiji, 886. BHi Hiss&r 404 n. Balandari Kdtal, 391. Balandri, 891 n 4. Balandshahr, 179 n 8, 284 n 2. B&Iap6r, 229. Balan, 362. Balan Nilg, (a pool), 862. Balbbadra, 127 n 4, 318. Baldah, 168 and n 2. Baldeo, 246 n 5. Baligh, The, 8 n. BsMfiy 26 n 8. Balkafi, 47. Balkh, 10, 22, 35 notes 6, 7 and 10, 894, 399,402. Balkhi, al, 35 n 6. Baln&t, 864 n 8. Balnith, 390-1 n 4. Bilnlth (Jogi), 315 and n 1. Bilnath ka Tila, 315 n 1. Baloch, The, 337 and n 8. Bal6t, 308. BaldLma, 250 n 1. Balsir, 243. Baltal, 859 n 2. Baltist^n, 351 n 2. Baliiohistan, 311, 337 f 2 and 8, 341 m 1. Bambhra ka thdl, 336 n 4. B6mi&n, 400 and n 1, 409-10 n 8, (Idols of, 409 n 3.) Banikit, 33 n 4. Bankiti al, 33 n 4. Bandah, 228.

Bandar L&hari, 836. B^ndhd, 157, 195. Bang, 120. Bangihal, 310 n 6.

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ftatigaah, 401, Tdmdn of, 407. B&nih&l, 847, 861. Bani Najr^n, 57. Bani Taghlib, 67. Bani Umayyah, 121 n 4. Banj&rah, 280. Banjar land, 68, 67, 68. Banjir, B&ji, 888. Bdns, The, 414. Banswilah, 195, 251, 267. Bann Diet., The, 898 n 2 Banu Mohallab, 345 n 1. Bann Tamim An^iri, 845 and n 1. Baoria, tribe, 164 n 1. B&P&, 268, 270 n 2. Bappa Rawal, 268 and n 4. B&ra Banki Dist., 174 n 8. Bar&n, The, 406 Bard Singha, The, 858 n 8. Baramola, 856 n 8, (pass,) 859 n 2, 86 n 1. B&rbak, 170 and n 6, 809, 835.

Birbak (Shah), 149. Barbak&b&d, 120, 124, 187. Barbary goat, The, 125, 152. Barcelona, 25 n 5. Bardd, 248 n 8. Barhat fruit. The, 162 n 8. Bdri, 811. Band Sh4hi dynasty. The, 288 n 4. Ban Doib, 812, (Sarkir of, 818,) 326 n 2, 829, 882. B&rik&b, 399 n 1. Barkha season. The, 18. Barkhak&l months, The, 18. Bami, The, 158. Bamagan, 242. Bami, a historian, 806. Baroda, 242 n 18, 248 n 1, 251 n 2, 262 n. Baroda, Sarkfir of, 289, 255. Barra, 244, 248. Barmj, 216. Basht, fortress of, 418. B&sim, 230. B&sim, Sark4r of, 285. Basrah, 82 n 4, 88 n 2, 84 n 7, 60 n 2 and 4, 121. 841 w 1, 344 n 1, 418. Baaa^, 243.

Bastar, 228. BaMi,44 Ba^ilah, 228. Ba^Uh, Sarkir of, 110. Ba^an, 402, 808. Batiyia, 124 n 5. Batiilah, 281. Batiilah, Sarkir of, 237. Bitrak, The, 289. BatULni, al, 4n 8, 8, 28, 25,

Batwah, 240. Banpdr, 810 n 8. Bawan, Spring of, 858 n 4. Bawar Sindh, 861. B&war, 402. Bayinwin, Sarkir of, 188. Bayazid Khan, 149. Baybars, SnltAn, 84 n 4. Bay4hAwi, l^&4i Ni^hAm, 86 n 2. B&yizid, 222. Bayle, Monsienr, 88 n 6. Bayley, 196 243 n 8 and 6, 248 n 2, 8, 262 n 1, tw 2, 8 and 268 n 7. Bizirak rente, 899, 400 and n 1. Bfiz Bah&dnr, 222. Bizohi, 124, 187. Bfizohi, Sark&r of, 121, 124. Bazwal, 861. Beames, Mr., 161 n 1, 168 n 2, 287 2. Be4s, The, 810 n 4, 826 n 2, 326 n 2. Behir, 116, 120, 148, 149, 160 2, 167, 170, 809, 881. Beh&r, Sark&r of, 168. Benires, 61 n 1, 168, 884, 886. Benires, Sark4r of, 89, 162. Bengal, 61 n 1, 116 n 1, 117 notes, 119, 120, 122, 123 n 8, 124 n 5, 126 n 2, 126, 127 n 2, 188 n 6, 146, 148, 149, 150 n 2, 162, 168 n 1, 172 n 1, 180, 219 nl,229nl, 804,806,806,886,416. Bengal, Sdbah of, 116, 129. n 1, 281 n 8, 240 n 4 and 7, 4, 244 n 1, 246, i 1, 24611 251 and n 2, 252 1 and 268 n 2, 264 n and 8, 266 4, 266 iw 1 and 8, 267 n,

Benon AmWjonr, 6. Bentley, Mr., 18 n 1.

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BeHr. Sdbah of, 222, 229, 281 4, 288 f 4,268. Berbrngger, 2 n 2. Bernier, 348 n 1. 'a Yojaget, 856 n 1. BernooUi, 89 n 8, 93 n 2, 121 m 2, 128 1, 214 71 1, 246 n 5, 814 n 1. Beasns, 119 n 1. Be^h, deriyation of, 815 n 2. B^h Jilandhar, 311, Dolb, 828. Bet Jllandhar Doib, Sarkir of, 815, 881. Betwi, The, 196. Beyeridge's, Mn. Akbar, 246 n 1, 404 8. Bejt, 246 n 1. Bhabh6t, 248. Bhidar, The, 245 and n 6. Bhad<5i, 89. Bhadiwali, 809 n 8. Bhadia,281. Bhadrichalam, 228 n 6. Bhadrak, 127, 148. BhadriU hiUs, 810. Bhagd, The, 311. Bhagavata, The, 312 n 4. Bh^girathl, The, 129 n 6. Bhagrat, B&ja, 147. Bhakar, 267, 337 n 1. Bhakkar, 827, 828, 838, 886, Sarkar of, 839. Bhdl ha T{rath, 246. Bhangrdd, The, 124. Bhankdr^, 243. Bhariitoh, Sarkir of, 93, 176. Bharata, B&j, 282. Bharoj, 243. Bhan, The, 161 n 2.

Bhathkhora, Sark4r of, 166. Bhl^t Kand, 246 n 5. Bh^ 116 and n 3. Bhitia fort, 339 n 1. Bhi%a, The, 249. Bhatti^um, 166 n 2. Bha^ Bijpntfl, The, 839 n 1. BhatU, The, 250 n 1. Bhavishya'pitrana, 221 n 1. BhawalpOr, 330 n 2. Bh^h, 811, 322 n 1.

BhilB, The, 246 n 5. ahimaaena, 282. Bhimbar, 810. Bhimbar, The, 822 n 1. Bhimbhar, 347 and n 2. Bhimrdjt The, 125 n 1. Bhiahma, 284, 285. Bhoja, Bij&, 197, 215 n 2, 216, and n 1, 217 n 1. Bhnj, 250. BMim Champah, 229 and n 1. Bhortpdr, 165 n 1. BhntUn, 123 n 6. Bhntesar temple, 364. Biih, The, 804, 310, 311, 812, 826. Biahknnd, 810. Bi&nah, 180, 181, 221 n 2. Bibliotheqoe Rojale, 843 n 2. Bidar, 226, 228. Bidaspea, The, 811 n 1. Bidaata, The, 311. B^gha, The, 61 n 2, 62. BigdLm, 891, 892. Bihat, The, 311, 812, 826 and n 2, 355 and n 4, 356 n 8, 859 n 2, 361, 364 391. Bijagarh, Sarkir of, 112, 196, 204. Bijainand, 215. Bijanag^, 251 n. Bijapiir, 313. Bija Rio, 229. Bijaj M&nik, 117. BijiyiLbhinandan, Bijd, 16. Bikaner, 267, 271, 310, 336. Bikin^r, Sarkir of, 102, 270, 277.

Bikhan Kh&n, 170. Bikr&mjit, 197, 215, 384. Bikrimajit, hia era, 15, BiUl-b-abi fiardah, 60 and n 2. Bil^pnr, 303 n 1. Bildeya Ghaohin, 800. Bilgrim, 178. Bimbar, 347, 391. Bipiaha, The, 310. Biragarh, 228, 230. Biram, 247. Bird, Mr., 263 n 2.

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Bir Sing, 189 n 2Biriin.i-Paiiinad, 825 and n 2, 830, 383. Blrnwi, 863. Bishop Thirlwall, 810 n 7. Biwfah, 62. Biswamitra Bikhesar, 280. Bisujdnsah, 62. BitiJtcW, The, 47. Bloobmann, 14 n, 836 n 4. Bokh4ra, 36 w 5, 220 n 6, 899 n 2, 400 n 1,404. Bolan, The, 837 n 4. Bolan chain, The, 366 n 8. Bombay, 66 n 6. B6rg&<$n, 222. Botanical QardonB, Calcntta, 117 n 8, 124 n 1 and 6, 151, n 4. Brahmi. 18, 16. 162, 171, n 3, I72n4, 231, 318 n 2. 854, 881 n 2. Brahmfi, a day of, 16, 880. Brahma Gay&, 162.

Brahminibfiid, 327 n 8, 886 and n 4. Brahmapnra, 281 n 4. Brahmaputra, The, 121. Brahmiwartknnd, 172. Brihmanical religion abolished, 882. Brthmans, The, 862 n 6, 882. Brahni tribe. The, 837 n 8. Brang, 365. BriggB, 219 n 1, 221 n 8, 222 n, 242 n, 267 n, 306 n 2, 344 3, 862 n 1, 877 n 1, 879 w 2, 880 n, 887 n 2, 388 n 2, 889 n 1, 889 n 2, 890 n 2. Briggs', H. G., cities of Gnjarashtara, 240 7, 241 1 and 2, 382 n 1. Brimo cow, The, 850 n 8. Brinddban, 294 w 1. Bring, The, 356 n 1. British Goyemment, The, 67-8 n 6, 58 n I. Broach, 242 n 7, 248 n 2, 262 n. Bnddha, 260 n 1, 405 . Buddhism, 882. Buddhism of Asoka, 882 n 1. Buddhists, The, 214 and n 2, 882. Budh, 250 n 1. Budin, 336. Bughra Kh&n, 305.

Bugii], 390-1 n 4. Bugtis tribe, The, 337 n 4. Bukh&ri, al, 82 n 1. Bukht Na^^ar, 22, n 8. 6nkepha]a,824nl. Buudelkhand, 176 n 2, 211 n 1. Bundi, 217, n 2. 268 n 1. Bunhar, The, 815 n 1. Bnn^r, 891-2 n 7. Burdawaih, Ibn, 9 n 28. Burgess, Mr., 247 n 2. Bnrhin, 266 and n 8. Burhin |[mid Sh&h, 238 and 4.

Bnrh&updr, 223, 226, 238. Bumes, 899 w 8, 400 n 1, 409-10 8. B^hanj, 11. Bushanji, Abu Ja'far, U. Buwaih, House of, 5 n. By8, 286. Buyide, Family of, 10. Biizj4n, 8 n. Bdzjini, al, 8 n. V-fflSAE, Etymology of, 25, n 4. Cairo, 84 n 4. Calcutta, 117 w 8, 124 n 6, 126 n 1. CambtJu, 118 n 8. Cambay, Gulf of, 241, 245 n 6. Cambridge, 223 n 4. Canon Masudious, 11. Cantin of Avicenna, 37 a* Carnegy, 47 n 3, 66 1. Cashapa, 381 n 2. Cashapmir, 881 n 2. Casiri, 6, 8. Cathay, 118 2. Caussin de Perceval, 26 nS, 27 n 1, 57 n 1. Cave of Jamshid, 894. Cawnpore, 176 n 2. Ceylon, 14. Chaoh, 348 n 1 and 2, 844. Ohachar land, 63, 67. Chacknamah, 843 n 1. Ch&dar, 268.

Chainpiir, 268. Chait, 174 n 1.

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Cbakarh^lah, Sark&r of, 341. Chih-i.B&bU, 358 n 4. Ohdk, 47 n 1. Ohaks, The, 365, 888, 389 n 2. Ohaknimah, 47 and n 1. Cludoedon, 23 n 2. Chalkhaiy The term, 348 n 2. Cbimand, Biji, 262. Ohamir tribe. The, 293 n 3. Ohamba, 303 n 1. Ohambal, 250 n 1. Ohambal, The, 179, 0hdmpd,i62. Ghimpin^, 221, 240 and n 3, 242, 245 nl. Ohimpan^, Sarkfir of, 266. Ohamp4ran, Sarkir of, 152, 155. Champas, 351 n 2. Chanadah, 159. Chanidah, Sarkir of, 89, 165. Chanir, 90 n I, Ohandar, The, 310. Ohanan^*, 230. Chibdi, 230, 232, 301, 302. Chandarbans, The, 163 n 8. Chandarbh^a, The, 310. Chandelfl, The, 169 n 2. Chand^ri, Sark&r of, 112, 201.

Chand^ri, 179, 195, 196. Ohimdo, 386. Chandra Brim, 159 n 2. Chandrap41, 215, 217 n 1. Chandrapira, Rij&, 385. Ghingdeo, 224. Ohangis Khib, 118 n 2, 266 n 3, 400 n 1, 414. See also Jangia. Ohanthan, 409-10 n 3. Ohardmiti, 178. Chirmaghs4r, 400 n. 1. Ghiran tribe, The, 249, 250. Ch4r B^h, 180. Chardin, 393-4 n 4. Charik^r, 400 ra 1. Charkh, 406. Ch^reada, 411 n 1. Chaste woman. The, 383. Chatar k<$t, 358. 65

Chatam&g, 265. Chitwi, 229, 232. Chandhri, 228 n 9. Chanfepi^, 33 n 5. Chavgdnt a game, 303 and n 1. Chanh&ns, The, 163 n 1, 182 n 8, 191 n 1 , 217 and n 2, 270, 300, 302. Chankhfindi, 310. Chanl, 248 n 2. Chanplurah, 311, 393 n 2, 401 and n 2. ChaoBii, 151, 157. Cheghin bbWu, The, 392 n 2, 898 n 6, 406. Chegh&n Ser^ 398 and n 6. Cheghin Serile, 398 n 6. Chenib, The, 110 n 2, 310 and n 7, 311, 312, 325 n 2, 326 and n 2, 347, 385. Ohenhat Do&b, Sarkir of, 321. Ghhati^patii, 123. Chibhdn rente, 347 n 2. Chikar Tirth, 224. Ohilghozah, 406 and n 3. Ohln, 119. China, 12, 13, 20 n, 118 ft 2, 304, 311.

China root, The, 124 and n 6. Oh&ah, 240 n 1. Chitor, 268, 268 n 4, 269, 270. Chitor Rj4 Eombha, 261. Chit<5r, Barker of, 102, 268, 273 . Chitra-c^Ua, 211 m 1. Chitral, 391 n 2. Chittagong, 116 and n 1, 119, 124, 189. Chiser, 305 n 2. Chdprah, 223, 224. Chronograms, 36. Chronology of the EUndns, 13 n 1. Chdriwir, 247. Chnsero, 305 n 2. Ciroamferenoe of the globe, 415 and n I. Climate, 115 n 4. Clysma, 121 n 3. Cocheon-king, 12. Coins, Eashmirian, 354 and n 1 and 2. Commander, The, of the Forces, Dntiea of, 37, Compass, points of the, 859 i 2. Constantine^ 26 n 2.

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Conatantiiu, 26 n 2. Constantinople, 8 n 2, 6 n 1, 268 n 6. Gopemioan Bjstem, Tk9 ^nl, OopemionSi 6 n 1. Coptic Era, 28, 24. Copti, The, 28 n 2, 94 n. Cornwall, 228 n 4. CoemoB, Humboldt's, 86$ n 8. Count Yon Noer, 246 n 6, 4(H f 8.

Court, Generfkl, 8014 n 7. Cowell, Prof., 228 n 4, 279 n 1, 800 8, 818 n 2. Cow E<$8, The, 416. Crops, division of, 888 and n 2. Owndricdc*hanLt 215, n 1. Cunningham's Anct. Geog.^ 168 n n 2, 248 n 6, 278 n 8, ^18 n 4, n 1 and 2, 824 n 1 and 2, 826 n n 1, 889 n 1, 864 n 8, 869 2, 1, 390-1 A 4, 411 n 1, 414 n 2. 8, 22$ 816 2, 827 884-6 n

Cunningham, 118 n 2, 247 i 8, 281 n. 1, 296 n],826n2, 827 8, 380 2, 886 n 1 and n 4, 837 n 1 and 4, 839 n 1, 847 n 2, 848 n 1, 860 n 8, 861 n 2, 864 n 8, 366 n 8, 869 n 2, 862 ^^, 864 8, 866 n 1, 884-6n 1, 891 1| 6, 400 i 1, 408 n 4, 404-6 n 6, 406 n 1. Cunningham, Lada^, 278 n 8, 296 n 1, 803 n 1, 810 n 1 and 7, 311 n. 1 and 2, 816 n 1 and 2. Cup of Grace, The, 389 n 2. Curson's (Russia ^i Central Asia}, 899 n8. Curtius, 887 n 1. Cutoh, Gulf of, 246 n 6, 248 n 1. Cutch, 249 n 2, 260. Cuttack, 61 n 2, 226. Cycles, Khatii, 19 and 8.

D.

rABlSHLtM, 268 ft 2. Dacca, 124 n 2, 180 n. D^chhinpfirah, 868 o 8, 869 n 3. DUdhi B&o, 229. Dihinah, 286 n 2. Dihir of Tat^h, 844, 846. Pahlak, 121.

Dahlakul Ki^bir, 121 4. Dailam, 12. Dailami Tables, 12. Daiman Ehip, 118 n 8. Daitaatar, 14 it. Daityas, The, 14 1. DWiimAn, 860. Daksha, 818 n 2. D41aman, 167 n 2 Dalju, 886, 886 n 1. Dal (or dty lake), The, 865 n 1, 800. Damin, 898 n 8. Daman, 289, 248. Mmanii, 224. Damascus, 4, 7. Damghir pass, Th^i 391. Dam<5dara, 881. Damodar II, 882. D&ndes, Sarkr of, 226. D4ndes, Sdbah qf, 222. Dan^, The, 826 and n 2. Dinishkol, a road, 892. Dankaur, 284 n 2. Dinyil, Prince, 222. D4radas, The, 866 n 8. Darb dialects. The, 861 n 8. Dirdu, 366, 867. Darrung Dist., 119 n 8. Daryi {mid Sh4h, 288 and 4. Dary4 Khia Loh^ni, 809, 346.

Da^aratha, 228 n 4. Dasharah, 46. Dost (Cubit), 128 n 6. Dastdr, 12, 114. Dast^-ul-'Amal, 89 1, U4 n. Diiid Kh4n, 149, 2^. D&iid Shih, 226, 261, 264. Diiidzai, 402. Daulatib&d, 228 n 8. Daulat Kh4n Lodi, 807, 809. Daur, Banu and Isakhel, Sarkir of, 898. Daur, 893 n 2. David, 362 n 1. D4w^, 894, 496. Day, Natural, 18. Day, Artificial, 14 Days, The Lunar, 17.

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De1]d,8S7 II 1, 887 Mid9fc 1,844 audit 2,8461. Deooan, The, 16 n 8, 19 815 n % 889^ 868, 806andit8,806,818886. D^h, The, 829 n 6. De Chiigiiee, 118 n 2, 401 8. DehiMfmiirah, 404. Deh i Y9^b, 404. Delhi, 14, 85 n 10, 179, 2l7ii 8, 818,886^

808, 266, 267, 269, folij) 278, 279 8, 288, 800 and 1^ 1*809^ aOSw I, 804^ 805 and M 2, 806^ 807, 809^ 885^ 888 n 1, 889, 890. Delhi, Sarkir of, 104, 285. Delhi, SorereigBS of, 148^ 29V, 885v Delhi, Siibah of , 99^ KM, 106^ 878 and a5,287n2,294n4^415. Delia YaUe, 898-4 n 4. Debnerick, 888 n 1. JDDlBge^Ecaof lhe,.88. DeadiB Shilwn pass,. 400 1. Deogarh, 805 1 8. Dera Gban Khin, 82B 1, Derah DIa PaniUi, 88Qn 2. De Sap7, 84f7,49iftl^848& De Sdentia Stellanun*. < 8. Deeht, The, 898 n 2. De81ane,Q9,7. llAn^ Deyanagari alphabet, 7be^ 8^ n 8. DevMur, 862. Dew&Ig^n, 225. Dewal R4ni, (Deri), 805 8. Dewfld^ 805 n 8. DhacM^899. Dhanj], 215. Dhankot, 401. Dhanpil, 216. Dhapiyah k68, 415. Dh4r, 197, 244 n 1. Dharm fiij S6d, 217. Dharangi^S^, 228. IVHerbelot, 5 n, 6, 8,,9 IQ, 11,^ 12, 18 m 8, 19 1 and281 9 1,. 98 n 8, 84 % 85 14^ 87 n> 60 n 1 a#idd, 118 2, 119 , 897 n 4, 848 n 1, 401 n 4. Dhritariahtra, 283 and n J, 2^4^ 285. Dtb, ^.

Dictionary of Antiqnitlea, 116 n. Digit, The, 415. Dildifla, Tba^ 167 1. Diliwar Kh4n Ghori^ 216. Dilectos, 9. Dilaia,8864. Dinkdt, 898 n 2, 401.

Dip4]p4r, 218 8, 287, a05v 807. Dipilp^, Sarkir of, 113, 326 n 2, 331. Dinpanih, 279. Diocletian of Borne, Ira of, 26. DiodoroB, 886 % 4. IHr4wal^8aQn. 8. Dirhatnf 66. DifltaaiQM and alttiidM, ealomlatlng, 417 nl. Din, 246 II 2. Din Porbandar, 246. IXv^ 50*. Divine Bra, 1. Do4b, 267 1 2, a07, 81)6 9, 880.1 1 4. D<5k<59, 172. Don^i, The, 8. Deri, The^ 894 i 8^ Dom, 221 n 8, 808 n 2, 408 fi 2. Dtom'a Afghans, a08i 8, 888-9 a 6, 401 n 2 and 8. Doehikh, 408 fi 1. Dowion, 881 n 8. DoirsonTaEUiot, 221 1> 8. Dofly (SappIeni.Diot. Arab.)^ a a 2, 851 ft 8. Dbrabdgim, 868 n 1. Dragpn Bili^ The, 894. Dramo hybrids, 850 n 8. Dtrona,3B4. Dr#pQ hybrids, 850jn 8. Drawls (Januno aod Ksshnnr), 810 n 7, 848 n 1, 850,11 8,851.n 2, 865^ n. 4, 869 n2. Dmyodhana, 246 n 5,. 284 8818, 284, 885. Hao boll. The, 350 n 3. Dsomo oow. The, 35Qn Sk Dddganga, The, 866 n 1. Dnfflas, The, 1191^8. D<iki,WandV Dnmyat ul l^a^r, 84 n 8.

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Bungar Khiif, 229. DdDgarpur, 261, 266 n 4. Dnrgd, 280, 281 n 6, 812 4, 818 n 8, 854, 861, 866 n 1. Dtirlabha, 864 n 8. Ihtrmahj a woollen material, 865 n 8. Dwaip&jaiia,.282 n 1. Dwarka, 246 n 6, 248, 280, n 1.

E.

iDAB,289,24t,271. Edinburgh Beview, The, 18 n 1. Ed. Thomas, Mr. 281 4, 262 1, 888 nl. Egypt, 8, 82 ft 2, 84 6, 66, 60, 408. Eichhom, 82 n 6. Elapatra, 824 n 2. Eldoz, 414. Elephant, year of the, 27 and n 1. Elichpdr, 229. El-kh&ni Tables, 4 ft 4, 11, 14 and n 1, 19 n 1, 21. Elliot's Arabs in Bind, 827 n 8, 842 n, 848 n 1 and 2, 844 n 1 and 2, 896 It 2, 414 n 1. Elliot's Bibliographical Index, 88 4, 86 M 1, 8 and 4, 818 n 2. Elliot's History of India, 128 n 1, 867 nl. Elliot's Baces, 116 ft 2, 168 ft 1 and 8, 166 n 2, 174 n 4, 182 n 8, 188 notes, 184 n 1, 186 , 186 n, 191 n 1, 194 n 1,

208 It 4, 260 It 1, 278 ft 1, 286 n, 287 it 2, 290 It, 294 n 8, 296 It 1, 867 n 8, 414 n2. Elliot (Sir H.), 47 it 1, 89 it 1, 90 it 2, 98 It 2, 96 It 1, 105 It, 114 It, 161 It 1, 167 n 1, 168 It 2, 287 n 2, 296 n 1, 828 n 1 829 n 1, 887 n 1, 842 n 1. EUora, 805 n 2. Elphinstone, 409 it 2. Elphinstone's O&btil, 898 n 1, 894 n 4, 898-9 n 6, 401 it 1 and 4, 402 n 2, 406 It 6, 408 It 1. Elphinstone's India, 216 n 8, 221 n 8, 225 It 1, 227 It 2, 268 n 2, 271 n 1, 804 n.8, 844n8.

Enoyclopndia Metropolitana, 8 n 2, 4 England, 228 n 1. Epochs of the Hindis, 15. Era, Astronomical, 21. Era, Angnstan, 25. Era, Christian, 26. Era, Coptic, 28. Era of Adam, 21* Era of Arridsaas, 23. Era of Bakht Na9?ar, 22. Era of the Deluge, 22. Era of the Hindds, 15. Era, Je?rish, 21. Era, Syro-Macedonian, 24. Era, the Jndhishthira, 15. Era, the Eha^ii, 19.

Era, Turkish, 20. Er&j, Sark4r of, 96. Erskine, 124 it 5, 268 and it 4, 264 1, 826 fi 2, 888 It 1, 848 n^l, SSOnS, 891 n2, 892 n 2, 898 n 2, 8 and 4, 894 n 4, 897 n 1, 898-9 n 6, 899 1 and 3, 400 n 1, 401 ft 2, 408 ft 6, 406 ft 2, 409 nl, 410],4142. Etaw&h, 185 ft 1, 809. Ethiopia, 121. Enolid, 6 n, 416 and n 2. Elements of, 4 It 4, 415-16 n 2. Euripides, 68 n 1. Europe, 240, 415-16 n 8. Europeans, The, 124, 248. Eurydioe, 28 it 1. ydlat, 56 n 2.

F.

' ADDAN, 56. Fadhl-b-Sahl, 9. Fadh&il-nl-Mulfik, 35. Fahhid, al, 11. Fikhir 'AOi Nasabi, 11. Farah, 898 and n 8. Farghina, 220 it 6, 408 n 2. Far^t nl Mulk Bisti E^iib, 263 n 4. Farid Khim, 808. Farid-i-Sh^arganj, 281. Farmul, 898-9 n 6, 899, 401, 407 it 4.

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rarmnli Peraiant, 898-9 n 6. Fin, 885. f irti, al, 86 and it 8. ranakh. The 415, 415.16 n 2, 416. Fardljc, al, 226 4. Wkt^ D jnaaty, 222 n I and 2. FMki Prinoee, The, 224, 227 n 2. Fatiwa Ei KhAn, 66 it 8. Fatiwa ^alamgiri, 56 it 8. Fat^bid, Sarkir of, 182, 340 n 8. Fal^ Shib, 149, 352 n 1. Fat^ Shih of Kashmir, 889 and n 2. Fa^^pdr, 176, it 2, 180. Fai^nllah Bahmani, 288 and n 4. Fasiri, al, 9. FergoBson, 279 n 2. Ferishta, 159 n 2, 170 n 1, 172 n 2, 219 n 1, 220 2 and 5, 221 n 8, 228 n 1, ft 1, 265 n 4, 266 n8, 279 n 8, 298 1, 299 It 8, 802 n ], 808 n 1 and 8, 804 n 3, 805 n 2, 808 n 1, 2, 8, and 6, 809 n 1, 2, 3, 4, 811 n 8, 827 n 8, 834 n 6, 886 n 1, 841, 842 846 n 2, 847 n 1, 862 n 1, 862 n 1, ft 8, 877 n 1, 879 n 5, 1, 2, 8, 4, 268

n, 864 887 ft

1, 2 and 8, 388 ft 1 and 2, 889 ft 1 and 2, 890 ft Ferospdr, Fihriafc, Firdanai, 2. 325, 826 and ft 2. 8 n 8, 4 ft 8, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11. 34.

Fir<$zb4d, 188 it 8, 279 and ft 2. Fir6z KhUji, 807. Flrdskoh, 302. Fir<5z Sh&h, 149, 169 it 1, 172, 218 and ft 2, 221 ft 8, 280, 293 ft 2, 299 ft 8, 303, 846.

Firdz ShiLh of Mnlt^n, 886. Fir<5z Tnghln^ 293 n 2, 346 n 2. ^ra, nomenclature of Indian, 409 ft 1. i^nnate Islands, The, 327 n 2. Flowers, worn, 118 and n 1. Forstor's Travels, 404 it. Fofa, 49 ft 2. roiaddr, 49. FouQddr, The, 40. France, 26 ft 5. Frejtag, 88 it 2.

FnrMt, taxes, 68, 867 ft 8. Fntii^ Aitham, 88 1. Fjs&b&d, 286 ft 4.

G.

rABBI,401ft8. Ga4ha160. Ga4hi, 149. Gadhsar, 166 ft 8. Glekwir, The, 248 2. GiLgnSn, Sarklur of, 209. Gajpati, 126. Gajpati, The, 219 ft 1. Gakkhar oonntrj, 847. Gakkhars, The, 888 ft 1, 390 and ft 4. Gilnah, 222. Galongara, The, 826 ft 2. Gandamak, 406 ft 8. Gandy&, 326, 837. Gandha-pila, 216 ft 1. Chmdhira, 406 ft. GKindharb, 216 and ft 1. Gindh&ri, 286. Gandha-riipa, 216 ft 1. Gangah, The, 239, 247. Oangajal^ 124. Ganges, The, 116 n 1, 120 and ft 5, 150, 167, 168 ft 8, 167 n 2, 179, 224, 228, 247,

260 ft 1, 271, 278. Ganjah, 381, Sage of , 881. Ganjdri, The, 127. Gardes, 407. Garh, 229. Garha, 195, 196. Chhrha M&ndla, 196 it 2. Garhi, 116 and ft 1. Garmsir, 894 and ft 4, 396. Garrow country, The, 126 ft. Ganr, 270. Gkinr, 122, 129 n 6. Gbknr Tagas, The, 287 ft 2. Gautama, 228. Oawhar, 9. Gdwfl, 229. G&wDgarh, 228. Giwil, Sarkir of, 232. (Hji, 162.

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Oayal, The, 1^ and n 8. Gajia, The three, 260. Oaz, The seven kinds of, 69, fiO. Om-t-iSattda, 69. Om, The lUhf, 68. Gehlot dynasty, 268 n 4. Gehlot tribe, The, 247, 268. Oeloonda, 230 n 1. Gesenins, 81 i 2. Ghaggar, The, 246 3. Ghaghar, The, 171, 873, 330 n 2 . Ghandak, The, 160. GhandhiLr, 248.

Gh&ra, The, 166 n 2 Gharlri,9. Qhir i Shih, 894. Gharjist&n, 398, 414. Ghtamp6r, 167, 179. Gh&B&n Khin, 29 n 2, 36 6. GhiUipiir, SarUur of, 90^ 163. Ghaznah, 116 n 2. Ghaini, 217, 802, 303 886, 847, 398 6, 408, 608 ft 2. Ghasni, Honse of, 4^i, Ghaznm, 898, 414. Ghihsai, 408 and n 2. Gy6<^-n!4-4fai|48. Gl^y4th^ld4'nBfJ^ap,2^8. m W), 8, 804,806. Ghiy4th-nd-dii^ lUOUw^ ^9 n 2. Ghiyith-nd-din Jamshld, 12. , Ghiy&thnddin Tughlaf: Sh&h, 80^. Ghizni Kh4n, 226. Ghogah, 241, 244, 247. Ghor, 893 and n 8, 9% 8^ 409 n 1, 418. Ghoragh&t, SerMr o(, IV^ 136. Ghorband, et^r^ology Qf, 4p9 n 1. Ghorband, Tdm&m of, 409. Ghorband (vaUey), 400 and n 1 . Ghori dynasty, 270 yi^ 3^ ^8^ 414. Ghnrghnsht, 402. Gibbon's Decline and faU, 28t9 ft ^2^ 111. Gilgit, 849, 866. Gir, 246. Giriull, 246.

Gim4r, 268 n 7. Gimi, The, 228. Gladwin, 14 , 26 2, 20 2, 60 4|, 68 n 1, 67 n 6 and 6, 69 f 8, 84 , U9 2, 121 ft 6, 122n81248,1238k 129 n4, 130f, 161 1*8, 168 1 2, 186 1, 196 n 8, 196l,2Qli2,2iaiiak 226 n 11, 243 n. 3, 9^ 118,247 S, 262 n, 826nS^836n2 8ad\387a4^

840 %8, 860 n 1,887 III. Gobi desert, 866 8. GobindE^GehMt,80U Godaveri, The, 16^216 f 2, 228 and n 6, Godhr4,SarkArof267. Godi (Gnmti), The, 171, 178. Gogra, The, 171, 806. Gohel tribe, The^ 247 4^ 261, 271. Gohelwirah, 244. Gond dynasty, Thet, 196^ n^ 2.. Gon<jl^winah, 223, 809. Gopadit, iUj^ 383. Gopot^a, jMAnumo, 818 n S. Gorak^I^r, 8rkr of, 98, 170, 174. QoraJci^h, 31^ n 1, 316 n 1. Qorakn^th 1 Tila, 816 n 1. Qorakp^i -f ra of, 116, Goree Debbi, 814 n 1. Goyardhan, 294 n l* Great B^igQ, ?ass of the, 348 n I. Great Tibet, 347, 868, 863, 360, 890. Grecian Bra,, 24. Greece, 82 n 2, 119. Griffith's Bm4yan, 228 n 4, Gngaira, 3.10, % 1. Gohrina, 80?. Gujarat, 180, 196, 196, 214, 216 n 2^218. 219, 221, 261, 263, 266,, 267, 271, 803, 806, 807, 836, 389, 346 i 2, 346, 886|, 416. Gajar4t, Frinoes of, 269. Gujarat, S6bah of,^ 238.

Gnjar Kh&n, 390-1 n 4. Gnlgnla, 409-10 n 8. Gnli&na, 390-1 n 4. Gul-i-lfasWfi, 126. Gulifltin, The, 30 1, 87 n ],, 40 1 1. Gnlkanah, 404 n.

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Gnrgini tables, Ths, 18, U, 24, 28, Sa GwaUor, 158, 181, 821 1 8, ^7 i 2, 260 1,209. Gwalior, Barkir of, 96, 187.

H.

LABASH, 7 n. ^abslii, 266 8. Hi^Mti, 868, 271. S444 tribe, 271. QBai]|Fat.iil-9a|Fii> 408 h 1. Hleblm^D, 866. 9ifis Abra, 86 n 4. ^ififl of ShiHs, 148. 9ifis Bakhnah, gardens of, 281. Halt Baohah heights, The, 400. Haft PaikaK> a poem, 881 n 4. 9aadar6b^ 886 4, 340 n 1. Haider Malar, 871 n 6. 9lji ^Lbdnl Wahhb, 279. VijilUji^Al^ 148. 9iji Khalifa, 8, 9, 10, ll> ^ |M 1, 888. 96jiPlr, The,847^8. 9ijip6r, 150, 152, 155. ^jj4j, 844, b-Yisof, 412, 418.

H&jkin, 6ark&r of, 840. ^a^t-i-Hindastin, 248 n 6. 9aklm ^li Miskawaih, 88 a 8. Hikiinb. Jabalaa|4bdi,844n2. Haldm Saniu, 408. Hila,8864. Hall, Dr., 216 1 8. Hallar, 248ft8,250a2. Halthal, 868. Hamad^n, 161 n 6. ^amfaah. The, 88 n 2. 9amda'Uah Mnstanfi; 415 1. Himid Harwarddi, 7 n. 9aiiifr,270. Hammer-Piirgstall, 8 n 8, 4 m 1 6^ 7, 9^ 9, 10, 896 n2. 9amsa Ispahini, 851 8. ^nafi sect, The, 852 n 1. Mdndd sheep. The, 350 and n 3, 858. Hanglu stag, 858 n 8. Hinsi, 281.

HiiiB6t, 248. Haran, The, 246. HaraDj,269. Earhanst The, 285. Hardwir, 812 n 4. Hariaaa, 166 n 2. Hari Chand, 846. Haridls YJharidis, 245 8. Hari Manual, 281. Haripnr, 808 n 1. Haririji, 877 n 1. firi. The, 826. Harmatelia, 886 f 4. Harpah, 125. lEarrin, 4 n 8, 6. Haroh, The, 824 n 2, 890 n 4. Harowtee, 268 n 1. Har, The, 826.

HiLri!iii-b-al Mnnajjim, 9. H4rdn or Bashid, 82 n 4, 59, 416.16 n 8. Hirdt and Mirdt, WeU of, 858 n 4. ^asan Niz&n 8h4h, 288 n 4. ^asan of Kashmir, Sultin, 889. EdshinUyahf The, 60. Hsshtnagar, 411 and n 1. UUd1,12. H^p6r, 179, 196. Hastibhanj, Pass of, 847 and n 8, 882, 888 nU Hastinipdr, 282, 288. Hasti Watar, 888 1. Hatii, 229. Hatkars, The, 280. Haveli, 168 n 2. Hawkwood, Sir John, 842 n. Hasi^ hills, 894-5 1|4 Hasirah, 811. Hasirahs, The 401 aad i 4. Hasiurah, 8ark|rof|Ul. Helmand, The, 894 n 2, 8 and 4. Hemarth, 210 and n 4, 215 and n I. Herat, 6, 8, 85 n 5, 148 1 1, 898n 8. Herbert, Sir T., 268 1. Heronries of Kashmir, 862 n 4. Hesidrosi The, 90.0 n 2. Hijaj, 841 n 1. ^jii, 26 n 8, 27, 82, 387.

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HijiU 116 n 8. Hijijak pass, The, 400 n 1.

Hijrah, Era of the, 26, 27, 80. Hfl&l at Tamfmi, 845 n 1. Hill of the Elephant, 816 n 1. Himalayas, The, 126 n 1, 847, 868 n 8. ^imlr, 215 n 1. Hindiah, 222, 228, 229. Hinduism, 890-1 n 4. Hindu E<5h, 398, 899. Hindn Kosh, 399 n 8. Hindustan, 16 n 2, 66, 61, 62, 170 n 6, 809, 812, 886, 847, 848, 888, 8S4, 886, 887, 888, 889, 891, 892, 899. Hindus, The, 362. Hindjah, Sarkir of, 112, 191, 207. Hipparchns, 8 and n 2. Hiran, It4j&, 884. Hirmand, The, 894, 895. Ifi^T, 166 II 2, 278, 281. 9i9^ Firosah, Qaark&r of, 105, 298. Hishiunb. Abdnl Malik, 418. Historia Dynastiarom, 88 n 8. History of the Caliphs, 844 n 2. Holi festival. The, 46. Hope and Fei^gnsson's Architeotnre of Ahmed&b&d, 141 n 1. Horace, 811 m 1. Hoshang, 181, 197, 218, 219 and n 1, 219, 220, 808. Hubal, The, idol, 26 it 8. ^ndaifah, 60 and n 6. ffiigla, 128 n 5. Hngli, 125 and n 2. Hiigers Travels, 855 n 4, 858 n 4. HnUkn, 4 n 4, 12, 19 n 1, 401 4, 402. Qalw4n, 59 n. Hnm&y6n, 61, 128,124 n 5, 149, 170 n 6, 221, 266, 279 and n 2, 886, 890 and ft 1, 896. Humboldt's Cosmos, 865 n 8. Qonain-b-Isb^k al (bildi, 6 n. Euni^a sheep, 850 n 8. Hunter, Sir W., 888 n 1. Hunter's Orissa, 126 n 4, 127 n 2, 128 n, 129 It 1, 2 and 8.

Hupi&n, 400 n 1.

HnrmuB^n, 27 and n 4. 9nslUn-b-Bih4n, 6 n. Qnsain, 88, n 1. ^nsain Mfrza, Qvl\in, 846. Qusain II, of M&lwah, 886. ^usain I, 8ul|&n, of M&lwah, 835. ^nsain Shar]|i, 170, 220. Hushka, 862 n 5. Hushkapdra, 856 n 8. Hwen Thsang, 824 n 2, 880 n 2, 849 n 2, 854 n 8, 865 n 8, 890-1 n 4, 891-2 n 7. Hydaspes, The, 811 n 1. Hydraotes, The, 810 n 5. Hypatia, 23 n 1. Hyphasis, The, 810. Hypsides, 416 n.

BN ABI LAILA, 60 and n 1. Ibn Abi Safari, 10. Ibn Bai^ar, 851 n 3. Ibn Ba^fi^, 899 n 8. Ibn Hajar's Biog. Diet., 60 it 5. Ibn Qau^al, 827 n 1, 899 n 8, 408 n 1, 415 Ibn Ibn Ibn n 1. Hishim, 27 it, 82 it 1. Kathir, 34 n 1. Khillik&n, 4 n 8, 6, 7, 9, 32 notes, 88

It 2, 84 n 5 and 8, 60 n 2 and 6. Ibn Kutaibah, 82 n 6. Ibu Salpra, 10. Ibn Sam^n, 10. Ibn Sina, see Avioenna. Ibn iiff, 10. Ibn uP Aflam, 4 and n 10. Ibn ul Athir, 844 n 2. Ibn ul Mu^affaa, 83 it 2. Ibn-ush-Sh&^ir, 8. Ibn us Sikkit, 33 it. Ibn Yunus, 6 it 1, 12. Ibn T6suf al Ma^^ifi, 9. Ibr&him Lodi, Sulf&n, 149, 266. Ibrahim MAkri, 889 n 8. Ibr&him of Kashmir, 889 and n 3. Ibr&hun, SuH^n, 169, 170 n 6, 219, 307. (SharVi, 308,) 809. IVb&l Khin, 307.

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mil al, 12. Ikim Canon, 12. J^, 115. ndrag, 289 If 8. IllahAb^d, 158. Ilahabid, Balers of , 168. IlahiUs, Sark^ of , 161. ndhi Era, 1 n 1, 30, 43. Udhi Gm, 61, 62. Tikh&nian Dynasty of Persia, 29 n 2. |m^ Shih, 238 and n 4. Imid n'l Mnlk, 238 and it 4., 265, 266 n 2. Imad ol Mnlk, of MnlUn, 835. InuUah, 105 n 8. Imposts, remitted, 66. rnoh, 856. Imperial Gazetteer, lU ff, 116 1,119 ns 2 and 3, 120 n 6 and 6, 121 ns 1, 2 and 5, 123 n 1 and 3, 124 n 2 and 4, 126 n 1, 127 n 1 and 4, 129 ft 6, 151 it 1, 152 It 1, 160 n 1, 161 it 2, 164 it 1, 169 It 3, 171 It 5, 173 it, 226 it 1, 228 it 5, 281 It 4, 240 It 8 and 5, 212 It 1, 243 ns 2, 8 and 4, 244 it 16, 245 n 2, 246 it 2 and 5, 247 n 2 and 5, 248 it 2, 251 notes, 255 it 1, 268 ns 2, 8 and 4, 278 It 7, 309 n 8, 810 it 20 and 4, 814 n 1, 824 n 2, 827 n 8, 836 n 1 888 n 2, 855 1, 882 n 1, 405 n.

Indore, 280. Indra, 214 n 2, 294 1. Indra's Heaven, 215 it 1, 280 n 1. Indradaman, 127. Indrajeo, 280. Indrapat, 278, 279. Indraprastha, 246 n 5, 278 n 2, 283, 286 nl. Indus frontier, The, 890 n 1. Indus, The, 119 it 1, 121 w 2, 246 n 8, 281 n 1, 810 n 2, 811 and n 3, 326 and n 2, 827 and n 1, 328, 330 n 2, 336 n 4, 33^ n 1, 888, 881 n 2, 392, 393 n 2, 898. Indos TsJley, The, 844 n 2. |r4 Al, 8, 59 n, 60,110 1, 220 n 4, 240, 265, 844, 852^ nl, 889. (ra^. The two, 415 n 1. rWln, 66, 66, 57. 115, 278, 300, 385. 66

f r&vati, The, 810. rrij, Barker of, 187. fsa Afghan, 117 and n 1. tea bin Ali, 83 it 2. Isakhail, 893 n 2. Isakhails, The, 893 n 2. Isha Bryri, 860 n 2. Is^dk b. Mn^mmad, 418. Ishib&ri, 361. UTcandari, 61. lakandari Gfas, 61. Iskardo, 365 n 8.

Iflli^ nl MantilPi 83 h, 84 it 8. IsUrndbid, 105 It 8, 280, 858 it 4. IsUm Kh&n, 808. IsUm Sh&h, 221 n 8. Isphah&n, 161 it 6, 381. I^^ilib^t ul Funoon, 9. rtchh, 863. rtimid Kh&n, 266 n 8, 267. O abardahf 164 it 1. Jach, 848. Jddon, 250 it 1. J^far Kh&n, 158 n 1. Jagadathi, 230. Jagannith, 126 n 6, 127, 129 n 1. Jagat,239, 244 n 1,248. Jagdalik, 406 it 8. J&g(r grants, 867 n 4. JagULni Afghins, 402. Jahdngir, 1 it 1, 189 n 2, 311 1, 848 iv 1. Jahdngir ?:nli Beg, 149. Jahinkosh^, 85 n 14, 86. Jahdnnnm^, 279. Jaichand, 271. Jaichand Ra^h6r, Rij^, 800, 801, 302. Jainism, 382 and n 1. Jains, The, 245, 247, 249 and n 2, 261 n 4, 271 It 7, 382 n 1. Jaisalmir, 267, 271, 826. Jai Sing Deva, Rij&, 197. Jai Singh, 268. Jaitwahs, The, 248, 250. Jajja, 386. J&jnagar, 219.

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Jaipur, 219 n 1. JaUldb^, 89, 168, 391 n 5. JfJ&l Khin, 221 n 3, 309. JaUlpiir, 286, 316 n 1, 324 n 1 Jaldladdin, 218. JaUluddin Astaribidi, 220. Jallladdin Khilji, Sal(&n, 305. JaliladdiQ Bdmi, 39 n 2. JaUladdin Salju^i, 29. JaUladdin, Sultan, 149. Jalandhar, 314 n 1, 315 n 2. Jdlandhar, Sarkiir of, 110. J&landhari relics, 313. Jalesar, Sarkir of, 126, 142. Jal<5ka, IULj, 382. J41<5r, 239, 270, 271. Jdm, 250, 846. Jamdl, 281. Jamand, 402. Jdfnawdr, 240 n 1. Jam Bdnhatijah, 345. J^ Bajazid, 336. J&mbiiji, 242. JdmboBar, 242, n 9. Hm Fat^ Ehao, 346. ( Sikandar, eon of, 846). Urn Fir6z, 846. Jamhiir, 827 n 8. Jimi\ The 8 25. Jami dynasty. The, 841 n 1. Jimi' at Taw^kh, 86 n 8. Jamk6tf 13 and n 4. J^m Ukha, 249 n 2. Jamrau, 23, 347, 889 1. Governor of , 847 3, 848 2, 850 3, 354 n 2, 355 n 4, 856 n 8, 363 m 8, 868 n 1, 383 n 1, 398 n 2. Jamin6, B&j& of, 887 and n 3. Jamnah, The, 239, 247. Jim Nanda, 346. Jdni6d, 222, 224.

Jam R&wal, 249 n 2, 250. Jamshid, 28, 842 n, 345. Jamshfd of Kashmfr, 877 n 1. Jamshfdi Canon, The, 12. Jim Taghlak, 346. Janaka, 382.

Jangiz Kh^n, 29 n 2, 83 n 4. Jannat&b^, 122, 131. Japhot, 118 n 2. J&ra, 249 n 2. Jarak, 840 n 1. Jarasandha B^j^ d8L Jirdjah tribe. The, 250 and n 1, 339. Jireja Bajputs, The, 249 n 2. Jarih, 55, 61 n 2, 62, 388. Jarrett's History of the Caliphs, 226 n 4, 413 It 1. Jrsah, 286 n 2. Jasaskardeya, B&ji, 886, Jasrat, B&jd, 223 and n 4. Jasrat Shaikha Ghakar, 388 n 1. Jat clans, The, 294 n 4. Jannpnr, Sarkir of, 89, 163. Jaunpur, 157, 158, 159, 169 n 1, 170 n 6, 218, 220, 266, 807, 809. Jaiuhatf 9, 10. Janzharayn, 9. Java, 123 n 4. Jaw41a Mnkhi, 314 n 1, 815 n 2. Jiwar, 268 it 8. Jaxartes, The, 399 n 2. Jayaohand, 217. Jayandra, Bjd, 383. *8 minister, 388. Jaypfra, Baj4, 385. Jeohni D<5ab, The, 811 n 4.

Jenha^, 311. Jerdon, 125 n 1. Jerusalem, 22 n 8. Jetanpdr, 230. Jewan Singh, 270 n 2. Jewish Era, 21. Jewish year, 21. Jhalwiirah, 242, 249. Jh&njhm6r, 249. Jhirah, 250. Jhelnm, The, 811 n 1, 815 n 1, 325*2, 826 and n 2, 855 n 1, 365 n 1, 890 4. Jib&I, al, 59 n, Jibbil, ronto, 347 n 2. Jihdt, tax, 58, 367 n 3. jUam, 402. Jilin, 892 n 4.

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Jftpsl, 217. Jitpal Chaulun, 317. Jiayaty 57. Job, 171. Jobnithnagor, 811 m 2. Jodhpdr, 271. Jodhpur Prinoes, The, 271 f 1. Jodhpdr, Sarkir of, 102, 270^ 276.

Johila, The, 150. John of Castile, 25 n 5. J6mha8i, 242. Jones, Sir W., 13 n 1. Jorjint, Al, 804 n 1. Joseph, 862 n 1. Jowdri, 228. JH 405 fi 2. JodhiBhthira, BijI, 15, 888. J6di, Mount, 405 n 2. J6i Kha^ibdn, 404. Jiii Pnl-i-mastin, 404. Jomna, The, 120 and n 5,157, 179, 278, 279, 281, 805, 808 n 8. Jfinahgarh, 245. Jnoaid, 845 n 1. Jarji[n, 85 n 10. Jnshka, prince, 862 n 5. Jnshkapdrs, 856 n 8 862 fi 5. Justin, 342 n. Jnijdn, 85 n 10. J^jini, al, 85 and n 10, 804 n 1.

K.

L.a9bah, The, 26, 158. Kabir MnWd, 128, 171. Kabir of Aba' Mashar, 10. Kabiniddin (r&^i, 85 fi 11. Eibol, 115 and n 8, 809, 811 n 3, 818, 338 n 1, 847, 367 n 8, 890 >i 1, 891 n 6, 892, 398, 894, 398-9 n 6, 400 ft 1, 401 nl, 411, 412, 418, 414. ba], Dependencies north of, 411. east of, 411. south of, 412. west of, 412.

 (river), The, 392, 899 n 1, 411 n 1. Sarkir of, 175 n 1, 898, 411. Eibnl, Suboh of, 115, 347.

Kdbul, Territory of, 410 and M 1. U^vb nne of , 410 n 1. I Each, 336, 337. Eaohak<5t, 324 n 2. Eaohch Gandsva, 837 n 4, 844. I Eaohohh, 250, 344 n 2. Kadi, an arimal, 350 n 8. I ^iidir Ehiin, 148, 181, 221. E^lfirisUn, 390 it 3, 392 fi 2^ 898 m 6, 406 n. 1. E&firs, The, 406. Kaf<z, 55. Eaf dr, 805 n 2, 806. Eagalirila, 401 n 2. E&hl<5r hillf , 810. Eaianian dynasty, The, 415 n Z, Eaiddrah, 12. Eai Ehnsm, 118 n 2, 305. EaU&sa hiU, 121 n 2, 810 n 2, 818 n 2. ]^&im bi amri' ll&h, al 8 28. Kiim Ehibi, The, 194 n 1. EiUmor hUls, 157 n 8. Eai-pim-fon, 118 n 8. Efrji Ghak, 890. Eikapor, 356 n 3. Eakaris, 402 n 3. E^ Eh. ^Qtbaddm, 308 n 2. E&kr<5n, Sarkfir of, 112, Eillabagh, 401 n 2.

Ealang Pani^p^ti Sarkr of, 126, 144. Ki\i Pah&r, 128. Kdl&t, 894. KaUt Banjirah, 898. Kdli Bhaironf an idol, 159. Ealila wa Dimna, 88 n 2, 39. Ealinga, The, 230 n 1. E&linjar, 158, 159. Edlinjar, Sark^ of, 90, 166. Eili Sind, The, 195. E&liy&dah, 196. Eallam, 229. Eallam, Sark&r of, 232, 286. Ealm&ni tribe, 837. Edipi, Sark&r of, 97, 184. Eflpi, The, 179, 181, 308. Eilrndkhya, relics, 318. Eamil ad din, 217.

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Kambar, 361. I^ambar Yer, 847. Eambh&7at,241,839. KambuTa, 856 n 8. K&meh, 406 n 1.

Kdmeh river, The, 892 n 2. K&mil, a oanon, 12. K&mjeo, 231. Eimpdr, 356 n 8. Kamrj, 818, 865 and n I, 867, 868, 881. Kamrdj Tract, The, 870. Kdmr6p, 117, 218, 818. Kan^k Temple, 128 n 4 and 129 ft 2. Kananj, 169 n 8, 171 n 1 and 5, 181, 261, 262, 271 and fi 1, and 280 fi 2 800, 845. Kananj, Sarkir of, 96, 184, 199, 170, 171, 179, 809 8. l^andahlur, 887, 846, 881, 886, 890 and n 1, 894 and n 2, 896, 896, 898 and n 6, 400 402 n 8, 408. ^andahir, Dependencies east of, 897. sonth of, 897. north 898. west 898. ^andahfr, Sarkfrr of, 847, 893, 896. Kandanrah cakes, 181. E&ngra, 808 n 1, 810 n 6, 812, 814 n 1, 866 1. Kinigoram, 401 n 2. Kanishka, 862 n 6, 405 n. Kanishkapdra, 856 n 8. Kankroli, 278 n 7. KanUt, 44. K&n6ri, 182. K&nsi, 148. Kantat, 89, 158. Kantk<5t, 250. fdn^mgo, The, 47 ft 8, 66. Kanya-Eabj4, 280 fi 2. Kaparthala, 810 ft 8. Kar, 66 n 2. l^arib&gh, 898. Eariohi, 887 n 1, 844 n 2. K&rah, mountains, 887 and fi 4. Karakoram, 118 it 8. KaramniMi, The, 161 and n 1. Karan, 268.

Karan Rie, 8C5 n 2. Karar&ni Afgh&n tribe, 898, 408. Karbata, 88 n 1. Earewah, 358 n 4. Eargdn, 865. Kan, 242. Karkola dynasty, The, 854 n 8. Kdrhun, The/ 46, 66 and 1. Kama, 284. Kamil, 867. Kami!, 298 n 8. Karpah, a road, 401. JTardhf or Kda, The, 414 and n 2, 415. Kar6nd4, 226. Karrah, 167 n 2, 168 n 2, 805. Karrah, Sarkir of, 90, 167. K&shghar, 811, 865, 390, 891 and n 2, 892, 404 n 6. K^Bhi, al, 29 n 2. Kashmir, 172 n 2, 810 and ft 7, 811, S12, 818, 848, 848 n 1, 861 and ft 2, 852 fi 1, 854 ft 2. (Religion of, 854 and nZ) 856 ft 8, 858, 2, 8, and 4, 862 n 455, 863 and n 1 and 8, 865 ft ], 866 m 4, 871 6, 877 n 1, 880 and n 881 n 2, 383, 884, 386, 886, 887 and n 1, 888 and a 1 and 2, 889 and n 8, 890 and 2 and 4, 891. Kashmir, Land of, 866 ft 4. Kashmir, Routes into, 857 ft 8. Kashmir, Sarkir of, 847, 868. Kashmir, Sovereigns of, 871, 880 Annals of , 880. Kashmirian roofs, 848 ft 1. K ^-dialects, 851 ft 2, characters, 351 n 2. Kashmirians, Vices of the, 849 n 2. K^i (Benares), 158,. Kasia regie, 881 n 2. I^iaim Barfd, 288 ft 4.

Ks race. The, 881 n 2. Kasyapa, The ascetic, 881 and n 2. Katak Benares, 811 ft 8. Kathae, 868 ft 1. Ki%\iiB, The, 248 and ft 4. KithiiwAr, 289 1, 241 ft 2, 248 n 1, Stt ft 6, 248 ft 8 ft 4, 248 2. Katjuri, The, 127 n 1.

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Eai4$r, 390 and 8, 391, 392, 406. Kan^Ia Devi, 305 2. Eanrayas, The, 282, 288, 284. JToiim, 126. Eaatbar, 862 n 8. Kiwi, 248. E&yeth Prinoes, 145. Kizi 4Lli, 866, and n 5, 867. ^ihattah, 120. Psi Ehin, 56 n 8. Kizilb&ahis, The, 397 and n 4. ILisi Shih&bTiddin, 169. Kdai, the, 41. Pmadah, 12. ^lazwini, ^amdollah Mnsfcanfl, 86 ft 1, 415 n 2. Kedir Bij6, 169 it 2. K^16khari, 279.

Kiordh, The, 126. Eeppler, 5 1. Kerani Afghins, The, 898 n 2. Khaoh, 826. Kbagendrapora, 856 n 8. Khaibar pass, 899. ' Khair&bid, Saridlr, of, 98, 176, 278. Ehd^, The, 118 n 2. Khilid bin ^bdol Malik al Marwasi, 4 and n 1, 7. Ehalifat4b4d, Sark^ of, 128, 181. KhAifah lands, 867 n 4. Khilaah lands of Kashmir, 866 n 4. Khamsah of Niz&mi, 805, 881 n 4. Khanamnsha, 856 n 8. Khin Biligh, 118 and n 2. Khind^, 115, 208 2, 222, 228 n 4, 225 n 1, 226, 227, 281 n 4, 289, 253 n, 266. Khand^wi, 248. KhmEra,29. Khin-i.Shahid, 804, 805. Khin Jah&n, 226 n 4. KhibVah-i-Hnilla monastery, The, 855 114. Kh&np^, 880 2. Khdrd,i40nl. Eharaks^n, 218. Kharals, The, 880 n 1. Kharmi sheep, The, 850 n 8.

Eharwdvy 894. Kh&s Khel, 248 n 2. Khaara, 48. Ehata, 82, 118 and ti 2, 121, 885. Kha^ Kings, History of the, 83 n 4. Khat&i tables, 12. Khatpur, 326. Khatri Prinoes, 144. Khattir, 837, 858. Khattd, 241 ft n 1. Khatwir, mountains, 310, 811.

Khaw&k pass, 899 and n 8, 400 n 1, Khdwar, 278 n 8. Khiwarpirah, 359 and it 2. Khizin, al, al Marwazi, 11. KheUt 887 n 4. Kher, 271. Kheri, 178. Kh^rlah, 229. Kherlah, Sark^ of, 282, 288. Khet hatdi, 44. Khilji, Mo^d. Bakhtiir, 148. Khiljf Sultans, The, 197, 298, 805, 807. Khinj&n, 400 and n 1. Khirad N&mah, a poem, 881 4. Khirdj, 55, 57. Khirdji lands, 56, 57. Khizr Khiln, 149, 218, --227, 805 and 806, .807, 808 and n 1. Khizr Khini, a poem, 304 n 8, 805 n Khizr the Prophet, 808 n 2, 404. Khizr&bid, 278. I Khoihdma, 364. Khojend, 119 n 1. Khokhar tribe, 888. Khrin, 358. Khndibanda Mn^d, 86 n 8. Khnli^at nl Ans&b, 401 n 8, 402 n 8. Khnla^at nt Tawfirikh, 120 ii 1, 122 n 1, 150 nl. Khnlna Dist., 116 n 8. Khimamoh, 856 n 8

Khnrisin, 5 n 1, 7, 85 n 10, 110 n 1, 889, 894, 899 II 2, 400 and II 1, 401 n 4, 412, 418, 414. Khnshalghar, 401 n 2. Khnsavasari Distriot, 261 n 2. Nawi-Bandar, 246 n 16. Na?arb4r, Sarkir of, 196, 197, 208, 261. Na^hari Balooh Olan, 837 and n 4. N&zak of Kashmir, 879 n 4, 389 3, S90 and n 2. Niznk Shah, 172 n 2. Nebaohadnezzar, Era of, 22. N^nihil, TAmin of, 406. New Sord^h, 24& Niazi, 402 n 3. Niamat a'llah, 221-2 n 8, 398-9 a 6, 40i, n 1. Nidzi Afghiins, The, 393 n 2, 402 n 3. Nichi Hama, 865 i 2. Nicator, SelencuB, 24 and n 4. Nidhdm at TawiHkh, 36 n 2. Nigantha sect, 382 n 1. Nilometer, The, 69. Nikodar, 401 n 4. Kilah Nag, 363. Nilkar, 127. Nilmat, The miracnloitfi volnme, 863. Nfmkhir, 172. Nimlah, 899. Nimr<5z, territory of, 414.

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Nineteen Years' Botes, The, 69. Ni8&b6r, 8, 11, 84 w 8, 85 n 8. Nisatha, 811 n 8. Kif4m-ad-din Aolia, 279. Nifim Miutakhrij, 268.

Niftmi, 214 n 1, 881 n 4. Noah, 15 n 2, 406. Nohmardi tribe, 887. Noflchahra, 826 n 2. Nowsherah, 847 n 8. Kdmi, 167 n 1. Noxnismata Orientala, 882 n 1. Nargil, 892 and n 2. Ndroi, The, 826. Ndr BakhshlB, The, 852 n I. Ndr Bakhshi religion. The. 852 n 1, 889. Nnshatnl Kullib, a book, 415 n 2. N. W. P., The, 61 n 2, 166 2, 848 n 2. Njohthemeron, The 18.

Oo

/CKLBY, 60 n 8. Ohind, 404-5 n 6. Olirer, Mr., 86 n 1. Omfo, 56. Oman, Gulf of, 121. OnUn, Sea of, 326 n 2. Omar, 55, 57, 60, 226 n 4. b-nl Kha^^b, 844, 418 n 1. Omar Khayyam, 29. Omar Shaikh, 220 n 5. Omariyah gaz, 60. Opi6n, 400 n 1. Orde camps, 402 n 1. Oriasa,115,116,125,219nl,811n8,840n8. Orositts, 342 n. Osam, 245. Othm&n-b-Affin, 60 n 5, 344. Othm4n-b-^nnaif, 60 and n 6. Ottc, B. 0., 865 n 8. Ondh, 149, 157, 228 n 8, 309 n 8. Ondh, King of, 286 n 4. Oudh, Stibah of, 77, 93, 94, 115, 170, 27a Ondh, Sark&r of, 98, 178.

Oukar, or Okar, The, 362 n 4. Ooseley, 827 1,415 nl. Oxos, The, 827 n 1, 400 n 1.

JT ADMATI,The,865. Padm&yt(, 269 n 2. Paghmin range. The, 408 n 6. P^U, The, 180 n. Pahr, 59. Pahdri dialects. The, 851 n 2. Pain Am, 124 n 8. Tik Pattan, 880 n 2. Pakli, 847, 865, 891. SarWb- of, 39a P&I, 222, 250 and n 2. P&lhan Deva Kaohhivihah, 801. Pi, 271. P&lithinah, 247. Palwah fish. The, 888. Palwal, 179, 278 and 2, 286 n 1. Pampnr, 856 n 8, 867. Panir, 229. Pan&r, Sarkir of, 238. Panohir vall^, 899 n 8. P&ndavas, The, 282, 288, 284, 358 n 4, Pandit Bapn Deva, 417 n I, Pandit Kadha Kishan Kaul, 847 n 8, 855 n 4, 862 n 4, 893 n 2. PAndrethlin, 855 n 2, 884 1. Pilndn, 282 and n 1. Pani, 402 u 8. Panipftt,"149 n 2, 170 n 6. PanjAb, 110. Panja Sahib, 324 n 2. Panjakora, 31 1 n 8, 891-2 n 7. Panjil, application of, 848 n 1. Panjhfr, 410 n 1. (Valley), 899, 400 w 1.

Panjnad, The, 825 n 2. Panjshir, 399 8, 400 n 1. Pinta8($k, 355 n 2, 856 n 8, 884 1. Paranohi, a shrine, 246. Parting, 411 n 1. Pdras, 197. Parashwar, 404, 411. Paraspdr, 864. Paraufi land, 68, 66. Parganah, The term, 114, Parganahi Haveli, 868. Parihasapura, 856 n 8. Parikshita, 246 n 5.

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Parlstin, 847. Panardr, Sarkr of, 110. Parsis, The, 248 n 2 and 8. Parw&n, 899 n 8, 400 and n 1, 409 n 1. Pashii mountain, 899 n 8. Paahang, 408. P&talipntra, 246 n 5. Pat&l Nagari, 281. Pithri, Sark&r of, 280, 286. Pati Haibatpdr, 110. Patna, 151,246n5. P'Jtrahf Hindu term for almanac, 12. Pattan, 289 240, 242, 245 and n 8, 262. Pattan Somnitb, 245. Pattan, Sarklur of, 251, 254. Paff4, a woollen material, 855 n 8.

Patwari, The 66. Panaghar, 242 n 14. Fdyihks, The, 149. PiLsend, The, 248. Pedro IV of Arragon, 26 n 5. Pegn, 119. Pekin, 118 n 2. Pentapolis, 116 n 1. Perith, 181. Persia, 24, 28 fi 6, 82 2, 57, 121, 179, 240, 243, 312, 848, 848, 852, 888, 890, 897 n 4, 404. Persian Gntf, The, 121. Peshiwar, 281 n 1, 811 n 8, 824 n 2, 891 n 5, 404-6 n 6. Philolans, 8 n 1. Pioh, 898-9 n 6. P<h Soz, a kind of lamp, 814 n 1. Pilpay, 268 n 2. Pind Ditdan Khan, 405 n 2. Pinjarah, Sarkir of, 186. Pipal^ol, 224. Pipal sir, 246. Pir, Etymology of, 848 n 1. Pit Panjdl, 847 n 8, 848 and n 1. Pir, The, aFalFir, 848nl. Plrzddah Sayyida, 291 n 2. Pithdrah, 270, 279, 800, 801. PiyfisbAri, 128. Planets, The, 8 and 1.

Pliny, 810n 2,415 n 8. Plutarch, 815 n 1, 842 n, Pococke, 5 ft, 26 n 8, 88 n 8. Poddr, 49 n 2. Pohru, 868 n 1. Polaj land, 68, 66. Politics, Aristotle's, 53 n 1.

Pollock, Lieut.-Ool., 119 n 8. Polo game, 803 n 1. Poor rate. The, 57 and n 4. Pope, 196 n 1. Poraht 240 and n 5. Porechas, The, 249. Porphirius, 9. Port duties (Gujerat), 259. Portogal, 25 n 5, 124 n 5. Portuguese, The, 125 n 2, 248 n 8, 248 n 2. Pottinger, 848 n 2. Prabhas Kan^, 280 and n 1. Prabh^B, 280 n 1. Prabhisa, 280 n 1. Prajapati, 381 n 2. Pravaraa^na, Rji, 884 and n 1. Pravarasenapura, 855 n 2, 856 n 8, 884 1. Pravareswara, 884 n 1. Pravaras^na II, 884 n 1. Prinsep, 15, 877 n 1. Prinsep, James, 158 8. Prithi Rj, 159 2. PrithirAj Toijiwar, 800. Prithwi Eiji, 270, 279, 300, 801. Priyig, 158. Professions, Glasses of, 53. Proportion, Rule of, 415-6 n 8. Ptolemy, 3 and 2, 4 #i 3, 6, 8, 10, 14, 23, 24, 26, 115-6 n 4, 116 n 1, 118, n 2, 120 n 1, 310 n 2 and 7, 811 1, 881 ft 2. Pdnch, 347 n 3. The, 847 ft 8. Punjab Proper, 826 n 2. Punjib, The, 246 ft 8, 804, 388 and ft 1, 889 and ft 1, 890 fi 1. Punpun, The, 151. Purbach, 5 ft 1. Pdri, 127 and ft 1, 17 1 ft 5. Purik sheep, The, 350 ft 3.

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Hniy The, 228, 228. Pioniiyah, Barkir of, 184. PnniBhottania, 127. FitsMcof am, a f estiyal 228 n 6. Patrij, 215. Pnndir, 301. Fjihagoras, 6 # 4. l4uBTTA, 328 n 1. JtlACHNA Dodb, 110 n 2 and 6. B&dhanpar, 262. Bae Bareli, 90, 286 n 4. Bafia'ddin $afawi, 180. B4hiri canon. The, 11. Bai,881. Bii dynasty, 843 n 1. B4i Dlwiij, 843 n 1. Bii Sihad, 848 and n 1. Baisin, Sarkr4 of, 112, 199. Baiyati lands, 188 n 6. Bja Ali Kh4n, 227. Baja Hahandrah, 126. Bdja Tarangini, The, 855 n 2, 880, 888 A 1, 384 n 1. Bajab SiUr, 172. &jah Makand Deo, 127. lUj&mahendri, 228 n 6. Bajasthdn, Tod's 287 n 2.

B6jgar, 152. Biji son of Mirin Shih, 227. Bijmahal, 180 n. Bajori, 847 n 8, 887 n 8. Biijpiplah, 251 and n 8. B&jplits, The, 270. Biijpntina, 246 n 8, 268 n 4. Bajor, 411 n 1. Ba^lj^a, 4 and n 8, 8. Bakastal, a lake, 310 n 2. B&m, 843. Mmi, 171 n 8 and n 5, 172 n 4, 228 ft 5. Bimaohandra, 171, 223 n 4, 280 n 2. Bim&yana, The 121 n 1, 228 n 4, 280 n 2. Bambal, 861. Bamohandra Deo, 127 n 2.

Rilm^sar, a shrine, 224. Bamgar, 337. B^mgarh, 228, 280. Bampila, 282. Rand, 251, 268, 269. Band Arsi, 269. Bin& Kombha, 220. Uinh Sanga, 221 and n 2. Bni Umri, 269. Ban&ditya, B6j&, 385. Rimer, 243. Bdnghar, Qarkir of, 237. Bangpdr, 128 n 6, 124 n 1. Bangtah, 180. Banigit hill, 404-5 n 6. Banthanb<5r, Sark&r of, 102, 274. Ba^th^l, King of Eibal, 412, 413. Bdo Mandalik, 268 and n 7. Bafad, 5. Bisti Kh&n, 268.

Bas&l&bad Porah, 240. Bath, 128. BUthor tribe. The, 241, 270, 271 n 1. Bati, 165 n 3. Raflf 55 and n 5. Batna Sinha, 269 n 2. Battanpdr, 171. Bandhat ul Alb&b, 88 n 4. Bandhat nr Bay&|^n, 34 n 6. Bandhat n^ $af &, 35 n 18 and 14, 86 n 6. Bivana, 172 n 4. Baverty, 848 it 2, 402 n 8. B&yi, The, 110 n 2, 310 and n 1, 311, 312, 326 n 2, 326 and m 2, 829 n 6. jS<itt>aZ, 268. BawalPindi, 824n2. B&wal Rattan Si, 269. HaydJ^in, 409 n 1. Baya-S^na, 800 n 1. Baziah, 808. Bazi n'l Mnlk, 266 n 8, 267. MaMiwndmah, The 284. Bechn&o Do&b, Sark^ of, 819, 326 n 1, 830, 883. Bed Sea, The, 55 n 5, 121 n 8. Begiomontanus, 5 n I. Beinaud, 343 n 2.

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Rennel, 246 n 6.

Benonard, 848 n 2. BeveDue, Collector of, 48. Bewa K&ntha, 261 n 8. Rewri, Sarkir of, 105, 278, 298. Bbotis, 149. Bhinoceros, The, 281. Bhya David, Mr., 882 n I. Bioe of Bengal, 121. Big Veda, The, 280, 289 n 2. Binjan of Tibet, 886. Biyiz OB SaUtin, 117 m 1, 128 n 6, 128 n 2. Book, The in the river, 883. BohtRk, 285 n 1. Boht8, 152. Bohtia, Sarkir of, 110, 167. Bohilkhand, 287 n 2. Borne, 415-16 n 2. Rop Sdmii, a coin, 864 and n 2. Bosenzweig-Schwanoan, 148 n 1. Boshaniyah, The, seot, 352 n 1. Boat, t)r., 221-2 n 8. Boxbnrgh, 124 n 5 and 6, 126 n 6 and 7, 152 n 8, 172 n 8. Baba'a-el-Majnyyab, 2 n 4. Bndra, 281. 4%, a metal, 8 = 2 n 2. Bnknnddln Fir6z Shih, 808. BdmaTt, 14 and n. Bonn of Catch, 246 n 8. Baun, The, 249. Biipar, 310. Bapgarh, 261 n 2. Bnstam, 115 n 8.

s,

5ABARMATTI, 239, 240. BkU\, 6 n 7. Babean tables, The, 4 n 8. Sabnktagin, 414. Sababari crops, 896 1, 896.

Bachau, 1 n 2, 7, 10, 11, 13 n 2 and 4^ 21 fi 2, 27 n 2, 28 3, 31 n 3, 121 n 4. ' Sadhp6r, 13 n 4, 14. 6ad-i-0hodri, 860 n 2. Sadid ad Daalah Abnl Ghan&im, 9.

Sadmapdra, 866 n 8. ^adraddin Mal^^mmad, 85. $afa, Moont, 27 n. af&ih, a? 8. Safedharif crops, 895 and n 1, 396. Safed K(5h, 405. Saffi^, as, 88 ft 2. Saffron, caltivation and deacriptioo of, 857 and n 2. $affa'ddin, 897 n 4. $dghdn, 7 n 16. Sahadeva, 282. Sahiuranpur, Sark&r of, 105, 291. Sahiir, Sarkdr of, 9G, 195, 809 n 3. Sahia, range. The, 228. Sahnah, 281, 286 n 2. Said Khdn, Saltan of Edshghar, 890. Saifdbad, 400 n 1. Saifa'd Danlah, 8. Saighin, 400 n 1. Saila Deva, 261. Sdur Jihdt tax, 58, 67, 866, 867 3. adiru'l Mawdsi, 867, 368. Sai, The, 171. Sajwand, 406. 8dkd eras. The, 16. Sakat Sing, 218. Saketa, 309 n 8. Sakefh, 809 and ft 8. Sakantala, 280 fi 2. ^aldbaddm of Sind, 846. Sdlar Masadd, 172. S&UrRajab, 807. Sdlbdhan, 15, 16. Sale's ^or'in, 26-7 ft 8, 27 n 1. Baler, 251. Sdlgirdm, The, 160 and ft 4. Salim Eh&n, 61, 149, 170 ft & 22 Salim Shib, 221 n 3. S&livahana, 21 5 ft 1.

Sam^ni, as, 9. Samaj, a road, 892. Siminah, 115. Samdni, as, 7 16 Samani Sarai, 847-8 3, Saminis, The, 414. S&mantB, The, 800, 301.

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Simaut Singh, 262. Samar^d, 6, 220 n 5, 388 n 1, 401 n 4, 408. Simit the Greek, 6 n 7. Slraat Singh, 261. Samma dynasty, The, 842 and n, 846. Sambhal, 16 n 1, 281. Samhhal, Sarkir of, 69, 106, 281, 289. Sambhar, 217 n 2. BImbri Bao, 217 n 2. Sambos, 842 n. Samrat era, 16 n 2. Sandabad, The, 810 n 7. Sandaram, The, 866 n 1. Sangrima D^va, 877 n 1. Sang-sal, an idol, 409-10 n 8. Saiijakbegi, The, 66 2. Sanjin, 248. Sanjari, Abn'l Fat^ ^bdorra^m&n, 11. Sanjari, A^mad Abdul Jalil, 11. Sanjaya, 284. Sanka, Bijah, 270. Sankar Varmi, Raja, 886. Sank^dhir, 248. Saraban, 402. Sirada temple, 366 and n 1. BariJ, 261. S^ran, Sarkir of, 166. Siurangpiir, Sarkiur of, 112, 208. SaraswatI, 866 n 1. Saraswati, The, 120 n 6, 126 n 2, 168,

239, 246, 281. Sarayi, The, 228 ft 4. Sardhir, 244 m 1. Sardh&r, 244. Sirdh<51 Solanki, 801. SarjA, The, 171, 806. 8ffrkir, 114 . Sarkath, 281. Sarkhech, 241. SanShi, SarMr of, 102, 270, 276. Sard, The, 171. Sarwimi, 406. Sarwar ul Molk, 808 n 8. Bitgion, port of, 126 and n 2. Sitg^T^, Sarkir of, 126 and n 2, 140. Satgarba, 810 and n 1. 58

Sati, 880. Sati Sar, 880. Satpiir, 864. Satpiira range, The, 228 n 2. Sat Bisbi, 866. Satr6njah (Satninjaya) hill, 247 and n 2. Sattarsil 260. Satnm, 8 n I. Satyaki Yado, 284. Satyavati, 282 w 1. Sanleh Aoleng valley, 400 n 1. Bawdd, The, 110 n 1. Sawid, Sarkir of, 811, 891. Sayyids, Dynasty of the, 218 n 2, 299, 888 nl. Sayyid Mn^mmad, 888 n 1. Scotland, 228 n 4. Seasons, Hindd, 18. Sedillot (Prologom^nes d' Olong Beg) 2m8, 8fi8, 4nnl and 4, 6 mii 1 and 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 24 n 2. Sehelin Kishi, 10.

S^hwin, 887 and n 4, 888, 346. Sejistin, 844 m 2, 414 n 1 . Selencides, Era of the, 22 n 1. Selenons Nicator, 24. Sendh Briri, 866. Senghers, The, 191 n 1. 8^r, 42. Sera, 847-8 n 8. Seres, 118 n 8. SenSt, 286 n 4. Seroot, 286 n 4. Serpent King, The, 324 n 2. Serpent worship, 864 and n 8. Se8<$diah clan. The, 261, 269. Sesodih, 269. Seth, 171. Sewi, 886, 887, 846. Sewist&n, 826, 328 n 1. 837 and n 4, 888 Sewistan, Sarkir of, 840. Shidi Khin, 306. Shidipdr, 866 n 1. Shifi^i, ash, 82 n 1. Sbih Ailam Bakhiri, 240, 241. Shahibad, 861 n 4. Shib Amir, 386.

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Shah Beg Arghun, 346. Shh Uamadin, Mosque of, 355 n 4. Shdh I^asaiii of Ghor, 403 n 2. Shah ^asaia Arghan, 886, 846. Sh&hi| oanon, 11. Sh^h lamiil, 265. 8h&hjin, 7 n 16. Shilh Jahin, 231 n 4. 8h&h Edbnl Hill, 403 and n 5, 404.

Sh4h If^iaim Anw&r, 388 and ft 2. Sh&hk<5i, 361. Shdh Enlji, 5 n 2. Bh&h Madar, 170. Sh&h Mir, 377 n 1, 886. Shihn&mah, The, 38 n 2. Bhahp^r, 229, 811 n 2. Bhahr Ari, 404. Shahrist&ni, ash, 27 n, Shih. Bokh, 5 M 1. Bhahrjirdn, a oanan, 10. Bhahrjir Aparwes, 28. Bhdhd Khe], an Afghan tribe, 806. Shaibak Kh&n Uabek, 846. Shaikh Abdnllah ^oraishi, 279. Shaikh A^mad Ehattu, 24 1 . Bhaikh Ala n'ddin Majzdb, 180. Bhaikh Borhdn nd din, 228 n 8. Bhaikh Ism&ail, 397 n 4. Shaikh Khizr, 180 n 5. Bhaikh Mina, 178. Bhaikh Muhammad Mosalm&n, 408 . Bhaikh SaUb, 279. Bhaikh Sh&h, 217. Bhaikh Ydsof, 334 and n 5, 885. Bhaikhz&dahs, The, 407 n 4. Bhaj&^t Eh&n, 221. Bhakan Deva Bae, 305-6 n 2. Bhakarnig, 361. Bhak-mnma, an idol, 409-10 n 8.

Bhak-mnni, 409-10 n 8. Bhilahm&r, 361. Bhalya, 284, 285. Shamil, The, 8, 12. ShamrndsBin, The, 352-8, n 1. Shammisiyah Obeeiratory, The, 4 n 1, 7. Shamsabdd, 271, 315. Shami-Aut4d, 279.

Shams T k-i-Biydb^ni, 279. Shamsa'd Daalah, 4 n 8. Shamsn'ddin ^bdaM-lah, 84 it 2. Shamsa'ddin al Kiahi, 29 i 2. Shamsn'ddin Altmish, 279, 280, 808. Shamsn'd din Bhank&rah, 219 n 1. Shamsn'ddin of Kashmir, 887 and 1. Shamsn'ddin the N6r Bakhahi, 852 1, 889 and n 2. Shdradd relics, The, 818. Sharafn'ddin'a History of Tiaiir, 347 n 2. SharifabM, Sarkfr of, 124^ 189. Sharl^i, 8. Shar^ kings, The, 809. Shatsalah, 12. Shattndar, The, 810. 8h4rgano, The, 126. Sher Khan, 61, 68, 128, 149, 159, 160 n 1, 170 n 6, 221, 271, 279, 336, 890, 415. Sh^rkUni Pass, The, 891, 892. Sherring, 163 1 and 8, 164 1, 165 1, 174 nn 1 and 2, 175 ti 1, 189 4, 19L n 1, 194 n 1, 287 ft 2, 837 8, 402 n2, Sher Sh&h, 221 n 8, 828 8. Shevaki, 404 n 2. Shiber, 400 1. Shibertd, a route, 400 and n 1. Bhihdbn'ddin, 148. Shih&bn'ddin ash Sh&fi^i, 84 n 2. Shihiibn'ddin b. S&m al Ohori, 270 n H Shih&bn*ddin Khilji, 30& Shih&bn'ddin of Kashmir, 887.

Shihdbn'ddinpdr, 364. ShiUong, 118 n 1. 8hiJfddr, 49 and n 3, 66. Shikdrptir, 402 n 8. Shir&z, 11. Shirpao, 411 n 1. Shirwan Khdn Bhatti, 266 fi 8. Shdr, 826, 836. Shnj&9 Sh6h, 180 n. Shnkroh, 362, 868 fi I. Shnpiyon, 847 n 8. Bhnrail? b. H&ni, 412.

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Shoster, iiS n 1. SiMkokah, 246. Sialkot, 389 n 1, 9mtkir of --, 110. Siberia, 363 n 8. Sibi, 828 n 1. Siddhiota, The, 9. SiddbiBte, The, 18 aad n 1. Sidhanta Biromani, 417 n 1. 8idhp6r, 170, 248, Siha, 271. Siharas, M}i, 848 and n 1. Sikandar Fat^ Kh^, 346. 8ikandar, Father of SaHan Zaian'l 4&bidin, 864 and n 8. Sik&ndar Khin of Kishgbar, 890. Sikandar Ndmah, The, 881, n 4. Sikandar of Kashmir, 887.

Sikandar Shih of Bengal, 148. Sikandar, the loonoclaet, 877 n 1, 886 n 2. Sikhs, The, 366 n 4. Sikri, 180. Silrestre de Sad, 898 n 3. Sinai, 118 n 2. Smin, 6, 7. Sind b. All, 8 and n 8, 10. Sind, 49 n 2, 249 n 2, 260, 327 n 8, 885, 337 2, 844 and n 2, 846 n 1, 846, 886, 888, 898 and n 2. Sindhind (Biddhinta), The, 7, 9. Sindh 8gar, 811, 816. Sindh 8gar Do&b, 822, 880. Sindh, The, 811, 812, 326 n 2, 328, 891. Sind, The, 810, 827 n 1, 866 n 1, 864, 366 i 1, 369 n 2, 881, 406 n 2. Bmgdrah, The 66 n 1. Smghinah, 188. Sinha Deya, B^j6, 877 n 1, 886. Sin jar, 7 ft 18. Sinjhanli, 167. Sipra, The, 195, 196. Birat nr Basiil, 27 n. Sirhind, 281, 808, 310, 826 n 2. Sirhind, Bark&r of, 105, 205, 826. Sin, 279. Birm^r hills, 246 n 8. Sirdhi, 261.

Sirsa, 281, 826 n 2. BisULn,d96, 396, 412, 418. Sita, 172 n 4. Siva, 169 n 8, 231 n 1, 246, 810 n 2, 313 and n 2, 316 n 1 and 2, 884 n 1. Biw&liks. The, 802 n 1. Biwi, 828 and n 1 , 893. Siwistin, 180 n 6. Biyi^, 36 n 8. Biyar a*l Mata, akhkhirin. 117> 8, 120

n 1, 123 n 6, 150 n 1, 169 n 2, 180 n 1, 181 n 1, 218 n 8, 221 n 1, 226 n:i2, 229 m 1 and2,850n7,387nl, 40lnl. Bkaphinm of Aristarohas, The, 2 n 3. Slave Kings, The, 271 n 1. Smith's Classical Dictionary, 23 n 1, 25 n 8, 416-16 n 2. Bodah tribe. The, 839 and n 1. Bof Ahan, 856 n 2. Bogdi, The, tribe, 889m 1. Bogdiana, 119 n 1. Boh&n, The, 828 n 6. Bojhat, 271. Bolanki race, 244 n 16, Princes of the , 260. Solar, The, race, 250 m 1. Solomon, 862 n 1. Bolomou's Hill, 388. Solomon's stone, 360 n 1. Bomnith, 246, 263 n 1, 280 n 1. Bonamarg, 369-60 n 2. Bon&rgio9, Sarkar of, 124 and n 2, 188. S6nipatra, 215 n 2. Bon, The, 150. Bongarh, 261 n 2. Bopheites, 311 n 2. Bopnr, 856 n 3. S<5rath, 242, 244, 260. S6rath, Sark&r of, 243, 258. Borereigns of Bengal, 144. B<5yam, 366. Spain, 19 n 1, 25 n 5.

Spanish era of the GaDsars, 26 n 6. Spherics of llieodosias, 6 n 8. Sport in British Bnrmah, 119 n 3. Sri Bhat the phyBioian, 888 n 2 Sri Bhor Ddra, 261

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Sri Paii4ak Solanki, 262. Srinagar, 811, 856 and nn 1, 2 and 4, 866 n 8, 868, 884. Stamp tax, 410, n 1. Statistical Aoooont of Bengal, 120 n 6, 126 n 2. Stein, Dr., 888 n 1. Strabo, 842 n, 866 n 8, 400 n 1. St. John, 248 n 8. St. Fanl'B Epistle to the Oor., 18 m 2. St. Petersbnrgh, 800 n 8. St. Sophia, 6 n 1. Stnrt, 400 n 1. Sndkin, 121. Snastos, The, 811 n 8. 84bah, 114 n 1. S^bahs, The twelve, 116. Snbeha, 174 n 8. Snbhadra, 127 n 4. Sablime Forte, The, 808 n 2. Sublime Standards, The, 808. Snbnktagin, 84 n 7> 85 n 2, 414. Sndhanwan, 214 n 2. 86dharah, 811. Suez, 121 ft 8. $ufi MawUni Bi&m, 408 n 1. Snffavian monarohs, The, 897 n 4. 6nf y^n, 88 it 2. Snhojnm, 865 n 2. Bnidas, 8 n 2. Snkhar Nai, The, 826 n 2.

Sukhdaan, The, 122. Solaimin KadLni, 128 and 180 n, 149. Sulaim&n, father of Khisr Khan, 807 and 808 nl. Sulaim&n range. The, 887 n 4. Snlaim&n&b&d, Barker of, 140. Snlaym&n-b-Mn^ammad, 8 n. 8ulMy lands, 66, 67. 8nl(in Abn S^id, 29 n 2, 88 n 4. Snlt&n A^mad, 241. Snl^n ^U Khw&razmi, 11. Snl^ Bahddor Gnjariti, 169, 226, 266. Snltin Firoz, 148, 159, 226, 279, 281. Snlt&n l^nsain I. cf Mnltdu, 884^ 886. 8nl(&n l^nsain II. of UvdUn, 886, 886. Sol^ Ma^mdd Bahmam, 288.

Sal^n Ma^mdd Ghaznawi, 406. SnltUn Hal^rndd I. of Gnjarit, 246, 264. Saltan Ma^dd 11. of Gnjar4t, 266 and n8, 267. Snltin Ma^mdd EhDji, 168. Snltdn Ha^mdd Ipf Mnltin, 834 886. Snl(in Ma^mdd II of Mnltdn, 84iw Sal^n Ma^mdd SharVii 170, 181. SuH&n Mu^mmad, 218, 220, 264^ 848. Sulfin Mas^fidi Haiiras, 401 n 4. Snl^ Shdh Lodi, 808. Snl(in Shih&bn'd d(n, 218, 280, 802. Sultin Sikandar, 60, 170, 180, 261, 266, 266 M 2, 280, 809, 886, 889. Snl^n ash Shar^ 168. Snlt&nieh, 5 n 1. Snltdnpdr, 310, 826 n 2. Snl^an nd Danlah, 10. Snmaj oaves, 409. Bdmma tribe. The, 249 n 2. Sdmra line of Princes, The, 841, 842 fi, 846. Sundarbans, The, ll6 n 8. Sivntarahf a kind of fmit, 124 and h 6. Suppliants of Euripedes, The, 68 a 1. Sdrajkand, 178. Surapura, 866 ft 8. Surat, 248, 261. Sdrat, Sark&r of, 266. Sdr Afghans, The, 898 n 8. Sdr, House of, 61, 169, 221 ft 8. Surkhf The, a coin, 864 n 1. Surkh-rdd, The, 406 fi 8. Surjasar, 861. Sdtfk, 271. Sutlej, The, 121 n 2, 278, 810, 811, 818,

826 n 2, 826 and n 2, 830 ft 2. 8uy<irghdl, 46 n 2. Suydti's Hist, of the CaUphs, 418 ft 1. Sw4t, 81 1 n 3, 847, 891 and n 7. (Baikir of, 891), 892. Sykes, Col., 882 ft 1. Sylhet, Sark&r of, 124, 126 n, 189. Syria, 26 tt 8, 69 ft. Syrian year, 25. Syro-Macedonian era, 24.

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lABABI,at, 82m6. Tabari, Mn^ammad Qlsib, 11. Tabaristin, 82 n 6> 85 n 10. Taba^fc-i-Akbari, 188 n 1, 219 n 1. Tiba^i-Nfiri, 86 and n 10, 801 fi 1. Tahni, 6, 406. Tabriz!, at, 8. Tahdhib n'l Aemi, 27 n 8 and 4. T^Uasdn, 11. TaUaalmi Tables, 11. Tij Khn, 140. Tajirib n'l Umam, 88 m 8. TIjikB, The, 898-9 n 6. T4jp6r, Sarkir of, 185. Tija'ddin Bldos, 414.

Tijii*ddin Iriki, 85 n 11. T4j ol Maisir, 85 n 9. 7(il(/iir, 2. Takkt-i-Snlaimib, 855 n 2, 856 n 8, 884 nl. TaUji, 247. Till, The, 222, 228. T&Iikin, 400 and n 1. Tameriane, See Timiir. Tamgha impoats, 410 and n 1. 7*fii^^^ at, 57 and n 6, 867 and n 8. Tamim Anf^ 841. Tamfm b. Zaid a) Vtbi, 845 n 1. Tamimi tribe, The, 845 n 1. Tandb, 58, 61 and n 2, 62, 414 n 2. T^4ah, Sarkir of, 129 and #> 6, 840 n 8. Tangi, 411 n 1. Taogtalah, 847 n 8, 848. Tanjir, Mji, 888. Tnk oaate, 268-4 n 4. Tibaen, 181 n 1. Toii^a CfcudcimaMi, The, 818 n 2. Tapfci, The, 222 n 5, 228, 224 n 2, 228, 289,248. Ta^ppahj 110 n 8. Tiragion, 866 n 1. T&rdpiir, 248. T^ffaapnr, 864 n 8. TorA^ (date), 1 and n 2, 2. T&rikhi Baiha^, 84 n 8.

Tarikhi Firoz Shilh, 85 n 1 1, 886 n 1. Tdrikhi GozidiUi, 86 n 1. Tirikhi Ehori^n, 86> 8. T4rikhi Khoarawi, 85. T^Lrikhi Mfflimi, 841-2 n 1. T4rikhi Tamini, 84 n 7. T&rfkh a*l Fnrs, 88 n 2. Tarkh4n famUy, 846 n 8. Tarsns, 7 n 15. Tartan, The, 402 n 1.

Tartary, 118 n 2. TVuMt;', 58 and n 2, 59. TilUur Khan, 264, 889 and n 1. Tatou, 118 n 8. Tattah, 825, 826 n 2, 827, 886, 887 and n 1, 888, 889, 840 n 1, 846. Sarkir of, 886,889. Tattah, Prinoes of, 841. Tavemier, 898-4 n 4. Tavi, The, 820 11. Tazila, 296 1, 824 n 2. Teliagarhi, 116 n 1. Teling4nah, 228, 280. Sark4r of , 237. Tel Knlznm, 121 n 8. Tempest, Superstition of the, 848 n 1. TendaSt 65 ft 8. Tewiri, 251. Thbit.b.?:nrrah b. HIrun, 6, 7. Thibit-b-Mdsa, 7. . Thibit-b-Ahtisa, 7. Tha^, tribe of, 845 n 1, 412. Th&lner, 224, 226. Thina (Tanna), 248 n 8. Than^sar, 281. Theodosins, 5 n. Theon of Alexandria, 6 n 6, 23 and n 1. Theseus, 58fi 1. Thibetian highlands, 865 n 8. Thid, 861. Thnmi Sambhota, 851 n 2, Tibet, 118, 804, 850 n 8, 851 ft 2, 855, 864, 888, 886, 887, 888, 890.

Tibetans, The, 172 n 2, 851 n 2. Tieffenthaler, 89 n 8, 4 and 5, 90 n 1 and 4, 98 f 1, 94 n 1 and 2, 96 n 1, 104fi 1, 105 n 2 and 4, 110 n 5, 180 n, 150 ft 1, 162 fi 2, 167 n 10, 169 h 1, 169 n 8, 172

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n 1 and 4, 181 n 8, 189 n 2, 210 n 4, 214 n 1, 228 n 2, 226 fi 6 and 9, 231 n 8, 242 n 14, 273 w 7, 297 1, 300 n 1, 814 n 1, 828 n 4, 826 n 1 and 2, 886n 2, 841 n 1, 866 ir 1, 860 n 1, 871 n 6, 887 n 2, 898 ft 6, 408, n 8 and 4, 4l4n 2. Tigrifl, The, 82 n 8. Tih&mah, 66. Tij&rah, Sarkar of, 96, 192. niah Bdlndth, 816 and n 1. Timbel, 246, 260. Timdr, 6 n 1, 118 n 2, 148 n 1, 169, 218 n 2, 219 2, 220 n 6, 804 n 2, 807, 806, 847 n 2, 887, 388 n 1, 890 and n 4, 897 fi 4, 400 n 1, 414. Timtir Kh&n, 804 8. Tipperah mountains, 1 24 n 4. Tipperah tribes, 117, 120. Tippers^n, 217. Tirhat, 162. Tirhnt, Sark&r of, 166. Tithis, The, 17. Tod, 2J7 n 2, 270 n 2, 271 n 7, 287 2, 297 n 1, 381 n 1.

Todah BhCm, 181. Todar Mall, Bajah, 88. Toghlak, House of, 218 n 2. Tolah, The Kashmirlan, 854. To^war tribe, 800. Towers of Silence, 243 n 2. Trahgam, 366. Transoxiana, 6 it 1, 33 4, 179, 220 n 4, 808 n 2. Treasurer, The, 49. Tribute, 67. Tri-Kalinga, 228 n 2. Trimiib, The, 826 n 2. Trimbak, 228. Triibner, 882 n 1. Tsont i kul canal. The, 866 n 1. Tuf&l, 238 n 4. Tughla^b&d, 279 and ft 2. Tughlal^, Sultin, 148. TughlallF Sh4h, I, i879, 280 806. f o^hla^ Shih II, 307. Tug6w, 406 ft 6, 407 fi 1. Tul, a route, 899, 400.

Tulip, The, 849 f 1, 409 n 1. TulmfiU, 864. Tulsi, 118 n 1. Tumdn, 404. T6m&n of Diman i kob. 406. Tdm&n of NT^knihlil, 406. Najriio, 406.

TAman, yalue of a, 398 and n 4. T6mf!in, 196. Tdnk^dsha, 246. Turangiai, 411 n 1. Turan, 13, 66, 66, 68, 116, 278, 800, 385, 899. Turja Bhaw&ni relics, 818. Turkiin Shah, 303. Turkey, 210, 241. Turkistan, 6 it 1, 804, 312, 848, 852, 888, 890, 891 ft 2, 892, 404. Turkish Bmpire, The, 66. Turks, The, 846 n 3. T^4. Tusi, 84. Tustar, 418. TitM, The, a tree, 861 n 8. Tyoho Brahe, 6 n 1, 8.

u.

'CH, 804, 826 and n 2, 880 a 2, 339. Udaipdr, 182, 268 n 8 and 6, 273. Udn^r, Sarkar of, 129. Udy6na,391n7. Ugnand , 881 and ft 8. UhutMh, a book on Theology, 362 a 1. Ujjain, 16 n, 112, 196 and ft 1, 216, n 2, 261 n 4. Ujjain, Sarkir of, 112, 198. Ulugb Beg, 6 and ft 1, 9, 12, 220 n 4, 804 n2. Ulugh Efa^, 266 n 8, 804. Ulughf meaning of, 804 n 8. Uma, 818 n 2. Umarkdt, 839. Umayyah b. Abdu'l Malik, 412. Umayyah, House of, 86 n 2, 341, 414. Vmdat-ul-Blkhdniya, 11. Umrzai, 411 n 1. ITnah, 247.

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[Jrchiii, 404 n 5. Uigh^ 898-9 n 6, 401 n 2. Uri, 847-8 n 8. UrdB of Abd J^far Bdshtoji, 11. Vrwat n'bnu's Zabair, 32 n I. Usefol Tables, The, 1 n 1, 15 ff 1 and 8, 16 It, 17 n 1 and 2, 18 n 1, 19 n 8, 21 n 1, 22 II 1, 28 n, 24 II, 26 n 8 and 6, 28 M 4, 29 n 2, 81 If 8, 60 , 62 n 1, 116 2, 145 n 1, 146 n, 147 nn 2. 8 and 4, 169 n 8, 210 n 1, 227 n 2, 288 n 4, 259 n 2, 262 1^ 871 n 7, 299 n 4, 334 n 5, 841 A 1, 871 n 6, 377 n I, 384-5 nl. D'lh, 808 n 2. Usm&nsai, 411 n 1. JJshr, 57 and n 2. llikri lands, 56, 57 and n 8. Vfcbi, al 84 n 7.

V ARAHA Mihira, 281 n 4. Varanasi (Benares) 151 n 8. Yiraniyatra, 282. Varsy, Mr., 49 n 2. y^aradatta, 216n8. Yasishtha, 280 n 2. VasDS, The, 280 n 1. Vej Biira, 866. Vcr, 311,861. Yerni^ (spring), 356 n 2, 861. Yeshan, 862. Yichitravirya, 282. Yidora, 882 % 1. Yigne, 862 n 2, 8 and 4, 868 n 1 and 2, 864n 1, 866 II 1 and 2, 868 n 1.

Yigne'8 Kashmir, 847 n 8, 855 n 4, 856 n 2 an^ 8, 858 n 2, 8 n 4, 859 n 1 and 2. 8^ 2, 861 r^ra;'404.5 Vihl, 857. Yijipara, 856 Tikramiditja, II 4. 6. n 8. 15 n 2>nd 3, 210 n 4, 215

nl. Yindhyan plateau, The, 157 n 8. Yipasa, The, 310.

Yira N^, 811 n 1. Yir&ta, 284. Yishnn, 150 n 4, 281 and n 5, 818 n 2, 854. TUhnn Pmrina, 880 n 1, 882 n 1. Yishnn Sarm6, 16 n 1. Yiswamiir, 280 n 2. Yivaswat, 881 n 2. Volney, 60 n.

w.

APAYAT t?L AAYAN, 84 n 6. Wiifi, al, 9. W4gh4Iah, 244 n 16. Wahb-b-Mnnabbih, 82 n 2. Wiilah, 281. VYiji, 244, 249. Wajih-Ql.Mnlk Tinkr 868 n 4, 264, 266 m8. Wajiz-i-Mn^tabar, 11. W&^l&t-i-JahiingiH, 857 n 1 and 2. W&ipdi, Al, 32 N 8. W6Uk, 244. W4148, The, 247 n 5. Wales, 223 n 4. TTeflt, 119. Walid b. Abda'l Malik, 844 and n 2, Waliyin, 400. Wantipur, 856 ii 8. Warangal, 230 n 1. Wardi, The, 228. W4sit, 10. Wa(fah, 57 and n 8.

Wazip, The, 86 h 8. Wazir Ghiydth n'ddin, 36 n 1. Wadri Afgh&n tribe, 893. Weight-measores of Kashmir, 866 and n4. West, The, 18. Wey, The, 196 n 1. Whitby, 407 nl. Wilford, 115-6 n 4, 116 1, 120 n 5, 210 nn 1, 2 and 4, 211 n 1, 215 n 2, 216 n 1 and 2, 217 n 1, 25^ n 2, 297 n 1^ 300 n 1, 3912 n 7. Wilkins, 146 n. Wiahi^ii Dumyatil Ka?r, 34 n 8.

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Wilson, H. H., 270 n 2, 880 n 1, 866 n 3, 868 n 1, 877 n 1, 880 n 1, 888 n 1. Wilson's glossary, 49 8 and 8, 50 n 1, 66 n 6, 67 n 8 and 5, 68 # 1, 61 n 8, 66 9 1, 89 n 1, 110 n 8, 114 n 1, 180 n 8, 188 n 6, 866 n 8, 867 4. Windsor Forest, Pope's, 196 n 1. Wood, Lient., 400 n 1. Wvj4hdt, 68. Wnlar, 868, 864. W6n, 229 n 6.

X ADU, 260 n I. Yidn race, 246 and n 6, 260 and n 1, 280 n 1,286. Yadnvati, 260 n 1. Tfififi, al, 84 n 6. Ta^ya-b-Man^dr, 7.

Ya^ub b T&^s, 9. Tdk bull, The, 860 n 8. Yi^t, 11, 88 4, 84 n 8, 86 n 10, 116 n 8, 116-6 n 4, 121 n 8 and 4. Yaman, 27, h 1 and 8, 82 n 2, 66, 69 n, Yamin n'd Danlah, 84 n 7. Yangi Yiili Pass, 400 and n 1. Yarkand, 848 n 1. Yazd, 11. Yazdajird, 210 n 4. Yazdajird, Era of, 28. Yazdi, Ab(i Razi, 11. Yazid b. Abdn'l Malik, 346 9i 1. Year, Jewish, 21. Year, Lunar, 14. Years, four kinds of Hindu, 16. Years, Last ten, of Mn^Lammad, 27 and n 2 Years, Turkish, 21. Tedeh, The, or rain-stone, 348 n 1. Yudhishthira, 246 n 6, 282, 288, 284, 286, 288 11 1, 297 n 1.

Yngs, The, 16 and n 1. Yale, 118 n 2, 118-9 n 3. Ydnas Khin, 220 n 6. Ydsuf-b-Ali Thatta, 9. Ydsufi, al, 9. Tiisufiydh gas, 60. Ydsufzai olan, 892, 402. Yujutsa, 284. Fifts, The term, 289 n 7.

z.

iABTIf The term, 168 ! Zttxil, 116 n 8. Z&bul (Ghainln), 408. Z&bulist^ 116 and n 8, 847, 891, 408. ^ar Khib, 218, 268 n 4^ 264^ 807 n 1 . Z&hidi, as, 11. Zain Lanka, 864. Zainu'l A&bidin, 860, 868 m 2, S4, 366 n 4, 877 n 1, 887, 888 and n 1. Zakdt, 67 and n 4. Zamln D&war, 894 n 4. ^azafptir, 826. Zend, The, 248. Zenu Kadal, 866 n 4. Zewan, 858.

Ziiu'ddin Bami, 86 n 11, 806. z<i, 6. Za;,6. Z%rda.i']ka9aha, 60. Ziyd,60. Zvydd4ydh gaz, 60. Zobeide, 887 n 1. Zohilk,*FortreB8 of, 409. | Zohk and Bimi&n, Tdmin of, 409. * Zoroaster, 6 m, 28 n 6, 248. Zubdat u't Tawr(kh, 86 and fi 18, 36 n4. Zukru, ^56 n 8, 862 n 6. Ziirmat, T6m4n of , 407 n 4. .* i 4* \

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BIBLIOTHEGA INDICA: A POLLECTION OP DrIENTAL WorKS P0BLI8HBD BT THI ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. Nbw Sibibb, No. 1176. 8UPPLKKENTABT INDEX OF THE PLACE NAMES ON PAGES 89 TO 4U

OF THB ^AIN-I-AKBAEl, Vol. II. (Tearslatbd BT CoLOMBL H. 8. JARBETT.)

COMPILED BY WILLIAM IRVINE, (Late of the Bengal Civil Service) AND LAVINIA MARY ANSTEY. CALCUTTA : PBINTBD AT THK BAPTIST MISSION PRI8S, AND PUBLISHED BT THR ASIATIC SOCIBTT, 67 PABK 8TKBIT. 1907. \i

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NOTE. This Index will be found of some value, it ih believed, U) those who do not share Colonel Jarrett's opinions as to its uRelessnenH expresfled in his Preface, p. x, and on pa^e 129, note 6. W. IRVINE. December 6th, 1904.

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INDEX.

Aanjanab, Me Baror A. Abadin, 9ee Ana wan. Abdili (tribe) s. ^ndahar, S. Kibn 397. ifbdarah (pass) S. Kabul, 400. Abetbi (var, Ametbi), s. Lakhnan, S. Audh, 93, 177. AbhJpur, B. Bari Dnib, S. Labor, 318. Abhipur, s. Mongblr, S. Babar, 164. 'AbidUbiid (Bachnau Duab), s. Dipalpur, S. Multan, 333. AbUbattah (va/r, Amlattab, AmUtab), B. Bijagarb, S. Malwab, 204. Abfcbiira, s. Ghorigbat, S. Bengal, 135. Ab6 (biU), 8. Gujarat, 217 2, 246 O S, 251. AbAgp^rh (bill-fort), S. Gujarat, 251, 271. Abugafb, 8. Sirobi, S. Ajmer, 276. Ach^rikbanab, s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal. 131. Aobb Dal, s. Kashmir, 358. AobU, 8. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. itdamwaban (vo/r. D4man), s. B^t Jilandbar DSib, S. Multan, 328.

Adand see Und. itdgaon, 8. Nam^lab, S. Barar, 234. itdh (wr. it^hab) a. Dibli, S. Dihli, 104,285. Adham, Bee Osam. Adhela, see Antelab. Adhwi, 8. Gbor^ghit, S. Bengal, 135. 'Adilibad, s. D^adeB, S. Kbandes, 225. 'Adilab^d (town), S. Kbindes, 223. 'AdUpur, 8. Bogla, S. Bengal, 134. Adfnahpur (town) s. Kabul, 405, 405 H 1 and 2, and 3. Adjepal, see Ajiyalgb^ti.

Adniya, r. Ma(^mdd4b4d, S. Bengal, 132. Adon, see Audan. Adown, see Audan. it^win, 8. Kashmir, S. Kibul, 36P. A^win, see Maru A. Afghinpur, s. Sambhal, S. Dibli, 105. Airid, s. Banaras, S. Allahabad, 162. Agra(da8ttir), s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Agra (Haveli), e. Agra, S, Agra, 96, 182. Agra (sarkir), S. Agra, 96, 160, 182. Agra (Stibab), 70, 96, 99, 115, 120, 157, 160, 179, 267, 278, 309 u 3. Agra (town), S. Agra, 96, 179, 180, 180 3. 182. 221, 239 u 7, 278, 809. Agrab, s. S^rangpur, S. M^lwah, 203, Agrohab (var, Agrowah), s. Hi^r Firdzah, S. Dihli, 105, 293. Agrowaby see (Agrobah). Aguasi (va/r. UguAsi, Ugasi), s. Kilinjar, S. Allahibid. 90, 166. A^ak (va/r. Akeb), s. Ohanderi, S. Malwab, 201. Abir, s. Kol, S. Jfgra, 97, 186. ithaspur, s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 156. Aherwdrah, s. Chunirh (Ghanidab), S. Allah^bid, 90, 165. Ahlwar, s. Tirbiit, S. Bahir, 156. A^mad, see Ta'alluk A. Khan. A^maddbdd, s. A^mad^bad, S. Gdja-

Tit, 242, 252. A^madabid, s. Ghorighit, S. Bengal, 135. A^mad^bdd (Hayeli), s. A^maddbad, S. Gujarat, 252. A^madibad (sarkar), S. Gdjarit, 244, 252. % Atmad^bad (Sdbab), n5, 38 e 244, 242. ^

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Atmadibad (town), S. Gdjarat, 226, 239 3, 240, 240 o 3, 241, 245 o 6, 249, 261, 264. Atimad Zh^ ^ Ta'lnk A. K., s. Gorighit, S. Bengal. 136. A^madnagar, s. A^mad^bad, S. Giijarat, 252, 261. A^madnagar (SQbah), 115. AJtimadnagar (territory), 222, 228, 238, 238, u 4. Atmadpur, (port), 8. Gtijarat, 246. Ahor, 8. Kotri Pariyah, s. Malwah, 209. Ahroni, s. Hifar Pirdzah, s. Dihli 105, 293. Ahsan, $ee Ajas. Aichhi (var, Eichhi, Inchi.) [Elliot, Enchhi], 8. Earrah, s. Allahabad, 90, 167. Alk (river) 8. Labor. 821. Aisb fva/r, Ajsb, Aish Mak&m), s. Easbmir, 359. Aisb Makam, $ee Aisb. Aja(gafb, s. Kalinjar, 9. Allabibad,

90, 166. Aj^n, 8. Bad^n, S. Dibli, 104, 288. Aja8 (tTor. Absan) (village) s. Kasbmir, 364. Ajigarb, 8. Kotri Par4yab, S. Maiwab, 209. Ajiy^lgbati (var. -^jep^l), s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130.* Ajiyil, see ^nsain A.* Ajiyil, see Mubarik A.* Ajiyal, see Na^rat A.* Ajiy^l, see Sbab A.* Ajiyal. see Sbab A. Bizti.* Ajiyal. see Soltari A.* Ajiyil, see Sulfanptir A.* Ajiyal, see Tiri A.* Ajiyal, see Zafar A.* Ajiyilpur. 8. Ma^tidabad. S.Bengal, 132.* [272. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer. S. Ajmer. 102, 270, I

Ajmer (Dasttir) s. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102. Ajmer (sarkSr) S. Ajmer, 102, 267, 270, 272. Ajmer (town) 217 o 2. 271. Ajmer (Stibab), 102. 115. 195, 226 u 1. 289, 267, 275, o 1. 278, 310, 326. Ajodbya (town), {var. Awadb), 8. Andb, 171, 0, 2 305,309,08. Ajor, 8. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Ajdn, see Babadur A. AJ^bain (bill), S. Eabnl, 403, o ^f 404. Akbar^bid (Dasttir), s. Eol, 8. Agra, 97. Akbaribad, s. Jalandbar, 8. Labor, 110, 317. Akbarabad, 8. Eol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Akbarab^ 8. Sambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, 290. Akbarabad Barkberi, see Akbari-

bd,T. Akbaribad Tarkberi {var, A. Barkberi, A. Tark Pari), 8. Sind Sigar, 8. Libor, 328. Akbarabad Tark Pari, see A. Tarkberi. Akbarpnr, 8. CbampAran, 8. Babar, 155. Akbarpnr, 8. Gigron, 8. Malwab,209. Akbarpnr, 8. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 181. Akbarpnr, 8. Sarangpnr, 8. Malwab, 203. Akbarpnr, 8. Sitgaon, 8. Bengal, 141. Akbarpnr, 8. Hijipur, 8. Babar, 155. Akbarsbabf, {alias Sandal), b. Sbarffabad, 8. Bengal, 189. Akeb see A^k. Ake8ine8, (river) see Cbenab. Akband see Gobindpur A. Akbandor Amb^ran, s. Jecb Dn4b, 8. Labor, 822. Akbar, see 'AUpnr

J. ^^eamea says the word in properly Ujeydl, men ning " high land."

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Akhasa Begio, {var, Kasia), 118 n 2, 891,0 2. A-khassa (country), 118 o ^* Akiesar, s. Bahrocb, S. Gujarat, 255. iJOcma^l, 8. Udner, S. Bengal, 129. Akri, 8. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 131. in, 8. Katak, S. Orissa, 143. 'Alampur, see Lakhi A. ]iflampur, see Shih A. Alampur, s. Sulaiman^bad, 8. Bengal, 140. 'AUpur(a2ta8 Akhar), s. Gw^liy^r, S.

Agra, 187. *Alapur, 8. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 157. Alap Shabi, 8. Bazoh^ S. Bengal, 187. Al Gbhap, see Al Jibat. Aldemao (var, Aldimau), 8. Jaunpur, S. Allababad, 89, 163. Alexandria Eschata or Kbojend (town), 119 I. Alexandria Opiana see Opian, and Hespian. iflgaon, 8. Gboragbat, S. Bengal, 185. iOhanpur, s. Bantbambbor, S. Ajmer, 102,274. 'Albat, 8. Gboragbat, S. Bengal, 185. Ali, see Kof K^im A. 'Albipur, see A. Malot. 'Ali Moban (town) S. Gujarat, 251, 251 ol. Alingar, s. Kabul, S. Kabul, 411. Alingar (river) S. Kabul, 405, o If 406. 'Alipur (Patf), s. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96, 185. 'Alisbang, s, Kabul, S. Kabul, 406, 411. 'Alisbang (river), S. Kabul, 406. Al Jat, see Al Jibat. M Jibit (var A. Cbbap, A. Jat), & Sonargaon, S. Bengal, 138. Allabibad (Haveli) (var, Ilababas), s. Allababad, S. Allababid, 89, 161. Allabibid, (8arkar), S. Allababad, 89, 160, 161. Allababad, or Ilahabad, and Ilababas,

(Siibab), 89, 90, 115. 120, 149, 15?, 160, 170. AUabibid (town) (var. Illahibid, nUbabis or Priyag), S. Allahabad, 158, 158, u 8, 167 o 2, 170 o 6. Alor (var, Aror), s. Bbakkar, S. Multan, 327 8, 334, 387, 337 o 1, 389 o 1, 848, 348 A 1. *Alrab, e. Robtas, S. Babar, 157. Aleai (var, Alsi, Alabsii), s. Kabul,

S. Kabul, 407, 407 o 1 ^H. Alwand (mountain), 161, 161, a 6. Alwar (dastiir). S. Agra, 96. Alwar (8ark4r), S- Agra, 96, 191. Alwar (viMT. Ulwar), s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 181, 191. Amarcantak (village) 150, o 1. Amar Kber, s. Mibor, 8. Barar, 28c. Amarkot (fort), s. Ajmer, 271. Amamatb (cave), 8. Ka8bmlr., 859 a 2, 860. Amar 8amain, 8. Nigor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Amarti, see Dimarni. Ambabtab, (var, Ambetb, Ambibtab), 8. 8abiranpur, 8. Dibli, 105, 291. Ambilab, s. B^ri Duab, 8. Ubor, 818. Ambilab, (var. Anb&lab) s. 8irbind, 8. Dibli, 105, 295. Ambaran see Aknandor A. Ambari, 8. Pinjarab, 8. Bengal, 186. Amber, (var. Anber) 8. Amber, 8. Ajmer, 102, 267, 272. [102. Amber (Da8ttir), 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, Amber (8arkar), 8. Ajmer, 102, 272. Ambetb, see Ambabtab. Ambbati (var. Gaf b Ametbi) (Killab) 8. Lakbnau, 8. Audb, 98, 178. Ambibtab, see Ambabtab. Amdab, s. Ma^tidabad, 8. Bengal, 182. Amemi, see Damarni. Amerti, see Damarnk Ametbi, see Abetbi. ^ I Amjbarab, s. MandOylSAlalwab* 112, I 206.

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Amkkorah {var. Ankhorah, Anghorah), 8. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer,

102, 274. Aml^tah, Amlattah, see Ablahattah. Amner, s. Narn^lab, S. Barar, 284. Amner, eee Atn^r. Ampol, eee Anbel. Amodgafh, s. Eananj, S. Malwah, 199. Amondab, s. Hin^iab, S. Malwab, 207. Amraki Bbata {var. A. Bbatti)^ s. Labor, S, Libor (Bacbnau Duab) 110, 319. Amran, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Amr^ti (stream), s. Kasbmir, 360. Amrel, s Kanauj, S. Malwab, 200. Amreli, s. Sora^h, S. Gujarat, 268. Amritd, s. Babar, S. Babar, 153. Amrobab, s. Sambbal, S. Dibli, 106, 289. Amrol, s. Birbakabad, S. Bengal, 137. Amrol, 8. Jbilwirah, 6. Gdjarit, 242. Amroli, s. Nidot, S. Gujarat, 264. Amwari, 8. Bayanw^n, S. itgra, 188. Anaun Saniwar, see Awan S. Anawal, 8. Surat, S. Gujarit, 266. Anawan' {var, Abadan, AtiwAn), s. Bati^lab, S. Barir, 237. AnbaU Kacbbi, em# Gboragbat, S. Bengal, 136. Anbilab eee Ambalab. AnbaM, s. Babir, S. Babir, 163. AnbaMy 8. Mongbir, S. Babar, 164. Anbel, (var. Ampol) s. Pinjara, S. Bengal, 186, Anber, eee Amber. Anboan, eee Atiwan. Anbodba, s. Audb, S. Audb, 93, 173. Ancbha, 8. Bab4r, S. Babar, 163. Ancbbarab, s. BAri Duib, S. Labor 318. Andalgion, s. Gborigbat, S. Bengal 136. / Andarbal, s. gai^tas, S. Labor (Jeob Du^b) 110, 322.

Andarkbani, eee Ma8Jid A. Andejin (country), 404, a 6.

Anderib, s. Z4bul, 399, 400, 400, o L An^bar, s. Gboragbit, S. Bengal, 136. Andorab, s. Bari Duab, S. Labor, 3ia Andwarab, s. Jilandbar, S. Libor, 110. Angali (var. Ungli in Elliot), s. Jaunpur, S. AllabAbad, 89, 163. Anghorab, see Amkborab. i^ngolab, 8. Namalah, 8. Barar, 234. Angd, 8. Mongbir, S. Bab4r, 164. Anhal, e. Ujjain, S. Milwab, 112,198. Anbatti, 8. Madiran, S, Bengal, 141. Anbauli, eee Anbola. Anhilpur, (city), S. G6jarAt, 262. Anbilw^a, Pattan (town), S. Gijarat, 239 u 6, 244n 16, 247 o 4 269 u 2, 261 B 4, 262, 306 ft 2. Anbola (v<r. Anbaula), s. Gorakbpur, S. Audb, 93, 176. Anbon, 8. Gwttiyar, S. Agra, 187. Anbona (vc^r, Anhonab), s. Audb, S. Audb, 93, 174. Anjangaon, 8, Gawil, S. Barar, 232. Anjari, 8. Bi jagafb, S. Malwab, 204. Anji, 8. Gawil, S. Barar, 282. Anjnab, eee Baror A. Ankbarab, eee Afbkerab. Ankborab, tee Amkborab. Ankot, 8. Nam41ab, S. Barar, 234. Anliyi, 8. Sulaimanibad, S. Bengal, 140. Anmaler, $ee Anmalner. Anmalneri, (var. Anmaler, Anmalra), s. Dindea, S. Kbandes, 226. Anmalra, see Anmalner. Anolab, see Aoylah. Anotampur, s. Ma^iidtfbad, S. Bengal, 182. Ansingab, s. Mabor, 8. Barar. 236. Antardab, see Antrorab. Antbulab H4bru, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Antrl, 8. Babar, 8. Bab4r, 163. Antri, s, Bayanwan, 8. ^gra, 188.

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Antrorah (var, Antardah), b. Eanthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Apwalah, see Ao|;ilah. Anwarbin, s. Qhoraghat, S. Bengal, 185. Anwar Malik, s. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal 135. Anwarpor, s. Sitgaon, S. Bengal, 140. Ao^lah, {wir. Anolah, A^walah), s. Badaon, S. Dibli, 104, 288. Apelava, [Palwal] (town) S. Dihli, 278,o2,286ol- (^S^ea Palot). Aparmal (var. Aparpil), s. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Aparpal, see Aparmal. Apletah, s. Sorafh, S. Gujarit, 268. 'Arab eee Bal 'A. Arabia Felix, 110, u 1. Arabian Sea, 248 ft 8. Ariine {var. Arain), s. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102, 272. Arakan (var. Argyra), (tract) 119, 119o8, 120, 120ol, ArakhoBia, (country) 120 u ^* Aramrie, s. Bi^h^lah, 8. Gdjarat, 244. itrimrie (port) vc^r. Bamra), 8. Gujarat, 244, 248. Arand (river) 157, 157 a 10. Arandwel, s. Dandes, S. Khandes, 225. Ararat, Mount, 405 b 2* Aravalli hiUs. 8. Ajmer, 268, 268 a 2.

Arbheja {var. Artehji), s. Sorath, 8. Gdjarat, 258. Ardh4pdr b. Pathri, 8. Barar, 236. Arghandab (river), a. Kandahar, 394 a 2Argyra [Arakan], (country), 120 a 1Arharmitar, s. Af^nadibad, 8. Gdjarat, 252. Arifan see Ashikan A. Armenia (country,) 415 o 2* Aron, (vof. Azdar), s. Ohanderi, 8. Malwah,20L Aron. 8. Gawil, 8. Barar, 232.

Aror (town) see Alor. Arpat (stream), s. Kashmir, 355 b 1* Arpur, 8. Chakarhalah, 8. Tattah (Multin), 841. 'Arsa Tawili {var. Arsad Tawili). B. 8itgaon, 8. Bengal, 141. Artehja, see Arbheji. Arto4, B. Ohitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Arwal see 8ankha A. Arwal, 8. Bahar, 8. Bahir, 158. Arwal, 8. Manikpur, 8. Allahabad, 90, 164. Arwarah, b. Champaner, 8. Gdjarit, 256. i^kah, B. Katak, 8. Orissa, 148. ABapuri, s. B4isln, 8. M41wah, 112, 199. Ash, see Aish. Asham, see Assam. ABhikin Arifin (hill) 8. Kabul, 408 5. Ashrafnihal (var. Ashraf thai, Ashrafbhal), 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. ABhtaghar, see Hashtnagar. i^shtah, Htii, 8. Kherlah, 8. Barar, 238 Ashtah, 8. 84rangpur, 8. Malwah, 203 i^shti, 8. Gawil, 8. Barar, 282. Mbi (river), var. Nala 158, 158 o 3.

iCsir, 8. KhindeB, 8. Khindes, 222, 225. Asir (fort) 8. KhandcB, 223, 225, 226. [178. Aslydn, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, Asoha, 8. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 98, 178. Asonja, s. Pdmiyah, 8. Bengal, 134. Asop, 8. Jodhpdr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. iJCsop, 8. Kotri Parayah, 8. M41wah, 209. Assam (country) {var. Asham), 117 o 3, 118. Assy, see Kiranja BibL Atad4> see Etad4. 'Atai see 8herpur 'At4i. A^ Baniras {va^. ^ttock), s. 8ind 8agar, & L4hor, 119^, 311, 811 o 8, 323, 825, 390, 891, 898.:i

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Atawan, aee Anaw^n. Ath^ls (var. Athims), s. Tirhdt, S. Bahir, 156. Athans, aee Athiis. Atharban, s. Earrih, S. Allahabad* 90,167. Afhgafh, 8. Katak, S, Orissai 148. A^hkerah (var, Ankharah), s. Hiyir Firdzah, S. Dihli, 106, 294. Atiwan, (vor. Jaitwan, Anboan, Jytewan, Intva), s. Bayi^wan, S. Agra, 188. Atlawarah, s. Godhra, S. Giijar4t, 257. Atlesar, s. Bahroch, S. Gdjarat, 255. Atner (var. Amner), s. Eherlah, S.

Barir, 238. Aton {var. IC^6n), a. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Atral, 9ee Atran. Atran {var, AtrdI), s. Khandes, S. Khandes, 225, 225 n 2. [175. Atraal4 s. Grorakhpur, S. Aadh, 93, Atraoli, s. Eol, S. Agra, 97, 186, Atreji, eee Sikandarpnr A. Af^asa, 313 g 2, No. 47. Attock, or Attok, see Afak Banaras. ittdn, see Aton. Aubel, see Anbel. Aabhi, s. Tirhtit, S. Bahir, 156. itadan {var, Adon,^down), a. Kamaon, 8. Dihli, 289. Audh (Daatur) 93. Aadh (Haveli), a. Audh, S. Aadh, 93, 173. Aadh, a. Audh, 8. Aadh, 93, 173. Aadh, (aarkar), 8. Aadh, 93, 173, Aadh, (8tibah), 115, 149, 157, 160, 170, 278, 309 g 3. Aadhi, a. Godhra, 8. Gtijarat, 257. Aadhi. a. N^dot, 8. Gtijarat, 254. Aaghara, a. Tirhiit, 8. Bahar, 156. Augdohah, a. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 186. J Aagochab, a. Ilnjara, 8. Bengal, 136. Aajanwaa, ^^n^iandeaar, 8. Malwah, 206.

Ankhrf, {vc^r, Khokri, Ghogri), a. i Bahir, 8. Bahir, 153. Aanah (port), 8. Gdjarat, 259. Aanah, a. Nighar, (old 8orath) 8. Gtijarat, 244. Aanah, a. 8orath, 8. Gdjarat, 258. Aundah, a. Bdaim, 8, Barar, 235. Aa^elah, (oar. Adhela), a. Bayanwan, 8. Agra, 188. Avanlipdra, a. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 a 3. Avanlipara, [Wantipar] (town), a. Kaahmir, 356 a 3-

Awadh (town), 8. Aadh, 171. Awalgao^, a. Hin^iah, 8. Malwah, 207. Awin, a. 8indh 8agar, 8. Labor, 823. Awin 8anawar {var. Anaan S.), a. Bijdgarh, 8. Malwah, 204. Ayaad, a. Karrah, 8. Allahab^ 90, 167. Aykndd, a. Mandeaar, 8. Malwah, 208. [289. it'^mpdr, a. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, Azarbijan, 415, b 2* Az^ar, see Ardn. Azdhar-koh (hill), a. Kandahar, 894. 'A^matpar, a. Ma^ddibid, S. Bengal, 188. B Baar {var, Baror), a. PAthiri, 8. Barar, 236, 236 n 8. Bdba, see 8ahar B. HajL Bdba, a. Bafalah, 8. Labor, 110. Baba Bhoj a. Dipdlptir (Bari Duib) 8. Maltan, 332. Babai {var. Beey, Fei), a. Elanaaj, 8. Malwah, 200, 200 n 4. Babai, (var. Beey) a. Narnol, 8. Agra, 97, 194. Bibbanbhtim, (t^or. Brahmanpar), a. Jaldaar, 8. Oriaaa, 142. BaberBadahah (hill), 8. Kabul, 403, a.5. BabhankarU, a. Ma^middabad, 8. Bengal, 183.

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Babharinti, Me Badharimani. Bibil, see Earyat B. Babnohna, see Banobra. Babra, $ee Bera. BAbriawar (tract), S. Gujarat, 247 UL Babn, Me Patar Shaikh B. Babylon (pool), s. Kashmir, S. Kabul, 359. Bachah, see Haft B. Baohhardon s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Baohhar, see Bajh^r. Baohherah {va/r, Bajhrah), s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Bacbhert^ see Baofahritti. Baohhn6r, s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 166. Bachhritti, (var, Bachhertti), s. Befh Jalandhar Ddab, S. Labor, 316. Baohti, see Pachhi. Baor6iid, see Bagr6nd. Bactria (country), 119 o 1,400 u 1. Bactriana, 400 n 8. Badakshan, S. Kabul, 220 a 5 812, 352 o 1, 899. Badal, 8. Nadot, S. Gujarit, 254. Ba4alka, s. Tajpur, S. Bengal, 185. Badam Ghashmah (pass), S. Kabul, 899. Badao9, (town) s. Bddibn S. Dihli, 280, 309. Badio^ (Haveli), s. Badioy, S. Dihli, 104, 288. Badaop (Sarkir), S. Dihli, 104, 160, 288. Badarwis, s. Ghand^ri, S. Malwah, 201. Ba^giion (ffwr. Barahgdon) s. Bohtas, S. Bahar, 157. Ba4gd09, 8. Tajpdr, S. Bengal, 135. Bafhadiya, s. Fat^bad, S. Bengal132. Badhdnah, eee Budhanah.

Ba4haramani (var. Bam^rapni, Bu, bheranty, Badrdhali, Babharinti), fl. Gawil, S. Bariir, 232. Badhar Birhar, see Ohandipur B.

Badhaul, see Ba4h61. Ba^h^lah, (Sarkar), S. Gujarat, 244. Badhkh^r, eee Makat B. Badhnawar, s. Ujjain, S. Malwah, 112, 198. Badhneth {va/r. Bhodhek), s. Kalpi, S. Agra, 97, 184. Ba4h61 (va/r, Badhaul, Barhaul), s. Chanadah (Ohunar), S. Allahabad, 90, 165. Badhona, see Hald B. Badhona (var. Madh6na, Budhola), 8. Gawil, S. Barar, 282. Badhtahli, s. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 131. Badhwan, s. JhaUwar, S. Gujarat, 242. Badi Bhosadi,8. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 156. Ba^khal, s. Bfjaga^h, S. Malwah, 205. Badmar (tMir. Barb&Bu), s. Bizoha, S. Bengal, 187. Ba^nagar, s. Paffan, S. Ghijardt, 254. Badn^r Bhnli, s. Namalah, S. Bar^r, 234 Badner Ganga, eee B. Kanka. Badner Kanka, {var, B. Gktnga) s. Namalah S. Barar, 284. Badndn, s. Beanwan, S. Agra, 189. Bad6har, see Hasyipnr B. Badokhar, s. Tajpdr, S. Bengal, 135. Badrihali, eee Badharimani. Badrao {var, Bahighii), s. Kabul, 8. Kabul, 406. Badrha^h, s. Gh?alior, 8. Agra, 187. Badrlya {var, Bardiyah), s. Bfjagayh,

8. Malwah, 205. Baddbhandal, {var. Baddhind41), s. Bechnad Ddib, 8. Lihor, 820. Biddghar, s. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 137. Baddhindil, eee Baddbhandil. Bier (var. Matar), s. Dandes, 8. EtUndes, 225. 4 Bigar (country), 8. Dqdi. 166 u 2. Bigar (tract), 8. Malwa?166 o 2.

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Bagbanti, see B^twa. Bag^a, 8. Tirbnt, S. Bahar, 156. Bighi, 8. Sharifibid, S. Bengal* 189. Bhaghbanin, 8. SewistAn, S. Mnltin, 840. Bagbbiii, see Bigh Mara. Bigh Fath, s. H^jkan, S. Mnltdn, 340. Bigb M^ra (mr. Bagh Bara), . KhaUfatabad, S. Bengal, 184. B^gborwi, see Bbakoi. Biighpat, 8. Dihli, 8. Dibli, 104, 286. Baghfa, s. Sabiranpiir, S. Dibli, 105, 291. Bigb Bae Boobab, 8. Beobnan Ddib, S. Labor, 319. Bagi, 8. Tirbut, S. Babar, 156. Bagla, see Bogla. Baglanab, (tract), S. Gujarat, 195, 251, 271. Big6r, 8. Gbit6r, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Bigotia, see Bikbotiyi^ Bagrondl (cir. Bakbrond, Baor6nd), 8. Man^li^r, 8. Agra, 190. Bagsara, s. Sora^b, 8. Gajarit,244,

258. Bag8ra, see Bagaara. BAgwan. 8. S4tg4on, S. Bengal, 141. Babac6i, see Babn^i. Bahaooi, see Bbakoi. BabAdkali, (vor.. Bj^bauoali, Babar* kally), 8. Gawil, S. Bartlr, 232, Babidur Ajdn, see Bbadrajann. Babidorpdr, 8. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Babidnrpdr, s. Biri Dd4b, 8. Labor, 818. Babiddrpdr, s. Baroda, 8. Gujarat, 255. BabiLdurpur, 8. Tajpdr, 8. Bengal, 185. Babidurpdr, 8. Tirbut, 8. Bab4r,156. Babidurpdr, 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180, Babi^ur Sbibilk. Udner, 8, Bengal, 180. ^ Babagbii, see Badrao.

{ BAbal, 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Babanagar, s. Tajpdr, 8. Bengal, 135. Babanrdr, see Bbi^tr6r. Babar, 8. Babir, 8. Bahir, 158. Babiu*, (8arkar), 8. BabiU*, 152, 158. Babir, (ror. Bebir), (8dbah) 115. 116, 120, 148. 149, 160 1, 157, 170. 231, 809, 881. Bahir, 8. Katak, 8. Oriaaa, 148. Babarkallj, see Babidkali. Baharm^l, (vcmt, Balm^r), 8. Bikan^r, 8. Ajmer, 278. Babamagar, s. Pinjarab, 8. Bengal. 187. Babat Kban Jawar, s. 8abiranpdr. 8. Dihli, 105,291. Babiwal, 8. Madi Eurug, 8. Barar, 236. Bib^l, see Earyit Bdbil. B4bil, 8. D4nde8, 8, Ebindes, 225. Bibilab, 8. Jodbpdr, 8. Ajmer, 102,

276. Babkar, see Bbakar. Babl4war, 8. Bab4r, 8. Babir, 158. Babl61pdr, 8. Cben^b (Jecb Dd^b, 8, Labor, 311,322. Babnii {vur, Babao6i, Bbanai), s. Ajmer. 8. Ajmer, 102, 278. Babni, s. Bobt48. 8. Labor, 110. Babn6r, s. Tirbut, 8. Babkr, 156. Baboowa 8abir, see Bajwa Biyiju. Babrab. 8. Babr4icb, 8. Audb. 98, 176. Babrab, (wr. Bb(ra) 8. Kibal,405, Babrabpal, (vwr. Bb(rabp41) 8. Dfpilpdr, (Biri Ddib) 8. Multin, 882. Babr4iob, (Haveli), 8. Babriicb. 8. Audb, 98, 176. Babriiob, (8irk&r). 8. Audb, 93, 176. Babr4icb, (var. Bbaraiob), s. Babriiiob, 8. Audb, 98, 172, 172 o, 176. Bahrain, (country) 344. Babrdmpdr, 8. B4rbak4b4d, 8. Bengal, 137. Babrimpdr, s. Tattab, 8. Multin, 339.

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Bahriri, s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. BihriiMd, (wmt, BhAAhhid) b Ghazipdr, S. Allab^bid, 90, 162. Bfthrk61, s. Alwar, S. Agrah, 96, 191. Bahroch, {var. Broach), (sirkar), S. Ghijarat, 255. Bahror, s. Sharif abad, S. Bengal, 189. Bahwil Bizn, 8. Bazoha, S. Bengal, 187. Bnhrwirah, s. Tirhnt, S. Bahar, 156.

Baht6r, s. Mar686r, 8. Milwah, 208. Bailun, see Paphin. Baionee, see Biram (Perim). Bairat, Bfra|, see Parii|. BaitarW, (river), 21^ o 1Bajaur, (SirkiU-), S. E^bnl, 347, 891, 391 7, 392, 398 n. 6. Bajhir, {var, Bachhar), s. Chand^ri, S. Malwah, 201. Bajhrah, see Bachherah. B^jilpdr, 8. Sirangpdr, S. Milwah, 208. Bajmor, see Paohn6r. Baj6r, s. Sarangpdr, S. Malwah, 208. Bl^jpat^ri, b. Ghor&ghat, S. Bengal, 186. Bajponr, see P^hn6r. Bajrah, see Zhand B. Bajwa Biyijn, (var. Bajwa Sihir, Bahoowa SahirX 8. Sylhet, S. Bengal, 189. Bajwi Sihir, see Bajwa Bijijn. Bajwirab, 8. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Bdjw4rab, s. Jalandhar, S. Labor, 110, 816. [116 u 8. B4karganj (District), 8. Bengal, Bakdn, see Baldabal4m. Bakbar, see N&ghar. Bdkhar, s. Man^lA^r, 8. Agra, 190. Bakhariji Bazd, 8. B4zoh4, 8. Bengal, 137. Bakbotiyd, {va/r, B&gotia), 8. Ma^mdd4bid, 8. Bengal, 133. Bakhrah, s. Eananj, 8. Malwah, 200. Bakbr6nd, see Bagr6nd. Baklinf, 8. Banthanb6r, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275.

(var. Makdma), s. SdtgSo^, 8. Bengal, 141. Bakr^ed, see Makr&ed. Bakfeh4, s. Audh, 8. Audh, 98, 174. B&U, see Lakhi B. Bhoj. Bilabhat, (var, B^lbhat), s. Baisfn. 8. MAJwah, 112, 199. Bil^gachah, s. Hajipdr, 8. BahAr, 155. B\& Hi88dr (fort), s. K&bnl, 8, Kibnl, 408 a 5.

Balahri see Chanki. Balahri, (tTor. Balhasi), s. Hindtah, 8, Malwah, 207. Balai, see Telhi. Bilakhatri, 8. Rranthanbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. B41a Kha^ar, 8. Sindh 8agar Daab, 8. Labor, 323. B4Uk6ti, see Ja86n B. Balandari Kotal (var, Malandari E., Makandari E., Balandi E., Balandri E.) (pa8s), 8. Eiibul, 391. Balaoli, 8. Man^la^r, 8. Agra, 190. B4lapdr (town), 8. Bar4r. 229. Bdlapdr, 8. Namilab, 8. Barar, 284. Bal 'Arab, a. B4nghar, 8. Bar4r. 287. Balasbari, s. Ghor^ghdt, 8. Bengal, 186. Bal48 Eathi (ror.^alaaghati), s. 8onirgao^, 8. Bengal, 188. Balau (Tillage) s. Easbmir, 8. Eabul 862. Balan Nag (pool), s. Easbmir, 8. Eabul, 362. Balawarab, b. Recbnan Di'iab, 8. Labor, 320. Bdlbbat, see Balabhat. Baldikbil, s. Sonargao^, 8. Bengal. 188. Baldd, see Balddbalam. Balddbalam (var. Bakdu, Balda), 8. Ndgor, 8. Ajmer, ^, 277. Bal^r, 8. Lakhnauti, S^engal, 131. Bal^8ar, 8. 8drat, 8. Gl)lNt, 257. Bilgafhi, 8. Madaran, 8. Bengal, 141.

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Balhibas, s. Ghazipnr, S. Allahabad, 90. Balhir, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Balhisi, see Balahri. Balhati, see Telhi. Bilhatfah, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Balh6r, s. Fathn, S. Bar&r, 286. Balia, s. Bahar, S. Bah&r, 153. Balia, (Ballia) s.Ghizipdr, S.Allah^ bad, 90, 162. Balii, B. Mnngfr, S. Bah4r, 155. Baliabass, see Bilhab&s. Bill Bhanga {var. Bill Ghanga), s. Sulaimin&bid, S. Bengal, 140. Bill Ghanga, see Bili Bhang4. B41i Danga, S. Bengal, 140 u 6. Ballg4o9, see ]g[afbah B. B41igh, see Eh4n B. Balin44, s. Satg^o^, S. Bengal, 141. B41i Shiihi, s. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142. Baliya, s. Satg&oi^, S. Bengal, 141. B41k4, s. Ghorighiit, S. Bengal, 185. Balkai^di, s. Telinginah, S. Barir, 287. Balkar Bijlonr {va/r. Balkar Bijnour, Bijlaur, Bidjnor), s. Lakhnan, S. Audh, 98, 178. Balkar Bijnonr, see Balkar Bijlour. Balkh, S. Kdbnl, 894, 899, 402. Balkhar, see Jalalpdr B. Bal K^osi, see BalR>hsi. Bal Kohi, see B4lkohsi. Balkohsi (var. Bal Kohi, Bal Khosi), B. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142. B^kw4rah, see Falakwih. Balkwirah, s. Bij^arh, S. Malwah, 204. Ballia, see Balia s. Gbizlpdr, Balm^r, see Baharm^l. B41n4th, see Tilah B. Balnath ka Tila, see Tila B. Baln&th (hill), S. Eibnl, 890 n 4. Balooh, 966 Shahzadah B. Balochistan, see^eluchistAn. Baloj, see Shah^dah B. Bal6kidhan,mindh S^gar Dd6b, S. Labor, 828.

Balor, 8. Sdrat, S. Gnjarat, 257. Bal6ri, see Bh6ri. Bal6t, 8. J41andhar, S. Labor, 110. Bab-4m (var. Bilrdm), s. K61, S. Agra, 97, 186. Balsar (port), S. Gujarit, 248. Balsar, s. Sdrat, S. Gujarat^ 257. Balsar, s. Godhra, S. Gujarit, 258. Balsia, see Basnlyah. Baltal, s. Kashmir, S. Kibul, 859 ft2. Baltapdr, s. Barbakabad, S. Bengal, 187. Balukwah, see F&lakw&h. Balwirah, s. Sdrat, S. Gujarat, 257. Bdmanpdr, s. Ghor&gh&t, S. Bengal, 185. Bambal, see Natil. Bambhra ka thdl (town), S. Multan, 386 4. Bamhnip&rah, see B&nbhanp&rah. B&miin, see Zohik B. Bimian, s. K^bul, S. Kibnl, 400,400 O 1, 409, 409 o 3. Bamiin, (fort), s. Kibnl, S. Kabul 409. Bimni (var, Damni), s. Bisim, S. Barar, 235. Ban, s. Bechnau Dd4b, S. Labor, 320. Ban^ekpdr, see Biniikpdr. Banaekpdr, (v<ur, Binafkpdr% s. Gorakhpur, S. Audh, 93. Banah, see Nab4h. Banahta, see Banhafa. Banak (fortress), s. Bhadrak, S. OriBsa, 143. Banakar, s. Kanauj, S. Malwah, 200. Baniras, see Afak B. Banaras, see Katak B. Banaras (Haveli), s. Bantets, S. Allahabad, 89, 162. Bandras (Sarkir), S. Allahabad, 89. 160, 162. Bandras (town), s. Banaras, S. AlUhabad, 89, 158, 158 o 3, 385. BaniroJBy see Bhintr6r. Baniwar, see Biniwar.

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Banbahar, s. Narnalah, 8. Barar, 234, BAnhbangion, s. Bijigarh, S. Mai, wah, 204. Binbhanpirah {var. Bamhnip&rah)8. Gorikpdr, S. Audh, 98, 176. Bancali, see Tinkali. Banda, see Bindhd. Bandah, (monntains), (va/r, Satpura), 228. Bandah, s. Sdrafh, S. Gujarat, 268. Bandar, see Bidar. Bandar, see L^Uiari B. Bandar, see Nawi B. Bandarbin, s. Siitg6ov S. Bengal, 141, (Bandariyan in Be&mes). Bandarjhala, s. Ohanderi, S. Miilwah, 201. Bandar Lihari (vcbr. Lihari Bandar), 8. Tattah, S. Moltin, 336, 339. Bandhan, s. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102, 278. Bindhii, (var. Banda), (District) 167, 196. Bando, s. AlUhabid, S. Allahabad, 161 D 8. Band61, s. Tajpdr, S. Bengal, 136. Bandar, s. S6rath, S. Gujarat, 268. Bandwil, s. Ma^ddabad, S. Bengal, 133. Ban^hra, see Banh^ra. Banel, see Karyit Babil. Bang, see Bengal. Bangabdri, see Fatkamiri. Bang4b4ri, s. Sitgion, S. Bengal,

141. Bangihal (valley), 310 d 6. Bangaon, s. Birbakibid, S. Bengal, 137. Bangar, see Tankar. Bangarmao, s. Lakhnau, S. Audh, 94, 178. Bangash, s. K4bul, S. Kibul, 401, 407, 412. [206. Bang^h, s. Bijagafh, S. Malwah, Bangora, see F4oh6rah. Binhas Tili (fort), s. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142.

Banhafa, (var. Banahta), s. Bauthaiibhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Banhera (va/r. Ban^hra), s. Ghit6r, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Banhd, see Banjd. Biniin, s. Sarangpdr, S. Milwah, 203. Banian Chang (var. Mijin Chang, Bjin Chang, Miyan Shin), b, Sylhet, 8. Bengal, 139. Binihal, (var. Banihil), s. Kashmir. 8. Kibul, 347, 361, 369. Banjah Banji, 006 Hazir B. B. Banjirah, see ^Ut B. Banj4rah(zamfndari), 8. Barar, 230. Binj B&nka, see Biinj Mank. Banji, see Haz4r Banjah B. Banj Malki, see Binj M4nka. Banj Mink4 (var. B4nj B&nka, B. Malki, B. Matki, Fantsch Botaca), 8. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal, 136. B4nj Matki, see Binj Minki. Binjd (var. Ban^u), s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 144. Banjureh, see F4oh6rah. Binki, see Batkan. Binki, see Nakar B. Bankadgion, see B^kadgion. Bankal,'8. Kashmir, 8. Kibul, 371. Ban^t (var. Fangat) s. Tijpdr, 8. Bengal, 136. #

Ban6hri (var. Babnohua, Bhasohra, Bunbohra), s. Tijirah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Ban6r, see Benor. Binori (var. Fanori), s. Telinganah, 8. Barir, 237. Binpur, s. Tirhut, 8. Bahar, 166. Binsad, see Binsanda. Binsanda or Haftchdr, (var. Bansad or H. Hdr ), s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 142. Bansinil, see Natil. Banswilah, see Banswirah. Binswirah(tMr. Bans%41ah)s, Sir6hi, 8. Ajmer, 196^ 261, ^1^76. Bansyeh, see Bisnf yah.

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Banu (sarkar^ S. Kabul, Z9B, 893 g 2. Banwa, s. Sitgiov, S. Bengal, 140. Banwi, s. Tirhut, S. Bahir, 1^. Banw&r, see Batori. Binwiirah, s. Sora^h, S. Gujarit, 258. Banwirkijar, s. Ghoraghit, 8. Bengal, 186. Bdri, $ee Bkgh UiH. B4ra, 8. Kananj, S. Agra, 96, 185. B4ra, s. S4ran, S. Bahar, 155. Bira Banki (District), S. Audh, 174, 8. Bahi4i (i'<'^ Fariri), s. Ma^ddab4d, S. Bengal, 182. Birah, see Sin<Slad B. Birah, s Ohand^n, S. Malwah, 201. Barah, (va/r. Tarah), (D4war Sh6rbhdm), B. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142. Barah giln, (var. Barah Eifn), s. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Birahgion, see Ba^g&on.

Birah Sewah, a. A^edib&d, S. Gujarat, 258. Birah Kiiln, gee Barah gifn. Barai, see Farbani. Bahil, 8. S4ran, S. Bahar, 155. BaraS, 8. Tirhut, S. Bahir, 156. Bariioh, see Bhalaej. Barak, see Sllbaras. Baroltah {vcvr. Barlahath, Barleth, Barleet), s. Mai6B6r, S. Milwah, 208. [d 8. fiaramnla, s. Kashmir, 8. Kibnl, 356 Baramnla (pass), s. Kashmir, S. Kibnl, 368 D 1. Baran, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. Baran (Dastdr), s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104. Birin (river), S. Kibnl, 406, 406 o 1. Birin, s. Eanthanbor, S. AJii^^i*' 1^> 275. Bdranasi (Benares), see Banaras. Barang, s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 148. Barangpur (vcw*. Birikpiir), s. Pinjarah, 8. Bmgal, 186. Bariodah, ^M[ar6s6r (Mandesar), S. Malwah, 208.

Barangaoy, 8. Dandee, S. Pt^^^^^**, 225. Barar {var. Berir), (Subah), 115, 146 O 1, 222, 228, 228, 280, 281 o i 288^4,268. Barar, s. S6ra^, S. Gnjarit, 258. Bararipinjar, 8. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 131. B4rishakor, s. Lakhnau, S. Aadh, 93, 178. BirbakiUd, s. Birbakibid, 8. Bengal, 137. B4rbakab4d, (sirk^r), 8. Bengal, 120, 124, 187. Birbakpdr, s. Ghoraghit, 8. Bengal, 135. Birbakpdr, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal,

182. B&rbakpdr (var, Baricpour), s. Sitgion, 8. Bengal, 141. Barbaksail (vcur, Barikseel, Bariksel, Bariksail), s. 8harf 4bad, 8. Bengal, 189. Barbar, s. AlUhibid, 8. AlUhab&d' 161 o 3. Barbariyi, s. Barbakibid, 8. Bengal, 187. Barbazd, see Badmir. Barbhikar, see Talln^ B. Barchan^it s. 8onrgaov, 8. Bengid, 188. Bardi, see Barwa. Barda (hills), 8. Gujarit, 248 d 8, 6eBarfa. Bardiya, s. Sonirgaoy, 8. Bengal, 18a Bardiyah, see Badriya. Bardwin, s. 8harlf4bad, S.Bengal, 189. Bardwan, (district), 140 d 8. Bar^l, 8. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 156. Bareli, see B4e B. Bareli, s. Badiov, 8. Dihli. 104, 288. Birh, 8. Kanauj, 8. Milwah, 200. B4rh, 8. N4m61, 8. Agra, 97. Barhi, see Dahej B. Barha, see Kant B.

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Birhah, e Bnltinpor B. Barhan (NarhuiP), s. S4ran, 8. Bahir, 166. Barhit, see Barbiisat. Bai^anl, see Ba4h61.

Barhgangal, 8. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, ISO. Barhl, s. Chakarhilah, S. Mahdn, 841. Barhi, see Ch4rb4gh B. Barhi, see Didd Bbandil B. Barfai, see Fattd Bhandil B. Barhf, see Gujrin B. Barhiisat, (wvr. Barhiit, Barhit, Barsihat, Barsahas^t), s. Uhor, S. Uhor, 110. Barhidit, see Barhiisat. B4ri, see Batiilah B. Bari, see Karyat B. Biri, 8. Kherlah^S. Barar, 234. Biri, see Koijhi B. Bari, see Mu^mmad B. Ddkrao. Bari, s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. BAri, 6. Kanauj, S. Milwa, 199. B4ri, 8. Laklmaa, S. Aadh, 93, 178. B4ri, MeMakried. Ban, see Fanj B. Baricpour, see Birbakpiir. Baridhati, (var, Barmadhatti, Barmandmati,), s. Satgaoy, S. Bengal, Ul. BiriDnib (Sirkir), B. Labor, 110, 311, 312, 318, 326 o 2. Biri Do4b, a. Multin, S. Malt4n,329, B4ri Ddab, s. Dlp41pdr, & Mult&n, 332. B4rigaov, see $afbab B. Bin Gb^r, s. Pinjarab, S. Bengal, 137. Bari Gborigbit, b. Gboragbit, S. Bengal, 135. Birikib, S. Kabul, 399 o 1. Barlkpdr, see Birangpdr. Bariksail, see Barbaksail. Bariksel, gee Barbak8ail. Barikaeel, see Barbakaail. Barin Jumli^, s. Maf^nddabad, S. Bengal, 132.

B^ri SabakbiiU, (vor. B. Timokbala, B. SankbiU), s. Gborigbat, S. Bengal, 135.

Barkal, a. Bikan^r, S. Ajmer, 278. Bark Gb&nd, see Tark Gband. Barkebond, see Tark Cbindil. Bark Hind, see Tark Gbindi. Barkb^rl, see Akbar&bid Tarkb^ri. Barlabatb, see Baraltab. Barleet, see Baraltab. Barletb, see Baraltab. Barmadbatti, see Baridbati. Barmab Hfrab, see Barmbattar. Barmabpdr (wmt. Bemapoor), s. Ma^imddabid, S. Bengal, 133. B&rmak, see Fati B. Barmali, see Baroli. Barmandmati, see Baridbati. Barmbattar, (va>r, Barmab Hirab) a. Satg^oy, S. Bengal, 141. Bama (river), 167, 168, 168 o 3. Barnagar (city), S. Gujarit, 242. Barnab, 8. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96, 186 Bam&lab,^8ee Namilab. Barniwab, a. Dibli, S. DibU, 104, 286. Bam^rapni, see Badbarimani. Baroda, 8. Baroda, S. Gujarat, 265. Baroda, (Sirkir). S. Gujarat, 266. Barddab, see Tal B. Bar6dab, (town)%. Gujarat, 239, 242. Bar6dab, s. K6tri Parayab, S. Mil, wab, 209. Barodab (state), [242, n. 12, 254, q, 2, 3. Bar6dab, a. Mand6, S. Malwab, 112, 206. Barodab, a. Nigor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Barodab, a. !Rantbanb6r, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Barodab Fat^ban, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Barodab Meo(txir. Meo), 8. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. \ BanSdab Ra*na (DastAl^. Nirn^, S. Agra, 97.

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Barodah rf 'an4, s. Nirnol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Bar6darah, b. Bljiga^h, S. Malwah, 204. Barohi, see Pafohi. Baroi, eee Paf ohi. Bar6i, b. Narwar, Q. Agra, 190. Baroli, (tw. BanSn, Barmali, Nariini) (river), S. Gujarit, 262. Bar6n, $ee Baroli. Biror, see B4ir. Bar6r, b. Giwil, S. Barar, 282. Bar6r, s. Kherlah, S. Barar, 233. Bar6r Anzana, see Bardrinjnah. Barotb, eee Jalalpor B. Barra, s. Barri, S. Barr 244. Barra (P Berda, Barda), (Sirkir), S. Gnjarit, 244, 248 ft 3. Barsahasit, see Bahidsat. Barsihat, see Barbi4sat. Barsald, s. Ghorighit, S. Bengal, 135. Barsalpdr, s. Bikan^r, S. Ajmer, 277. Barsini, s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 156. BarBar, s. BadiLoy, S. Dihli, 104, 288. Barsi, Hijlpdr, see Fati Hajipdr. Barsi T4nkli(tHr. Fanabakhi, Partahkulsy), B. Namalah, S. Barar, 234. Bardranjnah, {va/r, Bar6r Anzana, Anjanah, Birduranjeh), s. Q^irabid, S. Audh, 9% 176. Barwa, s. Bhadrak, S. Orissa, 143. Barw4, s. Hi^ar Firozah, S. Dihli, 105, 294. Barwa (var. Sarwa, Barda), b. Sorajh, S. Gujarit, 244, 258. Barwah, b. Beth J&iandhar Ddab, S. Lahor, 316. Barwilah, Hifir Firozah, S. Dihli,

105, 294 Barw4r, b. Sora^h, S. Gujarat, 258. Barwirah, s. Banthanbh6r, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Barwi, s. Kashgiir, S. KAbnl, 371. Basad (var. WBad), b. Kherlah, 8. Barar, 29^ [208. Basdhirah, s. Marasor, S. Milwah,

BaBii Diwarmir, (var, B. Diwarpdi^) B. Katak, S. OriBBa, 148. BaBii Dlwarpdr, see B. Dfwarmar. BaBamt, s. F4thri, S. Barir, 236. BaBanah, s. Alwar, S Agra, 96, 191. BaBandhari. s. Snlaiminibad, S Bengal, 140. Basari, s. Hijipdr, S. Bahar, 166, 166 ft 8. BaBiri (var. BaBrah), b. Eh^ribad, S. Andh, 93, 177. Baaara, (var. BiBiri), b. Sambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Bas^ (Bassein), (town), 8. Gujarat, 243, id., note 3. Basht, (var. Bast), 8. Kabul, 418. Bisigiov, s, Tijpdr, 8. Bengal, 186. Basim (town), 8. Barar, 230. Basim (haveli), b. Bisim, 8. Barar, 236. Bisim (8irkar), 8. Barar, 236. Bisni jah, (var. Balsia, Bansyeh), 8. Bi jigarh. 8. Malwah, 205. Basddhi, a. Andh, 8. Audh, 93, 174. Baadk, s. Bahir, 8. Bahir, 168. BaB^tra, b. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 166. Bafrah (Arabian town), 121, 341, ft 1, 844 ft 2, 418. Basrah, see Basiri. Basrii, b. Nidot, 8. Gujarat, 264. BasrauU, b. GawU, 8. Barar, 232. Basri, B. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 166. BaBsein, see Bm6. BasBi, see Fasai. BaBBora, see Bafiah. Baat, see Basht. Bastar, 8. Barar, 228. [137.

Bastdl, s. Birbakibid, 8. Bengal, Bastwah, s. KumAon, 8. Dihli, 289. Baswah, s. Khairab4d, 8. Audh, 93. 176. Bansyeh, see Bansniyah. Batala, see Fatila. Batilah, see Bafialah. Bafcalah, see Batialah. Ba^lah (Ban Ddib), (Sirkar), 8. Lahor, 110.

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Bftfalah {var. BafUlah, BaUlah), s. Bafilah (Biri Dd4b), S. Labor, 110, 389. Batan, (vor. Fatan), s. Sewistiin, S. Molten, 8^. Batar, (tw. Patar, Palar), s. Sewistin, S. Mnltan, 840. Batiwad {var, Be&wad, Beanvad), 8. Dandes, S. Shindes, 225. Bithi, 8. B&sim, S. Barir, 235. Bith Eari, a. Sonirgaou, S. Bengal, 13a B&thnin, s. Mattmddibiid, S. Bengal, 132, Batialah, (fort), 8. Barar, 231. Batiilah, {var. Pitilwari, Pnttyaleh, Batilah FatUlah, Putaleh, Faniala) PaUla, Silah), Sirkir), S. Barar, 228, 237. BatUlah Bari (var. Puttyaleh, Faniala B., 8. BatUlah, S. Barir, 237. Batila, see Ratfla.

B&tkin (var. Binki) s. Ma^mdddUd, S. Bengalll32. Batkar, see Tankar. Bat6d}U (var. Batddha) s. Nigor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Bitor, Be$ Nahajann B. Batori (var. Fatora, Batwir, Banwar), 8. Tattah, S. Multin, 339. Bitrak (riyer), S. Ghijarit, 289. Bataal, see Natil. Bat8chi, ee Fachhl. Batfilah, see Batilah. Bifd, 8. Kashmir, S. K&bol, 369. Batddhi, see Bat6dhi. Batwi, see Sem6ri B. Batwah (var. Fatwah) (villaSe), S. Ghijarat, 240, 240 d 7. Batwir, see Batori. Banh (tnir. Banpdr) (ferry), S. Labor, 310. Bankadgion, see Bekadgion. Banli, s. Narwar, S. Agra. 190. Banliana, see Sdliyinah. Baupdr, see Banh. Bawil, 8. Ajmer 8. Ajmer,102, 273.

Biwal, 6. BewiH, S. Dibit, 105, 298. Bawiliyi, s. Sonirg&oi^, 8. Bengal, 138. Biwan, s. Khairibid, 8. Andb, 98, 177. Bawan 8endh (var. Bhawan 8end, Bfdn 8end, Bbn 8endt^ Fawan 8endh), (spring) s. Kashmir, 8. Kabnl, 358 u 4* Bayanwin, see Beanwin. Biyazfdpdr, s. Gboragbit, 8. Bengal, 135. [187. B&yazidpdr, s. Finjarah, 8. Bengal, Bizir, see Desbt. B&zir, 8. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 142. Bizirak (pass) 8. Kibul, 399, 400, 400 Ol. Bizir Chhatigbit, s. Ghorighit, 8.

Bengal, 136. Bizir Ibrihimpdr, 8 8harifibid, 8. Bengal, 139. Bizir-i Tusaf , s. Laknanti, 8. Bengal, 132. Biziri Kadim (old Bizir), s. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 131. Bizkbokra, s. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 181. Bizobi, (8irkir), 8. Bengal, 121, 124, 137. Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Biza, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizd, see Bizdohap, Bahwil B. Bakhari|ri B. Bb6riya B. Chand Partib B. Cbbandiya B. Daskbidiya B. Dhaki B. Hamta B Hariyil B. Jastan B. Partib B. 8alim Partib B. 8bib Ajiyil B. 8oni B. 8onigbiti B. 8ultin B. s. Mafl^ldibid, 8.

Bengal, 132.

aDi D. Mat^dil]

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Bisd FanUd Sh&hi, s. Qhorighit, S. Bengal, ia5. B&zdrast, s. Ma^ndibad, S. Bengal,

132. Biizu Zafar Shahi, s. Ghoraghit, S. Bengal, 135. Bizwil (village), s. Kashmir, S. Kibul,*361. Beidawi, see Beiwada. Be&nah, s. Agra, S. Agra, 96. Beanah (Haveli) s. Agra, S. Agra, 96. Beanban, eee Beanwin. Beanwan, s. Beanwan, S. Agra, 188. Beanwan (Dastor), s. Beanwan, S. Agra, 96. Beanwan (oar. Bay&nwan, Beanban, Sanwin) (Sirkar), S. Agra, 96, 188. B^ard, ee Biiwar. Beas, eee Biih. Beaavad, eee Batawad. Beiiwad, see Batiwad. Be4wada (t^or. Beidawi), s. G4mil, S. Bar4r, 232. Beiwar, s. Sarangpnr, S. M41wah, 208. Be^warab, s. Sdrat, S. Gnjarit, 257 Bedjili, see Nejli. BM61i, see Bidaoli. Beelowd, see Papldd. Beerat, see Ferith. Beey, see Babai. ^ Begun, 8. CJbitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Begwin, {va/r. Pangwin), s. Tijirah, S. Agra, 96, 193. Bebar, see Babar. Beissa, see $ila B. Bejrl, B. Bantbambbor, S. Ajmer, 102. 276. Bekadgaon {var. Bankadgion), s. D&ndes, S. Kbandes, 225. Bekbnr, see Bbakar. B^lab, B. H4jkin, S. Mult&n, 340. Belab, s. Kalamb, S. Bar&r, 235. Bel4r4, s. Jodbpur, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. J Belbiri, b. Lgc^Lanti, S. Bengal, 131. Belgiov, s. sStgaov, S. Bengal, 141.

Belgbiti, 8. Gorigbit, S. Bengal, 186. Bel Ghizi Kbin, s. Sindh S4gar

Dd&b, S. Labor, 323. Belbeti (va/r. Tilbanf, TaUiani), s. Jaunpnr, S. Allab4b4d, 89, 168. Beli, see Bibli. Beli, 8. Cbanderi, S. Milwab, 201. B^kasi, s. Ma^mddib4d, S. Bengal, 138. Belkbi, s. Soralb, S. Gnjarit, 258. Belkasi, s. M^mddibiid, S. Bengal, 133. [loss, 275. Belonab, s. Bantbanbbor, 8. Ajmer, Belor, 8. Fat^b^d, S. Bengal, 132. Belot, s. Birdn-i Panjnad, S. Labor, 825. Belnobistan {var. BaloohiBiin) country, 387 D 2 & 3, 341 D L Belwali, a. Kberlab, S. Barir, 284. Belwiri, s. Ma^udib&d, S. Bengal, 132. B^m^, see Fanmin. Beniras, see Madan B. Benares, see Madan B. Bengal {var. Bang) (Subab), 115 116 d1, 117d1iS:;S, 119, 120, 122 123o4, 124d 2 & 5, 125 n. 2, liS6 126 D 1, 127 o 2, 129-149, 152, 169i|8 171 o 5, 172n.8, 180, 229n.l, 804 305, 306, 886, 415. Bengal Proper, 116 n 1. Benjili, see Nejll. Benkar, see Tankar. Bendr (var, Ban6r) s. Siriiind, S. Dibli, 105, 295. Beri (var. Babra, Bbabra), s. Gk>dbra. S. Gujr4t, 257. Beraki, see Cbarkb B. Berir, see Bar&r. Beritb, see Peritb. Berda, see Barri. Beri, b. Soratb, S. Gujarit, 258. Beri Dobal^ban, s. Dibli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. Bemapoor, see Barmabpdr. Besali (var. Bet41i) s. Betb Jilandbar

Duib, S. Labor, 316.

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Beard (vor, Bisrd), 8,Tij4rah, S.Agra, 96, 193. Bearu (Dastur), a. Tijirah, 8. Agra, 96, Bet4U, see Bes41i. Betamah, $ee B^twa. Betba, see B^twa, Betbariya, s. Matmandibid, S. Bengal, 132. Bethan (var. Pathin), S. Ba^ialah (B4ri Ddib), S Labor, 110, 318. Bejb Jilandbar, (we oUso Jalandbar) (Sirkir), 110, 311, 315, 316 o 2. Biih Jilandbar Ddb s. Dipiilpdr, S. HiiIUn,381. Betb Jilandbar Ddab, s. Multin, S. Mnltin, 928. Betboli (var* Bitbowly), s. Lakbnau, a Ondb, 93, 178. Betmin, see Panmin. Betmin (tjor. Patman, Bimin, Pubum4n), 8. Mando, S. Malwih, 206. Betwa (var, Betamab, Nlm, Betba, Bagbanti) (river), 8. Milwab, 195, 196, 201, 202, 203. Bhibhdt (port), 8. Gujarit, 243. Bbabra, see Beri. Bhi4hAdryi, a. Fat^bid, 8. Bengal, 132. Bbadiv* see Bbadrin. Bhadinab, s. Nigor. 8. Ajmer, 102,

277. Bbadaon, ee IMnab B. Bbadion a. Jannpnr, 8. Allabibad, 89,163. Bbidar (river), 8. Ghijarit, 245, 245n6. Bbadaoli, see Bbadoli. Bbideli (var, Bbaw^li), s. 8oratb, 8. Gtijarit, 268. [134. Bbadea, a. Ebalifatibid, 8. Bengal, Bbadliop, a. Bantbambbor, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Bbadoi, a. Allababid, 8. Allibibid, 89, 161. %adei (Daatdr) a. AUahib&d, 8. Allabibad, 89. 3

Bbadoli (va^. Bbadauli), a. ab4r, 8. Agra, 96, 196, 309 D 3. Bbaddr see Bb6dar. Bbadra (billa), see Bbadral. Bbadra (pool), a. Hifir Firozab, 8. Dibli, 281. Bhadriobalam, 8. Barir, 228 d ^ Bbadrajau^i (vow. Babadur Ajdn), a. Jodbpur, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Bbadrak, a. Bbadrak, 8. Oriaaa, 143. Bbadrak (8irkiir), 8. Oriaaa, 126. 143. Bbadral (vor. Bbadra) (billa), 310. Bbadrin (votr. Bbadin), s. Becbndu Ddib, 8. L^or, 320. Bbadd, a. Cbenbat (Jecb) Ddib, 8. Labor, 322. Bba^wir, a. Tirbut, 8. Babir, 166. Bb&gi (atream) 8. Labor, 311. Bb&galpnr, a. Fat^b&d, 8. Bengal, 132. Bbigalpur, a. Mungbir, 8. Babir, 156. Bbigirathi (river), 8. Bengal 129 6, Bbagorvi, see Bakoi. Bbagd, see Pacbbam, B.

Bbagd, see Purab, B. Bbagwin, see T4nda, B. Bbabaucali, see Babidkali. Bbairavaparvata, 313 u ^ (33). Bbaiya, see Fatbpur, B. Bbakar (var. Pbak^r, Bikbar, Babkar, Bbakor, Bekbur) (village), 8. Ajmer, 267. Bbakkar, a. Bbakkar, 8. Multan, 333, 336, 337 o 1,339, 341 oL Bbakkar (var, Bbukkur) (fort), 8. Mnltdn,327,328. Bbakbar (var. Bukknr) (8irkar), 8. Multin,333,336, 341oL Bbakoi (var, Biakoi, Biakdbi, Bigborwi, Babacoi, Bbagorvi), a. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Bbakdr, see Bbakar. Bbakor, see Bbankdra. Bbakdra, see Bbankdr Bbakorab (village), %^ Gnjarit, 243d 4.

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Bhiksi, 8. Eumion, S. Dihli, 289. Bhaktd, s. Kmnion, S. Dihli 289. Bhil, 8. Khalffatib&d, S. Bengal, 134. Bhili, 8. Tirhut, S. Bahir, 156. Bhaliech, see Bhalaej. Bhalaej (var. Bhalaeoh, Bariich), s. Ghizlpor, S. Allahibid, 90, 162. Bhald^wi, 8. Eananj, S. Malwah,200. Bhaliyinah, 8. KhalifaUbdd, S. Bengal, 184 Bhalka, s. Khal!fat4b4d, 8. Bengal,

184. Bhil H T^rath (shrine), S. Qujarit, 246. Bhiln^r, see Bhimb^r. Bhalol, 8. Manikpur, S. AUahib^ 90,164. Bhalon, 8. Beth J41andhar Ddib, S. Lahor, 316. Bhal6t, 8. Ba^ilah (Beohniu Doib), 8. Lahor, 110, 320. Bhalwi Jow4r, 8. 8on4rgAo^ 8. Bengal, 138. Bhamber (var. Bhilner), s. Nafarbir, 8. M^wah, 208. Bhin, 8. Madi Kurug, 8. Bar4r, 236. Bhanahpor, tee Bha^hpur. Bhan4i, ee Bahnii. Bhanakpdr, see Bhathpur. Bhanath, 8. 8ah4Eanpnr, 8. DihHy 291. Bhindi, s. Khalifat4b4d, 8. Bengal, 134. Bhandil Barhi, eee D4dd B. B. Bhandil Barhi, see Fattu B. B. Bhin^er (va/r. Fhind^r) 8. Irij^ 8. Agra 96, 187. Bhandhirah (village), s. N4mol, 8. Agra, 195. Bhangi, see B41i B. Bhangiwil, 8. Hif^ir Firdzah, 8. DihU, 294 Bhanj, see Hasti B. Bhankori (inm# Bhakori, Bhakor) (port), 8. Gparit, 248. Bhansi, see Bnisa.

Bh4ntror (or. BinaroE, Bahanror), s. 8oTith, 8. Gnjarit, 244 Bhanwip4r4, 8. Oorakhpnr, 8. Andh, 93, 175. Bharaioh, see Bahraich. [278. Bharinah, 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102,

Bhirangi, s. Hif^ir Fir6zah, 8. Dihli,294. Bharchak, see 8harchak D4ml. Bhardandah, see Bharondi. Bhargodah, see Bharkondah. Bhariibdd, see Bahriibid. BhaHmau, see B. Pangwin. Bharlman Fangwin (voir, on p. 178 separate), s. Lakhnan, 8. Andh, 98, 178. Bharkondah (var, BhargodahX a. 8hari4b4d, 8. Bengal, 139. Bharli, ti^pah (var. Kharli), s. B4ri Ddib, 8. Lahor, 110, 818. Bharoj, see Broach. Bharondi iv<Mr. Bhardandah), 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Bhartpdr (8tate). Bhard, see IsUmpor B. Bharwirah, 8. KhaiiAbad, 8. Andh, 98, 177. Bhisandi, 8. Bay4nw4n, 8. Agra^ 189. Bhisar, s. Telinginah, 3. Bahbr, 237. Bhasiwar (ar. Bhoeiwar), s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 182. Bhaskar, 8. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183. Bhasohra, see Banohra. Bhasoriya B4sn, see Bhoriya B. Bhatah, see Amr&ki B. Bhat^l, 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. Bhatandah, 8. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 604, 259. Bhatghora (var, Bhathkhora, Bnhtgorah) (8irkar), 8. AUahibid, 166. Bhathkhora, MelBhathghora. Bhathpur {var, Bhanahpor, Bhanakpnr, Bhenpur), 8. Mandesar, 8. M&lwah, 208. Bhitf (tract), 8. Bengal, 116. Bhitia (fort), b. Tattah, 8. Multin, 839 eL

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Bhatiya, a. Laldmauti^ S. Bengal, 181. Bhftt Khan Kiwar, see Bahat Khan Jawar. Bhatner, s. Hiffir Ffrdzah, S. Dihli 294. Bhitedi, s. Sharlfibid, S. Bengal, 189. Bhattaohiraj, see Farmodar B. Bhatfah, Bhana^hP (see p. 291), s. Sahiranpnr, S. Dihli, Bha|ti, see Amraki B. Bhatfi, 8. B4rf Ddib, Bhattiina (district), Bhafta (va/r. Bhatd), 105. S. Lihor, 819. 166 u 2. s. Hiffar Fi-

r6zah, S. Dihli, 105, 394. Bhatd, see Bha^. Bhanri, s. Tirhat, S. Bah4r, 156. Bhawilbhdm, 8. Mad4ran, S. Bengal, 141. Bhawalpnr (territory), s. Moltin, S. Maltim,8d0o2. Bhawan Send, see Bawan Sendh. Bhaw^ see Bh&deli. Bhelak, see Kal B. Bheldwil, tappah (va/r. Bhelw&l) s. Birf Dd4b, S. Lahor, 110, 818. ^elwil, see Bheldwil. Bhenpnr, see Bhafpnr. Bh^rah, s. Hazirah (Jeoh Ddib), S. Lahor, Ul, 811, 311 o 2, 822, 322 o 1. Bhesdahi, s. Eherlah, S. Barir, 288. Bhesrot, s. Sdrat, S. Gujarit, 257. Bheteri (wr. Bihtari, Bhitri), s. Jannpnr, S. Allahibid, 89, 168. Bhewan, see Thinah B. Bhijnagar, S. Katak, s. Ori88a, 144. Bhljpdr, see Bijpdr. Bhikan Diw4r, 8. Kumion, S. Dihli.

289. Bhil, 8. A^madibid, S. Gujarit, 258. Bhf Isa, see Bhisa. Bhllsah, 8. B4i8(n, S. Milwah, 112, 199. Bhim, see Thinah B. Bhlm, see Todah B.

Bhimbar, see Bimbar. Bhimbar, 8. Chenhat (Jech) Dd4b, S. Lahor, 322. Bhimbar (river), S. Lahor, 822, 888 1. Bhfmpdr, 8. Bahir, S. Bah4r, 154. Bhfmpor (var. Bhimran), 8. Gohilwiiuh, S. Gujarit, 244. Bhfmridah, s. Sorafh, S. Gnjarit, 258. Bhimran, see Bhimpdr. Bhln Sardr, see Bihin Bardr. Bhirahpil, see Bahrahpil. Bhiro Eha^lar see Fard E. Bhf8a (oar. Bhf laa, Bh4n8i), 8. Telinginah, S. Barir, 287. Bhf trl, see Behteri. Bhfwin, 8. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Bhddar (oar. Bhaddr), s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 295. Bhodhek, see Badhn^th. Bhodhi (oar. Fhdlodhi), s. Jodhpor, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Bhogion (vcMT, Bhdgion), s. Eananj, S. Agra, 96, 184. Bhogion (Da8tdr)f 8. Eananj, 8. Agra, 96. Bhoharah (oar. Bhorah), a. Bew4ri, S. Dihli, 105, 298. Bhdgpnr, 8. Sahiranpnr, S. Dihli, 105, 291. Bhogrii, 8. Jaleaiff, S. Orissa, 142. %oj,eeB41i4B. Bhoj, see Lakhf B4U B. Bhojpdr, 8. Eanauj, S. Agra, 96, 184 Bhojpdr, 8. Baiam, 8. Milwah, 112,

199. Bhojpdr, 8. Bohtis, 8. Bahir, 157. Bhol! (oar. Bhu^li) a. Ohanidah, 8. Allah4b4d, 90, 165. Bholi, 8. Ghor4gh4t, 8. Bengal, 186. BhoUyibel, a. Fa^hibid, 8. Bengal, 182. Bh6nah, see Bhdnah. Bho9har4, 8. Tijpur^. Bengal, 185. Bhonki (oar. Bhdngi%ELBeth Jilandhar Ddib, 8. Lahof^O, 816.

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Bhorah, see Bhobarfth. Bhorissh, s. Chanderi, S. Mftlwah, 201. Bhorisah, 8. Sirangpur, 8. Malwah, 203. Bhori (voir. Balori), s. Baisin, 8. Malwah, 112, 199. Bhori Bhirl, Me Bhorf Pah4r^ Bhori Pahifi (oar. Bhorf Bh4rf) b. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Bhoriya Bizd (var. Bhasorija B.) s. Basohii, 8. Bengal, 187. Bhorsat, see Bhosat. Bhos^df , #00 Bidi B. %08a| (var. Bhorsaf), b. 8nlaimin&b&d, 8. Bengal, 140. Bhofliwar, see Bhosiwar. Bhosor, 8. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Bhdili, see Bholl. Bhd^li, see Bh61i. Bhdgion, see Bh6g^Um.

Bhuj (town), 8. Gujarat, 26a Bhokar, b. Telinginah, 8. Baatir, 237. ^nkarherf, 000 8ikri B. Bhnkkur, 000 Bhakkar. Bhdksi, 8. Kumion, 8. Dihli, 289. Bhuli, 000 Badner B. Bhdlnagar {ifor, Phdinagar), s. EhalftAtihid, 8. Bengal, 134. Bhomah, 000 Bhdnft. Bhnnah {var, Bhonah, Bhnmah), b. 8ahiranpms 8. Bihli, 105, 291. %iingi, 000 Bhonki. Bhiri, 8. Enm^n, 8. Dihli, 289. Bhurtiwihan (va/r^ Biman), s. Malt4n, 8. Mnhln, 881. Bku 8endh, 000 Bawan 8endh. BhnUn (country), 119|| 3, 128 u 6. Bhu^on, s. Eanai:^, 8. Milwah, 200. Bhntiyil, 8. Rechnin Ddib, 8. Labor, 320. BhntBar, s. 8drat, 8. Gnjarit, 267. Bhuwilbhdm, ^Madiiran, 8. Bengal, 141. ^ Bilh, 8. BirrtRiib, 8. Labor, 818.

Bi4h (ar. Be48, Bipfaka) (rirer), a Labor, 304, 310, 310 & 4, 811.812, 316 a 6, 325 2, 326, 826 2. Biibkund (source of Bl&b), 310. Blakdbi, 000 Bhakoi. Blikoi, 000 BhakoL Biinah (town), 181, 221 2. [96. Blinah (Dastdr), s. Agra, 8. Agra, Blinah (Hayeli), b. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 180, 182. Biirhicif see Piyisbiri. Bi^hah, s. Hin^lab, 8. Milwah, 207. Biiwar (var. B^ard, Fen4r Bearou), 8. Eanauj, 8. M41wah, 200. Blbi, 000 Earanja B. Bibli (var. Fipli, Beli), s. Jalesar^ 8. OriBsa, 142. Bf dar (var. Bandar), (town) 8. Bar4r, 226,228. BidaspeB 000 Bihat.

Bidasta, 000 Bihat. Bidauli (var. B^dli), 8. 8ah4rahpur, 8. DihH, 105, 29L Bidjnor, 000 Balkar Bijlour. Bigrim s. Eibul, 8. Eibol, 391, 392, 404, 404 6, 411. Bihat (var. Bidasta, Bidaspes, Jhelum, HydaBpeB), (river), 8. Labor, 311, 311 o 1, 312, 322, 328, 396 o 2 355, 855o4, 356d3, 359^2, 861, 394, 391. Bibfn Sardr (var. Bhhi Sardr), s. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274, Bihr^spdr, a. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Bihtari, 000 Bheteri. Bijigarb (Sirkir), 8. Mihrab, 112, 196,204. Bij^ 8. Gujar4t, 242. Bijanagar (state), 8. Gujarat, 250 2. Bijinagar, a. Pinjarah, 8. Bengid, 187. Bijiipur (country), 231, 238 a 4, 318. Bij&pdr, 8. Fa^n, 8. Gujarit, 254. Bij Beara, 00^ Vej Brara. Bijhfpur, 8. Man414er, 8. Agra, 190* Bijlaur, 000 Balkar Bijlour.

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BijloTUf, Me Balkar B. Bijnagar, $ee SSdhpdr Panohnagar. Bijnaar (vor. Bijnor), s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. BiJBoU, B. Hinff ah, S. Milwah, 907. Bijnor, see Bijnanr. Bijpor (tr. Bhf jpnr), s. Irij, S.Agra, 96, 187.

Bikampnr, b, Bikiner, S. Ajmer, 277. Blkimer (fort), S. Ajm^r, 271. Bikiner, s. Bikaner, S. Ajmer, 277* Bikiner (Sirk4r), S. Ajmer, 102, 267, 270, 277, 810, 886. Bikhangio^, b. Bljigafh, S. Miilwah, 205. Bikhar, eee Bhakar. Bikrampnr, b. Sonirgao^, S. Bengal. 188. Bfland, $ee Papl6d. Bilispur (Simla Hills), 308 ^ 1. BiliBpnr, b. K%i, S. Agra, 97, 184. Bilehrl, 8 Andh, S. Aadh, 98, 174. Bilgram, see Bilgraon. Bilgr4o9 {va/r. T&lgrioy), j^. Kananj, S. Agra, 96, 184. Bilgrioy (var, Bilgrim), s. Lakhnan, S. Audh, 94, 178, 178. Bilhibis (iTor. Baliabaes), s. Ghazip^, S. Allahibid, 162. Bilhdr, b. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96, 185. Bilrim, see Balrim. Bildn, see Faplen. BlmiiD, see Betmin. Biman (lake), see Saman. Bimbar (vor. Bhimbhar, Chibhin, Jibhil), (district), s. Saw4d, S. Kibal,810,847,891. Bimgal, s. Telingknah, S. Bar4r, 287, Bini (wr.lNapta) (river), S. Barir, 228 o 8. Biniikpur {var, Baniekpnr) s. Gk^, rakhpdr, S. Audh. 98, 175. Biniwar) (var. Baniwar), s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Bipdtsha, see Biih. Biragafh, S. Barir, 228, 230. Bf raga^h, & Eanaaj, S. H4hrah, 200.

Birii (var. Sarai) s. Gk>hilwirah, S. Gnjarit, 244. Biram (var. Perim) (island), S. Ghijarit, 247, 247 o 2. BSr^mg&oy (var. Parmgio^ (town),

S. Gujariit, 242. Bir4t, see Pariif. Bf rbhnm, s. Madiran, S. Bengal, 141. Birduranjeh, see Bardrinjnah. Biroi (var. Parohi, Baroi, Barohi), b. SambhaJ, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Biror, see Sar6r. Bf ror, s. Bijiigarh, S. M&lwah, 205. Bfrpur, 8. Ahmadabdd, S. Gnjarit, 253. Biran-i Panjad, s. Dfp41pdr, S. Mnltin, 833. Biran-i Panjnad, s. Mnltan, S. Mnlt4n,880. Birdn-i Panjnad (Sirkar), S. Labor, 825, 825 D 2. Biruw4 (village), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 863. BIsakh (var. Biski), s. Kandahir, S. K&bul, 898. Bfsalnagar, S. Paffan, S. Gujarit, 254. Bisiri, see Bas4r4. Bishan Gbyi, 8. Bar^, 280. Bishekh, see Sikhshahar. Bf sf , s. Ma^mudibad, 8. Bengal, 182. Bf ski, see Bisakhf Bfsru, 966 Besrd. Bf stagaouy 666 Hatgaon. Bithowly, see Betholi. Bithdr, s. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96, 185. Bfdn Send, see Bawan Sendh. Bobari s. Tijpur, 8. Bengal, 135. Boohah, see Bagh Bie, B. Bochhiwar, s. Tirhut, 8. Bah4r 156. Bodab, s. Mandesar, 8: liiUlwah, 208. Boder (var. Boudbar, Pdrmal), s. Diindes, 8. Khindes, 225. Bo^han, s. Satgao^ 8. Bengal, 14L Bodhnor, see Bodhnd^ Bodhndr (var. Bodhnw, s. Ohitor, S, Ajmer, 102, 274. ^

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Bogla (WW. BagU, Hugla) (Sirkir) S. Bengal, 128, 1S4. Bogla (alias Isma'ilpur), b. Bogla, S. Bengal, 134 Bokh^ri, (city), 220 o 5. BoJsWri (conntry), 399 o 2, 400 o 1, 404. BoUn (pass), 8. Mnltin, 387 o 4. B61^t, s. Chenhat (Jech), Ddib, S, Labor, 322. Boli, 8. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Bolor (monntains), 365 a 8. Bondi {va/r. Bund!), s. Eanthambhop, S. Ajmer, 102, 217 ft 2, 268 o 1, 274. Booseh, see Pusah. Bori, 8. Tirhut, S. Bah4r, 166. Borgaon (wr. Pdrgion, Ponrgaon, Poorgaon), (town), S. Sh^ndes, 222. Bori, 8. Kalamb, S. Barir, 235. Bori, 8. Tattah. S. Mnlt4n, 839. Bormil, s. Dindes, S. Sh^ndes, 225. Bosamir, see I wan B. Bosiwi, 8. Hijipur, S. Bah4r, 155. Bosina, see Tusina. Botossa, see Teosah. Bondbar, see Boder. Bonssa, see Pdsah. Brahma (Jay4 (town), S. Bahir, 152. Brihman4b4d, (var, Harmatelia Br4hmathala, Brahmanasthala), s. Tattah, S. Mnltin, 386, 9d6 u 4. Brahmanstha^a, see BrihmanibAd. Brahmanpur, see Babhanbhum. Brahmapnra (town), S. Dihli, 281 o 4. Brahmaputra (river), S, Bengal, 121. Brahmathala, see Br4hman4b4d. Brang, s. Kashmir, 8. K4bul, 355, 868. Brira, see Vej B. Bring (stream), s. Eibnl, 855 a 1.

Broach, see Bahroch. Broach (tnw. Bharoj), s. Bahroch, 8. Gujarit, 243^ o 1 and 2, 255. Broach (Haven, s. Bahroch, 8. Gnjar4t.255. ^

Broach (district), 8. Ghijarit, 24ft g 9, 251 o 8. Bryri, see Isha B. Babheranty, see Badharimani. Bddahthal, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Bddan (va^. Bdran), s. Telinginah, 8. Bar4r, 237. Budhinah, s. Sahiranpnr, 8. Dihli, 105, 291. Budhola, see Badhoni. Bndfn (town), s. Tattah, 8. Moltin, 386. Bngdi, 8. Jal^sar, 8.lOri88a, 142. Bnghowry, see Dang Makh6rf . Bngi&l, 8. Eibul, 890, d 4. Bdhatl, 8. Ohenhat (Jech) Dd4b, 8. Labor, 822. Bobtgorab, see Bhatbghora. Bnkephala (city), 8. Labor, 824 d 1. Bnkhnr, see Bhakkar. Bulandi Kotal, see Balandari E. Bolandsbabr {var, Balandsabar), (district), 8. Dihli, 179 O 3, 284o 2. Boldk-i Kimah, s. Eibol, 8. Kibnl, 406 o 1, 41L Bnldki Najhio, s. Eibol, 8. Kibnl 406, 407 o 1, 411. Bdmli, see Qdmli. Bnnbohra, see Ban6hra. Bnndelkband (district), 176 o 2, 211 ttl. Bdndl, see Bondi. Bnndi (territory), 268 u ! Bnner, 8. Kibnl, 391 o 7. Bnngally, see TinkalL Bnnhar (river) 8. Labor, 815 o 1. Bdran, see Bddan. Bnrhinpur (town), 8. Ebandes, 228, 225,226,227,227^2.

Bnrkah Maniwali, s. Chakarhilah, S. Mnltin, 841. Bnrree, see Parbani. Bdsah, see Pdsah. Bdsikin (var. Bdstkin, Lnsigin), s. 8ewi8tan, 8. Mnltin, 840. Bdsnab, see Postah.

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Bxistkinrsee Baenkin, Byilfsi^ls. Baniras, S. Allahibid, 89, 162. Byin Chang, see Banian Chang.

Cabal, see Kibul. Calcutta (town), S.Bengal, 117 a 8, 126^1, UlD^. Calcutta (vor. Kilikatta), s. Siitgaoy, S. Bengal, 141. Cambalu. (Kh4n B41igh) (city), 118, tt3. Cambay (gulf), 239 o 2, 241 d 2, 24h a 6, 247 D 2. Cambay (town), see Kambhiyat. Capaldara (village), 150 u 1Carrapa, see Karpah. Cashmir, see Kashmir. Cathay (country), 118 o 2. Cawnpore, (district), 176 a 2. Ceylon, 371 o 6. Chabrah, see Chhalera. Chacholi, s. MiUi6r, S. Bar4r, 236. Chidar (ir. Chiwar, Chaura, Chowra, Jiwara) (village), S. Ajm^r, 268,

268 o 3. Chiekdeo, see Chingdeo. Chiel {var, J4el), s. Nigor, S. Ajmer, 102,277. Chahat, see Jahat. Chahni (JahniX ^ee Lakhi C. Chai, s. Munghir, S. Bah4r, 155. Chain-b4zu, see Jastan-b4zd. Chainpur (tract), S. Ajmer, 268. Chaintir, see Jesa. Chakarhilah, s. Chakarhilah, S. Tattah (Multan), 341. Chakarhilah (Sirkir), S. Tattah (Mult4n),341. Chakesar {var, Jakesar), s. Jaunpur, S. Allah4b4d, 89, 163. Chakhki, (vor. Djezethi Jaghaki, Jak^ki^ Jakhli, Jazethi), s.G4wil, S. Bar4r,232. Chakhliy see Chakhni. Ohakhli, 8. Batiilah, S. Barir, 238.

Chakhli, a. Eherlah, S. Barir, 284. Chakhni (var, Chakhli, Jugheli), s. M4h6r, S. Barir, 236. Chakhodi, s. Hin^iah, S. Milwah, 207. Chakmani, s. Tirhut, S. Bahir, 156. Ch41 Kalinah, s. N4mol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Chal Kalanah (Dustdr), s. N4mol, S. Agra, 97. Chamir, see Jomir. Chamiri, see Jamiri. Chamirl, s. Bijagafh, S. Milwah, 205. Chamba (Simla Hills), 803 u 1. Chambal (river), 179, 195 ft 3, 250 o 1, 275. Champinagari, s. Madiran, S. Bengal, 141. Chimpdner, s. Chimpaner, S. Gujarat, 251, 251, ft 1, 256. Chimpiner (fort), s. Gujarit, 221, 240, 240 fi 3, 242, 242 ft 14, 245 ft 1. Chimpiner (Sirkir), S. Gujarit, 251,

251 ft 1, 256. Champiner, s. Hindiah, S. M41wah, 207. Ohampiran (Sirk4r), S. Bahir, 152, 155, 156 ft 1. Champas (country), S. Kashmir, 851 ft2. Chanadah (va/r, ^hanir, Chanidh) (Sirkir) S. Allahibid 89, 160, 165. Chanidah (suburbs), s. Chanidah, S. Allahibid, 90, 165. Chanidah (var. Chanir, Chinirh) (fortress), S. Allah4b4d, 90 ft 1, 159. Chanidh, see Chanidah. Chanir, see Chanidah. Chanifh, see Chanidah. Chanaur, see Janor. Chindi, see Turk Chindi. Chindi, (zamindiri), S. Barr, 230, 232. Chindah, s. Jaunpur,%S. Allah4b4d. 89, 163. ^ Chandandarak, see Ohandanwarak.

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Chandanwarak (tr. ChandaabM^), ' s. Lahor, (Bachnaa Dd4b), S. Labor, 110, 320. Ohandanwat {fXMr- Chaniwat), s. Hasarah (Rachnau Duib), S. Labor, 111, 320. Obandar (stream), 310. Cbandarbbiga, see Cbenab. Obandar Ta^, see Gband Y4^r. Cbandars see Gbandos.

Cbandiwirab, s. Cbampaner, S. Gujarat, 256. Obanderi, s. Cbanderi, 8. M41wab, 179,196,196,202. Obanderi, s. Kanauj, S. M41wab, 200. Obanderi (Sirkar), S. Milwa, 112, 201, Obandbar, see Dalcbi 0. Obandibariya, see Jedibariya. Obandipur Ba^bar (tHr. Obandipur Birhar), s. Jaunpur, S. AUabibid, 89,163. Obandipdr Birbar, see 0. Ba^bar. Ob4ndo (town), S. Tattab, 836. Obandoi, s. Mnngbfr, S. Babir, 155. Obindor, b. Batialab, S. Bu^r, 237.) Obandor, s. Kalambb, S. Barar, 235. Obindor, s. Madiknrug, S. Barar, 236. Obindor, s. Namilab, S. Bar4r, 234. Obind Fartib Bizii, s. Bazobi, 8. Bengal, 138. ^ Obindpor, s. Kananj, S. Milwab, 200. Obindpnr, s. Sambbal, S. Dibli, 105, 290. Obindpur (Dastur), s. Sambbal, S. 8. Dibli, 105. Obindpur, s. Sonargaon, S. Bengal, 138. Obin^nr, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. ObandoB( va/r. Obandaus), s. Kol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Obandrin, s. Bdri Duab, 8. Labor, 316. Obandrasekbara (place), 313 g 2 (14). Obandrin, s. Mri Ddib, 8. Labor* 318. J[ [225. Obindaar, sH^iniiea, 8. Kbkides,

Obandwir, see Obanlrir. Obandwir, see Janwir. Oband Ti^r {var. Obandar Yi<^r), 8. Sonargaov, 8. Bengal, 138. Obanekdeon, see Obingdeo.

Obanend (tHr. Obarband, Oberanend), s. 84ran, 8. Babir, 156. Obang, see Banian 0. Obanga, see Bili Bbanga. Obangaon, see Jabasand. Obangdavy, see Obingdeo. Obangdeo {var. Obiekdeo, Obanekdeon, Obangdavy) (village), 8. Shinde8,224. Obini, see Hast Jate. Obaniwat, see Obandanwat. Obankar, see Ja^gar. Obanki (var. Tbanld, Tbnngy, Lnngbi, alias Balabri, or Sarbana), s. Kumaon 8. Dibli, 289. Oban6r, see Obitdr. Obanpa, see Jai 0. Obinpin^r, see Obimpin^r. Obanpiwar, see Obadiwar. Obantiwar, see Obatiiwar. Obantban, (monastery), 8. Kibnl, 409 d3. Obanwir {var. Obandwir, Janwir), s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Obiprab (village), 223. Obapranli, see Obbaproli, Obaramiti (place), 8. Andb, 173. Obaranli, s. Eballfatibid, 8. Bengal, 134 Obarband, see Obanen^Obar Bigb Barbi, s. Birl Ddib, 8. Libor, 318. Obargion, s. Babir, 8. Babir, 154. Obarbii, s. Fat^bid, 8. Bengal, 132. Obari Obampi {var, 0. JIni), s. Bacbnan Ddib, 8. Libor, 320. Obari Jlni, see Obari Obampi. Obarikir, 8. Eibnl, 400 o 1. Obark {var. Djerk, Jerk), s. 8iriiind, 8. Dibli, 296. Obarkb {var. Obarkb Beraki) (town), 8.Kibul,406.

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Cluurkh Barftki, #00 Oharkh. Chirmaghzir, S. Kk\mi, 400 ft 1. Cbharmimdwi, s. Bahrooh, S. Gujarit* 255. Charnlakhi, & Fat^bid, S. Bengal, ld2. Charofah {var. Jirodah), b. N6gor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Chirsada (town), S. Kibnl, 411 1. Chir Thinah, b. Bisim, S. Barir, 285. Charthiwal, see Ohharthiwal. Ohashmah, see Bidim C. Chatah, see Jim^ C. Chatarkot (hill), s. Kaslunfr, 358. Chatarnig (spring), S. Kashmir, 365. Chatgiov (vor. Ohittagong), (sirkiff), 8. BengeO* 130. Ohitgaon, s. Ohifgaon, S. Bengal 139. Ohitgion (town), S. Bengal, 116 ft 1, 125. Chatiiwur (vor. Ohanpiwar, Ohantiwar, Ohentower, Tsohetaur), s. QwiMor, S. Agra, 187. Chitsd (Dastdr), Banthambhdr, S. Ajmer, 102. Ohi^su, 8. Banthambhdr, S. Ajm^r, lOfi, 275. (Jhittola (place), 318 2 (U). Chattirgrama (town), S. Bengal, 116 Ul. Chatwi, s. Madiran, S. Bengal, 141. Chaubira, s. Siran, S. Bahir, 156. Ohanbis Kof s. Katak, S. Orissa, 144. Chaokhandi, s. B4ri Ddib, S. Mnlt4n, 329. Ohankhandi, s. Bechnin Ddib, S.

Mnltin, 330. Ohankhandi, S. LiUior, 310. Chanl (town), 248 ft 2. Ohanli, b. Komion, S. Dihli, 289. (^aunsi, see Chansi. Chanpilrah (ferry), S. Eibnl, 401, 401 Chanparah (tract), b. Eandahir, 8. lUbnl, 398 ft 2. 4

Chaupirah (village), 8. Lihor. 811. Ohauplah, Ohaap41ah, aae Clhopilah. Chaura, see Chidar. Ohauri, s. B4rbak4bad, 8. Bengal, 137. Ohaiir4, s. 86rath, 8. Gnjarit, 244, 258. Chaurikah, s. Kanauj, 8. M41wah, 200. Ohanrisi, see Fathpnr G. OhanriBi, b. Chimpaner, 8. Gnjarit, 256. Chaar4si, s. Jilandhar, 8. L4hor, 110, 316. ChaoBi (vor. Ghaunsi), s. Ghisipur, 8. AUahibdd, 90, 151, 157, 162. OhauBafh, s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183. Ohautan, s. Bikiner, 8. Ajm^r, 278. Ohauthan (conntry), 409 8. Ohiwand, Me Ghar 0. Ohiwaad, aeeBimO. Ohiwar, see Oh4dar. Oheghan 8ar4i (river), 392 2, 896 ft 6, 406, 406 ft 1. Gheg^ian 8ar4i, 8. K4bal, 398 898 ft 6. Chela, see Jeth4. Ohen4b (var. Ohandarbhiga) (river), 310, 310 ft 7, 811, 812, 820 ft 11, 821, 322, 322 ft 1, 826, 826 ft 2, 847, 385. Chenhat (Ddib), see Jenhat. Chenhat Dnib (|pr. Chenau Ddilb, Jeoh Ddib, Jechna Ddib), (sirkir), 8. Lihor, 111, 311 ft 4, 821. Cheniu Dd4b, see Chenhat Ddib. Cheranend, see Chanend.

Chetan-bizd, see Jastin-bisd. Chetia, Me Jetha. Chhabarman, see Ohhabriman. Chhabriman (t?ar. Chhabarman), b. Kananj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Chhiddiyi (Chhiddiya), b. Mat^iddibid, 8. Bengal, 183. Chhalidah, see Jhi^wah. Chhalera {var, Chabrah), b. Ehalifatabid, 8. Bengal, 184k Chhandiya Biad (tHi^^J^ya Bizd), B. Birbakibid, 8. BengiO, 187.

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Chhap, 8^ Al Jihat. Chapir, Me Pur Chhapir. Chhipartil, s. Tajpur, S. Bengal, ld5. Chhaproli {var. Chapranli), s. Dihli, S. DihH, 105. 286. Chharmandwi, s. Bahroch, S. Gujarat, 256. Chharthawal (vnkr. Charthawal), s. Saharanpur, S. Dihl!, 105, 29^. Chhat (Ddab), see Jenhat. Chhat, 8. Bari Ddal>, S. Lahor, 318. Chhitighit, seeBiUr C. Chhatalbhatah, see Chbatiapatia. Chhatar, see Jhatra. Chhatarpdr, see Jhatra. Chhatiipatia (var. Chhatalbhatah) (lake), 123. Chhatrah, see Jhatra. Chhatyipdr, see Chhitapdr. Ohh^t, see K6pi C. Ohhitdptir {var, Ghhatjrapur), s. dairibad, S. Audh, 98, 177. Chhokhandi, s. Sonirgaon, S. Bengal, ld8. Chho$i4har, s. Bachnau Daat, S. Uhor, 320. Chhotiptir, s. Sulaiminibid, 8. Beng-

al, 140. Chibhin (Bhimbhar), s. Kashmir, 847. Ohikhli, 8. Surat, I^Gujarit, 257. Chilupirah, s. Gorakhpnr, S. Andh, 3, 175. Ohimah Chatah, see JImah Chatah. Chin (Pegu), 119. China (country), 118ft 2 A 8, 804, 811, 871 o 6. Chinirh, see Chanidah. Cbinor, s. Bamgarh, S. Barar, 287. Chiriy4-Eot, s. Jaunpor, S. AUahibad, 89, 1C8. Chitor (Dastdr) S. Ajmer, 102. Chitor (fort), S. Ajmer, 268, 269, 270. Chitor (va/r. Chitor, Chandr), 8. Beth Jilandhar, SJL4hor, 816. Chitor (Birkar#S. Ajmer, 102, 261, 268. 968 uT^79.

Chitor, 8, Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102. 274. Chitore, see Jan6r, 189. Chitral (Eashkar), 8. Swat, S. Eibnl, 891 2. Chittagong. see Chi^g^ot^ Cbittagong (Hill Tracts), 117 u 3. Chittagong (town and district), S. Bengal. 116, 116 o 1 lld> HO U 3, I 120, 125. [ Chokh, 8. Sora^, S. Gujarat, 258. Ch61! Mah^sar, s. Mando, S. M41wah, I 206. I Chopalah (var, Chauplah), s. Sambhal. S. Dihli, 105, 290. : Chopar, see Jomar. Choprah, s. Dandes, S. Sb^ndes, 224^ 225. Cherwar, (var. Churiwar), s. N4ghar (or Sorafh), S. Gujardt, 244, 247, 258. Chdtili, 8. Jh&lwirah, S. Gajarit, 242. Chowra, see Chidar.

Chumha, s. Sulaimanibad, S. Bengal, 140. Chdngnadiya, s. Udner, S. Bengal. 180. Chnrawar, see Chorw4r. Chytunbazii, see Jastanbisii. Clysma (town in Egypt), 121 o 8. Corah, see Korarah. Corra. see Korah. Cossimbazar (town), S. Bengal, 120 U8. Cutch, see Kachh. Catch, gnlf of, S. Ghijarit, 245 a 5. 248 ol. Cutch, Bunn of, S. Gujarat, 246 o 8. Cuttack, see Katak.

Dabhirsi, 8. Sambhal, S. Dihlf, 105, 290. Dabhat (var, Daihat), Tajpur, S. Bengal, 135. Dibhiw41ah, s. Bafilah, (or Barf Ddab), S. Labor, 110, 818. Dabh6i, s. Baroda, S. Gujirat, 25$.

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DabUnah, $ei Delioah. Daooa (district), S. Bengal, 124 o 2. Dacca (town), S. Bengal, 129 o 6. Dachhin Khiwarah, s. Kashmir, S. Kibnl, 371. Daehhinpirah (Dakshinpirah), s. Kashmir, S. K^bul, 368 q 3, 359, 350 2, 369, 378. Di^ih, 8. Beth J41andhar, S. L&hor, *816.

Dador, s. Bahir, S. Bahiir, 154. Dadhpnr (fort), s. Jalesar, S. Onssa, 142. Pa4^kar, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Dadgah, see Durgah. ^e4Ud (var, Da^yil), s. Jalandhar, S. Lahor, 110,* 316. Dadrah, s. Lakhnan, S. Audh, 93, 178. Dadrak, eee Dirdak. D4dri T^ha, s. Dihli, 8. ;Dihli, 104, 287. Pafyil, $ee Da^Ul. Dahi, see Dahid. Dahad (var. Daha), s. BatiAlah, S. B8rtir,238. Bahiwar, see Dahiw^r. Dahiwer, (tntr. Dahiwar), s. Bati^lah, S. Barir, 288. Dahdah, see Dhiwah. Dahej Barhi (or B^rha), s. Bahroch, S. Gnjarit, 255. Whinah (village), s. Dihll. 8. Dihli, 286o2. Dahkat Jal^lpdr, see Dahlat JaUlptir. Dahlah, ee Hararah D. Dahlak (vor. Dahlak-el-Kablr), (island in Red Sea), 121, 121 o 4. Dahlat Jalilpnr {var. Dahkat J.), s. Ma^modib^d, 8. Bengal, 138. Dahlgaon, s. Lakhnante, 8. Bengal, 131. Bfthmeri (Ndrpnr), s. B4ri Ddib, S. Lahor, 318. Dahnah, see Hasirah D. Dahror. s. Tirhut, 8. BahAr, 166. Dahsdr, see Mihdr.

Daihat, Me Dabhat. Dakiri, see Dakisi. Dakisi (vor.Dak^rf), s Ma^mddibid, 8. Bengal, 188. Dikdd BlMii (wir. Dakdd Harlia), s. Kotri Par4yah, 8. Malwah, 209.

Dikddharlia, see Dakdddhilia. D&khamdn (village), s. Kashmir, 860. Dakhan Dikh, s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 144. Dakhan 8hiLhpar, s. Sonrg6on, 8. Bengal, 188. Dakhan IJfim&npur. s. Sonirgion, 8. Bengal, 138. Dal (lake), s. Kashmir, 360. Dalchi Chindhar (Rachniu Ddib), s. Dipalpur, 8. Mnltin, 333. Dalmalpnr, s. Pdmiyah, 8. Bengal, 134. I Dalmau, s. Manikpur, 8. Allahibid, I 90, 165. Damakddn, see Wankddn. ; Damiin, 8d6 Desht. Daman (port), 8. Ghijarit, 239, 248. D4man-i-Koh, s. El^bnl, 8. El^bnl, 406, 408 o 5, 409 2, 412. Dimami (rar. Amarti, Amemi, Amerti, Damami (town), 8. Khandes, 224. Dambal, see Debal. Damb&lah, see O^rh D. Dambhii, see Danbhii. Damghir {var. Maghilrkah) (pass), s. 8w4t, 8. Kibnl. 391, 391 o 6. Dimi, see Tharchak D. Dimni, {vtkr- Bimni), s. B4sim, 8, Barir, 235. Domodah, s. Kananj, 8. Milwah, 200. Damri, s. Dindes, 8. H^indes, 225. Danai. see GAthi Nadhi. Danbhai {var, Dambhai), s. Kol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Dan4 (8ntlai), river, 826, 826 o 2. Dandan-Shikan (pass), 8. KAbul, 400 ttl. \ Dindera, s. Son^rgW. 138.

S- Bengal,

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Dindes (tfor. Sl^ndefl) (84)Bh),tt2227. Dindes (SarUr), 8. B3iAnde8,.225. Dftnfpaf, 000 Kalang D. Dandroll b. Gw41ij4r, S. Agra, 187. P4ii4 Sakhwirah, s. Mtingher, S. Bahir,155. Daneo, see Dinsa. Danga ae Bile Bhanga. Din Oari 8. Sind Sagar Ddib, S. Uhor, 828. Dingdafah, Me Darang Darah. Dingdoi, $$e Wank Dun. Dangdun, see Wank Don. Ding Makhori {va/r. D. Makreri, D. Bughowry), s. Mandlier, S. Agra, 190. Dingri s. Dindes, S. E];Lande8, 225. Dinishkol (pass), s. Bajanr, S. Kibol, 898. Diniyi, s. Khalifatibid, S. Bengal, 184. Dink, 8. S6rath, S. Gujarit, 258. Dankari (va/r. Dekri), 8. Tattah, S* (Maltin), 840. Dankanr, eee Dankor. Dankor (var. Dankanr), a. Dihlf, S. Dilili,104,2Bio2,287. Danseo, eee Dinsii. Danwir, 8. Bohtas, S.Bahir, 157. Darak (var. Dorg), ^ Tattah, (Mnltin),840. Darang Darah (var. DingdafUi), b. Jhilwirah, 8. Onjarit, 242. Darband, b. Sindh 8gar Diab, S. Lihor,824. Darbelah, b. Bhakkar, 8. Mnltin,

884. Darbhingi, b. Tirhnt, 8. Bahir, 156. Dird (var. Dirdd) (oonntry), 851 u ^f 865. Dirdak (var. Didrak), s. Jilandhar, 6.Lihor,110,816. DardhI, B. Beth Jilandhar, 8. Lihor, 816. S Dirdi, Mee JHrd^ Dargd, $e$ lalimpnr D.

Darkarah, a. Eaoaaj, 8. ICihrah, 200. Darodah Digar, eee Darwah DfgMr. Darparah, s. Beth Jilandhar, 8. Lihor, 816. Darning (dlBtrict), 119 o Z. Darsanpirah, a. Udner, 8. Bengal* 180. Daraarak, a. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 181. Darwah Dekar, eee Darwah Digar. Darwah Dfgar (var. Darwah Dakar, Darodah Digar), a. Birl Diib, a Lihor, 818. Darwisah, see Ehir D. Daryibid, a. Audh, 8. Andh, 98,174. Daryipira (var. Dhnriapirah), a. Gorakhpor, 8. Audh, 98, 175. Daryipnr, a. Giwil, 8. Barir, 282. Daakhidiya Biad, a. Bazohi, 8. Bengal, 188 Dianah, a. Dihlf, 8. Dilhi, 104 287. Diud Bhandil Barhi, a. Baohnau Ddib, 8. Lihor, 820. Diddpnr, a. Birbakibid, 8. Bengal* 187. Didd Shihf, a. XJdner, 8. Bengal, 130. Daulatibid (town), 8. Sbtodea, 228 Daulatibid, a. Bachnan Ddib^ 8. Lihor, 820. Danlatpur, a. Bachnan Ddib, 8.

Lihor, 820. Danr (airkir), 8. Eibnl, 898, 891, o 2. Daurihah (var. Dudhinah), i. GhaB^ deri, 8. Milwah, 202. Diwar, eee Zamin D. Diwar 8horbhdm, (var. Birah, Tarah), a. Jaleaar, 8. GriBsa, 142. Debal (var. Dambal) (town), 8. Mnltin, 827 d 1. Debal (Tattha), town, a. Tattba, 8. Mnltin, 887, 887 o 1* 844, 845 a 1. Deccan (Dakhin), country, 196 S(U 218, 215, 215 1^ 2, 216, 218, 220, 227. 227oa|Sm,289,289o7,260 o %

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Uh i68, 905, a06 % 306, 81S, 886. 402||d. Degun (port), S Gtijftrit, 248 o 4Degai, s. Saran, 8. Bahar, 156. Dehala, ae Dhimilah. Dehbi {var. Dihbi, Dihma), s. Qhizipur, S. AUahibad, 90, 163. Dehej (port), 8. Gujarit, 248 o 4* Deh-i-Ma*inurah, 8. Kibol, 404. Deh'i-Ya'^tLb, 8. Eibnl, 404. Dehli, see Dibli. Dehor, see Dhamdri. Dekha, a. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 187. Dekhwirah, s. Baisin, 8. Milwah, 112,199. Dekri, Me Dankari. Delanah (vor. Dablinah), a. Ranthambor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Delhi, 966 Dihli. Delhwarah {var. Delw4rah), s. Banthambhdr, 8. Ajm^r, 102, 275. I

Delwirah, Me Delhwirah. Delwirah, s. N4ghar, 8. Gnjarit, 244 Den^winah, s. Nigor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Deo, 966 Faf^n Deo. Deoband, s. Sahiranpnr, 8. Dihli, 105, 292. Deoband (dastdr), s. Sahiranpnr, 8. Dihlf, 105. Deogaon, s. Ajm^r, 8. Ajm^r, 102, 278. Deogiov, e. Ohifgaop, 8. Bengal, 189. Deogion, s. Jannpnr, 8. Allahabad, 89,168. Deogaon, s. Eananj, 8. Milwah, 200. Dttogarh, B. Kanauj, 8. Malwah, 200, 805 a 2. Deofai, B. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Deohir, s. Eananj, 8. M41wah, 200. De<^iari KaUn, b. Ohanderi, 8. Milwah,202. Deohari Khdrd, b. Cftianderf, 8. UHwah,202. Beokali, b. K41pf , 8. Agra. 97, 184.

DeoU Ghita, 966 Deola Khafii. Deoli Ketama, Me DeoU Khafii. DeoU Solatia, (var. D. Ghita, D. Ketam4), 8. Bijigarh, S. Milwah, 205. Deola Narhar, s. Bijagarb, 8. Malwah, 205. Deol! 8ajilri, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Deora, s. Ma^udibid, 8. Bengal, 188. Deora, s. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 187. Deorah, s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Deorakh, b. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 98, 178. Deoranah, s. Sirhind, 8. Dihlf, 105^

296. [199. Deorod, b. Baisin, 8. Malwah, 112, Deosah, s. Haibatpur, 8. Lihor, 110. Deothinah, b. Kherlah, 8. Bar&r, 284. Deotir, (Ddib Bet Jilandhar), b. Dipilpnr, 8. Multin, 882. Dera Ghizi Khin (diBtriot), 402 o 8. Dera Ghasi Khan (town), 828 o 1* Dera Isma'il Kh4n (district), 402 o 8. Der4pnr, s. Kilpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184 Desht {or Dam4n or Bizir), b. Kandahir, 898 2. Desdhah, see Deswahah. DeBwahah (va/r, Deedhah), b. Jilandhar, 8. Labor, llo, 816. Deviya, b. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 181. Deviyipur, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. DevBar, b. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 868, 869. Dew^dar, s. Bikiner, 8. Ajmer, 278. Dewalgaon, b. Mahkar, 8. Barir, 228, 237! Dewapirah (tnir. Dh^wipira), s. Gorakhpur, 8. Audh, 98, 175. Dewis, B. Hinfiah, S. Malwah, 207. Dewi, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 98, 178. Dhaboi, s. Baroda, 8. Gujarat, 255. Dhaclah, see Dhimilali^ Dhihrdr; see Dh4ntr6r>\ l^iajar Banjf, see H8P Banjah > Banji.

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Dhaki Bisd, s. Bazohi, S.Bengal, * 138. Dhakah (vor. Dhikah), s. Sambhal,

S.Dihli, 106^0. Dhakner, s. Bahir, S. Bah4r, 154. Dhakwir, s. Telinginah, S. Barir, 287. Dhaliyipdr, s. Sitgion, S. Bengal, 141. DhamerA, s. Kanauj, S. Milwah, 200. Dhimeri, s. Kanauj, S. MAlwah, 200. Dhimilah (va/r. Dhaclah, Dehala), s. Bay4nw4n, S. Agra, 189. Dhinmagar (fort), s. Bhadrak, S. Orissa, 148. Dh4mn6d, ee Dhanfo6d. Dhimonf (var. Dhamot!, Dhamowty), 8. Baisin, S. Milwah, 112, 199. Dhimorl, s. GiwU. S. Barir, 282. Dham6ri (var Dehor), s. Sdrat, S. Gujarit, 257. Dhimoti see Dhiimdni. Dhimowty, see Dh4m6ni. Dhanah, see Nabih. Dhinah, (village), s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 286. Dhinak, 8. Bighelah, S. Gajarit, 244. Dhanak Shih (vcyr. DhanshAh), s. Dip41par, (B6t J^landhar Ddib), S.Multan, 882. Dhinbod (var. Dhimnod), S. Gbdhra, S. Gajarit, 258. Dhandok, s. A^madibid, S. Gujirat, 258. Dhiniah (var, Dhaniyah), s. Baisin, 8. Milwah, 112, 199. Dhiniyah, see Dhiniah. Dhaniyin, s. Sharifibid, S. Benga], 189. Dhaniyit, see Fati Dhinit. Dhankali 8. Beth Jilandhar, S. Lihor, 816. s.M4b^i Sagar Brift, 8. Lihor, 828^ 898,

2, 401, 401 0. 2.

Dhinki, s. Mib^r, 8. Barir, 236. Dhankot (vM, Dinkot), a. Sind

, Dhanpar, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 181. Dhansar, 8. Jhilwin^ 8. Gujarat, 242. Dhanshih, see Dhanak 8hih. Dhintror (var. Dhihr6r), s. 86n4h, 8. Gnjarit. 258. Dhir (frontier), 8. Gujirat, 244 o. 1. Dhir (Town), 197. Dhir, 8. Mando, 8. Milwah, 112, 206. Dhari, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Dharib, s. 8indh 8igar Diib, 8. Lihor, 824. Dharangio^ (village), 8. Qiindes, 228. Dharari, see Gari Dhari. Dhirhi (var. Dhiri, Sankudhwr), 8. Ba^h^lah, 8. Gnjarit, 244. Dhiri, see Dhirhi. Dhari, s. Banthambh6r, 8. Ajm^r, 102, 275. Dhiri, s. Sorafh, 8. Gujarit, 258. Dhirman, 8. Birbakibid, 8. Bengal 187. Dharmgio^, 8. Mando, 8. Milwah, 112, 207. Dharmpur, s. Mungher, 8. Bahir 155. Dhiror, s. Namilah, 8. Barir, 284 Dhirsah, 8. 8ulaiminibid, 8. Bengid, 140. Dhirwah, s. Mihor, 8. Barir, 286. Dharwir, 8. 86rath, 8. Gujarit, 258. Dhitarat, s. Hifir Fir6zah, 8. Dihlf. 294. Dhaulatibid, s. 86rath, 8. Gujarit,

258. Dhiwah, 8. (var. Dahdah), 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. Dhendi, 8. Namilah, 8. Barir, 284. Dheri, see Lohi D. Dherpur, 8. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 182. Dh^wipira, see Dewipirah. Dhf nit, see Pati D. Dhoir, 966 Kol p. ;

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Dhod, & Cbimpaner, S. Gnjarit, 2^. Dhol, s. Ghampaner, S. Gujarit, 256. Dholkah, s. A^madib&d, S. Gajarit, 253. Dholpur, 8. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183. Dhomarhii), s. Ma^udib&d, S. Bengal, 133. Dhds, see Dhds. Dhotah. 8. Sirhind, S. Dihl, 105, 296. Dhdlhar, s. Jhalwirah, S. Gujarit, 242. Dhdli, 8. Mahmddibid, S. Bengal, 183. DhoUa (town), S. Milwah, 208 g 2. Dhnriapirah, see Darjipirah. Dhds (var. Dhos) s. Chunir, S. Allahiibid, 90, 165. Dib, see Diu. Digar, see Darwah D.

Dihat, $ee Shanzdah D. Dih4t-!n-j4nib-i-b, s. Ohanidih, S. Allahibid, 165. Dihba, see Dehba. Dihikot, 8. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 131* Dlhh (var, Delhi, Dehli, DiUi) S. DihH, 147, 148, 149, 159, 159 2, 168, 169, 170, 179, 181, 212, 218, 217 a 2, 218, 218 u 2, 219, 220, 226, 260 o 1 262, 263, 264, 266, 267, 269, 270, 271 7, 278, 278 a 8 <fe 5, 279, 279 2, 283, 287, 300, 800 a 1, 802, 802 a 1, 808 a 1. 304, 804 a li 805, 805 a 2, 806, 307, 809, 846, 888, 888 a 1. Dihlf (dastdr), s. Dihll, S. Dehlf, 104Dihll (Havelf Jadid), s. Dihlf, S. Dihll, 287. DihU, (Haveli JfAdim), s. Dihll, S. Dihll, 287. DihH (Sirkir), S. Dihli, 104, 160, 285. Dihli (sdbah), 104, 115, 120, 146, 160, 267, 269, 278-309, 835, 341 a 1, 389, 889 a 1. 390. Dihmah, see Dehb^. DIkh, see Dakhan D. Dikh, see Faohohham D.

DIkhp see Purab D. Dikht4n, see Dikfhan. Dikfhin (var. Dikhtin), s. Mando, S. Milwah, 112, 207. Diliwarah, s. Chimpaner, S. CKijarit, 256. DiUwarpur, s. SonArgaon, 8. Bengal, 138. DiUwarpur, s. T4jpur, S.Bengal, 135. Dilli, see Dihli. Dilura (ruins), 8. Tattah, 886 a 4.

Dinir (var. Dinirah), s. Eohtis, S. Bahir, 157. Dinkot, see Dhankot. Dinpanah (fort), 8. Dihli, 279. Dinsd (var. Daneo, Danseo), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 871. Dipilpur (vc^r. D. Lakhi), s. Dipilpor (Beth Jalandhar Dd4b}, 8. Multan, 118, 305, 332. Dipilpur (Dastdr), s. Dipdlpur, 8. Multin, 113. Dipdlpur (sirkir), 8. Mult4n, 113, 218 a 2, 267, 807, 831. Dipilpur, 8. Ujjain, s. Milwah, 112, 198. Disah, see Wisah. Diu (var. DIb), s, Nighar, 8. Gujarit, 244, 244 a 5, 246, 246 a 2, 265. Diw41ah, see Gafh D. Diwir, see Bhikan, D. Diwarmar, see BaAki D. Diwarpur, see Basai D. Djalnahar, see Jhimihar. Djezethi, see Chakhki. Djuhola, see Johila. Do4b, see Dnih. Dobal^han, see B6ri D. Dodelah (var Dddllah) s. 8ambhal, 8, Dihli, 105, 290. Dohir, 8. 8onirg6on, 8. Bengal, 188. D6k6y (village DeogamP), s. Bahraich, 8. Audh, 172. Don^l (river), 8. Gujarit, 248. Donk, see PachchhanL D. Donpur, (var Ddnp, s. Nigor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. V

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Dootara, ae Dotiri. Dorilah, s. Sirhind, S. DihH, 106, 296. Dori (riyer), s. Kandahar, 394 o- ^ Doshikh, S. Kibal, 400 o- 1Doehiniya, see Dostihni. Dostihna (var Doshiniya), s. Ma^ddabid, 8. Bengal, 133. Dostpur (Kary4t) b. Jaanpnr, S. Allahabad, 89, 164. Dot4r4 (var. Ddn4r4, Ddt4r4, Dootara). B. Jodhpnr, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Drabogim (town), s. Kashmir, 368 o. 1. Duib, see Biri D. Dnib, see Bet Jilandhar D. Da4b, see Ohenhat D. Dii4b, see Baohnan D. Doib, see Sind S4gar D. Dnab (Jamnah-C^anges), 287, q. 2. Ddb Jikar, s. Chanderi, S. M41wah, 202. Dddganga (river), a. Kashmir, 365 g. 1Dadh4nah, see Daurihah. Dddilah, see Dodelah. Dndiydl {va/r, Dndwil), s. Jeoh Dd4b. S. Labor, 322. Dndwil, see Dadiy41. Dddwat, B. Sindh Sigar Dd4b, 8. L4hor, 324. Dugichhi (var, Dnrffichi), s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. Dokah, see Durgah. Duki, 8. Kandahir, 8. K4bnl, 397, 897 U.l. Ddkrio, see Muhammad Biri D. Dulkabir, see Dahlak. Dnmbilah, Me (j^r^ D4mb4lah. Ddniri, see Dotiri. Ddngar (port), Gnjarit, 259. Ddngar, s. Kalamb, 8. Barir, 235. Ddngar, s. 86rath, 8. Gujarit, 258,

Ddngarolah, s. Kananj, 8. Milwah, 200. J Ddngaarpnr, S^jarit, 260 u 2, 251, 266 ft. 4. ^

Ddngarpdr, s. 8ir<^f , 8. Ajm4r, 276. Ddngrf , s. Mandlder, 8. Agra, 190. Ddnnigor, s. Beth Jilandhar, 8. Uhor, 316. Ddnpdr, see D6npdr. Durg, see Darak. Dorgichi, see Dugichhl. Durgah (var. Dadgah, Dukah), 8. Kherlah, 8. Barir, 288. Durlabahpur, s. Mahmddpur, 8. Bengal, 133. Ddt (fort) s. Jalesar, 8. Orissa, 142. Dat4r4, see Dot4r4. Dwirahkot, s. Kumion, 8. Dihll, 289. Dwarka, see Daman. Dwirki, see Jagat. Dwirka (town), 8. Ghijirat, 246 q. 5, 280 0.1. E Edar (Ildrug) s. Atonadibid, 8. Gnjarit, 289, 289 o. 8, 241, 262, 271. Bgyp* (country), 403. EicUii (var, Aichhi, Enchhi), s. Karrah. 8. AUihabid, 90, 167. Elichpur (town), 8. Barir, 229. BlUchpur, 8. Giwil, 8. Barir, 282. EUora (oaves), 305 o 2. Bnohhi, see Eichhf. BndriotI (oar. Indraoti), s. Jodhpnr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Bnf, see Ini. Eraj, see Irij. Bran, s. Chanderi, 8. Milwa, 20L Bti4a (oar Afida), s. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Btiwah, 8. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 182, 809 U.8.

Bthiopia (country), 121. Europe, 240. r Fakbrpur, s. Bhariich, 8. Audh, 98, 176. Farah (town), 8. Kandahir, 893, 898 0.3. Farisatghar, 8. Sitgio^, 8. Bengid, 140.

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Targhinah (country), 220, ft 6, 408 a4. IVir^tpur, 8. Mahmiidab&d, S. Bengal, 133. Parida (Thina F.), s. Kol, S. Agra, 97, 186. Farfk, see Hazarah ipirlak. Parmul, s. Kabul, S. Kabul, 398 ft. 6. 399, 401, 401, . 2, 407, o- 4, 412. Farmdl (river), S. Kibul, 398, a. 6. Firs (country), 385. Faryadabad, s. Dipilpur (Rachnau Ddab), S. Multan, 333. Fatehpdr (District), 167 ft. 1, 176 ft. 2. Patehpur Kdlauri, (var, F. Kanauri), 8. Sindh S4gar Ddib, S. Labor, 324. Fatehpdr Kanauri, see Fate^pur Kilauri. Fat^bid, s. Fat^bid, S. Bengal, 132. Fatbabid (Sirkar), S. Bengal. 132,

340 ft. 3. Fat^bid, s. Hi9ar Firdzab, S. Dibll, 105, 295. Fat^ Bagb, see Bigb F. Fat^ban, see Barodab F. Fat^pur, 8. Bbakkar, S. Multin, 334. Fat^pdr s. Gborigbit, S. Bengal, 136. Fat^pur, 8. Lakbnau, S. Audb, 93, 178. Fat^pdr, S. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 132. Fat^pdr, s. Multin (B^t J^landhar Ddab), S. Multan, 329, 331. Fat^pur, 8. Satgaon, S. Bengal, 141. Fatipur. 8. Sirbind, 8. Dibli, 105. 296. Fat^pur Bbaiya, s. Bobtas, S. Babir, 157. Fat^^pur Cbaurisl, s. Lakbnau, S. Audb, 94, 178. Fat^pur Hanswab, s. Karrab, S. Allabibid 90, 168. Fat^pdr Jbanjmdn, {va/r, F. Jabnjdn), 8. Nigor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Fat^pur Mongarta, (va/r, F. Mdngarta, Mongota, Mungrina, Mewn5

gowneb), s. Tijirab, S. Agra, 96, 193. Fat^pur Noseka, 8. Ma^ddibid, S. Bengal, 133. Fat^pur Sikri, s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 180, 183. Fatti Singb, s. Sbarlf^bad, S.Bengal, 140. Fattd Bbandil Barbi, s. Bachniu, Ddib, S. L^or, 32L FauUd Sbibi see Bdza F. S. FazUbid, s. Baobnau Dd4b, S. Libor, 321. Ferozabad, 8. Agra, 183 ft. 3. Firozab, see Hisiur F.

Firozkob (town), 302. Firozpur, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. Firdz^bid, s. Bbariicb, 8. Audb, 98, 176. Firdzibid (town), 8. Dibli, 279. Firuzpur, s. Dep41pur (Birdn-iPanjnad), 8. Multin, 383. Firdzpur, s. Haibatpur, 8. Libor, 110. 326, 326 ft. 2. Firdzpur, s. Tijdrab, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Fortunate Islands, 327 ft. 2, 403 ft. 3. Fukrtibdd, s. Tirbut, 8. Babir, 167.

Gabri, 8. Kabul, 401 ft 8. GfMlarpdrab, see G-dlarpur. Ga^ba (vUlage), 8. Babir, 150. Ga4bi (town), 8. Babir, 149. Gadbsar, see Garbsanab. Gfb^w^rab, see Kadind. Ga^warab, s. Jaunpur, 8. AUababad, 164. Gagndpdr, s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 143. Gigron {var, K4kron), s. Gigron, 8. Milwab, 112, 209. Gagron (sarkir), 8. Milwab, 209. Gain, see Barab G. Gakkbar (country), 347. Gilnab {var, Jilnab) Jdistrict), 8. ^andes,222. % Galongara (8utlej and^i^b rivers). 326 ft 2.

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Oanih (vor. Kenih), s. Ghanderi, S. Milwah, 202. Gkknaur, see Gronor.

Ganaur, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 287. Gandamak, S. Kabul, 405 o 8. Gandiur, see Ghmdor. Gandivd, see Kach. G^n^ba (var. Gafba), a. Gbazipur, S. AUababid, 90, 162. Gandbir, s. Babrocb, S. Gujarit, 255. Gandbiira (country), 404 o 6. Gandbor, see Gidbanr. G^ndolna, see Kandolni. Gtuidor (var. Gand^ur), s. Sambbal, S. Dibli, 105, 290. G^ngk, see Badner Eanka. Ganga, see Kiaban G. Gangab (spring), S. Gujarit, 239. Gangalpur, s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 181. Gangapat s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 181. Gangeri, s. Kol, S. Agra, 97, 186. Ganger Kbera (vo/r, Gang^ru Kbera), 8. Dibli, S. Dibli, 104, 288. G^ng^s, see Kbok^s. Ganges (river), 116 u 1, 120, 120 u 5, 150, 151, 151 a 1, 152, 157, 158, 159, 161, 165, 167, 168, 169, 185, 186, 224, 228, 230 tt 1, 247, 250 b 1, 271, 278, 287, 288, 291. Gang Gautami, see Godiveri. Gangnapur, s. Jalesar, S. Orissa, 142, Gangob (var, (jkmgwab), s. Sabarinpur, S. Dibli, 105, 292. Gtingot, s. Betb Jilandbar, S. Labor, 317. Gangrir, s. Kotri Parayab, S. Milwab, 209. Gangwab, see Gangob. Ganj (aMas Jakdal), s. Barbakiibid, S. Bengal, 137. Ganj Siikbmila, s. Gborigbit, S. Bengal, 1^. Gtuijdri of^Latjuri (river), 127. (HnkaraHff. XJdner, S. Bengal 130. Gantnil, see Eanbtal.

Gion, see Unobab G. Garanjijab (va/r, Eerejirab), s. Chanderi, S. Milwab, 202. Gar band wal (var. G^bindwil), s. Labor (Racbnau Ddab), S. Labor, 110, 321. Gardez, s. K^bul, S. Eibol, 407, 407 a 2 & 4, 412. (jktrdban, see Karoban. Gardi s. Sonirga^, S. Bengal, 139. Garb, S. M^wab, 229. (jkb^ba, see Gan^bi. (jkbfba (Haveli), s. Kanauj, S. Milwab, 200. Garba (Mimdla), S. Milwab. 195, 196. Gtifb Ametbi, see Ambbati. Garban4 (var. G^yamand), s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 131. Garb DumbiUab (var. Garb Diwalah), s. Betb Jalandbar, 8. Libor, 317. Garb Diw&lab, see Gt^fb Dambdlah. Garbi, (Teliagarbi), pass, S. Bengal, 116. Garbi, s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 131. Garbiya, s. GborigbAt, S.Bengal, 186. Garb Muktesar, s. Dibli, S. DihH, 104, 287. Garbsanab (var. Garsind, (^adbsar), 8. Hijipur, S. Babir, 155. Gkiri, see Din G. GJariidbir, s. Sorafb, S. Gujarit, 258. Garidbiri (var. Karari Dbarari, Gauridbar), s. Sorafb, S. Gujarit, 258. Garkot, see Kotgir. (jkbrmsir (tract), s. Kandabir, S. Kibul, 394, 396, 398. Garoli, s. Mibor, S. Barir, 236. (Harrow (country), 124 a 6. (3kbrsind, see Garbsanab. Garsu, see Eadsu. Garvar, see Karor. GUtbi Nadbf (var. Gitbi Danii, s. Sonirgao^i S. Bengal, 189. Gatral, see Ea^btil.

Gkluda, seeJUK&ud&sL Gkkur, see Lakbnauti.

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Gftur (town), S. Bengal, 122, 123 1, 129 B 6, 147, 371 o 6. Gaorf, fee GWri. Ganridhar, see Garidhari. GautniU, see Ka^hfil. Gawi, see Ko^ah. Gawirchah (var. Gawirchak), s. Andh, S. Audh, 98, 174. Gawirchak, see Gawirchah. Giwil (sirkir), S.Barir, 232. Gawilgarh (fort), 8. Barir, 228, 228 o 3, 229, 238 a 4. (Jaya, 8. Bahir, 8. Bahir, 162, 164. 231. Gaya, (var, Bishan G*yi), S. Barir, 230. Gfkji (var, Bndra Gayi), S. Bijipur, 231. Gayipur, s. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal, 136. Gkkzar Saray (town), 8. Mnltan, 326 o 1. Gkfran, see Kh^ran. Geyran, see Kh^ran. Ghaggar (river), 8. Dihli, 246 al 3, 278, 294, 296, 330 a 2. Ghagar (river), 8. Audh, see Gogra. Ghakkar (fortress), 323 q 6. Ghalu Kh4rah (ww. Khelu Khirah), 8. Multin, 8. Multin, 329. Ghandak (river), 160, 150 . 4. Ghandhir (port), 8. Gujarit, 248, 243

a. 4. Ghandewi^ s. 8urat, 8. Gujarit, 267. Ghara, 166 a- 2. Ghar Chiwand, s. Tirhat, 8. Bahir, 167. Ghari, see Kari. Gharibriwan, see Ghurbatriwan. Gh4r.i-8h4h(cave) 8. Kandahir, 394. Gharjinah, see Kharjinah. Gharjist4n (country), 393, 414. Ghis^rah, see Karherah. Ghitampur, 8. Korah, 8. Allahibid, 90, 167. Ghitampur, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 98,179.

Ghitisieri, see E^inibanieri. Ghiti, see Hit G. Ghiti, see Hawil G. Ghiti, 8. Gigron, 8. Milwah, 209. Ghitisir, s. Bahir, 8. Bahir, 164. Ghitnagar, s. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal, 136. Ghatripil, see Kherihit. Ghits, Eastern, 126 g. 1. Ghit 8aera, see Keini Baniera. Ghit 8eov (var. Ghit Sudin), s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Ghaus, see Ghosi. Ghawisan (va/r. Ghawis), s. Bet Jilandhar Duib, 8. Labor, 317. Ghizi Khin, see Bel G. K. Ghizipdr, see Majlol G. GhiEipur, s. Chakarhilah, 8. Tattah (Maltin), 341. Ghizfpur (Haveli), s. Ghizlpur, 8. Allahabad, 90, 162. Ghazipur (sirkir), 8. AUahibid, 90, 160, 162. Ghizipur, s. Lihor, 8. Lihor, 110. Ghazna, see Ghazni. Ghaznah, see Ghazni. Ghazni (or Zabdlistin) (var. Ghazna,

Ghaznah, Ghaznin), s. Kibul, 8. Kibul, 115 3, 158, 172 a- h 212, 217. 263, 263 a 1, 281 n 4, 302, 303, 336, 347, 393, 39^ n. 6, 402, 407 n. 4, 408, 408, n. 1, 408, n. 2, 412, 414. Ghaznin see Ghazni. Ghaznipdr, s. Ma^mddibid, 8. Bengal, 133. Gheb (var. Khet, Khes, Khep), s. 8ind 8igar Ddib, 8. Labor, 324. Ghelot, 8. Bewiri, 8. Dihli, 106, 298. Gh6r, see Biri Gh^r. Gheswah (t?cir. Ghiswah), s. Jaunpdr, 8. AUahibid, 89, 164. Ghiaspur, a. Bahir, 8. Bahir, 164. Ghiswah, see Gheswah. Ghita, see Deoli Khatia. Ghiyispur, s. Lakhnaut^8. Bengal, 131. V [208. Ghiyigpur, s. Mandesar, 87 Milwah,

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Ghogah (var* Gogo), s. Sorath, S. Gujarit, 241, 244, 247, 247, n. 2, 268Ghoghowil, 8ee Khokhow^. Ghogri, see Aukhri. Ghor (country), 893, 393 o 3, 396. 399, 403 2, 413. Ghorighit, aee Bin. G. Ghorighit (airkih'), S. Bengal, 123, 135. Ghorband, s. Kibul, S. Kibnl, 409, 412. Ghorband (vaUey), S. Kibul, 400, 400

1, 409 1. Ghori,8.K4bul,400ol. Ghosf {var. Ghaus), s. Gorakhpur, S. Audh, 93, 176. Ghosi, 8. Jaunpur, S. Allahib^ 89, 164. Ghosi, s. Kotri Parayah, S. Milwah, 209. Ghumli, see Gdmli. Ghurbatriwan (t?ar. Ghar!br4wan), a. Biri Doib, S. Labor, 819. Gidbaur (var, Gundbor, Kon^dbupour), B. Babir, S. BabiLr, 164. Gilgit (country), 849. Gilgit (pass), s. Kasbmir, 8. Kibul^ 866. Gir (tract), S. Gujarit, 245. Girdpadai, ee Karonda. Girjhak, ee Kirjbik. Girnil (fort), s. ^oratb, S. Gujardt, 245, 245 u 2. Girnir (country), S. Gujarit, 268 n 7. Girnl (river), S. EWndes, 228, 224. Gobi (desert), 365 o 8. Gobinda, v<ir. Kosada, s. Sulaimindbid, S. Bengal, 140. Gobindpur Akhand, s. Gbordgbit, S. Bengal, 186. Gobindpur, s. Birbakibdd, S. Bengal, 137. G^bindw^, aee GktrbandwAl. Godivari, 813 n 2, (40). Godiveri (ww. Gang Gautami) (river), 228,228ote Qodhri, 8. GAhri, S. Gujarat, 268. Godhri (sfikr), 8. Gajarit, 267.

Godi or Gumti (river), 8. Audh, 171, 172. Gogbra, s. T4jpur, 8. Bengal, 186. Gogo, aee Ghogab. Grogra, var, Ghaghar (river), 171, 305. G^hinah, s. Hi^ir Firuzah, 8. Dihli,

105, 295. GohiUiab (dastur), s. Hi^ Firuzah, S. Dihli, 106. Gohelwdrab (sirk4r), S, Gujarit, 244. Goiamend, ee Garban^. Gokal, 8. Gborighat, S. Bengal, 186. Gokanpird, s. Ghorigbit, s. Bengal, 136. Golah, 8. Bad4o, S. Dihli, 104, 289. Grolconda (country), 238 n 4. Golconda (town), 230 n 1. Gronor (var, Giinaur), s. Dibli, S. Dihli, 104, 287. C^n^aki (place), 313 b 2 (11). Gondal s. Sorath, 8. Gujarit, 258. Gondal, see G^ndhal. Gondhal, {var, Gondal), s. Bighelah, 8, Gujarit, 244. Gon^hwinah (country), 223, 809. Qondila Kiyat, see Konde Eoliyit. Gon^r (var. Guner), Korih, S. Aliababid, 90, 167. G^nor (var, Ganaur) s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 106, 290. Gopilnagar, s. Tijpur, S. Bengal, 136. Gop&lpur, 8. Jaunpur, S. AUahibid, 89,164. (^pamau, s. Khairib4d, 8. Audh, 93, 177. Gorakh, see Lorakh. Gorakhnith Ki Tili, see Tilah Balnith. Gorakhpur (dastur), 8. Audh, 98. Gorakhpur (Haveli), s. Gorakhpur, 8. Audh, 98, 176. (Jorakhpur (Kasba), s. Gorakhpur, 8. Audh, 98, 176. Gorakhpur (Sirklr), 8. Audh, 98, 160, 170, 174. Gk>randA, see Karanda. Gori, see Hasanpur G.

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GUSri, (var. Ota,nri) Gforakhpur, B. Andh, 93, 176. Gk>rk, see Sorakh. Gbrkhatri, see Korkhatri. GU)yamand, see Grarhan^. Grand Tartary, 118, u 8. Great Tibet (country), 347, 868, 359, 9 2, 360, 863. Gndawed, see Kadiud. Gugaira (town), S. Lihor, 310 a 1. Gdh, s. Bahir, 8. Bahir, 154. Gdlir&m, see Khorim. Gajara-rishtra (country), 240 n 7, 382 nl. Gujarit (Sdbah), 180, 195, 196, 214, 215, a 2, 218, 219, 219, a 1, 220, 221, 221 B 1, 226, 227, 227 n 2, 238 267, 239 u 6, 242, 243 a 4, 245 u 1, 248, 250, 260 n 2, 261, 262, 263 264, 266, 266 n 3, 267, 271, 303, 306, 307, 336, 339~, 341 a 1, 345 a 2, 346, 371 a 6, 386, 389, 415. Gujar Khin (town), s. Kashmir, 390 04. Gujrin, see Hazirah G. Gujran Barhi, s. Bachnau Ddib, S. L4hor, 321. Gujrit, s. Jeoh Dd4b, S. Ldhor, 322, 822 a 1. Gulgula (town), S. Eibul, 409 n 3. Gnliina (town), s. Kashmir, 390 u 4. Gulkanah (town), 8. K^bul, 403, a 5, 404. Gumll (var, Bdmli, Ghumli), s. Barri, 8. Gujarit, 244. Gumti or Godi (river), 171, 172, 173,

177. Gun^r, see Ctoner. Guram, see Karhif ba Kuram. Guasarpur {now Gtkdarpurah), s. Kumaon, 8. Dihli, 289. Guzerit, see Gujar&t. Gufrhif, s. Birbakibid, 8. Bengal, 137. Gwalior, see Gwiliyar. GwiUyir (fort), 8. Agra, 158, 181,221, 8.

Gwiliyar, s. B4ri Ddib, 8. L4hor, 319. Gwiliyir (dastdr), 8. Agra, 96. Gw41iyir, s. GwiHyir, 8. Agra, 181, 187, 221 a 3, 227 a 2, 250 n 1, 309. Gwiliyir (va^. Gwilior, (sirkir), 8. Agra, 96, 187, 309.

H4bi (var. Hiit!, Halee, Hall, H4pi, mwi),is. Tirhut, 8.Bahir, 157. Habiyapur (var, Himiyanpir), s. Kherlah, 8. Barir, 234. Hiibrd, see Anthulah H. Habsh, see Jash. Habudhadi, see Jabd^ha^i* E[i4^<^^^ ^^ Hadauti. Hadauti (var. Hi^iioti, Hir^oti, Harowtee) (country), 8. Ajmer, (sirkir Nigor), 268, 268 a 1, 271. Ha^ha (var. Hafha), s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 94, 179. Hidiibid, 8. Jilandhar, 8. L^or, 110, 317. H&diabds (Jhdsi), s. AHahibid, 8. AUahibdd, 89, 161. EEiehimdn (village), s. Elashmir, 8. KAbul, 365. mfizibid, s. Bachnau Ddib, 8. lA-

hor, 320. Haft Bachah (hills), 8. K4bul, 400. Haftchur, see Bansanda. Hafthdr, see Bansanda. Haibatpur Pati (dastdr), 8. Lihor, 110. Haibatpur (Patl), s. Haibatpur Pati, 8. Lihor, 110, 318. Haibatpur (Pati), (sirkir), 8. Lihor, 110. Haidaribad (district), 8ind, 838 a 2. Haidariibid (town), 8. Tattah, 336 a 4, 340 a 1* HAinasu, see Janisd. Haiyagarh, s. Satgaoy, 8. Bengal, 141. ^ H4ji Bib^ see LahkH. B. H&jigak, $ee HajiyaR*

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H^ji Pir(pa8s), s. Kashmir, 347 o 3, mjipur, 8. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 191. Hijipur (town), 8. BahAr, 150. mjipur (Haveli), s. Hajipur, S. Bahar, 156. Hijipnr (v(Mr, H. Sariyinah), s. Jalandhar, S. Labor, 110, 316. Hajipur, s. Satgaon, 8. Bengal, 141. Hijipur (sirkir), 8. Bahir, 152, 155. Hijipur, 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Hijipur (Pati) (var. H. Barsi), s. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. HAjipur SAriyanah, see HAjipur. Hijiyak {var. HAjigak), (pass), S. Kabul, 400 n 1. HAjkAn, 8. mjkin, S. Tattah (Mult4n), 340.

Hajkan (sirkdr), S. Tattah (Multin), 840. Hajran, see ShahzAdah H. HAla (town), S. Tattha, 336 a 4. HalbAtak, see Janabak. Haldi, 8. Ma^anudAbid, S. Bengal, 188. Haldand Nauna see Hald BadhonA. Hald Badhona, (tror Hona Haldand, Haldhota, Haldand Nauna, Huldhota), 8. MAhor, S. BarAr, 286. Haldhota, see Hald BadhonA. Halee, see Habi. Hali, see HAbi. ^ HallAr, (place), 8. GujarAt, 248, & 3, 250 2. Halod, (place), S. GujarAt, 242. 9Alon, 8. Pinjarah, S. Bengal. 137. Halthal (village), S. Kashmir, 368. HamadAn (in Persia), 161 u ^ QAmilA, 8. GoraghAt, S. Bengal, 186. Haminagar, S. Parsaror (Rachnau DuAb), S. LAhor, 110, 821. Hamirpur, s. KAlpi, S. Agra, 97, 184. HamiyanpAr, see HabiyApdr. HamtA BAzd, 8. SonArgaon, S. Bengal, 189. Hamtanpur, s.^MatimddAbAd, 8. Bengal, 138. # HanAmak, see .flmabak.

HAndah, s. Hin^fah, 8. MAlwah, 207, HAnhAr, see InhAr. Hankar, see I HAnsAwar, i HAnsf, 8. I 105, 281, Ja^gar. s. 8orath, 8. GujarAt, 244. HifAr Firozah, 8. Dihli, 296.

I HAnsdt, 8. Bahroch, 8. GujarAt, 243, I 256. I Hanswah, see Fathpur'H. Hantiyil {txi/r. Hatiyal), s. Rachnau DdAb, 8. LAhor, 321. HanwAd, s. BafAlah, 8. LAhor, 110.

HApari, s. Sirhind, 8. Dihll, 106, 296. HApi, see HAbi. HApdr, 8. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 288. Har (8utlaj) (river), 326. Haran, (river), 8. GujarAt, 246. HArAote, see Hadauti. Harariya, s. Kanauj, 8. MAlwah, 200. Hardoi, 8. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 94, 179. Hareo, s. Jech DdAb, 8. LAhor, 322. HargarAo^, s. KhairAbAd, 8. Audh, 98, 177. Hafha see Hadha. HarhAnah, s. JAlandhar, 8. Labor, 110, 317. Harhawa {var. HarhuA) s. BanAras, 8. AllahAbAd, 89, 162. HarbdA, see Harhawa. HAri, (8utlaj), river, 826. Hariana (country), 166, n. 2. Haribol see Veshau. HaridwAr, (town), 8. Dihli, 812, a- 4. Haripur, (8imla Hills), 803, n. 1. HariyAl BAzd, s. BarohA, 8. Bengal, 188. Harlia, see DAkdd DbAlia. Harmatelia, (town), 8. Tattah, 386, a. 4. Harnagar, s. 8ilhat, 8. Bengal^ 189. Hami, a. Tirhut, 8. Bahar, 167. Haro (river), s. Kashmir, 390, ij. 4. Harob (river) 8. LAhor, 324, . 2. Harowtee, see Hadauti. Harpah, (place), s. MadAran, 8.

Bengal, 126. Harpan, (town), 3. Multan, 326, a* 1*

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Harpnr. s, Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Harre, Ehaftar, s. Sindh S4gar Dailb, S. L&hor, 828, n. 6. Haraina, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192. 'Harsonl, {var. HarRori), s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192. Harsor, b. Ahmadibad S. Gujarat^ 253. Harsor, s. Ajmer, 102, 273. Harsori, $ee Harsoni. Harda, see Hashawa. Hasan AbdiU, (village), 8. Lihor, 324 324, a. 2. Hasanpur Badohar, s. Alwar, 8 Agra, 96, 191. Hasanpur Gori, (var. Hasanpur Kori), 8. Alwir, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Hasanpur Kori, see Hasanpur Gori. Hashtganjpur, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Hashtnagar, var. Asbtaghor, 411, 411, 0.1. Ha^ilpur, s. Mando, M41wab, 112, 179, 196, 206. Hi^Upur, (village), 8. Malwah, 179, 195. Hastani, see Hatasni. Hast Cb^i see Hast Jati. HastgioVf see Hatgao^. Hasti Bbanj {var, Hasti Watar,) (pass) s. KasbmSr, 347, 347 g. 8,

382, 383, 383 q. 1. Hastinapdr, see Hatnawar. Hastinapur, (town), 8. Dibli, 282, 283. Hasti Watar, see Hasti Bbanj. Hast Jagi, see Hast Jati. Hast Jati {var H. Jagi, H. Cbini), s. 8oratb, 8. Gujarit, 244. Hit, see Al H. Hiifci, s. Fatbri, 8. Barir, 236. Hatimnab, see Hatimnat. Hatimnat {var, Hatamnab), s. 8ambbal, 8. Dibli, 106, 291. Hatan^a, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 132. Hat&pak see Janabak.

Hatapin, s. Mabmudibid, 8. Bengal, 133. Hatasni (var, Hastani), fs. 8oratb, 8. Gujarat, 259. Hatgaon, s. Gawil, 8. Barir, 233. Hafgaon, s. Karrab, 8. Allabibad, 90, 168. Hatgao^, {var. Easbab Hatgaoy, Nitgooy, Hastgio^ Bistgaon), 8. Namalab, 8. Barir, 234. Hat Gbiiti, s. 8onirgaon, 8. Bengal, 139. Hatbi, 8. Tu-but, 8. Babir, 167. Hatbi Kandhi, s. Satgaon, 8. Bengal, 141. Hiti, see Hibi. Hatiyal, see Hantiyil. Hatiyar Lang, s. 8indb 8igar Duab, 8. Libor, 325. Hatkint, s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Hatniwar (v<r, Hastinapur), s. Dibli, 8. Dibli, 104, 288. J^aveli Babrocb, s. Babroob, 8. Gujarat, 265. 9aveli, Bandar, s. 8ondrgion, 8.

Bengal, 138. 5aveli Pa^an, s. Pajtan, 8. Gujarit, 254. 9aveli 8atgaon, s. 8itgion, 8. Bengal, 141. Hawilgbiti, . Ma^ddibid, 8. Bengal, 133. [133. Haweli, s. Ma^udibid, 8. Bengal, Hiwi, see Habi. Hazara (bills) 8. Kandabar, 394 u 4. Hazarab (Dastdr), 8. Libor, 111. Hazirab, s. Hazarab, (Jecb Duab), Labor, 111, 322. Hazarab, (sarkar), 8. Ldbor, 111. Hazirab (village), 8. Labor, 811. Hazirab Dablab {var, Haziu*ab Dabnab), 8. Kandabar, 8. Kibul, 898. Hazirab Dabnab, see Hazirab Dablab. Hazirab Farik, aJ^azirab ^rla^. Hazirab Gujrin, sll^db Siigar Ddab, 8. Labor, 826.

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Hazirab ^arlak (var. H. Farik, H. J^rak), s. Sindh Sigar Duib, S. JMiOT, 325. Haz4r Banjab Banji {var, H. Dbajar Banji, H. Sabar 8abi), s. Eandabir, S.Kibul,898. Hazir Dbajar Banji, see Haz4r Banjab Banji. Hazirbati, s. Fat^bid, S. Bengal, 132.

HaziLr Sabar Sabi, see Hazir Banjab Banji. Hazar-takl, s. Mungber, S. BabiLr, 166. Hizir see Wakar H. Hazratpur, s. Fat^^b^d, 8. Bengal, 132. Helak (var, Hilak), s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Helki, 8. 84tg4on, 8. Bengal, 141. Helmand (river), see Hirmand. Henbir, see Inbir. Herit (town) 148 b 1, 898 a 8. Heaidrus (river), see 8utlej. Hesoli (var, Mesdali) s. Madiran, 8. Bengal, 141. 9ij4z (country), 887. Hijli (town), 8. Bengal, 116 u 3, 126 sl. Hi lak, see Helak. Himalayas (moontaiv), 125 q 1, 847, 851 8. Himmat Elbin Earmon, s. 8indb Sigar Ddib, 8. Libor, 325. Hind, see Tark Ghandi. Hindil, see Badd H. Hindann, s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Hin^iab s. Hin^iab, 8. Milwab, 207, 228. Hindiab (sark&r), 8. Milwab, 112, 197, 207, 222, 229. Hindu! (8bab v<Mr, Mandavi 8bAb), s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 182. Hindoi, s. Mongber, 8. Babir, 155. Hmdd-kob (morJlains), 898, 899. Hindd-kuBb (j^), 8. Eibnl, 400 q 1. Hinddstin (country), 115, 146 & 1, 158,

169, 170, 170 B 6, 171, 177, 186, 21L

214 B 1, 215, 228, 249, 254, 274, 278, 300, 802, 809, 811, 312, 315, 336, 847, 348, 882, 383, 384, 385, 887, 888, 389, 390. 391, 392, 394, 396, 399,401,403, 404. 407 Q 1 & 4, 408, 414 b 2. Hinglaj, see Hingula. Hingula (va^, Hinglaj) (place), 818. B 2 (1). Hfnbir, see Inbir. Hinjrao, see Sbanzdab H. Hirab, see Barmab H. Hirmand (t7ar. Helmand) (river), 8. Kandabar, 120 b 4, 894, 894 b ^ <S^ 4, 895. Hi^ar Firozab (Dastdr), 8. Dibli, 105. Hi^ar Firozab, s. Hifar Firozab, 8. Diblf, 106, 278, 281, 294. Hi^ir Firozab (sarkar), 8. Dibli, 105, 160, 298. Hissir, seeBiliH. Hissir (tract), 166 b 2Hodal, s. 8abir, 8. Agra, 96, 195. Honi Haldand, see Hald Badboni. Hosbiarpdr (district), 817 b 4. Hosbyir Karnilab, (var, H. Kariilah, 9* Karbilab), s. Haibatpur (or s. Biri Ddib), S. L4bor, 110, 819. Hosipur, 8. Ma^ddibdd, 8. Bengal, 138. Hdgla, see BagbL Hugli (town), 8. Bengal, 125, 125 b 2. Huldbota, see Hald Badboni. Hupiin, see Opiin. Hdr, see Haftcbdr. Hurbbat (var, Hdrbibist), s. Kanauj, 8. Milwab, 200. Hurbibist, see Hdrbbat.

Husain, (T'alluk), s. Qborighit, 8. Bengal, 136. Husain&bid, s. IJdner, S Bengal, 130. Qusain Ajiydl, s. Ma^mddibid, S. Bengal, 138. jipusain Ajiyal, s. Sbari4bid, 8. Bengal, 140. Qusainpur, s. Satgaon, 8. Bengal, 141.

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9iUHunpTur 8. Sniaimanilbid, S. Bengal, 140. Hasain Shihl, $ee Masjid H. 8. Husain Shihf, s. Basoh^ 8. Bengal, 138. Hasain 8ingh, s. Bazoba, 8. Bengal, ' 138. Hnsampar, s. Bharaich, S. Andh, 93, 176. Hnshkapura (city), 8. Kashmir, ^8. Kibnl, 356 o 3.i Hnshkapura, (vcbr, Baramula) (town), S. Kashmir, 356 o. 3. Hydaspes (river), see Bihat. Hydraotes, see Irawati. Hydraotes (river), see Ravi. Hyphasis, or Yipasa (river), see Biah.

Ibrahfmibid, s, Andb, S. Audh 93, 178. Ibrihimpnr, see Bdzir I. Ibriihimpnr, s. IJdner, S. Bengal, 130. Ikhal, 8. Bahir, S. Bah^r, 153.

Hahibid, see Allahibdd. Ilahib^, s. Ilahabas, 8. Allahibdd, 161. Ilahibis (sirHr), S.Allabibid, 160, 161. Ilahadidpnr, s. Ghoriigh^t, 8. Bengal, 135. Hdrdg (Edar), 8. QnjaHlt, 239 q 3. Illahibid (Allahibdd), town, 158. Imidpnr, s. Hiijipur, S. Bahir, 155. Imidpnr, s. Khalifat&bdd, S. Bengal, 134. Imaus (mountain) 391 n 2. Inch, see Itchh. Inchhi, see Aichhi or Eichhe. Indinah, s. Nigor, S. Ajra^r, 102, 276. Indar, s. 84ran, 8. Bah&r, 155. Indar^in, s. Salaiminibdd, S. Bengal, 140. Indarkallf, s. Matimiidiib&d, 8. Bengal 132. Indarkol, s. Kashmir, g. Kibul, 370. 6

India, 124 o 5, 125 d 1. 1^ Q 1> 171, 172, n. 2, 215 d 2, 223^4, 228 u 6, 250 1, 281 1, 312, 327, 389 b 3, 392, 400 1, 401, 404. Indor, s. Telinganab, 8. Barir, 230, 287. Indor, 8. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Indorl, 8. Kalamb, 8. Bar^r, 285. Indriioti, see Endraoti. Indraparast, see Indrapat. Indrapat (rar. Indraparast) (town), S. Dihli, 278, 279, 283. Indraprastha (kingdom), 246 s 5, 278 a 2, 286 Q 1. Indri (Dastur), s. Sahdranpur, 8. Dihli, 105. Indri, 8. Sahiranpur, 8. Dihli, 105,

291. Indus (or 8ind) (river), 119^1, 121 n 2, 246 B 8, 310, 310 u % 311, 311 o 8, 323, 326, 826 b 2, 327 b h 327 b 3, 328, 830 B 2, 386 B 4, 387 b 1, 388, 381, 381 b 2, 390 b 1 ^% 393 B 2, 398, 401, 402 b 8. Indus Valley, 844 b 2. Inhar(var.Hanh4r,Henhar), s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 94, 179. Ini (ror. Eni, Jaini), s. Kalamb,, 8. Barir, 235. Irajpur, s. Mnltin, 8. Multdn, 330. Irik (country), 2*, 265, 312, 344, 353 B 1,389, 394, 415 b 2. Irin (country), 115, 278, 300, 885. Irawati (var, Hydraotes) (river), 810. Irij, (var. Eraj) s. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 187. Irij (sirkdr), S. Agra, 96, 160, 187. *Isakhel (sarkiir), S. Kibul, 393, 393 b2. 'Isapur, 8. Beth Jalandhar, 8. Liihor, 317. Isauli, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 177. Isha baUri, see Ishib&ri. Isha Bryri (village), ^Kashmir, 360 Ishibdri (tw. IshabaMn^. Kashmir, 861, 361 n 2.

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l8kar4o, (in the Himalajas), S65 e 3. IsUmabid, see Islimabad. IsUmibad (hiU), S. Dihli, 280. IsUmaMd (var. I. Pakal), s. Dihli, S.

Dihli, IM, 285. [g 4. IsUmiUd (village), 8. Kashmir, 368 IsUmpur, see Khanddia I. [330. Islampdr, s. MulUn, S. Multan, 329, IsUmpur Bharu, s. Sambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 289. IsUmpdr Dargu, see Islimpur D. IsUmpur (Mohan), b. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. IsUmpur (Bampur), s. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Islampur, s. Ranthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Islimabad, s. Beth Jilandhar, 8. Labor, 316. Islimabad {var, iBlamibad), s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Isltmpnr Dargu {var, Islimpur, D.)f s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Ismailpur, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Ismiilpur (Bogla), s. Bogla, 8. Bengal, 134. Tsmdilpur, s. Maltan, 8. Multan 329. Ismailpur, s. 8ulaimanabad, 8. Benggal, 140. Ispahan (city), 381. Isracharaj, s. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal. 132. Istalif, (village), 8. Kabul, 408 n 5. Ita (hills in Sylhet). 124 o 4. Ifdwah, see Etawah. Itawah, s. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, 201. I|wah (dastur), s. It&wah, 8. Agia, 96. Itchh {var. Inch), s. Kashmir, 8. Kibul,356,363,368. Itchh (II), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 369. I win Bosamer, s. Ranthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274.

J"

Jabdi, see BiAarpdr J, Jabu^ha^^ {var, Habudhadi, Jiii^ha-

4i, Jidd^ari,Jeodhery), g.Rachnan Diiab, 8. Labor, 820. Jadar, see Jarar. Jadnagar, s. Qodhri, 8. Gajsrat, 257. Jadwir, s. Sambhal, 8. Dihli* 105, 290. Jael, see Chael. Jaes, (oar. Jais), s. Minikpdr, S. Allahibad, 90, 165. Jagannith, (temple), 127, 127 o 4, 128, 129 Ql. Jagannathpur, 8. Ma^ddabad, S. Bengal, 133. Jagat, s. 86ratb, 8. Gujarit, 258. Jagat {or Dwarki), 8. Ba^hilah, S. Gujarat;, 239, 239 g 1, 244, 246 9 5, 248, 280, Q. 1. Jagdalik (town), 8. Kabul, 405 n 3. Jaghaki, see Chakhli. Jagi, see Hast Jate. Jagtin, s. Bayanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Jahin Numa (place), 8. Dihli. 279. Jahasand, {var, Jasnad, Changion). R. Barbakabad, 8. Bengal, 137. Jahat, {var), Chahat, Jhet, Jhut), s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296. Jahdi, see Parharpur J. Jahni, see Lakhi Chahnl. Jah^jhdn, see Fathpur Jhanjmun. Jahri, s. Pathri, 8. Barar, 236. Jai Champa, s. Bahar, 8. Bahar 154, 154 eL Jaidar, s. Eohtas, 8. Bahar, 157. Jaini, see Ini. Jaintiya see Jesa. Jaipur, {var. Jeypdr) (town), 8. Ajmer, 402 d 3. Jaipur, 8. Namalah, 8. Barir, 234. Jaipur, s. 8ulaiminibad, 8. Bengal, 140. Jair, 8. Madikurug, 8. Barar, 236.

Jairampnr, s. Pdmiyah, 8. Bengal, 134. Jais, see Jaes. Jaisalmer (fort) 8. Ajmer, 271, 326. Jaisalmer, s. Bikiner, 8. Ajmer, 267, 277.

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Jaitpar, s. Soratli, S. Gujarat, 258. Jaitwan, see Atiwan. Jaitwar, see Barra. Jajmau, {var. Jajmao), s. Korah, S. Allahabad, 90, 167. Jajnagar (town), 8. Orissa, 219, 219 1. Jajoi, {var, JajolS), s. Raisin, S. Malwah, 111, 199. Jajoli, eee Jajoi. Jajpur (town), S. Orissa, 219 a 1. Jakar, see Ddb J. Jakar (var. Jarak), s. Tattab, S. Tattah, (Multan), 340. Jakdal, see Qanj. J9k6k\, see Chakkhi. Jakesar, see Chakesar. Jakhal, (twr. Jakhalpur), s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 156. Jakhalpdr, see Jakhal. Jakhar, s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 156. Jakhli, see CHiakkhi. Jakhrah (var. Jakhrah), s. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Jakram, s. Kumaon, S- Dihli, 289. Jalalabad (var. Jalalabas), s. Allaha-

bad, S. Allahabdd, 89, 158, 161. JaUlabad, s. Bari Duib, S. Whor, 318. Jalalabad, s. Bijigafh, S. Malwah, 205. Jalalabad, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. JaUIab&d (Berun-az-Panjnad), a. Dipilpur, S. Multan, 118, 333. Jalalabdd, s. Jalandhar, S. Lihor, 110, 328. Jajilabad, S. Kabul, 391 u 5, 401, 405, 405 n 1 & 2. Jalalabid, s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Jalalabas, see JaUUbad (S. Allahabad). Jalali 8. Kol, S. Agra, 97, 186. Jalalia nila (river), 322 q 1. Jalalpur, see Dahlat J. Jalalpur, see Kirjhak J. JaUlpur, see Sawdil J. Jalalpur,^. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 19^1.

Jalalpur (village), S. Labor, 315 a 1. Jalalpur Balkhar (var. Jalalpur Halaka), 8. Manikpur, S, Allahabad, 90, 164. Jalalpur Baroth (var. J. Baraut, J. Barwat, J. Serdt J. Seroot), s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 105, 286. Jalandhar, see B^t J Dtiab. Jalandhar, s. Jalandhar, S. Labor, 110, 314 a 1 316. Jalandhar (dastiir) s. Jalandhar, S. Labor, 110. Jalandhar, (var. Beth J.) (sarkar), S. Labor, 110. 315, 328. J^landhara, 312 u 2 (6). Jalandhari, (Kangrah district), 313. Jalar, see Kard J. Jalastatha, 318 q 2 (39). Jalesar, s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 183. Jal68ar (town), s. Jaldsar, S. Orissa, 142. Jalesar (var. Jaleswar, J^llasore)

(Sarkar), S. Orissa, 126, 142. Jaleswar, ee Jalesar. Jalgaov, s. Narndlah, S. Barar, 234. Jalmjun, ee Fathpur. Jdlna, see G^lnah. Jalnahar, see Jhamahar. Jalod, s. Sb^ndes, S. bandes, 225. Jalodah (var. Jaloda), s. Baisin, b. Malwah, 112, 19#. Jalor, S. Ajmer, 270, 271. Jalor, 8. Sirohi, S. Ajmer, 239, 276. Jalpi, 8. Namalah, S. Barar, 234. Jam, aee Sirsi J. Jamilpur, s. Hisir Firozah, S. Dihli, 294. Jamandi, s. Kandahar, S. Kabul, 397. Jamari (var. Chamari), s. Batalah (Bari Dd^b), S. Ldhor, 110, 318. Jambi Jdmsi, see JombasL Jambii, 8. Jhalwarah, S. Gujarat, 242. Jambiiji, s. Jhalwarah, S. Gujarat, 242. Jambusar, see JombasnL Jamiawarah, s. Mandesa!^. Malw^, 208.

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Jamkher, s. Kherlah, 8. Barar, 234. Jammu (country), 347 a 3, 348^2, 350o3, 351 o2,354 o2, 355 a 4, 356 3, 861 o2, 363 a 3, 368 1, 383 a 1. 387, 387 3, 389 a 1, 893 u 2. Jammu, (mountains), 347. Jammu, s. Rachanu Duab, S. Labor, 320. Jamna (var. Jumna, Jamuna), (river),

120, 120 n 5. 121, 157, 158, 179, 180. 181, 278, 279, 281, 286, 287, 291, 305, 308 3. Jamnab (spring), S. Gujarat, 289, 247. Jimner, s. Khandes, S. Khandes. 225. Jamod, s. ESl^ndes, S. Eh^ndes, 222, 224, 225. Jamsber, s. Multan (Ber&n-i-Panjnad), S. Multan, 831. Jamsbid (cave of), S. Eandabar, 394. Jamuna, see Jamna. Jamungaon, s. Nadot, S Gujarat. 254. Janabak (var, Hatipak, Hanamak, Halbatak, Janinak, Janak), s. Kberlah, S. Bariir, 234. J^nab, see Kbari J. Janabgbiti, s. XJdner, S. Bengal, 130. Janak, see Janabak. Jan^ak, see Janabak. Janasu {var, Hainasu), s. Barbakabad, S. Bengal, 137. Jandlai, s. BarbaKabiid, S. Bengal, 137. Jandolab, s. Bbkkar, S. Mnltan, 334, Jangal, see Lakbi J. Janglf (vor. Janbgal), see Lakabi J. Janjab, a. Sewi8ta,n, S. Tattab (Multan), 340. Janki, s. 8barifabad S. Bengal, 139. Jannatabad (sarkar), ree Lakbnauti. Jannatabad (or Gaur), s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 122, 123, 131. Janor {var. Cbitor, Tscbinor, Cbitore), 8. Bayanwan, S. Agra,. 189. Jantor (twr. J[!Jbitore, Tscbetor), s. Pitbri, SjCrar,236. Jauwar, see unandwdn.

Jara, 6. Tattali, S. Tattab, (Multan), 340. Jarak, see Jakar. Jarar {var, Jadar), s. Babi, S. Bahar, 154.

Jarayal, s. Tirbut, S. Babir, 156. JarbaH, s. Bayanwan, 8. Agra, 189. Jarfyab, 8. Kumaon, 8. Dibl!, 289. Jar jar, see Jarjiyab. Jarjfyab (txir. Jar jar), s. Bari Ddab, 8. Labor, 819. Jarodab, see Cbarodab. Jaror, (var. ^bab J.), s. Kberlab, 8. Barir, 233. Jasdan, aee Jasdbo^. Jasdbon, {var, Jasdan), s. Ciobilwarab, 8. Gujarat, 244. Jasdbon, {var, Jasdan), s. 8oratb, S. Gujarat, 258. Jasb (ror. flLabsb, Tajpur), s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 141 Jasnad Bazu, eee Cbbandiya B. Jason Balakotf, s. Jalandbar, 8. Labor, 316. Jasora, (place), 313 a 2 (46). Jaspur, see 8abajgar. Jasnad, see Jahasand. Jasrota, s. Bacbnau Ddib, 8* Labor, 320. Jastan Bazu {var, Cbetan B., Cbain B., Cbytun B.}, s. Ma^mudabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Jit, see Al J. Jatai, see Batai J. Jatgar, {var. Jatkar, Hankar, Cbankar, Jutker), s. Bari Duab, 8. Labor, 318. Jati, see Hast J. Jatia, 8. Kberlab, 8. Barar, 283. Jafkar, see Jafgar. Jatoi, 8. Bbakkar, 8. Multan, 334. Jaukajrl, s. Bbadrak, 8. Orissa, 143. Jauli, 8. 8abaranpur, 8. Dibli, 105, 292. Jaun, s. Hajkan, s. Tattab (Multan), I 340. I Jaund, s. Bobtas, 8. Babir, 157.

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Jaonpur (sarkar), S. Allahabad, 89, 167, 160 163, 266, 307, 309. Jaunpur (town), S. Allahibad, 168, 169, 169, 169 3, 170, 170 o 6. Jaunpdr, (Haveli), s. Jaunpdr, S. Allahibad, 89, 163. Jaunpur, s. Jaunpur, S. Allahabad, 89, 163, 218, 219, 220. Jaurasi, s. Sahiiranpur, S. Dibli, 106, 292. Java (country), 123 u 4. Jawan, s. Eumaon, S. Dihli, 289. Jawari, see Chidar. Jaxartes, (river). 119 a 1, 399 o 2. Jayanti, (pUoe), 313, o 2 (21). Jazethi, tee Chakhli. Jech (Duab), see Jenhat. Jech (or Chenhat) Duab, (aarkar), S. Lihor, 321. Jechn^, (Duab) see Jenhat. Jedibariya, (var, Chandibariya), s. Ma^mudabad, S. Bengal, 133. Jediya, s. Ma^miidabad, S. Bengal, 133. Jekri, s. Bijagafh, S. Malwah, 206. Jellasore, see Jalesar (8. Orissa). Jenhat Dn4b {var, Jhat, Chhat, Chenhat, Jech), S. L&hor, 311. Jeodhery, see Jabu^hadi. Jeora, s. Beth Jdlandhar, S. Labor, 316. Jeran {var. Jiran), s. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Jerusalem, 403. Jesa (ixir, Jaintya, Chaintar, Tschena), s. Silhat, S. Bengal, 139. Jesar (Rasiilpur), s. Khalifatabad, S. Bengal, 134. Jetanpur (village), s. Pathri, S. Barir, 230. [276.

Jetaran, s. Jodhpur, S. Ajmer, 102, Jetgarh, s. Kanauj, S. Mdlwah, 200, Jetha, {var, Ch^la, Tschetia), s. Kanauj, S. Malwah, 200. Jethri, see Jhatri. Jetpur, 8. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 276.

Jewar, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. Jeypur, see Jaipur. Jhig (var. Jh4k), 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Jhdin, s. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Jhajhar, s. Dehli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. Jhajhar (dastiir), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104. Jhajhon, 8. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, 202. Jhak see Jhag. Jhakwar, s. Mandlaer, 8. Agra, 190. Jhilabarha, a. A^madabiid, 8. Gujarat, 253. Jhalawah, s. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Jhalawar, see Jhalawarah. Jhalawarah, {var. Jhilw&rah, Jhalawar), 8. Ahmadabad, 8. Gujarat, 242, 249, 253. Jhalod, 8. Godhra, 8. Gujarat, 268. Jhalo^a, 8. Gwaliyar, 8. Agra, 187. Jhalotar, {var, Jahalotar), s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 178. Jhalu, 8. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 106, 290. Jhalwarah, see Jhfilaw&rah. Jhamahar, {va^. Jalnahar, Djalnahar), 8. Kanauj, 8. Milwah, 200. Jhamrawat {var, Jhimrawat), s. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Jhandi, see Parh^ur J. Jhanjhanah, see Jhinjhanah. Jhdnjhmer, (port), 8. Gujarat, 244, 249.

Jhanjmun, see Fathpur J. Jharah (fort), 8. Gujarat, 260. Jhargon, s. Chanderi, 8. Milwah, 202. Jhark, see Chark. Jharsa, {var, Jharsah), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 286. Jhat, see Jenhat* Jhatanawi, s. Baiain, 8. Malwah, 112, 199. Jhatar, see Chhatrah. Jhatra, see Chhatrah\ Jhatri, {var. Jethri)^^^ 86rath, 8. Gujarat,-268.

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Jhelum (river), S. Labor, 311 a 1. 315 o, 1, 322 1, 323, 825 a 2, 326, 326 u 2, 365 q 1, 364 o 3, 865 o 1, 390 n 4. Jhelum (town), S. Labor, 323 b 8. Jhimrawat, see Jbamrawat. Jbinjhanab, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104, 286. Jhinjhuwarab, a. Jhalwarah, S. Gujarat, 242. Jhojeon [var. Jbojedn), s. Narnol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Jbojodn, see Jbojeon. Jbusi, see Hadiabas. Jibhal (Bbimbbar), 8. Kasbmir, 347, b2. Jibat, see Al J. Jijat, s. GUgroD, 8. Malwab, 209.

Jilan, see Kbutlan. Jimab Cbatab {var, Cbimab C), s. Sialkot, (Bacbnau Diiab), 8. Labor, 110. 320. Jiua, see Gbarf Cbatupa. Jind, 8. Hi^ar Firozab, 8. Dibli, 105, 294. Jiran, see J^ran. Jirbesha, 8. ^ndabar, 8. Kabul, 394, 4. Jiriya Bazd, see Cbhandiya, B. Jiu^ba^i, Mee Jabd^ha^i. Jiddbary, see Jabd^ac^i. Jiyardkbi, e. Ma^mddabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Joasab, s. Cbanderi, 8. Malwab, 202. Jobnair, (var, Jobner, Jotirab, Joner, Jonerab, Zdnbara), s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Jobnatbnagar (town), 8. Labor, 311, tt2. Jobner, see Jobnair. Jodbpar, s. Jodbpur, 8. Ajmer, 102, 270, 271, 271 u 7, 276. 402 n 8. Jodbpur (dastdr), s. Jodbpur, 8. Ajmer, 102. Jodbpur, (Havrf), s. Jodbpdr, 8. Ajmer, 276. ^ Jodbpur (sarkar), 8. Ajmer, 102, 276.

Jogidiya, s. 8oaargao9, 8. Bengal, 138. Jobila (river), 150, id. note 1. Joka, 8. Barbakabad, 8- Bengal, 137. Jomar (oar. Cbamir, Cbopar), s. Kberlab, 8. Barar, 234. Jombasi (var, Jambi Jdmsi, Jambusar), s. Jbalwaraby 8. Gujariit, 242.

Jon^r, see Jobnair. Jonerab, see Jobnair. Jorasi, see Jaurasi. Jorpdri, see Kuli Bazar. Jorsingar, s. Cbanderi, 8. Malwab, 202. Jotirab, see Jobnair. Jdd (bill), 8. Labor, 405 n 2. Jugbely, see Cbakbni. Jugbucky, see Chakbki. Juidbari, see Jabddbadi. Jul Kba|iban, 8. Kabul (stream), 404. Jdi Ful-i-Mastan (stream), 8. Kabul, 404. Jumlab, see Barin J. Jumna, see Jamna. Jdnagbati, 8. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. Jdnabgarb, s. 8oratb, 8. Gujarat, 2i4,, 245, 245 B 1, 246 n 1. Jusbkapur, (town), 8. Kasbmir, 356 3. Jutker, see Jafgar. Juwainab, 8. 8aran, 8. Babiu*, 156. Jwalamukbi (var, Jawiilamukbi), 813 U 2, (5), 314 1. Jytewan, see At i wan.

Kabar, 8. Babar, 8. Babar, 154. Kabar, s. 8ambbal, 8- Dibli, 105, 290. i^abazpur, s. 8ulaimanabad, 8. Bengal, 140. Kabir, see Dablak-el-K. Kabraj, see 8ripat Kiraj. Kakul, see Shih K. Kabul (city), 8. Kabul, 220 n 5, 847, 391 Q 5, 393, 394, 400 n 1, 403, 408 Q3,403n4,403o5.

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Kibal, Little, S. Kibul S99 n 1. Kabul river, S. Kabul, 311 n 8, 892, 899 n 1, 401 nl, 405 n 1, 405 n 2, 405aS,408n2. Kibnl (sirkar), S. Kiibul, 898 to 414. Kabul (Subah), 115, 115 n 3, 176 o 2, 271 n 7, 309, 811 a 8, 812, 888 q 1, 347, 867 o 3, 371 b 6, 390 n 1, 392, 393, 398 B 6, 399, 401 u 1, 401 u 4, 404, 405, 406 2, 407 4, 408, 410, 410, u 1, 412, 413, 414, 414 a 2. Kabtilah (ran Lakhi Kabiilab), s. Dipilpur (Beth Jillandhar Dn4b), S. Multan, 113, 832. Kabtilah (var, Lakhi Kabnlah) b. Dipalpnr (Birun-i-Panjnad), S. Multan, 883. Kiibulpur, s. Ghoraghat, S. Bengal, 136. Kach, see Khacb. Kachikot. s. Sind Sagar Duib, S. Uhor, 324, 324 b 2. Kachandan, see Kachhdndu. Kachh (Bay of), S. Gujarat, 245 n 5, 248 bL Kachh (var. Cutch), (StAte), S. Gujarat, 244, 248 B 4, 249 B 2, 250. Kachb, 8. Sambhal, S.Dihli, 106, 290. Kachh, Little {var. Cutch), S. Gujarat, 260. Kachh, Ban (Bunn) of, (var, Cutch), 8. Gujarat, 246 b 8, 249. Kachhandan, see Kachhindu. Kachhandn {var, Kachandan, Kachhandan), 8. Lakhnau, S. Audh, 94, 179. Kachhi, see Kawa K. Kachhi, see Khacb.

Kachla, s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. Ka4&ad {var Ga^warah, Gudawed), 8. Eanthanbor, S. Ajmer, 102, 275. Kadi {var. Kawi, Kari), s. Bahroch, 8. Gujarit, 243, 265. Kadim, see Bazari K. Kadroilah (var, Kadrola), s. Chanderi, 8. Milwah, 202. Kadrola, see Kadro&lab.

Kadsn (var, Okirsu), s. Bhadrak, S Orissa, 148. Kadwihah, s. Bayanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Ka4w4n, 8. Fumiyah, 8- Bengal, 184. Ka4wiiri (var. Ladwari), b. Tirhut, 8. Bahar, 167. Kafiristto, 390 b 3, 892 b 2, 898 b 6, 406 b1. Kafiirdiya. s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. Kagalwala, 8. Kabul, ^01 b 2. Kahan, 8. Sewistan, 8. Tattah (Multan), 840. Kahar see Akhar. Kahar (var. Kear, Kyar), s. Nadot, 8. Gujarat, 264. Kahardr, s. Multin (Birnn-i-Panjnad), 8. Multan, 881. Kihrw4na, s. Bazoha, 8. Bengal, 137. Kaheod (var. 8omandi, Kanol), s. Bayanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Kaher, see Kaldeh Kehar. Kahlaparah, see Khalapara. Kahlor, s. Berun-i-Panjnad, 8. Labor, 825. Kahlor, (hilla), 8. Labor, 810. Kahrigiirram, see Kar hatha Kuram. Kahr6r, (var, Khardar), s. Multan, (B^t J^landhar Duab), 8. Multan, 829. Kahtoni, (var. Khdoli), s. Mandiaer,

8. Agra, 190. Kahwin, s. 8ind 8agar Duab, 8. Lihor, 324. Kahwar {va/r, Khora, Khawa), (Thana), s. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. [2. Kailas (hiU), 121 n 2, 310 b 2, 318, b Kalman, a. Bhadrak, 8. Orissa, 143. Kairour hills, 157 b 8. Kai-pim-fon (city in China), 118 b 8. Kairanah, (var. Kdrdnah), s. 8abiranpur, 8. Dihli, 106, 292. Kairanah, (Dastiir), s. 8ahiranpur, 8. Dihli, 105. \ Kaithal, (var. Kethal)l^irhind, 8. Dihli, 106, 296.

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Kajbarah, s. Bay^nwin, 8. Agra, 189. Kajhodah, s. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 188. Kikan, ee Khira K. Kakapur, (village), s. Kashmir, 356, C3. Kakhari, s^e^Khfikhari. Kakho^mar, see Khakho^mar. Kakori, s. Lakhnau, B. Audh, 93, 178. Kikreji, s. Pa^n, S. Gujarat, 254. Kakri, see Khikhari. Kikron, (twr. Gigron) (Sarkar), S. Malwah, 112, 209. Kikron, see Gigron. Kalabagh, S. Kabul, 401 a 2. Kalan, s. Bahroch, S. Gnjariit, 255.

Kalamadhara, 313 q 2 (28). Kalamb {var. Kallam), (Sarkar), 8. Barar, 232, 235. Kalamb (var. Kallam J^^bab K.) s. Kalamb S. Barar, 229, 235. Kalumbuh Niri, s. Basim, 8. Barar, 235. Kalanah, eee Chil K. Kalang Dandpdt, (Sark&r), 8. Orissa, 126, 144. KaUnor, (va/r, Kalandr), s. Ba^alah, (Bari Dddb), 8. Labor, 110, 319. Kilapand, (var, K&lapind) s. Libor, (Bachnan Ddab)| 8. Lihor, 110, 321. Kilara, s. 84tgaon, S. Bengal, 141. fi[aUt, 8. ^[andahiir, 8. Kibul, 394. IfjMt Banj^rab, a. Kandab&r, 8. Kabul, 393, 397. KaUt Barluk eee Kalat Tartuk. Kalat Tartnk, (var. K. Barlnk, K. Tnrak, J^la Yastarldk), s. Kandahar, 8. Kibul, 898. KaUt Turak, eee KaUt Tartuk. [K. Kilauri, (ixr. Kanauri), see Fathpur ^la Yastarluk, see KaUt Tartuk. Kalbah, s. MuUiin, (Bachnad Ddib), 8. Multdn, m>. Kalbhalak, ^^ind Sagar Ddab, 8. Ubor, 324.

Kal Bhelak (K. Bhalak), 8. Haearah, 8. Lihor, 111. Kaldeh Kebar (var. Knller Kaher), 8. Labor, 405 u 2. Kaligae Kotbija, s. Barbakiibid, S. Bengal, 137. Kaligbat, 313, u 2 (19). KiUikatta, (Calcutta), b. 8atgaon, S. Bengal, 141. Kali Ma^l, b. Mabmddabad, S. Bengal, 133.

Kalinga, see Tri K. Kalinga (country), 230 a 1* Kilinjar (fort), 8. Allahabad, 158, 159. Kalinjar (8arkar), 8. Allahabad, 90, 160, 166. Kalinjar, s. Kilinjar, 8. Allahabad, 90,166. KAlipitha, 313 e 2 (19). Kill 8ind, (river), 195. Kaliyadah (viUage), 8. Milwah, 196. Kiliyanpur, 8. Mabmddabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Kaliydnpur, s. 8aran, 8. Babir, 156. Kallam, eee Kalamb. Kalminf (territory), 8. Tattha, 337. Kalndki, see Lakbi Kalnarki. Kalnirki, see Lakbi K. Kilpi (Sarkar) Sitgra, 97, 160, 184. Kalpi (Dastdr), s. Kilpl, 8. Agra, 97. Kalpi (Haveli), s. Kilpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. Kalpi (Kasba), a. Kilpi, 8. Agra, 97. 179, 181, 308. Kimagiri, (var. Kamikhya), 313 q 2 (17). Kamah, eee Buldk-i-K. Kimah, a. Sabir, 8. Agra, 96, 195. K&mikhya (in Kamrdp), 313, 313 g 2(17). Kamala, a. LakbnautI, 8. Bengal, 131. Kamilah, see Hoshy&r K! Kamarg&on, a. Gdwil, 8. Bar4r, 282. . ^mbar (village), a. Kashmir, 8. Kibul, 361.

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BJAmbar Ver, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 347. Kambat, s. Sind Sagar Diiab, 8. Labor, 324. Kambh^jat, s. A^madib&d, 8. Gujar&t, 239, 241, 245 & 6, 253. Kambuva (town), s. Kashmir, 356 3. Kameh (Baluk of), 8. Kabul, 406 q 1. Kimeh (river), 8. Kabul, 392 a 2. KampO, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 185. Kimpur (village), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 o 8. Kamraj, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 365, 366 fl 1, 367, 371, 381. Kamrij (division) s. Kashmir, 8. Kibul, 868, 370. Kamraj (village), s. Kashmir, 8Kiibul, 313. Kamrej, s. Surat, 8. Gujarit, 257. Kamrup (country), 117, 117 g 2, 218, 813. Kamti ((country), 117. Kamukharah, s. MandUer, S. Agra, 190. Kamyi^rama, 313 o 2 (23). Kanah, see Khaftah Kanakjok, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Kanak 8akhar, a. Ghorighat, 8. Bengal, 136. Kananda, see Kiratpur K. Kanar, see Kenar. Kanirak (temple), 128 o 4 129 b 2. Kanauj, (Sarkar) 8. Agra, 96, 160, 170, 171, 179, 184, 261, 262, 271, 271 B 1, 271 B 7, 300, 371 b 6, 382. Kanauj (Dastur), s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96. Kanauj (Haveli), s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Kanauj (town), 8. Agra, 169 n 3, 181, 280 B 2, 345. Kanauj (8arkar), s. Malwah, 199. Kanaulah, s. Bayanwan, 8. Agra,

189. Kanaur, see Khawar. Kanauri, see Fathpur Kilauri. Kanchi, 313 b 2 (27). 7

l^ndahar (8arkir), 8. Kibul, 887, 346, 347, 881, 386, 390 b 1, 393, 894, 396, 897, 398, 404, 408. ^ndahir, s. ^andahar, 8. K&bul, 394, 394 B 2, 395, 396. 897. 398, 400, 402, 402 B 3. Kandal, see Kidal. Kan<}aliya, s. Ma^mud^bdd, 8. Bengal, 133. Kan^aliya, s. 8atgaon, 8. Bengal, 141. Kandarki (mr, Kundarki), s. 8ambhal, S.Dihli. 105, 290. Kandhad, see Khandwah. Kandhar, see Narainpur. Kan^hlah, see Kandlah. Kandi, see Siriya K. Kan4ibari, s. Ghoriighat, 8. Bengal, 136. Kandi Nawi, s. Ma^mndiibid, 8. Bengal, 133. Kandlah {var. Kan(}hlah), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104. 287. Kandolhi, see Kandoln. Kandolna {var, Kandolha GandolnA), s. 8orath, 8. Gujarat. 244, 258. Kanel (va/r, Khanel, Khampal, Kehnayl, Kebl), s. Ujjain, 8. Malwah, 112, 198. Kanges (Ta^luk 'Parmanand), s. Khalifatabiid, 8. Bengal, 134. Kangra (Panjab Hifls), 308 b 1, 310 b6, 866b1. Kingrah, s. Bari Diiab, 8. I4hor, 319. Kangrah, s. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, 202.

Kangrah (town), 8. Uhor, 312, 314 Kanhar, s. 8arangpur, 8. Malwah, 204. Kanhpur, see Khanpiir. Ka^htal {var, Gdtral. Gautnal), s. Ghoraghdt, 8. Bengal, 136. Kaniguram, 8. Kabul, 4^ b 2. Kanishkapura (town), ^Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 B 3. ^ Kanit, see Kant.

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Kaojiwor^ Bee Bahat K. Kanjrsh, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93. 178. Kinka, see Badner K. Kankar, see Kathar. Kinkhari (van Khankari), s. Sambhal, S. Dihll. 105, 290. Kanki, tee Ba^par K. Kankroli {or Kajnagar), Udaipur State, 278 o 7. Kanodah, s. Narnol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Kanodah (Dastur), s. Nirnol, 8. Agra, 97. Kanol, see Kaheod. Kanor, see Kator. Kinori {var. Kanweri), (town), S. Agra, 182. Kinorf, 8. Nimol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Kanpal {var, Kampil), s. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96, 185. Kanpour (town), S. Mult4n, 326 o 1. Kapror, see Kazor. Kan( {var. Kibiit) s. Badaon, S.

DihH, 104, 289. Kantat (village), S. AUahiiUd, 158. Kantat, {var. Kantit), s. Allah&bad, S. Allali&Md, 89, 161. Kant Barha, s. Panar, S. Barir, 233. Kin^i 8. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 188. Kankot (fort), S. Gujarat, 250. Kindwahan, {vah Kao^ Wahan), s. Bafilah (Bari Dnab), S. Labor, 110, 319. Kanweri, see Kandri. Kanya Kubja (Kanauj), 280 e 2. Kiio^ru (country), 117. Kaoy Wiban, see Kindwahan. Kapartbala (State), S. Labor, 310 U3. Kari, see Batb K. J^Hlbigh, 8. Kandabir, S. Kabul,

Kar^bi (town), 337 o 1, 344 o 2. Kirab (bills)^^ S. Tattab, 337, 337 b * i Karai, varjmri), s. Jale8ar, S. Orissa, 142.

KAraj, see Ta'alluk Sripat Kfrij. Karak, see HaE&rab Karlak. Karikat, see Kirakat. Karakorum (city), 118 g 3. Karal {var* Kbaral), 8. Dipilpur, (Bacbnau Du4b), S. Mult4n, 113, 333. Karamnasa (river), 151, 151 a 1. Karan, see Keran. Karan^a {var. Groranda), s. Lakbnaii, 8. Audb, 94, 179. Karandab {var. Karendab), s. Gizipur, S. Allababid, 90, 162. Kilranja, s. Gawil, S. Barir, 232. Kiranja A88y, see KAranja Bibi. Karanja Bibi, {var. T. Pati, G.

Assi), 8. Giwil, S. Barir, 232. Karanja Pati, see Kiranja Bibi. Karanjg&on, 8. Gawil, S. Barar, 232. Karankber, s. Narnalab, S. Barir, 284. Karanpur, s. Babar, S. BabiLr, 154. Karioli, 8. Kananj, S. Agra, 96, 185. Karar, see Mandgaon K. Kararab, see Karyat K. Karari, 8. Ba8im, S. Barr, 235. Karari, 8. Karrab, S. Allababad, 90, 168. Karari Dbarari, see Garidbari. Karatb, s. Madikumg, S. Barar, 236. Karatoya, 313 a 2 (34). Karbari, see Karnari. Karbast, see Kobat. Kardaba, s. Barbabibiid, 8. Bengal, 137. Kardban, see Karoban. Kard Jalar, s. JAlandbar, S. Labor, 110. Karenda, see Karandab. Kargaon, s. Sbarifabad, 8. Bengal, 140. [199. Kargafb, 8. Raisin, S. Halwab, 112, Kargon (village), 8. Kasbmir, 865. Karbali, s. Sarangpur, 8. Malwah, 204. Karbar {var. Karkar), s. Tattab, S. Tattab (Multan), 340.

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Karharah, s. Bayanwan, 8. Agra, 189. Karhari, s. Sarangpur, S. Milwah, 204. Karhafba Kdram (var, Kharigdram, ^rsi-Kdram, Karmatkaram, Keh-

rigdrram, Kamikurain), s. Gawil, S. Barir, 232. Karhera, (var. Ghaserah), s. Tijirah, 8. Agra, 96, 19d. Kari, see Kidi. ^ri, s. Abmadabad, 8. Gujarat, 268. Karl. 8. Gujarat, 242. Kari (ror. Ghari), s. Eohtas (Jech D6ih), 8. Uhor, 110, 322. Kari^i {var Kariyali)* 8. Rohtas (Jech Ddab), 8. Labor, 110, 822. ifjurijit Dostpur, see Karyat D. l^riyat Mendbab, see Karyit, M. ^riyat Mittd, see Karyat Maftd. Kariyat Pali, see Karyat P. i^riyat 8oi$tbab, see Karydt 8wetab. Karjan (river), 8. Gujariit, 251 q3. Karkar, see Karbar. Karkaraon, see Kbarkbiraon. Kark6t, see K6tgir. Karlak, see Hazirab K. Karmita, 313 e 2 (44). Karmat Kdram, see Karbafba Kdram. Karmdn, see Himmat Kh^n K. Kama (village), 8. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 367. Karnal, s. Dibli, 8. Dibli, 104, 287, 293 Q 3. Kamilab, see Hosbiar K. Kirnari (or 8ania) {var. Karbari), s. Bacbnau Ddab, s. Labor, 321. Kamij^ see Kranj. Kamikdram, see Karbatba Kdram. Karodab, s. 8drat, 8. Gujarat, 257. Karoban {var, Gkirdban, Kardban), 8. Kasbmir. 8. Kabul, 371. Karobi (var. Kerauli), s. Jalesar, 8. Orissa, 143. Karolaby s. Kanauj, 8. Malwab, 200. Karofudi {var* Kirandet, Girdpadai), (village) /i3. Kbandes, 226.

Karor, (var. Garvar Ka^aud), 8. Rantbambbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Karori,8 Hjkin, 8. Tattab (Multin), 340. Karpab (var, Carrapa), (pass), 8.

K4bul, 401, 401 Q 1. Karrab (sirkar), 8. Allabib4d, 90, 160, 167. Karrab (Baldab-i) s. Karrab, 8. Allababad, 90, 168, 305. Karrab (Haveli) s. Karrab, 8. Allababad,90, 167^2, 168. Karsi Kdram, see Karbatba Kdram. Karson, see K6s6n, Karwalab, see Laroalab. Karyat B^bil (var, K. Bel, K. Banel, K. Babel), s. Gawil, 8. Barir, 232. Karyat Bab^l, see Karyat B4bil. Karyat Banel, see Karyiit Babil. Karyat Bari, s. Giwil, 8. Barir, 232. Karyit Bel, see Karyat Babil. Karyat Dostpur (var. J^riyit D.), s. Jaunpur, 8. AUabibad, 89, 164. Karyat Kararab, (var, Kiryit K.), a. Manikpur, 8. Allabibad, 90, 165. Karyat Kbudawand Kbdn, s. Tclinganab, 8. Barir, 237. Karyat Ma(td, (var, l^ariyat Mittd), 8. Jaunpur, 8. Allababid, 89, 164. Karyat Hen^ba^ s. Jaunpur, 8. Allababad, 89, 16^ Karyat, Paegab (var, Kiryat P.), s. Manikpur, 8. Allabib^d, 90, 165. Karydt P&la, s. Giiwil, 8. Barir, 232. Karyit Pali, (var. Kariyit P.), s. Gbazipdr, 8. Allababiid, 90, 162. Karyat Rie 8amd, s. 8trbind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296. Karyat Rajor, s. Narnalab, 8. Barar, 234. Karyat Sberpur, s. Gawil, 8. Barar, 232. Karyit, 8wotab {var. K. 8oetbab), s. Jaunpur, 8. Allababad, 89, 164. Karanja, s. Gawil, 8. A[ar, 232. Kasai, (ta'alluk), s. cil^gbat, 8. Bengal, 136.

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Kttsar, s. Na^ii-pur, S. Tattali (Multan,) 341. Kasargaon, s. Tajpur, S. Bengal, 135. ^afbab Baligaon, s. Gawil, S. Barar, 232. ^I^bah Barigaou, a. Narnalah, S. Barar, 234. ^I^a^bali Bistgao^ see If.. Hatgaou. I^bah Hastgaon, see Hatgaoy. J^a^bah Hatgion {var, E. Nitgnon K. Hastgaou, K. HastgaoQ, K. Bistgaon), s. Narnalahi S. Barar, 234. ^[a^bah Jaror, s. Kherlah, S. Barar, 233. I^bah Kalamb, $ee Kalamb. 4^bab Kallam, see Kalamb. Ka9bah Kherab, s. Gawil, S* Barar, 232. ^[afbab Nitgnon, see K. Hatgaoy. ^A^bah Postab, s. Gawil, S. Barar, 232. l^sbab Serala, s. Gawil, S. Barar, 232. i^fbah Sdrab, see Sdrah. Kashgbar (country), 311, 365, 390, 404^5. Kasbgar ("Chitral), (var. Kashkar), S. Kibul, 391, 391, B 2. Kasbipur, s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130.

Kashkar, see Kas^^r. Kashkar, S. Kabul, 391 a 2, 392. Kashmir (Sirkar,) 8. Kabul, 810, 310 U 7, 311, 312, 313. 343, 847, 347 n 3, 348, 348 o 1, 351, 351 u 2, 352 g 1, 354 B 2, 354 B 3, 356 a 3, 858 o 2, 358 3, 358 a 4, 362 a 4, 362 g 5, 363, 365 1, 366 4, 368, 371, 371 n 6, 877o 1, 379 o 4, 380, 381 n 2, 383, 384, 385, 386, 387, 387 n 1, 388 O 1, 388 B 2, 389, 889 1, 389 n 3, 390, 390 2, 390 4, 391 q 2. Kashmir, s. Saran, S. Bahar, 156. Kasi, (Benares), town, S. Allahabad, 158. J^ Kasia (var. ^hassa Regio), (country), 391 1[^.

Kasibah (fort), s. Katak, 8. Orissa* 144. Kasijora, s. Jalesar, S. Orissa, 142. Kasim i^li, see Kot K. All. Kasindth (ta'aUo^), s. Khalifatabad, S. Bengal, 134. Kasli, s. NiLgor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Kismira, 813 b 2 (4). Kisnah, s. Dihli, S. Dihli, 104, 287. Kasodiya, s. Fat^abad, S. Bengal, 132. Kasranj, see Kranj. Kasraoi}, s. Bi jigafh, S. Malwah, 205. Kasroz, see Kazor. ^a^iir, 8. Haibatpnr, (Bari Ddab), SLihor, 110, 319. Kaswar, s. Banaras, S. AUahibad, 89, 162. Katak (var. K. Baniras) (Sarkar), S. Orissa, 126, 143, 311 b 3. Ka^ak Banaras, s. [atak, S. Orissa, 126, 144, 311 B 3. Katar, see Kator. Katarah, see Kiyara Sundar. Katarmal Bazu, s. Bazoha, S. Bengal, 138. Katehar, s. Banaras, S. Allahab&d, 162. [13L

Ka(hachapa, s. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, Kathae, s. Kashmir, 363 b 1* Kathar (var, Kankar), s. Sorafh, S. Gujarat, 258. Kather, see Kher. Kathgarh, s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. Kdthi, see Balas K. Kathiawar (country), 239 b 1> 241 b 2, 243 B 5, 247 B 1> 247 b4, 247 b5, 248 B 3, 248 B 4, 249 B 2, 250 B 2. Kathiyiiri, s. Fumiah, 8. Bengal, 134. Ra|hla (var. Katihla), s. Gorakhpur, 8. Audh, 93, 175. Kathohdh, s. Bachnau Duab, 8. Labor, 321. Ka^ho^, see Khatot. Katibahra, s. Bahar, S. Bahar, 154. Ka(ihla, see Kathla. Kiltikpur, s. Sonargaon, S. Bengal, 139.

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Katjnri (river), S. Orisaa, 127 o 1. Katoli, see Khatoli. Kator {var, Kior, Kanor, Katiir, Kinor, Katar, Kunar). S. Kabul, 390, 390 o 3, 391, 392, 406. Ka^sil, 8 Satgaon, S. Bengal, Ul. Kafcdr, see Kator. Kafcwahi, s. Batilah, S. Labor, 110. Kaudasa (txMr. Ganda), 8. Ma^ndabad, S. Bengal, 133. Kaudiyab, see Koijiya. Kaunra, Kiini'a, see Koso^.

Kauf U, see Kudiyah. Kannri Par^nah, see Kotri Parajah. Kansar, Kautsar, see Kuth^r. Kawa Kachhi, s. Ghoraghdt, s. Bengal, 136. Kawar, Kawarpara, see Khawarparah. Kawi, see Kadi. Kawl (port), s. Gujarat, 243. j Kayath, s. Sarangpur, S. Malwah, 204. Kazihattah or Cosaimbazar, (town), 120. J^ihatU 8. Barbakabad, S. Bengal, 137. J^zipur, 8. Ma^mddabad, S. Bengal, 133. Kazor {var, Kauror, Kasroz, Kiror, Garvar), s. Jhalwarah, S. Gujarat, 242. Keana Banaera {var, Ghata Saera), 8. Sora^b. S. Gujarat, 258. Kear, see Kabar. Kebl, see Kanel. Kedabari, 8. Pinjarab, 8. Bengal, 137. Kedar (var Kidar, Ke^pur), s. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 188. Kedari, see Malotrai K. Kedar kban<}, s. Jalesar, S. Orissa, 142. Kedarpur, s. Kanauj, S. Malwab 200. Ke<}pur, see Kedar. Kebar, see Kaldeb K. Kebnayl, see Kebl. Kebrygurram, see Karbatba Kuram.

Kekri, s. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102, 278. K^liikbari (city), (Keldkabri ?) S. Dihli, 279. KemuB, 8. Kumaon, S. Dibli, 289. Ken (river), 157, 166. . Kenab, see Ganab. Kenar (var. Kanar), s. Kalpi, S. Agra,

97, 184. Kenanr, see Kbawar. Keran {var. Kberan, Karan, Goran, Gey ran), 8. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Ker^nab, see Kairanab. Keranpur Kinar, see Kiratpur Kananda. Kerapur {var. Kbarapur), 8. Sonargdon, S. Bengal, 139. Keratpur, see Kiratpur. Keratpur, see Kiratpur K. Kerauli, see Karobi. K<^rjirab, see Garanjiyab. Keri, see Karii. Kesorab, s. Baisin, 8. Malwab, 112, 199. Ket, 8. Madaran, 8. Bengal, 141. Ketama, see Deola K. Ketbal, see Kaitbal. K^wai see Kowai. Kbacb (Gand&va), {var. Kacb, Kacbbi, Kacbb), 8. Multan, 326,336, 337, 337 u 4. 3^1 344^2. Kbacbrod, s. Ujjain, 8. Malwab, 112, 198. Kha^kbaiji, s. Gboragbat, 8. Bengal, 136. [277, Kbiolab, 8. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, Kbder, s. Na^arbar, 8. Malwab, 208. Kbaerab, s. Irij, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Kbagendrapur (town), s. Kasbmir, 8. Kibul, 356 n 3. Kbaibar (pass), 8. Kabul, 399, 401, 401 nl. Kbaibiildi, s. Multan (Bari Dnab), 8. Multan, 329. ^ Khaibuldi {var, KAildldii, s. Multan (B^t Jalandba^nab), 8. Multan, 329.

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Khailiildi, tea Khaibnldi. Sh^irabad (Sirkar), S. Audh, 93, 176 KhairaWd, s. Gagron, S. Malwah, 209. Khaiiibad (Haveli)* s- ESiairabid, S. Audh, 93, 177, 278. B^hLbadf, s. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. Khairagafh, s. llahibas, 8. AUahabid, 161. Khairigarb, s. Kbairabad 8. Aadb, 93, 177.' Khajanab {var Gbarjanab), s. Bbakkar 8. Maltan,334. Kbak^s, see Kbekas. Kbakesb, see Khekas. Kbakbari {var. Kakci, Kakbari), s. Bfaakkar, 8. Molten, 334. Khakbo^mar {par, Kbat^nmar, 8. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183. Kbaksen, see Kbekas. KbaUpara, (var, Kablaparab, Riblaparib), s. Gorakbpur, S. Audb, 93, 176. Kbalifatabad. (sarkir), 8. Bengal, 123, 134. ESialifatabad, s. Kbalifatabad, 8. Bengal, 134. Sh^lifpur, B. Kbalifatabad, S. Bengal, 134. Kbali^pur, 8. Ma|^mudabad, S. Bengal, 133. Kbaljipur, {var, Kbiljipur), s. Rantbambbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Kbaloli, Bee [abt6nS. Kbalsi, s. Gboiigbat, S. Bengal, 136. Kbimgafb, e. Baifin, 8. Malwab,

112, 199. Kbamna, see Bamna, Kbampal, see Kanel. Kban, see A^mad K. Kban, see Barodad Fatc^ K. Kbin, see B^l Gbazi K. Kban, see Dera Ismail K* Kbin, see Ddd K Kbin, see Ks^gjdt Kbadawand K. Kbin, see Tbiinab Mir K.

Kbanamnsba, (town), s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 356 o 3. Kbananli, s. Tirbut, 8. Babar, 157. Khin B4Ugb (city), 118, 118 b 3. Kban<}, {var. Khandghosb), s. Sbarifa* ULd, 8. Bengal, 140. Kbanda, s. Tirbnt, 8. Babar, 157. Kbandab, s. Hifir Finisab, 8. Dibit 105, 295. Kbandir, s. Bantbambbor, s. Ajmer, 102, 275. Kbandant, see Kban^ot. Kband Bajrab (Buzurg), 8. Bayanwan), 8. Agra, 189. Kband Bajrab (Shurd), s. Bayanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Kban<}ela (rar. Kburela), s. Kalpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. Kban<}e1d, s. Namol, 8. Agra, 97. 194. Shandes, {var, Kbandesb) (8ubafa), 115, 208 2, 218 n 2, 222,222^2, 228 3, 223 D 4, 225 o 1, 226, 227, 227 a 2, 231 a 4, 239, 251 q 3, 266. Kbandesb, see Kbandes. Kbandewi (port), 8. Gujarat, 243. Kbandgbosh, see Khan^. Kbandba, s. Bay^nwan, 8. Agra, 189. Kbandi, s. 8onargaon, 8. Bengal, 139. Kbandoba Islampur, s. Hin^eab, 8. Milwab, 207. Kbandot {var, KbandanOt s. Kalpi,

8. Agra, 97, 184. Kbandwab {var, Kandbad), s. Bamgarb, 8. Barar, 337. Kbanel, see Kanel* Kbanga, s. 8barif^bad, 8. Bengal, 140. Kbani, see 8bamsb K. Kbanjaria, s. Jbilwarab, 8. Gujarat, 242. Kbanjawar, see Babat K. Kbanjrab, s. Lakbnau, 8. Audb, 93, 178. Kbankari, see Kankbari. Kb4n Karmdn, see fiimmat K. K.

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Khinkatman, s. Shair4bad S. Audh, W. 177. Khankes, see Khekas. Khankharah (var, Khankrab, Khekrah), 8. Rantbambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 275. Khankrah, see Kbankharab. Khanoi, see Kbatoli. Khanoli, see Kbatoli. Khanpar, s. Barl DiUb, S. Labor, 318. Khanpur, s. Dipalpur (Racbnau Duab), S. Multan, 113, 333. Khanpur, b. Jaunpur, S. Allahiibad, 89, 163. Kbanpar, s. Racbnau Dimb, S. Libor, 820. Kbanpur, b. Tijarab, S. Agra, 96,

193. Kbinpur, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Kbanwa {var, Kbanwab), s. Agra, 6. Agra, 96, 183. Kbanwab, see Kbanw^. Kbirah, see Gbalee K. Kharakakan, s. Bbakkar, S. Multan, 384. Kbarakdb^r, s. Betb Jalandbar, S. Ubor, 317. [132, Kbarakpur, s. Fafb&bAd, S. Bengal, Kbaraksdr, a. Jalesar, S. Orisa, 142. Ebaral, see Karal. Kharal, s. Bilrbakiibad, S. Bengal, 137. Kbaransab, see Kbarosna. Kbarapdr, see Keripiir. Kbirar, s. Satgaon, S. Bengal, 141. Kbardar, see Kbaror. Kb&r Darwazab, s. Hazirab, S. lAhor, 111. Kbir Darwasab, s. Sind Sagar Dti^b, S. Labor, 324. Kharelab, a. Kalinjar, S. Allabdbid. 90, 166. Kbarhf, a. Mungber, S. Babar, 155. Kbari, see Kbarni. Kbarld, s. Jaunpur, S. Allabiibad, 89, 168.

I Kbarigtiranfi, see Karbifba Kiiram. Kbarij Kbatu {var, K. Kbatin), s. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. ' Kbari Jiinab, b. Gbakarbalab, S. Tattab (Multan), 841. ' Kbarjab, see Kburjab. I Kbarkii, a. Siirat, 8. Gujarat, 257. Kbark^, a. Telinganab, 8. Barar, 237. Kbarkbandab, see KbarkbudaL. Kbarkbaraon (var. Karkarion), a. Jalandbar, (Bari Diiib), S. Libor, 110, 319. Kbarkbela, a. Shairibad, 8. Andb,

93, 177. Kbarkbudab, (var, Kbarkbandab), a. Dibli, 8. Diblf, 104, 287. Kbarli, see Bharli. Kbarli Tarli, a. Racbnau Duib, 8. Labor, 321. Kbarni (var. Kbarti, Kbari), 8. Ranthambbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Kbarnun, a. Man^l^er, 8. Agra, 190. Kbaronaa, see Kbaroana. Kbaroa^ (var. Kbaronaa, Kbur&aa), a. Bbaraich, 8. Audb, 93, 176. Kbarti, see Kbarni. Kbaa, a. B&rbakabid, 8. Bengal, 137. Khigbari. r. Gboriigbat, 8. Bengal, 136. Kbiiapur Jan^aff, a. Jaunpur, 8. Allahabad, 89, 163. Kbat, 8. 8ewistan, 8. Tattab (Multiin), 340. Kbata (var. Cathay, Ktiatbai, Kbitai, Kbatba) (country), 118, 118 2, 385. Kbata I Bazu, a. Bazoba, 8. Bengal, 138. Kbatauli (var. Kbatoli), s. Sabaranpur, 8. Dibli, 105, 292. Kbatba, see Kbata. Kbatbai, see Kbata. Khatia, see DeoU '. Kbatiban, see Jui Kbatibiri, s. Gbora^Mt, 8. Bengal, 136.

loragilt.

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Khatiyari, see Khefcari. Khafki, s. Mungher, S. Bahar, 155. Khaiolah, s. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 188. Khatolah, 8. Kanauj, S. M41wah, 200. Khatoli, 8. Gwaliyar, S. Agra, 187. Kbatoli (var, Katoli, Khanoi, Khano, li), 8. Ranthambhor, S. Ajraer, 102, 275. Khatoli, see Khataali. Khatot(t?ar. Kathot), a. Manikpur, S. Aliahabiid,90,'l65. Khatpur, 8. MulUn (Bari Duab), S. Multan, 329. Khatpur, B. Maltan (Bachnau Duab), S Maltan, 326, 326 a 1, 330. Khatrah, a. Katak, S. Orisaa, 144. Khatta, a. Pinjarah, S. Bengal, 137. Kbattah (van Kh^sah, Kanah), a. Beth Jalandbar, S. Labor, 316. Khat^ar, see Balak K. Khattar, see Harri K. Khattar, see Nala K. Kha^ar, see Nokoairal K. Khat^r, see Para K. [369. Khaitar, a. Kaahmir, S. K^bal, 358, Khattar or Kirthar (hills), S. Tattah (Maltan), 337. Khal^onmar, see Khakhonmar. Khatta (town), a. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 24l'a 1. Kha^u, see Kharij K.v Khatwar (var, Khatwarah, Kiahtwarah, Kiataw^r) (hilla), a. Kashmir, 310, 310 a 7. Khotw^ (village) S. Labor, 311. Khatwarah, see Khatwar. Khawa, see Kahwar. Khawak (paaa), S. Kabul, 399, 399 n 3, 400 a 1. Khawar {var. Kenaar), a. Kherlah, S. Barar, 234. Khawiirpiah, a. Kashmir, S. Kabul,

359, 359 Q 2, 369. Kheiri, see Khetan. Khekaa {var, Khjnes, Khankea, Khakeah, Ganj^^^maksen), a. Irij, S. Agra, 96, 188.

Khekrah, see Kankharah. Khektar, a. Laknanti, S. Bengal, 131. Khelapur, a. Kalamb, 8. Barir, 235. KheUt (country), 337 a 4. Khelgaon, a. Mungher, S. Bahar, 155. Khelgari, a. Kandahar, S. Kibul,397. Kheljhari, a. Panar, S. Barir, 2:33. Khelohar, a. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192. Khelphati, a. Ma^miidiibdd, S. Bengal, 133. Khelu Khiiroh, see Ghalu K. Kheno^, a. Mahor, S. Barir, 236. Kheonaar, (var, Kheunaar), a. Jodhpur, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Khep, see Gheb. Kher, see Amar K. Kher, {var. Kather, Kombhir), S. Ajmer, 271, 271 ft 7. Khera, a. Raiain, S. Malwah, 112, 199. Kheragarh, a. Allahabad, S. Allahabad, 89 ft 3. Kherah, see ^fbab K. Kherah, see Lekin K. Kherah, a. Beth J^landhar, S. Uhor, 317. Kheralii, s. Pattan, S. Gujarat, 254, 254 ft 2. Kheran, see Keran.

Kheri, a. Ehalrab^d, S. Audh, 93, 173, 177. Kheri h&t, (var, Ghatripal, Kheteryhaul), a. Bayanwan, S. Agra, 189. Kherlah, see Sakkar K. Kherlah (fort), S. Barir, 229. Kherlah (Sarkiir), S. Barir, 232, 233. Kherlah, a. Kherlah, S. Barar, 233. Kh^rtahli, see Khirtahali. Kherwa, a. Jodhpur, S. Ajraer, 102, 276. Kherwah, a. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102, 273. Khea, see Gheb. Kh^aah, see Kha^tah. Khet, {var. Khea, Khep), see Gheb. Khetari {var. Khatiyari, Kheari), a. Ghoragh&t, S. Bengal, 136. Kheter}'haul, see Kherihat.

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Eheiinkher^, s. Beth Jalandhar, S. Labor, 317. Kheunsar, see Kheonsar. Khiljipnr, see Khaljipur. Hiiljipur, 8. Raisin, S. Malwah, 112, 199. Khiljipur, s. Sarangpur, S. Malwah, 203. Khimlasah, s. Baisin, S. Malwah, 112,

199. Khinjan, S. Kabul, 400, 400 1. Rhirtahali, {var. Khertahli), s. Alwar, S. AjBcra, 96, 192 Khitai, see Khata. Khizrabad, s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 278, 296. Rhizrikhdni, s. Ma(imudabfid, S. Bengal, 133. Khizrpnr, a. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 131. Khizrpnr, s. Sonirgaon, S. Bengal, 138. Khoblori, s. Sdrat, S. Gujarat, 257. Khod^na, s. Namol, 8. Agra, 97, 194. Kbodi, 8. Saharanpur, S. Dihli, 160, 292. Khohari Bana, s. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192. Khoi, B. Kashmir S. Kabul, 371. Khoihama, a. Kashmiri S. Kabul, 364,370. Khojend or Alexandria Eachata, (town), 119 u 1. Khokhar, see Khokharwal. Khokharain (va/r. K. Lakhi), a. Dipilpur, (Duab Beth JAlandhar), S, Multan, 113, 332. Khokharwal {var, Khokhar), a. Hazarah (Jech Duib), S. Labor, 111, 322. Khokhow&l {var, Ghoghowal), a. Batalah (Bari Ddab), S. Labor, 110, 319. Khokral, a. Khalifatabad, S. Bengal, 134. Khokri see Aukhri. Kholapur, a. Gawil, S. Bardr, 232. Khora ka Thanah, see Kahwar. 8

Khoram {var, Giihram), a. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 296, 302.

Khorasan, see Khuraa&n. Khorgao^, a. Bijagarh, S. Malwah, 206. Shot Makand, a. Sharifabad, S. Bengal, 139. Khrin (village), a. Kashmir, 358. Khudawand Khan, see Kary^t K. K. Khulna (District), S. Bengal 116 u 3. Khulu (town), S. Gujarat, 251. Khunamoh (village), a. Kashmir, .356 U3. Khurasan (country), 110 1, 389, 394, 399 2, 400, 400 u 1, 401 o 4, 412, 413, 414. Khurela, see Khand^la^. Khurjah, (var, Kharjah), a. Kol, S. Agra, 97, 186. Khurrampur, S. Mal^miidib^d, S. Bengal, 183. Khuahdb, a. Hazarah (Sind Sagar Duab), S. L^hor, 111, 323. Khuahiilgarh, (town), S. Kabul, 401 ft 2. Khutlan, S. Kabul, 892, 392 q 4. Khuziatan (country), 413 d 1. Khwajah Hamii (Shrine), S. Kabul, 404. Ehwajah Beg-i-Bawan (tract), S. Kabul, 409, 409 f 2. Khwajah Boshanai, (tomb), S. Kabu1 404. ^ibchik (var, Kipchdk) (pasa), S. Kabul, 400, 400 Q 1. Kidal (var. Kand^l), a. Nafirpur, S. Tattah (Multan), 841. Kidar, see Kedar. Kila Beiza, 8. Kabul, 400 n 1. Killah Nawagarh, see Nawagarh. Kilukhari (va/r, Kelukhari), (town), S> Dihli, 279. Kinar, see Kiratpur Kananda. Kinor, see Kator. Kior, see Kator. Kipchiik, see Kibchak. Kiraj, see Sripat K.

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Kirilkat {ftar, Karikat), s. Jannpur, S. Allahabad, 89, 164. Kirakh (van Kiraj), S. Tattha (Multan), 344 Q 2. Kirandei, see Kardnda. Kiranj, see Kranj. Kiranpur Kinar, see Keratpur Kananda. Kiratpur {var, Keratpnr), s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Kiratpnr, S. Sharifabad, S. Bengal, 140. Ktratpiir Kananda (vor. Kiranpdr Kin&r), s. Korarab, S. AUi^abad, 90, 167. Kirauli (State), 250 u lKirjhak, (txw. Girjhak), a. Sind Sagar Ddab, S. Labor, 324. Kiror, see Kazor. Kirtbar (bills), S. Tattab (Multan), 337 a 2, 337 a 4. Kiryit Karirah, see Karjat KKiryat P^egib, see Karyit P. Kisban Ganga, S. Kasbmir, 347. Kisban Gfanga (var. Kisbn G.) (river), S. Kasbmir, 347, 391. Kisbn Ganga, see Kisban G. Kisbni, 8. Audb, S. Audb, 93, 174. Kisbtawir (country), 385. Kisbtwarab, see Khatwar. Kistaw^r, see Kbator&r.

Kistni (river), 230 a 1. Kiyampnr, see Lakbi K. Kiyampdr, s. Mandeswar, S. Malwab, * 208. Kiyarab, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Kiyara Sundar (tw. Katarab S.) (village), 124, 124 a 3. Ko^ab (fTOf. Gawa), s. Siran, 8. Babar, 156. Kod^kband, s. Tirbut, S. Bahar, 157. Kod4nagar, s. Barbak^bacL 8. Bengal, 137. Kodi (var, ? Chambal, Lowdy, Loni) (river), S. mwab, 195, 205. Kodiya (tT^^jICindiyab, Kaujiyi), s. Jaunpnr, S* Allabibad, 89, 164.

Kodla, B. Sbarifabiid, 6. Bengal, 140. Koba, 8. Jbalwarab, S. Gujarat, 242. Kobinab, s. Godbri, 8. Gujarat, 258. Kobanab, r. Bewiiri, S. Dibli, 105, 293. Kobanab (Dastdr), s. Bewari, S. Dilbi, 105. Kobast, see Kobat. Kobat (town), 8. Kabul, 393 a 2. Kobat (car. Kobast, Karbast), s. Kabul,S. Kdbul,407a2,412. Kobbar (Baragar) (va/r, Korahyar), (town), S. Tattab (Multan), 337, 337 a 2. Kob IHman, see Daman-i-kob. Kob-i-Sulaiman (bill), s. Kashmir, S. Kibul, 355. Kob Mujabid, s. Sahar, 8. Agra, 96, 195. Kobrana, 8. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192. Koibari, see Sberpur K. Koil. see Kol. Kojan, 8. Chanderi, 8. Malwab, 203. Kojiirab, s. Nigor, 8. Ajmer, lOi 277. Kokaran, s. Ghordgbat, S. Bengal, 136.

Kokar Nag (spring), s. Kashmir, S. Kibnl, 356. Kol (var, Koil) (Sarkar), S. Agra, 97, 160, 186. Kol, 8. Kol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Kol (Dastiir), s. Kol, S. Agra, 97. Kolab, s. Jaunpur, 8. AUabilbad, 89, 164. Kolakot, a. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, 203. Kolaras, s. Narwar, 8. Agra, 190. Kolbariyd, s. Malimiidttbid, 8. Bengal, 133. Kol Dboilr, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 9%, 192. Kolewab, s. Ndgor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Koibari, see K6tbri. Koligit, see Kondi K. Koma, see Soltara Ajiydl.

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Kombhalmer (vcur. Kumalmcr, Komolmair) (fort), S. Ajmer, 268, 266 a2. Kombhir, see Kher. KoTDulmair, see Kombhalmer. Konbhf, B. Lakhnau, 8. Audb, 94, 179. Konedhupour, see Gidhanr. Kondi Kohjat (t;ar. Gondi Lalciyat) (port), 8. Gujarat, 246. Kopa dibit, 8. Gbaztpur, 8. AUab^bid, 90, 162.

Rora, $ee Rorarab. Kora, s. Gboragbat, 8. Bengal, 136. Kora {var, Korarab)* b, Kora, Allahabad, 90, 157 10. 167. Koridi, s. Tirbut, 8. Bahar, 157. Korahyar, see Kohbar. Korai, 8. Raisin, 8. Malwab, 112, 199. Korarah (vor. Korab) (sarkar), s. AI. lababad, 90, 160, 167. Korarah (Dastur), s. Korarah, 8Alabab4d,90. Korarah (Haveli), e. Korarah, 8. Allahabad, 90. 167. Korath, a. Mahor, 8. Barar, 236. Korba, 8. Giwil, 8. Barar, 232. Korhar, s. Kakmb, 8. Barir, 285. KorS, 8S Hasanpur K. Kori, 8. Mandeswar, 8. Malwah, 208. Rorinar, s. Nagbar, 8. Gujarat, 244. Korinar (port, shrine), 8. Gujarat, 246,259. Korinar, s. 8orath, S. Gujarat, 258. Korkhatri (var, Gorkbatri) (shrine), 8. Kibul, 404, 404 u 6. Korori, s. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, 202. Ko8, 8. 8urat, 8. Gujarat, 257. Kosa, s. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal, 132. A.osada, see Gobinda. Kottah Nag, see Kuthar. Kosampaltah, s. Telinganab, 8. Barar, 237. [274. Kosianah, a. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, Koson (var. Kunra, Karson, Kurson, Kursoon), 8. Karrah, 8. Allahabad, 90, 168.

Kosri, 8. Patbri, 8. Barar, 236. Kot, see Chatar K. Kot, see Gbiriya K. Kot, 8. Robtas, 8. Bahar, 157. Kofa, (for. Kotah), 8. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 217 g 2, 268 g 1, 275, 275 g. 6. SeeKo^, Kotah, 275 g 6. Kofdes, 8. Katak, 8. Orissa, 144. Kotgir (ww. Karkot, Garkot), s. Telinganab, 8. Barir, 237. Kothal, 8. Namilah, 8. Barar, 234. Kothi, 8. Beth Jiluidbar, 8. Labor, 317. Kothi Bari (var. K. Tiri), s. Ghoragbit, 8. Bengal, 136. Ko^bi T6ri, see Kofhi Biri. Kdtbiya, see Kalingae K. Kotbli, 8. Narnilah, 8. Batar, 234. Kofbri (vof. Kolhari), s. Sonargaon, 8. Bengal, 139. Kbtia {var. Kntii), b. Kora, 8. Allahabad, 90, 167. Kotiana, s. 8orath, 8. Gujarat, 258. Kotihar (village), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 358, 358 g 2. Kotipali (village), 8. Barar, 228 g 6. Kotiya, see Nakarchal K. Kotiya (var, Kota), eee 8adkiohal K. Kot J^sim 'All, 8. Bewarf, 8. Dibit, 105, 293. ^ Kotla, 8. Karrah, 8. Allahabad, 90, 168. Kotlah, 8. Bari Ddab, 8. Labor, 319.

Ko^lab, 8. Beth Jalandhar, 8. Ldbor, 317. Kotlah (var, Kubana), s. Gorakhpur. 8. Audb, 93, 175. Kotlah, 8. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Kotlahar, s. Beth Jalandhar, 8. Labor, 317. Kotli (village), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 347 g 3. Kotli Parawab, see Kotri Parayab. Kot Potli, s. Namofc 8. Agra, 97, 194. V Kotpdtli (village), 8. Ag&, 1^2.

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Kotra, 8. Bikiner, S. Ajmer,278. Kotra, 8. Bohtas, S. Bahar, 157. Kotrah, 8. Mando, 6. Malvrah, 112, 207. Kotri (Sarkar), S. Malwah, 112. Kotri Parayah (var. K. Baranah, Kaunri Paranah, Kotli Parawah), (Sarkar), S. Malwah, 209. Kotri Parayah, s. Kotri Parayah, S. Malwah, 209. Kot Salb&han (var, Ko^ Salbahan), s. Badon, 8. Dihli, 104, 289. Kotwili, 8. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Kotwali, 8. Satgaon, 8. Bengal, 140. Konnry ParanaJi, tee Kotri Parayah. Kowai (twr. Knai, Kewai), 8. Allahabad, 89, 161. Kowtry Beranah, see Kotri Parayah. Koyakhai (river), 127 o 1.

Kozrah, 8. Mungher, 8. Bahar, 155* Kranj (var, Kasranj, Kiranj, Kami j), 8. Atimaddbad, 8. Gujarat, 253. Krokala, 8. (Tattah) Multan, 344 e 2. Kiiai, see Kowai. Kdch (country), 8. Bengal, 117, 121. Kuhan (nver), 8. Lahor, 323, 323 u B. Kuhana, see Kotlah. Kiihram, see Khoram. Kuli Bazar (Jorpuri), s. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. KuUer Kaher, see Kaldeh Kehar. Kullu (country), 2^ o 4, 310, 310 q 4. ij^ulzum, see Tel J^. i^ulzum, Egyptian, (country), 121. Kumalmer, see Kombhalmdr. Kumaon Hills, 278. Kumaov (8arkar), 8. Dihi, 105, 280, 289. Kumhari, 8. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Kunar, see Kator. Kunar river, 8. Kabul, 405 u 1. Kiinch, see Kunj. Kundarki, see Kandarki. Kundoj, 8. Joj&pur, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. J Kunduz (coiBftTtty), 220 u 5, 399 u 3.

Kuner, 8. Kabul, 392, 392 q 2, 392 ft4. Kunj (ran Kunch), 8. Irij 8.Agra, 96, 188. Kdvra, see K68dn. Kuywar Partab, 8. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Knram, see Karhatba K. Kurram, river, 398 g 6, 401 q 2. Kursi, 8. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 178. Kurson, see Koson. Kurukehetra (lake), 8. Dihli, 281, 282, 283, 284, 313 g 2 (24). Kush, see Hindu K. Ku8hn (vaUey), ^. Kabul, 400 o 1. Ku8hk Nakhod, s. Ij^andahar, 8. Kibul, 398.

^utabpur, 8. Ma^iidabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Kntanah, s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 287. Ku^bpur, see Mahakanghat. Kuthar txu*. Kausar, Kautsar, Kosah Nag) (apring), s. Kashmir, 6. Kibul, 362, 362 a 3. Kutia, see Kotia. Kutiya Gunir, 8. Allahabad, 176 n 2. Kuwarpur, s. Tajpur, 8. Bengal, 135. Kyampur, see Lakhi K. J^yimpur, s. Mandeswar, 8. Malwah, 208. Kyar, see Kahar.

Labdar, s. Kashmir, 378. Lachmah-kul (river), s. Kashmir, 355. Ladak {var, Ladakh) (country), 118 a 2, 351 g 2, 409 g 3. La^kher, s. Kalamb, 8. Barar, 235. Ladon, 8. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Lidu (var, Lawed), s. 8ylhet, 8. Bengal, 139. Lad war i, see Kadwari. Lahari Bandar (vwr. Bandar Lahari), (port), 8. Tattah, 336, 336 g 1. Lihari Bandar, s. I'attah, 6. Multan,

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Laharpur, s. Khairabad, S. Audh, 93, 177. Labarpur, s. Raisin, S. Malwah, 112, 199. Lahaud (var, Lahiiwad), 8. Bantham-

bhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 276. Lahor {var. Lohawar) (city), S. Labor, 180 o5, 303, 304, 305, 310, 312, 318, 326 g 1, 827, 390. Labor (Dastiir), s. Libor, 6. Labor, 110. Labor {var, Biri Diiib) (Sarkir), 8. Ubor, 110, 318. Ubor (Sdbab), 110, 110 o 2, 115, 281 Q 4, 304, 310, 816 g 1, 325, 326 g 2. Labrpur (or Mu^ammadpur), s. Bijagarh, 8. Malwab, 206. Labubdti, s. Kalamb, Bariir, 235. Lakbanpar, s. Mangbir, 8. Bab4r, 155. Lakhawat (v(Mr, Lakiawat), s. 8ewistan, 6. Tattah (Multan), 340. Lakbi, Bee Df pilpar L. Lakbi, see Lakkhi. Lakbi (var, Kbokharain L.), s. Dipalpar (Betb Jalandbar Diiab), 8. Hnltan, 113, 332. Lakbi 'Alampur (var, 'iflampur), 8. Dipalpur,(Birdn-i-Panjad), 8. Maitan, 118, 833. Lakbf BiU Bboj (var, Bihk B., s. Dipilpnr (Beth Jalandbar Diiab), S. Multan, 118, 332. Lakbi Gbabni, (var, Cbabni), s. Dipalpur, (Biri Ddab), 8* Multan, 113, 382. Lakbi Jangli (var, Jangal), s. Dipilpur Birdn-i-Panjnad), 8. Multan, 113, 333. Lakbi I^bulab, see Kabulab Lakbi. Lakbi Kalnarki (var. Kalnaki L.), s. Dipalpur (Bctb Jalandbar Ddab), 8. Multan, 113, 832. Lakbi ^iyimpur (var, ^iyampdr, L.),

s. Dip&lpur (Betb Jalandbar Ddab), 8. Multin, 118, 332. Lakbi Losfani, see Lakbi Yusfani.

Lakbi Loskani, see Lakbi Yusfani. Lakbi Ba^imabad (var, Ra^imabad), 8. Dipilpur (Bari Dd&b), 8. Multan, 113, 332. Lakbi Yusfani (var. L. Losj^ni, L. Ynskani, L. Losfini), s. Dipalpur, (Betb Jalandbar Ddab), 8. Multan, 113, 332. Laki Ydskani, aee Lakbi Yusfani. Lakbnau (city), 8. Audb, ITS. Lakbnau (Dastdr), 8. Audb, 93. Lakbnau (Havell), s. Lakbnau, 8. Audb, 94, 179. Lakbnau (Sarkar), 8. Audb, 98, 177. Lakbnauti (town), 122, 148. Lakbnauti (or Jannat&bid) (Sarkar), 8. Bengal, 131. Lakbnauti (or Gkiur), s. Lakbnaute, 8. Bengal, 131. Lakbnauti, s. 8abaranpur, 8. Dibli, 105, 292. Lakbn^r, see Lakbnesar. Lakbnesar (var, Lakbner), s. Gbazipur, 8. Allabibid, 90, 162. Lakbnor, s. Bacbnau Ddib, 8. Labor, 321. [290. Lakbndr, s. Sambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, Lakbnor (Dastdr), s. 8ambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, 290. L4kbri, s. Bantbambbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. ^ Lakiawat, see Lakbawat. Lakiyat see Kondi Koliyit. Lakkbi (Ulls), s. Tattba, 337, 337 g 2 337 g 4. Lala Koal (or Pobru), river, 8. Kasbmir, 363 g 1. Lalandar (village), 8. Kabul, 404. Lalang (var, Nalang, Talang, Lclang).

s. Ehandes, 8. S3iandes, 222, 222 g 4,225. Lallatpur, s. Cbanderi, 8. Malwab, 201. Lalsangi, s Betb Jalandbar, 8. Ubor, 317. ^ Lamgban, (country), ^^abul, 405, 405 g 1, 405 g 3, 406.

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Lamghiniit, see Lamghan. Lang, Bee Hatiyar L. Langafa Tiyar, (var Langah Biyar), 8. Sindh Sagar Diiab, 8. Ldhor, 324. Laniyan, s. Ma^ddibad, S. Bengal, 133. Lanji, s. Kanauj, S.Malwah, 200. Lanka, 313 u 2 (49), 371 u 6. Lanka (isletX B. Kaahmir, 6. Kabul, 364 oL Lapoti, 8. Narnol, S. Agra, 97, 194. Lar, 8. Kashmir, 8. Kiibul, 363, 990. Laroalah {var. Karwilah), a. Cbaiideri, 8. Malwah, 203. Lashkar, (var. Lashkarpar), s. Li^dinan, 8. Andh, 94, 179. Lashkarpar, see Laahkar. Laskarpur, s. Barbakib^d, 8. Bengal, 137. Lassa, (city), 409 g 3. Lathi, s. Grohilwara, 8. Gujarat, 244.

La^hi, 8. 86ra(h, 8. Gujarat, 259. Launda, s. Hajkan, 8. T^tah (Mnltan), 3i0. Launkohal, s. Ma^udabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Lavapur (city), 8. Kashmir, 381. Lawariy see Tewari. Lawed, see Ladu. Lekin Kherah, s. ];attah, S. Multan, 340. Lelang, see Lalang. Lemora Banwa, see Lemora Batwa. Lemora Batwa {txMr. Lemora Banwa), 8. 86rath, S. Gujarat, 258. Leswah {var. LisMT&h), s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105, 290. Lidar (river), s. Kashmir, 359 d 1, 359 u 2. Limri, s. Jbalwarah, 8. Gujarat, 242. Li swab, see Leswah. Little Cutch (Kachh), S. Gujarat, 250. Little Kabul, sef Kabul, Little. Little Tibet, 3|^, 350, 364. Lodi {var. lSK!} (river), 195 o

Logar, (river) 8. Kabul, 404 o 2. Loghar, s. Kabul, 8. Kabul, 406, 408 g 2, 411. Lohara, see Yunt L. Lohara 8. Dindes, 8. Sbandes, 225. Lohari, s. Sarat, 8. Gujaiit, 257. lioharw^rah, 6. Banthambhor, 6. Ajmer, 102, 275. Lohawar (city), see Labor. L<Shl Dheri {var. L6idheri), 8. Jalandhar, 8. Labor, 110, 317. Loidh^ri, see Lohi Dheri. Lolor, 8, Jech Duab, 8. Labor, 322. Lopdah, 8. Banthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102,275. Loni, see Kodi. Loni,9ee 8un]. Lorakh {var. Norakh, Niirek, Gorak), 8. Bahroch, 8. Gujarit, 256. Losdah, s. Bohtis, 8. Uhor, 110. Losfani, aee Lakhi L.

Loskani, see Lakhi L. Lowiikoh {var. Lowarikoh), s. Bijagarh, 8. Malwah, 206. Lowarikoh, see Lowaikoh. Lowdy, aee K6di. Lower Tibet (country), 118. Lucknow, see Lakhnao. Ludhianah, s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 278, 296, 310. Luhgion, 8. Pathri, 8. Barar, 236. Liihgion, s. Telinginah, 8. Barir, 237. Liilianii, s. Bora^h, 8. Gujarat, 258. Liiliyanah {va/r. Bauliana)^ s. Gohilwarah, 8. Gujardt, 244. Lunar, s. Mahkar, 8. Barar, 230. Luni {var. Loni), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 288. Luristan (country), 413 o 2. Lusigan, see Buslk&n.

Machhamn (island) b. Kashmir, 8> Kabul, 364. Machharha^ah, s. Khairabad, 8. Audh, 93, 177.

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Hiiohhafca {var. Miljflcta), 8. Jalesar, S. Orissa, 142. Machhipnr (vof . Machhiw^ra Sirhind, S. Dihli, 106, 296, 310. Machhiwirah, s. Sirhind, 8. Dihlu 296, 310. Macbhukanta, s. Jh^lwarah, S. Gnja-

rjit,242. ' Machiapora (pargana), s. Kasmir, S. Kabul, 365 u 2. Machin, see Mahachin. Madan Banaras {new Zaminiyab), s. Ghizipur, S. Allababid, 90, 162. Madaran (Haveli), r. Mad^ran, S. Bengal, 141. Madiran (Sarkar), S. Bengal, 116, 125, 141. Madarija, s. Ohitor, S. Ajraer, 102, 274. Madarodra, see N^diirah. Mader, 6. Kibnl, 400 o 1. Madhariya, s. KhalifaUbiid, S. Bengal, 134. Madhkher, see Makat M. Madhodiya, s. Ma^mddAbad, 8, Bengal, 1S3. Madhol, 8. Telinganah, S. Barar, 237. Madhona, see Badhona. Madhopur (village), 8. Gujarit, 246 6. Ma^iao^, 8. Lakhnau, 8. Andh, 94, 179. Madlkurag (Sirkar), 8. Bar&r, 236. Madnawatf, s. LakhnautI, 8. Bengal, 131. Madrddrah, see Nadurah. Madui, 8. Hajk^n, 8. Tattah (Mnltdn, 340. Magadba, 313 u (51). Magatpnr {var. Makashpnr), s. GhoraghiU 8. Bengal 136. Magyar, see Manghar. Maghirkah (pass), see Damgb4r. Maglor, see Manghdr. Magora, s. 8atg4on, 8. Bengal, 141. Mah, 8. Allahabad, 8. Allahib^d, 89, 161.

Mahiiohiii (vaf. Itf^chin) (country), 118, 118 2. Mabadeo, see Mul M. Mabiideva (mountain), 8. Kashmir,

350. [203. Mahadpiir, s. Chanderi, 8. Malwah, Mahadra, see Mahandrdii. Mahadwarah, s. Grodhr^, 8. Gujarat, 258. Mab^eoh (Mir. Mah^ich), 8. Chun^r, 8. AUahabid, 90, 165. Mahagaoy, see Mangao^. Mahaich, var, Mabliech. Mab^kingh&t (var, Kutbpur), s. Jalesar, 8. Orisea, 143. Ma^al, see itk M. Mat^al, see Kali M. Mahanadi (river), 126. 127 u h Mahand, s. Mnltan (Birdn-i-Panjnad), 8. MultAn, 331. Mahandra, see Mahandrda. Mahandrah, see Bij, M. Mahandrda (var. Mahadra, Mahandra), 8. 8ora(h, 8. Gujarat, 244. Mabanth, see Metth. Maharanthol r. Gorakhpur, 8. Audh, 93. Mahasror (tww. Mahror), 8. Parsaror (Rachnau Duab), 8. Uhor, 110, 821. MahauH, see Maholi. Mahawa, 6 Agi'^ 8. 4gra, 96, 183. Mahawan, see Mahiwa. Mahen (var. Mablr), s. Narnalah, 8. Barar, 234. Mahend, see Mandah. Mahendri (river), 8. Gujarat, 239, 250, 253. Mahenteh, see Metth. Mah^r, s. Bahdr, 8. Bah&r, 154. Mahes, s. Dipalpur (Raohnan DdAb), 8. Mult^n, 333. Mahesar (var. Choli Mahesar), s. Mando, 8. Malwah, 112, 206. Mahesarpur, s. I|^hmddabad, 8. Bengal, 133. V MaheR Mindal, s. HWffat^bad, 8. Bengal, 134.

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MabeYrah, s. Jodbpnr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Mahgo9, s. Mahor, S. Bardr, 286. Mahihafcti, s. Satgao^, S. Bengal, 141. Mahijil, 8. SoDargao^, S. Bengal, 139. Mahikanfca (State), S. Gujarat, 260 a 2. Mabim (port), S. Gujarat, 243. Mabinagar, s. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 131. Mabir, see Mah^n. Mabkar (Sarkiir), S. Barar, 230, 237. Mabkar, s. Mabkar, S. Barir, 237. Mabkaribad, S. Barir, 228. MabU, 8. Tirbut, S. Babir, 167. Mabland, s. Sbarifabad, S. Bengal, 140. Ma^mudabad (tract), 123. Ma(imddab&d, s. A^madabad, S, Gujarat, 263. Matimudabid (Sarkar), S, Bengal, 123, 132. Ma^mdd4b&d (town), S. Gujarat, 241. Ma^ddpur, s. Barbdk^bad, S. Bengal, 137. Ma^dd ShihU s. MatimddabiUl, S. Bengal, 133. Maboba {var, Maboba), s. Kalmjar 8. Allababad, 90,^66, 167 u 2. Maboi, s. Bijagarb, 8. Malwab, 206. Maboi (Mr. Hawai), s. Cbunar, 8. AIIab4b4d, 90, 166. Maboli, 8. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183. Maboli (par, Mi^uli), 8. Gorakbpur,

8. Audb, 93, 176. Maboli, 8. Irij, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Mabon, {var. Mabson), 8. Tajpnr, 8. Bengal, 136. Mabonab, s. Lakbnau, 8. Audb, 94, 179. Mabor (tr. Mabur) (fort), 8. Barar, 228, 230. Kih6r (Sirkar)/p. Barir, 236. Mb6r (mr.^ihsor, (Mabur), s. Mibor, S. Barar, 230, 236,

Mabres6, s. ShaHfatabid, 8. Bengal, 134. Mabror, see Mabasror. Mabror, s. Biiri DiUb, 8. Ubor, 319. mhT6\, 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Mab8amand, s. Raisin, 8. Malvrah, 112, 199. Mabsi, s. Cbamparan, S. Babar, 155. i Mabson, see Mabon. I Mabnm Anagab (canal), S. Kabul, 404. Mabur, see M&bor. Mabwab {vaar, Mowa), s. Snrat, 8. Gujar&t, 267. Mabwari, s. Cbunar, S. Allababad, 90,166. Maidan, s. Kabul, 8. Kiibul, 402, 412. Maigaon, see Mangaon. Maimand (town), L. Kandabiir, 396. Majabid, see Kob M. Majbaon {var, Majbiwan), s. Korah, S. Allabibad, 90, 167. Majbaulab, see Manjbolab. Majhaura, see Majbora. Majbawan, see Majbaon. Majbora, s. Cbamp&ran, 8. Bahir, 166. Majbora {var. Majhaura), s. Jaunpur, 8. Allababad, 89, 164. Majbwirab, s. Cbunar, 8. Allab^bid, 90,166. Majlol Gbazfpdr (var. Malot), s. Mul-

tan (Birun i Panjnad), 8. Mnltan, 331. Majori (fort), s. Bbadrab, 8. Orissa, 143. Mabim, see Aish M. Makand, see ^ot M. Makandari, see Balandari. Makasbpar, see Magatpdr. Makat Badbker, see Makat Madhker. Makat Madbkber (mr. Makat Badbkb^r), 8. PitbrI, 8. Barar, 286. Makbdlabad, s. Babrocb, 8. Gujarat, 266. Maker, s. 8aran, 8. Bah^r, 166. Makbad (town) 8. Multin, 402 q 3.

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Miikhiiaali, 8. Sind Sigar Ddib, S. Labor, 824. Makhiya, a. Mihmudabd^d, S. Bengal, 133. Makhorf , see Ding M. Maktn, see Nagfn. Makorgaon, s. FathabAd, 8. Bengal, 132. Makiied {var. Bakraed, B^rf). r. Lakbnan, 8. Andb, 94, 179. Makriin, s. Lakbnante, 8. Bengal, 132. Maktonnpnr (town) 8. Maltin, 326 9. 1. Maknma see Bakoya. Mai, see Medni M. Mai P (fort), 8. Ohanderi, 8. Miilwah, 201.

Malabar (country), 128 o. 4. M&Ubfl, 8. Kberlab, 8. Barar, 288. Malichdr, s. Knmion, 8. Dibli, 289. Malabml {var. Mnlbani, Malbi), s. Tirbut, 8. Babiir, 157. Maliir, s. Gboragb&t, 8. Bengal, 136. Malandarl (pass), see Balandari. Halimah, s. Bantbambbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. MaUwah, s. Lakbnan, 8. Audh, 94, 179. Malbori, s. Kilamb, 8. Barir, 235. Miilcbbata {var. Miljikta), s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 143. Mildab (district), 129 n. 6. M^dah, 8. Behir, 8. Bahir, 154. MiUdah, s. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 182. Mildah (Haveli) s. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 132. Miler, see M^Uner. M^lgaon, see Tilg^o^. Malbaipnr, s. 8abar&npnr, L. Diblf, 292. Malbani, see Malabmi. Malbit see Malabmi. MaU, see 84bd M. Malid, {var. M&lna), 8. Gnjarit, 242. Mali gio9, see Mang^o^. [131. Milfgion, 8. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 9

; Malfbiibad {var. Malikbiib&d), s. Lakbnan, 8. Andb, 94, 179. Malik, see Anwar M. MalikbiibAd, see Malibib^d. Malikpdr, s. ^sMtMhid, 8. Bengal. 134. Malikpdr, s. Kol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Malfkpdr, s. Soratb, 8. Gnjar&t, 259. Malik Banj, see Malkand Baj. Malik Sbib, s. Biirl Dd^b, 8. Ubor, 319. Maljab, s. Tattab, 8. Tattab (Mnltan), 840. Maljikta, see Milcbbata. [137.

M&ljipdr, 8. Barbukibiid, 8. Bengal, Malkimad {var. Melnnga, Malkand), (fort), 8. EhAndes, 224. Malkind, see Malk&mad. Malkand Baj {var. Malkand, 8ber Kban, Malik Banj, Malik Bikb), (pass), 8. 8w&t, 8. Kibnl, 892. Malk^pur, s. NamiUab, 8. Barir, 284. Milkb^, 8. G&wil, 8. BarAr, 283. Malkdsab, s. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96. 185. M41na, see Malfa. Milner {var. UiUr), s. Sirbind, S. Diblf , 105, 296. MiLlof, 8. Kberlab, 8. Barir, 234. Maldt, see Majlol Gb^zfpdr. Maldt {var. Albifdr M.), s. Betb Jilandbar, 8. Ubor, 317. Mal6t, 8. Sindb 8&gar Du&b, S. Ubor, 325. Maldtrii Kedi^ri, s. Bobtas, (Jecb Ddab) 8. L&bor, 110, 322. MiLlwab (Sdbab), 112, 115, 166 q. 2, 169, 179, 181, 195, 213, 214, 214 . 1, 215, 217, 218, 219, 219 q. 1, 220, 221, 222, 227 b- 2, 229, 289, 251. 261, 805 g. 2, 308, 809, 335, 415. Malwirab {var. Talwarab), s. Kumion, 8. Dibli, 289. Mamdrab, see Dibl M^ M4nab, s. Giwil, 8. BMr, 232. Minakpatan, s. Katd^S. Orissa. 144.

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mnaBa, 313 q. 2 (9). Minasarowar (lake), 310 Q. 2.1 Mananr^bad, 8ee MuziMd. Man&wali, see Burkab M. Man&warah, s. Mando. S. Malwah, 112, 207. Manawi, s. Lakhnau, S. Andh, 94, 179. Manbah {va/r. Maina, Maner), s. GMwil, 8. Barir, 283. Manchur (lake), s. Tattha (MultAn), 838. Mandah, b. Ahmadabad, S. Qnjarat. 253. Mandab {var. Mub^nd), s. Tirbut, S. Bahir, 157. Mandal (fort), S. Ajmer, 268. Mandal, s. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 268, 274. Miin^al, S. Gujarat, 242. Mandala (far. Mandela), (town), 150 n. 1. Man^algarb, s. Obitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Mandalgbat, s. Madaran, S. Bengal, 141. M&ndan, s. Nadoi, 8. GnJM^t, 254. Mandaurab, see Mandiwarab. Miindintbi, see Mindotbi. Mindav (biUs), 8. Qnjai^t, 245 o 6. Manddwar, a. Agnt 8. Agra, 96, 183. Mandawar, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Mandawar, s. Sambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, 290. Mandiiwarab {var. Mandiinrab), s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Mandiwarab, s. Bijagarb, 8. M^lwab. 206. Mandawi, see 8akbet, M. Mandawi, s. Stgaov 8. Bengal, 141. Mandeh, see 8ani8, M.

Mandebab, see Sonasl, M. Mandela, see Mlndala. Mandesar (tipf Mar6s6r), s. Mandesar, 8. Malwab, 208.

Manddsar (ffar. Mitr686r, Manddsaotr, Mardsor, Mandsor) (8irkar), 8. MalwHb, 208. Mandessor, see Mandesor. Mandg&on Karar, s. Panir, S. Barr, 233. Man^bal, s. 8iran, 8. Babar, 156. Mandbali 8. Dipalpnr (Biiri Duab), 8. Muhan, 332. Man^botah, s. Betb J&landbar, 8. Labor, 317. Mandi, see 8akbet Mandawi. Mandidbo (wur. Mariibu), s. Jaanpnr, 8. Allabbd, 89, 164. Manila, s. Kanauj, 8. Milwab, 200. Mandla (ar. Gar^, M.), 8. Malwab, 195. Man^la^r (sirkir), 8. Agra, 190. Mandlaer s, Man^laer, 8. Agra, 190. Man4.1ab, a. Gorakbpnr, 8. Audb, 93, 175. Mandni (tMr. Mandri), s. Hajkan, 8. Tattab (Multdn), 340. Mando (oar. Mindu) (8irkiir), 8. Malwab, 112, 206. Mando (var. Mandd)(oity), s. Mando, 8. Malwab, 112, 196, 207, 21P o 1. Mand6i {var, Mandoli, Mandnri), 8. Kberlab, 8. Barar. 233. Mandoli, see Mand6i. Mandor, 8. Ajmer, 271 o 7. M^ndotbi (vor. Mandiutbi), s. Dibli, 8. Dibli, 104, 288. Mandrinr, b. K&bnl, 8. K^bnU406, 411. Mandri, see Mannni. Mandsor, see Mandesar. Mandd, 8. Malwab, 196, 251 e 1. Man^wab, a. Gorakbpnr, 8. Andb,

93, 175. [244. Mandwi, s. Gobilwarab, 8. GnjaHit, M4ndwi, s. 8oratb, 8. Gujarat, 259. Man^r, see Manbab. Manor (village), 150, 151. Mangah, s. KberlaJb, 8. Bar^, 234. Mangala, see Mangblor (8. Kabul). Mangala (village), 8. Libor, 315 9. 1.

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Mangalpdr, & Udner, S. Bengal, 130. MangaJsi, see Manglasi. Miiigaon {var, Maigaon, Mahagao\i Maligion), s. Namalah, S. Barir234. Mangatwilah, see Mankatwalah. Manghar, var. Maghar), s. Gorakhpur, S. Audh, 93, 175. Mngjhi, s. Saran, S. Bahar, 156. Manglasi Naipor (tKir. Mangalsi)> s* Audh, S. Andh, 93, 174. Mgnglaur, see Manglor. Mangli, Jech Ddab, S. Labor, 322. Manglor, s. Basim, S. Barar, 235. Manglor, va/r, Mangrol, Maglor, Manalor) s. Gawil S. Barar, 233. Manglor), s. Naghar, S. Gujarat, 244. Manglor, z/or. Manglaur), s. Saharanpur, S. Dibit, 105, 292. Manglor, s. Sorath, S. Gujarat, 247, 259. Manglor {va/r, Mung-kieli, Mangala, Mangora^ Manglora), s. Swat, S. Kibul, 391, 391 ft 7.

Manglora, see Manglor (S. Kabul). Manglor, var. Margrol) (port), S. Gujarit, (246, 259. Mangorayl^ee Manglor (S. Kabul). Mangorgbat, s. Kbalifatabad, S. Bengal, 134. Mangotlahy s. Agra S. Agra, 96, 183. Mangr^j, s. Abmadabad, S. Gujarat, 250,253. Mangrol, see Manglor. Mangror, s. Eantbambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 275. Mangrdr, s. Robtas, S. Babar, 117. Manhalah, 8. Bbakkar, S. Multan, 334. Manikdari, see Narangwari. Manikdrug (fort), S. Barar, 230. Mabibatti, s. Satgao^, S. Bengal, 141. Manikpdr (Sirkar), S. Allababad, 90, 164. Manikpdr, s. Lakbnauti, S. Bengal, 132.

Manikpdr, s. Manikpur, S. Allababad, 90, 165, 170. Manikpdr (Haveli), s. Manikpdr, S. Allababad, 90, 165. Manivedaka, 313, ft 2 (25). Manjar, s. Tattab, 8. Tattab (Multan), 340. Manjarkb^r, s. GiwU, S. Barar, 233. Manjbaulab, see Manjbolab. Manjbolab {var.) Manjbaulab), s. Sambbal, S. Dibli, 105, 290. Manjrdd, s. Kbandes, S. KbandoH, 225. Minka {var. Malka, Medka), see Banj, M. Mank^walib (var. Manga^walab), 8. Labor Bacbnau Ddab), S. Labor,

110, 321. Mankoknor Sialkot, s. Sialkot (Racbnau Ddab), S. Ubor, 110. M4nk6t {var. Minkot), s. Siilkot, (Racbuftu Dd4b), 8. Labor, 110, 821. Manmani Singb, s. Baroba, 8. Bengal, 138. Manobamagar, s. Nagor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Manobarpdr, s. Sonargaon, 8. Bengal, 139. Manobar 8babf, a. Sbarifabad, 8. Bengal, 140. ^ Manroa, s. Babar, 8. Babar 154. Man Samali s. Barbakabad, 8. Bengal 137. Mansawal, s. Betb Jalandbar, S. Labor, 316 ft 2, 317. Mansdrab (fort and town), 8. Multan, 327, 327 ft 3, 336 ft 4. [296. Manfdrpur, s. 8irbind, 8. Dibli, 105, Mantb, see Mettb. Mar (river) s. Kasbmir, 355, 355 ft 1. Margbadrab, 8. Nadot, 8. Gujarat 254. Mari, see Bagb M. Mara, see Pati ka M.^ Marabrab, see Marb Maraj, see Marraj.

rha^

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Marali, s. 8indh 8agar Du&b, 6. Ubor, 325. Marit, 8. Sialkot (Bachnui Du&b), 8. LihoT, 110. Mariwali {var, Maroli), s. Surat, S. Gujarat, 267. Mardiinpar, s. Hin^iah, S* Malwah, 207. Mardsor, see Mandesar. Marg, see Mol M. Margi, {va/r. Naranga) s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 157. Marg M61, see Mill Marg. MiLrliarah (Dastdr) s. Kol, 8. Agra, 97. Marharah {var, Marahrah), s. Kol, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Mari^u, see Mandiihd. M^rkandan, 8. Nafirpur, 8. Tattah (Mult&n), d41. Mar61i, see Marawali. Marosor, see Mandesar. Marot, 8. Multan (Binin i Ftojnad), 8. Multan, 331. Marrij {var, Mar&j, Meraj) s. Kashmir, 8. iUbul, 365, 368, 368 a 1. Martand, see Matan. Mam Adwin {va/r, Maru Wardwan), 8. Kashmir, 8. Kabul 358, 358 o 1> 369. MaVufdebb, s. Malftnddiib^d, 8. Bengal, 133. Maru Wardwdn, see Maru A^win. Marwdr (country), 8. Ajmer, 226, q 1, 268, 270, 271, 271 q 1, 271 ft 7. Mdsad, {var. Basad), s. Kherlah, 8. Bar^r, 233. Masandibad, s. A^madibad, 8. Gujarat, 253.

Masa'udabad, s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmcr, 102, 273. Masa'ddabdd, s. Dihli, 8. Dihli 104, 288. Mas^ba, s. Baobukabad, 8. Bengal, 137. M Masdi, 8. Mitf|her, 8. Bahar, 155. Masengan, see Masenkan.

Masenkan (var, Masengan), s. Sirhind, 6. DihU, 105, 296. Masbtang {var, Mastang) 8. Kandahir, 8. Kibul, 897. Mas j id Andar Khini, {var. AndarkhinO, 6. Ghoraghit, 8. Bengal, 136. Masjid Husain Shihi 8. Ghoragbat, 8. Bengal, 136. Masjidpur, s. Mungher, 8. Bahar, 155. Masnadpdr, s. Fat^iibad, 8. Bengal, 132. Masodhi {var, Modha), & Bahar, 8. Bahir, 154. Massouab (town), 121 u 4. Mastim, see Jdi Pul i M. Mastang, see Mast&ng. Maswani {var, Maswali, Mastuvani), 8. Kabul, 398. Matalbimah (village), 8. Kashmir, 8, Kabul, 362. Matan {var, Martand), s. Kashmir, 8. Kbul,358, 858 4,369. Matar, see Bier. mtargio9,!8. Fitbri, 8. Barir, 236. Mathuri {var, Mattra, Muthura), s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 181, 183, 185 o I, 248,881. Matflab, s. Mult&n (Ban Ddab), 8. Ubor, 329.

Matiyari, s. 8atgao9, 8. Bengal, 141. Mattu, see Karyit M. Mau, see Kbinkhat M. Mau (town), 8. Allahabad, 158. Mau, 8. B4ri Dd&b, 8. Labor, 319. Mau, 8. Bay&nwan, 8. Agra, 189. Mau, 8. Jaunpur, 8. Allahibid, 89, 164. Miudha, {var, Modha) s. Kalinjar, 8. Allahabad, 90, 166. Maub, see Moj. Maukri, see Makri. Mawai, see Mab6i. Mawiri, see 8iir dl M. Mayapur (town), 8. Dihli, 312 o 4. Mecca (city), 859 o. 2.

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Medarab, s. Sora^h, 8. Gujarat, 259. Medni Mai, s. Sitgion, S.Bengal, Ul. M^dnipdr, s. Jalesar, 8. Orissa, 143. Heemt, see Merath. Meghna (river), 8. Bengal, 116 g 8. Mehar, s. Sonargaoy, 8. Bengal, 189. Mehradni^, s. Bazoha, S.Bengal, 187. Mehrk61, s. Sonargaoy, 8. Bengal, 139. Mehwisi (estate) 8. Shades, 251 g 3. Hekrin, 8. Mnltin, 326, 836, 843, 844, 344 u 2. Mekri (fHur,) Mengri, Maokri), s. Parsaror (Bachniu Dd4b), s. Uhor), 8. Lihor, 110, 821. Mflgarh (fort), 8. Barir, 228. M^gafh, 8. Nam&lab, 8. Barar, 229, 284. Melk6r (port), 8. Gujarat, 259. M^lsi, s. J&landhar, 8. Labor, 110, 317.

Melunga, see Malkimad. Men^hab (Karyat M.) s. Jaunpdr, S. Allah&bdd, 89, 164. Mengri, s. Baobniu Duiib, S. L&bor, 321. Meo, eee Barodi^ Meo. Meraj, eee Marraj. M^ratb (Dastdr). s. Dibli, 8. Dihli, 104. M^ratb {var, Miratb, Meerut), s. Dibli. 8. Dibli, 104, 288. Miratb, s. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Mesdali, eee Hesoli. M^ttb (var. Mantb,Mabantb, Mabaenteb, Setb), s. Mabor, 8. Barar, 236. Mewa Mal^l, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 181. Mewar (country), 8. Ajmer, 220, 221 a 2, 268, 268 g 4, 269, 270. Mewt (country), 307. Miili, eee Patala. Mianab, s. Cbanderi, S. Malwab, 203. Mianab, s. Soratb, 8. Gujarat, 259.

Miini {var, M. Nuriab, M. Nurbab, M. Nurtab, M. Nurinab), s. J&landbar, 8. Ubor, 110, 317. Micbni (village), 8. Ubor, 311 g. 3. Midnapur (district), 126 n. 1. Mibman Sbabi {var, Sberpur, Serpdr Morcbab), s. Baroba, 8. Bengal, 188. Mibman Sbibi, s. Mabmudibad, 8. Bengal, 188. Mibran (Indus), river, 323, 327, 827g. l,836g.4. Mina b4g, see Mfnab^k. Mi nabik {var. Mina Big), s. Madaran, 8. Bengal, 141. Minigioti {var, Mung&otf), s. Cbanderi, 8. Miilwab, 203. Miral, s. Godbra, 8. Gujarat, 258. Mfranpur, s. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal, 132. Miratb, see Meratb. Mir Rban, eee Tbanab, M. K. Mirkbini, s. Kandahar, 8. Kabul,

398. Mirpur, s. Matunud-abad, 8. Bengal, 138. Mitbila,313g.2,(41). Mittu, see ^pkriyit M. Miyan Obang, see Bamian C. Miydn Sbiu, see Banian Gbang. Modba, see Maso(Uia. Modba(vUlage), S. Allababad, 160. Modba, s. Kdlinjar, 8. Allabibad, 90. Modi, 8. Hin^iab, 8. Malwab, 207. Modibat, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Modi Ma^l, s. Lakbnauti, S.Bengal, 131. Modipur, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Mogbulistan (country), 220 g. 5. Moban, see Ali M. Moban (Islampur), s. Gbitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Moban, s. Lakbnau, l|L Audb, 94, 179. Mobmund (country), WCabul, 401 g. 1. Mobsamand {var. Mnisamand), s. Baisin, 8. Malwab, 112, 199.

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Mphun (town), ^. Gujarit, 251 o* 1Moliwah, (var. Mowa), (port), SGujarat, 247, 247 ft. 5, 269. M<^wah {var. Mowa), s. Sorath, S. Gujarat, 259. Mohwah, s. WaUk, S. Gujarat, 244. Moj, s. Multan (Birdn i Panjnad), (var. Mauh), S. Multan, 3Sa g, 1, 331. Mujpor, 8. Alwar, S. Agra, 96, 192.

Molghar, s. Sulaimanabad, S. Bengal, 140. Mol Marg {var. Marg Mol), s. Bamgarh, S. Barar, 237. Momedanah {var. Mumidanah),. a. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 275. Mongarta, see Fathpur M. Monghyr, see Mungh^r. Mongdna, see Monkona. M6ng{^ (Parganah) 6. Allahabad, 91, 92. Monjpur, s. Pattan, S. Gujarat, 254. Monkona {voir. Mongona), s. Alwar* 8. Agra, 96, 192. Montgomery (district), 329 ij. 6, 330 0. 1, 322 0. 4. Moodkee, eee Mddkl. Mooleir, see Muler. Mora (town), S. GujariLt, 250. Moranah, s. Bijagarh, S. Malwah, 206. MoraoD, 8. Lakhnau, 6. Audh, 94, 179.' Morasah, s. A^madabad, 8. Gujarat, 253. M6rbi (var. Morli), 8. Gujarat, 242. MArbi, 8. 8orath, 8, Gujarat, 242, 259. Morchah, see 8erpur, M. Morli, eee Morbi. M6rwah, s. Tirhut, 8. Bahar, 157. Morwiirah, s. Pattan, 8. Gujarat, 254. Mowa, eee Mah-v^ah. Mowa, see Mohwah. Mu*azzampnr# 8. 8onargao\i, 8. Bengal, 1^ Mubirakabad (city), 308 o* 3-

Mubarak Ajiyal, s. Baroha, 6. Bengal, 138. Mubirakpur, eee Mubarikpur. Mubirikpdr {var. Mubarakpur), s. Alwar, 8. Agra. 96, 192.

Mubarikpur (Dastdr), s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96. M^ddsar, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Mddki {va/r. Moodkee), (town), 8Uhor, 326 o* 2. Mughalpdr, s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 290. Mulubbbatpdr, 8. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. Mutammadabad, 8. Ghazipur, 8. Allahabad, 90, 162. Mu^mmadabad, s* Kalpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. Mu^ammadibad, 8. Jaunpur, 8. Allahabad, 89, 164. Mu^nunad Bari, Ddkrao, 8. Eachnau Ddabi 8. Labor, 321. [110. Muhammadot, s. Haibatpur, 8. Labor, MutAmmadpur, eee Lahrpur, M. Mu^mmadpdr, 8. Jalandbar, b. Lihor; 110, 317. Muhammad pdr, 8. Sarangpur, S. Malwah, 204. Mu^ammadpdr, 8. 8ulaimanabad, S. Bengal, 140. Mu^iammadwat, 8. Dipalpur (Birun-iPanjnad), 8. Multan, 333. Muhend, see Mandah. Muhim, 8. Hisar Firdzah, 8. Dihli, 106, 296. Muhim (Dastdr) s. Hisar Firdzah, 8Dihli, 105. Mu^sanpdr, see Mu^inpur. Mul^sinpdr {var. Mu^sanpur), 8. Korah, 8. Allahabad, 90, 167. Mu*izzuddinpdr, 8. Lakhnauti, S. Bengal, 132. Mujabid, see Koh M. Mukand, see Qioh M. Mukt^sar, eee Grarh M. Muler (rat* Mulher, Mooleir), (forf), ^. Gujarat, 251, 261 o. 2.

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MnUier, see Malm*. Mul Mahadeo (town), S. Gajarttt. 246* Mai Mafaddeo, s. Naghar, S. Gajaiit. 244. Mdltai, 8. Kherlah, S. Barar 222 &. 5, 233. ^[altan, 8. Mnltan (Biiri Ddab), S. Maltfin, 826 o. 1, 326 q. 2, 327, 327, ft. 1, 327 u. 3, 329, 334 . 6, 335, 886, 339 g. 1. Multan (HaveU), a. Multan (Bari Dnih), S. Multan, 329. Multan (Sirkar). S. Multan, 328. Multan (Sdbah), 113, 113 s.. 114. 115, 218, 218 a. 2, 306. 307, 308. 310, 325, 325 Q. 2, 326 q. 1, 326 q. 2y 327, 329, 329 a. 3, 329 q. 6, 334, 335, 339, 346. 388 g. L Mdmidnali, $ee Momedanah. Munalore, see Manglor. Mdndikdohh, 8. KhalifatdUd, S. Bengal, 184. Mun^gichhil, s. Sdtgaou, S. Bengal 141. Mdndi, s. Mundonry, Muner, s. Mung^oti, Dipalpur, S. Mnltan, 113. see Mand6i. BaMr. S. Bahar, 154. 8. Chanddri, S. Malwah,

203. Munghir (Monghyr), s. Mnngher, S.

Bahir, 155. Mungher (vobr, Mongbjrr, Mnng(r). (Sirkir), S. Bahir, 152, 154. Mungir, see Mnngher. Mung Kieli, see Manglor (S. Kbnl). Mdngra, s. Jaunpnr, S. Allahibi^d, 164. Mnnja-pattana (town), 215 q. 2. Mdrjhi, s. Gawil, S. Barar, 233. Murree Hills, 823 n. 5. Mnrree (town), 847 u- 8. Mnstafa-ibiid, s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 296. Mnthnr^. see Mathnra. Muttra, see Mathura. Mdsabad, (var, Matiaur^bad), s. Ajmer, S. Ajmer, 102, 273.

MnzA&lribad, 8. Gujarit, 246. Muzafl^tib&d, s. Sahiiratipnr, S. Dihli, 105, 292. Mn<aEfeurpdr, 8. Satgaon, 8. Bengal. 141. Mnzaffar Shihl, 8. 8hari*fabad, S. Bengal, 140. Myna, see Manbah. K Nabih, (var. Banah), 8. B&rl Duiib, S. Labor, 319. Nabija (ror. Nipa), 8. Sulaim^nibiid, S. Bengal, 140. Nabr&n, see Natrin. Nachang4ov s. Kalamb, 8. Barar, 285. Nadapnr, see 'Nindkpur. Nadarbar, see Nasarbir. Naddiya (var, Nodiya, Nodi), s. SitgioM, 8. Bengal, 141. Nadhi, see GUthi, N. Nadi, see Bami, N. Nadi, see lUli, N. Nadinah (var, Naginah), s. Sambhal. 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Nadiyi (town), 8. Bengal, 140 g. 5,

6,148. Nadon (town), 308 q. 1. Niddt (var. Nand6d), (Sirkar). 8. Gujar&t, 251, 21^1 q. 1, 3. 254. Ilid6t (haveli), a. NAd6t, 8. Gujarat. 254. Niddrah (var. Nilndnn^. Madirodra. Madroodreh), s. Narniilah, 8. Barir, 284. Nagar. see Manohar, N. Nagar, a. Eanthambhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Nagara, see Nagarahiira. Nagarahira, (vcur. Nagara), 8. Kibul, 405 Q. 1. Nagarkdt (city), 8. Lihor, 812. Nagark6t, 887. ^ Ndghar (var. B^khM. (8irkiir), 8. Gujarit, 244. ^ Naghinah, see Nadinah.

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Nagbr {va/r. Naghz), b. Kibnl, S. Eibnl, 898 o. 6, 399, 401, 412. Nagh, tee Nagbr. Nagin (vor. Makf n), s. Sulaimiiiibad, S. Bengal, 140. Naglnab, 9ee Nadfnab. Naginin, s. Tijarah, S. Agra, 96, 193. Nagor, see Pilkdr. Nigor (Haveli), S. Ajmer, 102, 277. mgor (var. Ha4auti), (Sirkir), S. Ajmer, 102, 241, 270, 271, 276. Nagdr, s. MacUiran, S. Bengal, 141.

Nilgor (oar. Nagorwatb), s. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Nigsari, 8. S6ratb, S. Gnjarit, 259. Nahajann B4tor, 8. Gbor&gbit, 8. Bengal, 136. 192. Nibargai'b, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, Nilbat, 8. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 131. Nabrwalab, eee Pattan. Nabtanr, eee Nabtor. Nabtdr (ixr. Nabtanr), s. Sambbal, 8. DibU, 105, 291. Ndigio^, 8. Kalamb, 8. Barir, 235. Naigdn (var, N^gdn), s. Jannpnr, 8* AUababad, 89, 164. Naipdr, see Manglasi, N. Naipdr, s. Andb, 8. Audb, 174. Naipdr, 8. HAjipdr, 8. Babir, 155. N&ir6, 8. 8nlaiminib4d, 8. Bengal, 140. Najr6o, s. Kilbnl, 8. Kilbnl, 406, 407 tt. 1, 411. Nakar Banki, s. Ma^mddab4d, 8. Bengal 133. Nakarcbil Kotiyi, s. Ma^ddibdd, 8. Bengal, 133. Nakbat, see Pati, N. Nakb<$d, see Knsbk, N. N41e8ar, 8. Fatfiibid, 8. Bengal, 132. Nak6dar, 8. Betb Jilandbar, 8. Ubor, 110, 317. Nakor, see Nnkdr. Nakr6dab, see Nakr6h. Nakrdb (va/r. Kkrodab, Nakrotab), 8. Beib Jij^hnr Dnib, 8. Ubor, 817.

Nakrotab, see Nakrdb. Nala, see 'Asi, N. Nila Kbattar, b. 8indb Sigsit Ddib, 8. L4bor, 323 q. 6. Nalang, see Lalang. Niilcbab {var. Nalcbab), 8. Mando, 8.

Milwab, 112, 207. Naldai, b. Ma]|jtmddlib4d, 8. Bengal, 133. NaUpiti, 318 o. 2, (43). Namdl, see 8a77adpar, N. Nam6rb!, 8. Nafiarb4r, 8. M41wab, 208. Nanakwiri, see Nilrangwari. Nilniman, 8. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. N&nautab (var. Nanotb), 8. 8abiranpur, 8. Dibli, 105, 292. Nandabra, 8. Gbor4gbit, 8. Bengal, 136. Nandanpur, 8. Bobtds, (8mdb 84gar Ddib), 8. Ubor, 110, 325. N4nd4pdr (var. N&wilpdr, Nidlipnr, Navipdr, Nadapdr), 8. Mab^r, 8. Barir, 286. Nand^r, 8. Piltbri, 8, Barir, 236. Nandgion Pftb, b. Giwil, 8. Bartb*, 233. Nandipnra, 318 o* 2, (48). Nand<$d, see md6t. Nanddn, b. Betb Jalandbar, 8. Ubor, 317. Ninddrab, see, Niddrab. Nangalw&rf, b. Bijagarb, 8. M&lwah, 206. Nangenbar, see N^knibil. Nangnibir, see N^knibl. Nankal, b Betb Jilandbar, 8. Ubor, 817. Nanndr, b. Bobt48, 8. Bab4r, 157. Nanotb, see Nanautab. Napta {var. Bfn4), (river), 8. Barir,

Nar&enpdr, s. 8onirgion, 8. Bengal, 139. Nar6inab, b. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273.

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Nariinpdr (var. Kandhr), s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 148. Naranga, see Marga. Narangwari (var. Nanakwiri, Manikdari, T4nekbari). s. Kherlah, S. Barir,2S8. Narbadah (river), (wr. Narbada), 160, 150 0. 1, 196, 197, 204, 206, 207. 224 0. 2, 289, 248, 261 q. 8, 266. Narhan, see Barhan. Narhar, see DeoU Narhar. Narhar, see Narharab. Narbarah (var. Narhar), s. Nimol, 8. Agra, 97, 194. Narhat, s. Babir, S. Babir, 164. NM, see Kalambub, N. Nariild, s. A^madibid, 8. Gujarat, 268. Nariad, b. Sdrat, S. Gujarat, 267. Narmadi, 818 g. 2, (29). Narmal, s. Telinginab, 8. Barir, 280, 287. Narmodar Bbattarob^raj, see Parmodar. Namalab (fort), (wr. Bamilah, Pi^rnaUh), 8. Bardr, 229, 268, 268 q. 6. Namilab (8irkar), 8. Barir, 284. Naraalat (fort), 8. Barar, 228. Nirn61 (Dastdr), 8. Agra, 97. N4mol (bill), 8. Agra, 182. Namol (Haveli), s. Namol, 8. Agra, 97,194. Narnol (Kaeba), s. Namol, 8. Agra, 97,194. Namol (8irkar), 8. Agra. 97, 182,

193. Narolf, s. 8ambhal, 8. Dibli, 106, 291. N4m61i, 8. 8drat, 8. Gujarat, 267. Nardrpanj, see Narwar. Nar<St, 8. 8ilkot, 8. L4bor, 110. Narsi, s. Bi8im, 8. Barar, 236. Nardni, see Baroli. Narwan (wr. Naran), s. Cbunir, S. Allababid, 90. Narwar {var, Narorpanj), (Sirkar), 8. Agra, 96, 189, 196. 10

Narwar (Haveli), 8. Narwar, 8. Agra, 190. Niirwi, 8. 8indh Sdgar Ddib, 8. Labor, 326. Na8ak (var, Nasang). s. 8barif4bad, 8. Bengal, 140. Nasang, see Nasak. Nasang, s. 8alaimtoilb4d, 8. Bengal, 140. Nisbipdr (var Ujain), s. Mabmudabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Nafibi, a. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 180. Naf Ibpdr, s. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 180. Nasik (distnct). 8. Barar, 228. Nasirdb&d, s. Ehi&ndes, 8. Kbandes, 226. Nafiribad, s. Manikpnr, 8. Allaba, bad, 90, 166. Na$ratab&d, s. Ghor&gbat, 8. Bengal136. Na^rat Ajiyil, a. Bizohi, 8. Bengal, 188. Na$rat 8bibi, Bdzoba, 8. Bengal, 637, 188. Nasrat 8bbi, s. MatLmudib&d, 8. Bengal, 188. Natbdpdr, s. Jaunpur, 8. AUababad, 89, 164.

Natil (wr. Tanil, Tabaal, Bataal, Bansanil, Bambal), s. ^ndabar, 8. Kabnl, 894, ^ g. 3. Natran {var. Nabrdn), a. 8barifdb4d, 8. Bengal, 140. Natrang, s. Ndddt, 8. Gujarit, 264. Naug&m, a. Sirangpur, 8. Milwab 204. Nangdon (va/r. Nowgong), a. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Naugion, a. Hin^iab, 8. Mdlwab, 207. Naunankal (txw. Nonangal), a. Betb Jalandbar, 8. L4bor, 110, 817. Naupara, a. Gborigb&t, 8. Bengal, 136. Nauram, s. Tirbut, S|Babdr, 167. Nautan, s. Tirbut, 8.^^r, 167. Navanagar (fort), ^. Gujarit, 246^.6.

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Navapur, $ee Nandipdr. Navasari (va/r, Noaari), (district), S. Gnjarit, 251 n. 2. Nawagarh (Killab), s. Bharaicb, 8. Audh, 93, 176. Nawihi, 8. Banthambhor, S. Ajmer, 102, 376. Ndwi&kot, s. Sonar gao^, S. Bengal, 139. Nawali, s. Mando, S. miwah, 112, 207. Nawanagar, S. Gujarat, 250. Nawanagar, s. IJdn^r, S. Bengal, 130. Nawdpdra, s. Chatgaon, S. Bengal,

139. Ndwipdr, see Nandipur. Nawarl, s. Bijagarh, S. Malwah, 206. Nawasdri (tww. Nosari), s. Siirat, S. Gujarat, 257. Nawi-Bandar, see 245 n. 6. Nawi, see Kandi N. Najjarbar (va/r, Nadarbar Nandarbr), (Sirkar), S. Malwab, 195, 195 a. 1, 197, 208, 251, 251 n. 1. Nasarbar, (va/r, Nadarbar), s. Nazarbar, S. Malwab, 197, 208. N^gdn, see Naigun. Nejehly, see Nejli. Nejlf (var, Benjili, Bedjili, Nejebly), s. Kananj, 8. M&lwah, 200. Nekerhar, see N^knihil. N^knih&l (va/r, Ktknibir Nangnihar, Nangenbar, Nekerbar), s. Kabul, S. Kabul, 405, 405 n. 1, 405 n. 3, 411. N^knibar, see N^knibal. Nemecb, see Nimacb. Neodbanab, s. Sambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, 291. Nepal (country), 172 n. 3. Nepila, 313 n. 2. (8). N^r, 8. Nagarbar, 8. Malwab, 208. Nia'matpur, 8. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal, 182. Nilab, 8. ^db 8agar Ddiib, 8. Labor, 32# Nilgiri (t;i#Nilkar) (biU), 127. Nilkar, see Nilgiri.

NIbiagar, s. Tajpur, 8. Bengal, 135. Nildn, 8. Tajpdr, 8. Bengal, 135. Nim, see Betwa. Nimacb, (var. Nemecb), s. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Niman, 8. Hin^iab, 8. Malwab, 207. Nimawar, 8. Hin^iab, 8. Milwah, 207. Nimkha (var. Nimkbar), a. Kbairabid, 8. Audh, 93, 177.

Nimkbar (fort), 8. Audh, 172. Nimlab (mountains), 8. Kabul, 399. Nimranab, s. Rewari, 8. Dibli, 105, 293. Nimroz (territory), 8. Kabul, 414. Nimtb6r, s. Gigron, 8. Malwah, 209. Nipa, see Nabiya. Nir, (Parganab), s. Gawil, 8. Barar, 233. Nir, 8. Madiknrug, 8. Barar, 236. Nitgnon, see ^^bab Hatgoan. Nizamabad, s. Jaunpur, 8. Allahabad, 89, 164. Nieampur (8ankardal), s. Barbakabdd, S. Bengal, 137. Nobat-Lohar, see Yunt Lobara. Nobi, 8. Beth Jalandbar, 8. Labor. 110. Nodi, see Naddiya. Nodiya, see Naddiya. No^tlobira, see Ydnt Lobara. Nob, see Ndh. Nokha, 8. Nagor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Ndkosiral Kha^far, s. 8indh 8agar Duab, S. Labor, 325. Nolii, 8, Ujjain, 8. Malwah, 112, 198. Nonangal, see Naunankal. Nonh^ra (var. Nunh^rah), s. Sahir, 8. Agra, 96, 195. Nonbera(wir. Nd^b^rah) (Dastur,) s. Sabar, 8. Agra, 96, 195. Nonitlowbara, see Ydnt Lobara Nonitolohara, see Ydnt Lobara. Noorek, see Lorakh. Noorny, see Ndrni. Norak, see Lorakh Northern China, 118 a 3. Nosari, see Navasari, Nawasari.

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NoBchhara (tjar. Sultanpour) (town), 326 a 1, 2. Noseka, see Fathpdr a. Nowgong, see Naagao\i. Nowsherah, S. Kdbul, 347 n. 3. Ndh. {vwr Noh), s. Kol, S. Agra, 97, 186. Nukdr (wtr. Nakor), s. Saharanpur, S. DiWi, 105, 292. Ndmi (village), 167 o 1. Nundgion, s. Giwil, S. Barar, 23S. Nd^ih^rah, see Nonhera. Nurbah, see Miani Ndriah. Ndrgil, see Ndrkil. Ndriah, see Miani N. Nurinah, see Miani Ndriah. Ndriya (var. Miini, N), s. Beth Jalandhar, S. Lahor, 110, 317. Ndrkil, {var. Nurgil), s. Swat. S. Kabul, 392, 392 & 2. Ndrai (joar, Noomy) (or Sutlej, (river), 326, 326 q. 2. Ndrpur, see Dahmeri. Nurtah, see Miini Ndriah.

(Jd (var. U'd), s. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Odhi, see Oad^hi. Ohind, 8. Kabul, 404 o 6. O'l (var. Owl), 8. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Old Tanda (town), s. Udner, S. Bengal, 129 n 6. Oman (gulf), 121. Onam (Dastdr), s. Lakhnau, S. Audh, 94. Onam (va/r, Unam), s. Lakhnau, S. Audh. 94, 177. Opian (var. Alexandria Opiana), 400 el. Opiana, see Alexandria, O, and Hupian. Orissa (Subah), 116, 126, 126 g 1, 2, 4. 127 a 2, 142, 219 1, 311 ft 3, 34^

Orpar, s. Bahroch, S. Gujarat, 266.

dsam (var. Adham) (fort). S. Gujarit, 246. Osla, 8. Munghir, S. Bahar, 164. Gud^hi (tHir. Odhi), 8. Agra, S. Agra, 96, 182. Oudh, see Audh. Owl, see 01. Oxu8 (river). 119 ft 1, 327 ft 1, 400 o 1.

Pachchham Dikh, s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 148. Pachham Bhagd, s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 166. Pachchham Donk (Fort), s. Bhadrak, S. Orissa, 143. [174. Pachhamrath, s. Audh, S. Audh, 93, Pachhi (var. Bachti, Batschi), s. Tirhut, S. Bahar, 166. Paohlakh, s. Saran, S. Bahar, 166. Pachlanah, (van Pachlana), s. Kol, B. Agra, 97, 186. Pichndr (var. Bajmor, Bdjpour), s. Sulaiminabad, S. Bengal, 140, 140 ft 6. Pach<Srah (var. Bangora, Banjureh), 8. Khandes (Dandes), S. Khandes, 226. Pachdtar, s. Ghazipdr, S. Allahabad, 90, 162. Pachotar, s. Kuma^, 8. Bihli, 289. Padmati (river), S. Kibul, 366. Padmawati (Ganges river), 120. Padri, s. Tirhut. S. Bah4r, 156. Paegah, see Karjat, P. Pa^l, 8. Sirhind, S. DihU, 106, 295. Pagdwar (var. Sakaar), s. Ghoraghat, S. Bengal, 135. Paghman (mountains), S. Kabul, 408 ft 6.

PagU (river)^ 129 ft 6. Pahar, see Panj, P. Paharhalah, s. Sindh Sagar Duab, S. Lahor, 323. Pahari, s. Bahar, S. A^, 96, 195. Pahar i (Bhdri), s. El^hanbor, S. Ajmer, 102. ^

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Paharkiah, b. Manghir, 8. Bahar, 155. PahiLsd, 8. K<Sl, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Pahra, s. Bahar, 8. Babar, 154. Painim (village) (Sonarg&on), 8. Bengal, 124 g 2. Pak, see Pal. Pakal, see Islamabad, P. Pakli (Sirkar), 8. Kibul, 847, 865, 390, 391. Pakdr (ttobr, Nagor, Tagore), s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Fik Pattan, see Pattan. Pal (var. Pak) (state), 8. Gujrat, 250, 250 2. RLl, 8. 8aran, 8. Bahar, 155, 222. P4la, see Karyat, P. Palaoh, 8. Babar, 8. Babir, 153. Palakwab {var. Balnkwib,Pa1kwarab, Balkwarab, Pdlukwib), s. Bet Jilandbar Duab, 8. Labor, 316. Pilam, 8. Bi Duab, 8. Labor, 819. Palam, s. DibU, 8. DiUi, 104, 286. Palar, see Batar. Palasgarh, sec Palashker. PaUsgbati, see Balis Katbi. Palasbker {v<ur, PaUsgarb), s. Giwil. 8. Barir, 232. Palitiab, s. Bantbanbor, 8. Ajmer,

102, 275. Palbanpor, s. Pat^ 8. Gujrat, 254. Pali, see Kary4t P. Pili, see Tab. P41i, 8. Jodbpur, 8. Ajmer, 102, 271, 276. PaU, 8. dau^bidy S. Audb, 93, 176. Pali (Dastdr, s. Shaiiibid, 8. Audb, 93. Pilitana, see Palitbanab. PiUtdnab, s. W4Uk, 8. Gujrat, 244. Pilitbanab (var. Palitina) Pali Tbanab, s. 8oratb, 8. Gujr6t, 247, 247 g 2, 258. Palkwarab, see Pilakwib. P6161 {va4r. Pd#al, Apelava), 8. Oibli, 8. Dibli^k 179, 278, 278 o 2, 286, 286 1^

Palparab, s. Jodbpur, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Palukwib, see Pilakwab. Palwal, see PaloL Palwirab, s. Tirbut, 8. Babir, 156. Pampur 8. Kasbmir, 8. Kibul, 856. 8,357. Panabakbi, see Barsi Tankli. Panib, see Derab Din, P. Paniin, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 191. Panir (fort), 8. Barir, 229. Panir (Haveli), s. Panir, 8. Bwir, 238. Panar (Sirkar), Barir, 238. Panbabir, see Pinbibir. Panbibir (var, Pinbabir), 8. Ujjwn, 8. Milwab, 112, 198. Pincbalgio?, s. Pitbri, 8. Bartr, 286. Pancbasagara, 318 o 2 (83). Panobgrimi, see Panj Gkkrimi, 318. Pancbnagar, see Sidbpur, P. Pancbnagar, b. Recbniu Dnib, S. Labor, 820. Pandig (var, Pandarak, Pandok), e.

Babar, 8. Babar, 154. Pandirab (village), s. Hi^ir FiroMh, 8. Dibli, 294. Pandarak, see Pandig. Pandarbi (var, Pandrab), s. Benares, 8. Allabibid, 89, 162. Pandok, see Pandig. Pindor, see Pindur. Pandrab, see Pandarbi. Pandrijab, b. Tirboot, 8. Bahir. 156. Pindretban, s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 855o2,884ol. Pindri, see Pondri. Pindur (var, Pandor). s. Iraj, S. Agra, 96, 187. [140. Pan^wab, s. 8ulaiminibid, 8. Bengal, Pangion, s. Tijpiir, 8. Bengal, 185. Pangat, see Bai^f. Pangpvan, see Beg^n. Pangwin, see Bbariman, P. Pangwin, s. Lakbnau, 8. Audb, 98, 178.

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Ftohan, s. Lakhnaa, 8. Andh, 93, 178. Pinhatta, s. Sonirgaon, 8. Bengal, 138. Paiiial, we Paniyal. Paniila, see Ba^lah. Paniala, see Batialah Bari. Pani ka mara, see Pati ka mara. Panipat, s- Dihli, 8. DihU. 104, 149 u 2, 170 6, 285. Panipat (Dastur), s, Dihli, 8. Dihli* 104.

Paniyal (vor. Panial), s. Ba^lah (Bari Ddb), 8. Labor, 110, 318. Panjab, 8. Labor, 110. Panjab (distnct), 246 o 3, 804, 325 O 2, 388, 388 1, 389, 889 g 1, 390 Ol. Panjab (hills), 303 o 1. Panjakora {va/r, Panjkora), 311 o 3. Panjal, see Pir, P. Panjar, s. Narnilah, 8. Barar, 234 Panj Bari 8bihpdr, 8. Labor, 110. Panjbrirab, see Yej Br&ra. Panjgar&mi (va/r. Pancbgrami), s. Bari Dnab, 8. Labor, 110, 318. Panjbir (valley), 8. Kabul, 399, 399 Panjbir {var. Panjsbir Pancbir), s. iUbal, 8. K&bnh 399 o 3, 400 a 1, 410ol41L Panjkband, see Partabgafb. Panjkora (district), 8. Kabul, 391 7. Panjnad, see Birdn-i, P. Panj Pab4r, s. Gigr6n, 8. Malwa, 209. Panjsbir, see Panjbir. Panman (par. B^min, Betm4n or Peman), s. Mando, 8. Malwab, 112. Panora, see Banori. Pantasok, s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 355 a 2, 356 3, 384 1. Pantscb Botaca, see Banj M^nka. Panwan, s. 8atgiov, 8. Bengal, 141. Paywar, s. Beanwin, S. Agra, 188. Panw4r. s. Bobtis, 8. Babr, 157.

Paplod (ootr. Biland Pilod, Beelowd), 8. A^madabad, 8. Gujrat, 253. Papliin (var, Bildn, Bailun, Pildn), s. 8arangpdr, 8. Malwa, 203. Par&ncbab, s. Beanwan, 8. Agra, 188. Parang (town), 8. Kabul, 411 o 1. Paranpur, s. Ma^mddabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Paranti, Parantij ? s. A^madabad, 8.

Gujrat, 253. Parari, see Bwi^l Parasbawar, s. Kabul, 8. Kabul, 411. Paraspdr (var, Paruspdr, Paribasapura), s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 364, 364 3, 370. Parat (var. Bairat, Birat, Peritb, Beerat, Beratb), s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 181, 191. Pariiyab, see Kotri, P. Parbadi, s. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142. Parbani (row. Burree, Barai, Parti), 8. Patbri, 8. Barar, 236. Parbat (t>ar. Parit), s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. Parcbol, s. 8drat, 8. Gujrat, 256. Pirdiyir, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Parbir (var, Paribir), s. Iraj, 8. Agra, 96, 187. Parbar, s. Kanauj, 8. Malwa, 200. Parbarbdri, s. (Jfiazipdr, 8. Allababad, 90, 162. Parbarpdr Jabdi (vor. Parbarpur, Jbandi, Jabdi), s. Tirbut, 8. Babar, 156, Ptobarpur Jabdi {va/r, P. Jbandi, P. Jabdi), s. Tirbut, 8. Babir, 156. Parbarpur Jabdi, see P. Jabdi. Parbarpur Jbandi, see P. Jabdi. Parbir Ragbd, s. Tirbut, 8. Babar, 156. Paribar, see Parbar. Paribasapura, see Paraspdr. Paristdn, 8. Kibul, 347. Parit, see Parbat. % Parroanand, s. I^Uifatabad, 8. Bengal, 134. ^^

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Parmgao^f see Birimgaof. Parmodar Bhattachiraj {var. Narmodar, B.), s. Khali fatabad, 8. Bengal, 134. Parnalah, see Namalah. Parn^r, s. Sdrat, S. Gnjrat, 257. Paf6hi (var. Baroi, Barohi), s. Sambhal, S. Dihli, 105. Parsand^n, s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 178. Parsaror (8irkar) (Beohnan Dudb), 8. Labor, 110. Parsaror (ww. Pasnir), s. Recbnan Dnab, 8. Labor, 110, 320. Parsotam, b. Katak, 8. Orissa, 144. Partab, see Chand, P. Bazd. Partab, see SalSm, P. B^zii. Part^b-B^zii, s. Bazoha, 8. Bengal, 137. Partabgafh (ror. Panjkhan<}), 8. Sylhet, 8. Bengal, 139. Partahkulsy, see Barsi Tankli. Parti, see Parbani. Pamspur, see Paraspur. Parwan, 8. Kabul, 399 a 3. 400, 400 a 1, 409 n 1. Pasai {var. Bassi), a. Munghir, 8. Bahar, 155. Pashii (monntain), 8. Kibnl, 399 o 3. Pasbang (territory), s. Kandahar, 8. Kabul, 397. Pasrur, see Parsaror. Patala (vor. Batala, Mi&la, 8hambala), 8. 8indh 8agar Duib, 8. Labor, 324. Pataldeh, s. Ghoragbit, 8. Bengal, 135.

Patalibotra or Patna (city), 246 o 5. Patal Nagari, 8. Barir, 231. Patan, see Batan. Patau, 8. Kashmir, 8. Kdbul, 371. Patan, s. Kherbih, 8. Barar, 233. Patan, s. Lakbnau, 8. Audh, 98, 178. Patau, 8. Ranthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. P&tar, see Bat Patarrab, s. Kamalab, 8. Barar, 234.

Etanthai , ^^arnal

Piltar 8hafkh Bibd, s. Namilah, 8. Barar, 234. P^taddhi, (var, Pato^hi), s. Bewari, 8. DihU, 105, 293 * Patban, {var, Bethau), s. Bari Ddab, 8. Labor, 318. Pathrirah, s. Munghir, 8. Bahar, 155. Pathri (Haveli). s. Pdtbri, 8. Barar, 236. Pdthri (8irkar). 8. Barar, 230, 236. Pati, see Kiiranja Bibi. Piiti, see Tdli. Patialah, see Batalah. Patiali, a. Kauauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Pati 'Alipdr, 6. Kauauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Pati Biirmak, s. Parsaror (Bechnau Duab), 8. Labor, 110. Pati Barmali, see Pati Tarmali. Pati Dhinat, (var. Piti Dhinot), s. Jalaudhar, 8. Labor, llO, 316. Pati Haibatpdr, 8. Bari Ddab, 8. Labor, 110, 318. Pati Hajipdr {var, Barsi, H.)i 8. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102. Pati ka mara {var. Pini ka mara), 8. Ma^ddibad, 8. Bengal, 133. Pati Nakhat, s. Kauauj, 8. Agra, 185. Pati Tarmali (var. Pati Barmali), s.

ftecbnau Duib, 8. Lahore, 320. Patiyar, s. Bari Duab, 8. Labor, 319. Pati Zafarwal, s. Parsaror. (Bechnau Diiab), 8. Labor, 110, 320. Patkabiri, see Patkamari. Patkimari {var, Patkabari, Bangabari), s. Ma^mddabad, 8. Bengal, 138. Patkehra {var. Tekhra, Tigara Taykehra), s. Hajipdr, 8. Bahir, 155. Patlad, 6. Af^madiibid, 8. Gujrat, 253. Patman, see Betman. Patna, see Patalibotra. Patna, s. Bahar, 8. Bahar, 151, 154. Pato^hi, see Pataddhi. Patora, see Batori.

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Pitri, S. GuJTat, 242. Pftttan, see Deo Pattaiir Pat tan, see Pattan Somnath. Pattan (van Fik Pattan), s. Bet Jalandhar Duab, S. Multan, 330 u 2,332. Pattan (SirkirX S. Gujrat, 251, 264. Pattan, a. Pattan, S. Gnjrat, 249, 254, 262. Pattan (Haveli), s. Pattan, S. Gujrat, 254. Pattan Deo, b. Sorath, S. Gujrat, 246 Q 2, 258, 259. Pattan Somnath, s. Sorath, S. Gujrat, 239, 240, 242, 244, 245, 246, 246 o 1 246 a 3.

Patti Qajipdr, see Bar si H. Patwah, see Batwah. Pauagbar, see Chimpan^r. Paund, see Pond. Panni, s. Kberlah, S. Barar, 238. PAwah (bill), S. Gujrat, 256. Pawan Sendh, see Bawan Sendb. Pegu {var. Chin), 119. Pei, see Babai. Pekin (city) (Tatou), 118 o 3. Peman, see Panmin. Peniir, see Bidwar. Pentapolis (town), S. Bengal, 116 Pi^prti, s. Tirbut, S. Babir, 156. Per^tb, see Parat. Perim, see Biram. Persia (country), 118 b 2, 121, 179, 240, 243, 265, 304 o 1* 312, 343, 348, 852, 371 B 6, 397 a 4, 404. Persian Sea, 121. Peshawar, S. lUbul, 281 o I, 311 o 3, 324 g 2, 391 5, 404 a 6, 411 u 1Peti, see Mangldr. Pbdk, s. Kashmir, S. Kabul, 360, 369. Phakar, see Bhakar. Phali, 8. Tajpur, S. Bengal, 135. Pbalka, s. Sitgaon, S. Bengal, 141. Pband^r, see Bhander. Pbapuiid, a. Kanauj, S. Agra, 96^ 185.

Pbarwala (fortress), S. Labor, 323 5. Pbug&nah, see Tandah, P.

Pbulari, s. Sonargao^, S. Bengal, 138. Pbdlia, 8. Chitor, S. Ajmer, 102, 274. Pbulnagar, see Bbulnagar. Pbiilodhi, (vor. Bhodhi), s. Jodbpur, S. Ajm^r, 276. Pbulri, 8. Bari Duib, S. Labor, 318. Pbulwari, s. Bahar, S. Babar, 154. Phulwari, s. Gbor^gbat, S. Bengal, 135. Phulwari (tappali), (Bari Duab), s. Labor, S. Labor, 110, 318. Pbulwari, s. Udner, S. Bengal, 130. Piazbari, see Piyasbari. Picb (district), 398 o 6. Pigalgaou, s. Namalah, S. Barar, 234. Pila, s. Khairabdd, S. Audb, 93, 177. Pilod, see Paplod. Pilon, see Papldn. Pind Dadan Khin, S. Kabul, 405 & 2. Pindi, see Bawul, P. Pinjarab (Haveli), s. Pinjarah, S. Bengal, 137. Pinjarah (Sirkar), S. Bengal, 136. Pipalbariya, s. Ma^mddabad, S. Bengal, 138. Pipal^ol (fort),*. Khandes, 224. Pipli, see Bibli. Pir, see Haji Pir. Pir Panobil, see Pir Panjal. Pir Panjal (var. Pir Pancbdl, Pir Pantsal), (pass), S. Kabul, 347 o 3, 348, 348 1Pir Pantsal, see Pir Panjal. Pirii, 8. Eobtas, S. Bahar, 157. Pith, see Nandgao^, P. Piyasbari (t?ar. Biarbdri, Piazbari), (reservoir), S. Bengal, 123. Podbah, see Podbh. Podbb, (var, Podl^), s. Jodbpur, S. Ajmer, 102, 276.% Pokal, 8. Bikan^r, l^jm^r, 278. Pokbaran, s. Bikan^r, S. Ajm^r, 278.

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Pdlah, 8. Ehalifalibid, S. Bengal, 1S4. PoUrUr, B. Birbakabid, S. Bengal, 187. Pond {va/r. Paund, Pdnar), s. Badiion, 6. Dihli, 104, 288. Pdndri, (va/r. P^ndri), s. Sirbind, 8. Dibli, 105, 295. Poorgong, 966 Borg&on. Poormal, see B6d^r. P<Sr, 866 Par. Porbandar, see Porbandar. Portugal (country), 124 g 5. Postah, ee ^afbah, P. Pothh, 866 Puth. ToiU (var. Pdnga), s. Kbalifatiibftd, S. Bengal, 184. Pdtli, 866 Kot, P. Ponrgaon, see Borg&on. Prabisba, 813 o 2 (37). Prabbasa (place of pilgrimage), S. Gujrit, 280 1. Prabbis Kan4 (spring), 8. Dibli, 280. Pratipur-Durlabbaca, s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 371-5 a 6. Pravarasenapara, 8. Kasbmir, 8. Kdbal,355a^,356Q3. Praydga, 818 o 2 (20). ' Priyag (Allabibad) (town), 158. Pubuman, see Betmin. Pul-i Hasten, see Jli Pul-i Mastan. Pdnab, s. Kallam, 8. Bariir, 235. Punar, see Pond. Pdncb (country), 8. Kabul, 847 a 8, 351 a 2. Pdncb (river), 347 a 3.

Pdnga, see Potkii. Puniya^, a. Hi^&r Firozah, 8. Dibli, 294. Punjab, 866 Panjab. Punpun (river), 8. Babar, 151. Par, 8. Obitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Par (vow. Pdr), s. Tijirab, 8. Agra, 96, 198. ^ Pdrab Bbagd#8. Tirbut, 8. Babir, 156. ^ Pdrab Dikb, 8. Katak, 8. Orisaa, 148.

Pdrab, 8. Sigtiiov, 8. Bengal, 141. Purbandar {voir. Porbandar) (port), 8. 8oratb, 8. Gujriit, 246, 246 a 2, 259. Pdr Obbapar, 8. 8abiranpdr, 8. Dibli, 105, 291. Pdrgaon, see Bdrgiof. Puri (town), 8. Bengl, 171 a 5. Pdri (city), Oriaea, 127. Pari (district), 127 a 1Pdma Pdmi, Pdmi (river), 222 a 5, 228, 224, 228. Pdmiyab (8irkiir), 8. Bengal, 184. Pdmiyab (Haveli), 8. Pdmiyab, 8. Bengal, 184. Puruabottama (Pdri) (city), 8. Orissa, 127. Puaiih (vor. Bouaaa, Booeeb, BdsahX 8. Mdbdr, 8. Bar&r, 235. Putaleh, 866 Bat^lah. Putb (wr. Potbb), a. Dibli, 8. Dibli, 104,286. Puttyaleb, see Batiilah Bin.

MhktA Baldcbin, aee 8urbb, B..i B. Bacbniiu {var. Beobna), a. (Bechnia Duib), a. Labor, 8. Labor, 110, 320. Bacbniu Ddiib, s. Dipilpdr, 8. MultaD, 9S3. Bacbniu Duab (oar. Becbniu D,

Bacbna Doab), (8irk4r), 8. Labor, 110, 110 a 5, 819, 826 a 1. Bacbnad Ddab, a. Multin, 8. Multin, 880. Badban, 8. Pattan, 8. Gujrat, 254. B^dbanpdr, 8. Gujariit, 262. Radjcober (country), 814 a 1Bae, see Karyat, R. 8amd. B&eBareli, a. Minikpdr, 8. AUahiUd, 90, 165, 286 a 4. E4e Bareli (Daatur), 8. Minikpdr, 8. Allab&bdd, 90. Bae Bochab, see high, B. B. Raekamiiti {var, Bangamati, . Baggamatty), a. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 131.

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Bae Redib% see Malpt, B. R. Baenih, 9ee Baesih. Baepore (village), a. Ndrnol, S. Agra, 194. Btepdr, lUepdr, Baepdr, Biepdr, Biepdr, aee Baipdr. 8. Gigr6n, S. M&lwah, 201^. s. Gwalior, 8. Agra, 187. s. Jal^sar, S. Orissa, 142. s. Soniirg^o?, S. Bengal,

188. Baepdr Kanki, s. Mnltin (Sind Mgir DdabXS.Malt4n,8dO. Baepdr T4tir, s. Sahiranpdr, S. Dihli, 106, 292. Biesih (iKir. Baesik, Raenih), s.

Sulaimiinibad, 8. Bengal, 140, 140 7. Baes4k, $ee Baesah. B4e Samd, $ee Karyat B4e, 8. Bigah, 8. Ghand^ri, 8. M^lwab, 202. Baggamafcty, aee B4ekmati. B4ghd, see Parhar, B. B4ghdpdr {vwr. Bilhdpdr), s. Chanidah, 8. AllaUbid, 90, 165. Bahbin, s. Tattah, 8. MuMn, 340, 340^3. Bahim^bid, aee Lakbi, B. Ba^imibad, s. Jilandbar, 8. Labor, 110, 316. Ba^matiibdd, s. Dip^lpdr (Bet Jilandbar Ddib), 8. Mnltin, 332. Bah<St 8. N4gor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Bai, 881. Baigaon, aee Ballg&oy. Biipdr, (dot. B4epdr), s. Kilpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. Bai Sagar (lake), 8. Ajmer, 273 o 7. Baisfn (8irk4r), s. Milwab, 112, 199. BaiBin (Haveli), a. Baiain, 8. Milwab, 112 199. B4jabpdr, a. 8ambbal, 8. Dibli, 105, 290. Baja Mabandrab (8irkir), 8. Oriasa, 126. B4jimabendri, 228 q 6. Bajanri, aee Bajori. B4jgar (village), 8. Babar, 152. 11

Bijgarb, a. Bahir, 8. Saliar, 154 Bajbat, a. Bbariicb, 8. Andh, 93, 176. Bajhifliar, a. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Bijmabal (bills), 8. Bengal, 116 g 1. Bijmabal (town), 8. Bengal, 129 u 0 B4j Mabandrab (8irkar), 8. Oriasa, 144. Bijnagar, 273 q 7. B4j6r, aee Karyit, B. B4j6r, a. Madiknmg, 8. Barir, 236. Bijdr, a. Namilab, 8. Barir, 234. Bijor, a. Telinginab, 8. Barir, 287. Bijori, a. Hin^fab, 8. Malwab, 207. Bajori {va/r. Bajanri), a. Kaabmir, 8.

Kibul, 347 Q 2, 887 8. BijpSplab, 8. Ghijarit, 251, 251 o 1, 8. Bijpipla (bills), 8. Gujrat, 251 u 2, 8. Bijpdr, a. Moltin, 8. Maltin, 829. Bijpdr (villages), s. Mnltin (Birdn-iPanjnad), 8. Mnltin, 331. Bijpdr, a. Sambbal, 8. Dibli, 106, 290. Bijpdrpatan, a. Bet Jilandbar Ddib, 8. Libor, 317. Bijpntina (country), 246 n 3, 268 e 4. Bajur, 8. Kibul, 411 g 1. Bakaa-tal (lake), 310 o 2. Bilgan a. 8oratb, 8. Gnjarit, 258. Bilhnpdr, see Bigbdpdr. Billgio^ (va/r. Bwgaon, Banygong), a. Kallam, 8. Barir, 235. Bimagiri, 318 s 2^80). Bimanti, s. Lakbnauti, 6' Bengal, 131. Bambal {var. Zambil, Zimbal, Batll), (village), 0. Kaabmf r, 8. Kibul, 861. Bamcbandpdr (fort), a. Jal^sar, 8. Oriasa, 142. Bimcbiwand, aee Bamjaund. Bimiaar (abrine), 8. Kbandea, 224. Bimgar, aee Kobbir. Bamgarb (fort), 8. Barir, 228. Bimgarh, a. Gbrakhpur, 8. Andb, 93, 175. * Bamgbar, aee Bangbar. Bimgbar, (fort), 8. ^^r, 230. Bamgbar (Haveli), aT^ftingbar, / 8. Barir, 237.

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lUmjinnd (mr. Biadiiwaild), i. Tirliiit^ a Bahir, 156. Btojok, a. Kherlah, 8. Barir, 284. BAmk^t, 8. Lakhnan, 8. Audh, 96, 178.

Bamna (oar. Khamnii), s jTal^sar, 8. OrifiM,148. Bim6t, B. 8orath, S. Gujarit, 258. BampiU (oityX 8. Dihli, 282. Bimpdr, s. Bahir, 8. Bahi^, 154. B4iBpdr(ar. TeUmpdrX s. Ghitor, 8. Ajmer, U)2. Bimpdr, b. Sahiranpar, 8. Dibit, 105,

limpdr, (txor. BlnpdrX s. 8oTa^h, 8. Gnjarit, 242, 244^ 258. Btopdr, 8. Udner, 8. Bengal* 190. Bimri, tee Arinuie. Ban (tractX S. Gnjrat, 240, 249 o 7. Baii4, tee Barodah, B. B4n4, 966 Khohari, B. Banbarpdr, ee Banbirpdr. B^birpdr, (wmt. Banbarpur), a. Lakhnan, 8. Andh, 93, 178. Binder, 96$ B4n^r. B4n^r (var. Bandar), 8. 86rat, 8. Gnjarit, 248, 257. Bangamati, ms B4^k4ni4ti. Bangarh, s. Kanaaj, 8. Malwa, 200. BAngdiya, a. Ehalif at4b4d, 8. Bengal, 184. B4nghar, (var, B4ilharX (SirkirX 8. Barir,287. Bangpar, 8. Bengal, 128 u 6, 124 ttl. Bangpar, a. Knltin (8md 84g6r DoibX a Multan, 880. Bangtah (Tillage), 8. Agra, 180. Banigit (biUX 404 n 6. Banfh^i i. 84tgi09, 8. Bengal, 141. Ban<Sd, a. Chand^ri, 8. Milwa, 202. B4npdr, aee B4mpdr. Bantanbhor, Me Banthanbb6r. Banthanbh6r (Daatdr), a. Banthaobor, 8. Ajmer, 102. Bantbanbor Miva/r. Banthanbhor), (HaveUX^Unthanbbdr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275.

Banthanbbdr {va/r. Baaliiaabor), (8irk4r), 8. Ajmor, 102, 274. B4nw^r, a. Rbandea (D&ndeaX 8. Khandea, 225. B4nygong, aee Baiga<m. B4o, aee Sikandar, B. Bapari, a. Agra, 8. Agra 96. B4pri, a. Agra, 8. Agra 96, 188. Bm^ (river), 175. B4ri, 8. Jaunpnr, 8. A11ah4b4d, 89, 168. Bin, a. Karrab, 8. Allahib4d, 90, 168. [166. Baaan, a. Kalinjar, 8. AUab4b4d, 90, Baakoi (fortreaa), a. Bbadrak, a Oriaaa, 143. Baapdr, see B^npdr. BaauUb4d, 176 u 2. Baadliyi, a. Kanftnj, 8. M41wa, 200. Baadlpdr, aee Jeaar. Baadlpdr, 8. Dipilpdr, 8. Mnlttn. 113. Baadlpdr, a. Fat^bid, 8. Beogpl 182. Baadlpdr, a. Gk>ri^pdr, 8. Andb* 98i 175. Baadlpdr, a. N4gor, 8. Ajmer, lOiL 277. Bdtdi Jatdi, a. Bewiri, 8. Dibli, 105, 298. Batangafh, a. Beanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Batanpdr (town), (var. Battanpdr),a Audb, 171. Batanpdr, a. Qorakbpdr, 8. Andh, 98, 175. Batanpdr, a. Kananj, 8. Midwis 200. Batanpdr, a. Bobtda, 8. Bahibr, 157. Bat^. a. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Bdtb, a. Kilpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. BatI, a. Hajipdr, 8. Bab4r, 165, 155 g 8. Batil, see Bambal. Batili (var. Batila), a. Knai4oo,

8. Dibli, 289. BatUm, a. Ujjain, & M41wab 112, 198.

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Btittiali, 8. TaHfth, 8. Mnltin, 340. Bataavali, 313 o 2 (41). Battenpdr, see B^npar. Bivi, eee Deg, B. Bavi (vof. Irawati, Hydraotes). (river), 310, 310 o 1, 311, 312, 826o2. Bawal Pindi, 324 o 2. Bayet, 8. Gujarit, 244. Bayn, s. JaUsar, S. Orissa, 142. Beebni, eee Beohnan. Bechna (vaUey), S. Uhor, 311. BeohnAn Duab, eee Bachnio, D. Bed Sea, 121 u 3. B^g-i Bawin, see Khwdjah B.-i B. Bend (river), 157 o 10. B^nha (var. Bfohi), s. 8Mk6t (Bechnau D64b), s. Lahor, 110, 320. B^npdr (var. Etaepdr, Bafctanpdr, Buttenpoor), s. Ehandes, 8. Rhilnde8,225. Sw Bettenpour, (town), 150 g 1. Bewa Kaniha (ag^noy), 251 o 3. Bewiodlinah, s. Baathanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. Bewiri, s. Bewiri, 8, Dihli, 105, 203. Bewiri (Dastdr), s. Bewiri, 8. Dihli, 10&

Bewiri (Sirkar), 8. Dihti, 105, 160, 278, 298. Bewasi, s. Ndgor, S. Ajmer, 102, 277. Bhotis (town), 8. Bahir, 149. Biibinah, see Biyibinah. Bidlipdr, s. Giwil, 8. Barir, 283. BihUpdrah, see Khalipiri. Bilili. see Bohli. BInha, see B^nhi. Biyibinali (var. Biibinah), s. Iraj, 8. Agra, 96, 188. B6dahi, s. Chand^ri, 8. Milwah, 202. Bohankhir, s. Namalah, 8. Barar, 234 Bohirah, a. Beanwin, 8. Agra, 189. Bohilkhand, 186 g 4. Bohli, (va/r. Bihli, Bndanli), s. Qorakhpor, 8. Audh, 93, 175.

Bohni, 8. Mtin^lr, 8; Bahir, 155. Bohtak, (Dastdr), 8. Dihli, 8. DiMi, 104,287. Bohtak, s. Hifar Firosah, 8. Dihli, 105. Bohtis (fortress), 8. Bahar, 152. Bohtis (Sirkar), 8. Bahir, 157. B<^t48, 8. Bohtds, 8. Bahir, 157. Bohtifl (Sirkar), a Labor, 110. Bohtis, 8. Bohtas (Sindh Sagar (Ddib), 8. Labor, 110, 328. B<$n, 8. Nigor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 277. Bdsbanpdr, s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmeif, 102, 273. Bdbaspdr, s. IJdner, 8. Bengal, 180. Bnobadah, s. Beuiwin, 8. Agra, 189. Bndauli, see Bohli. Budaoli, s. Audh, S. Audh, 98, 174. Bdh, 8. Bahar, 8. Bahir, 154. Bnknpdr, s. Ghorighit, 8. Bengtfl, 136. Bdpar, s. Sirhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296, 810. Bnpari, s. Mnlt4n (Bimn-i Panjab), 8. Moltin, 381. Bnpgarh (f ortX 8. Gkijarit, 251 9 2. Bdpnagar, b. Baohnia Ddib, 8. Likor,

820. Borki, B. Sahiranpdr, 8. Dthli, Mi,

Buttenpoor, see B^npdr.

Sabakbdla, fee Ban, 8. Sabalbarak, see Silbaras. Sabalbaras, see Silbaras. Sabang, s. Jaliaar, 8. Orissa, 142w Sabarchal, see Seojal. Sibarma^ti (Nir. Savanumati), (river), 239, 240, 253. Sabdi (var. Sidi), s. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal, 136. Sablgiria, see Selkhariya. Sabtakah, see Sikhsh^ar. Sad^lah, s. Nagor, w. Ajmer, 102, 277. VU Sadghati, s. Sil^on, 8. Bengal, HI.

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84

Sadharbari, s. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 187. Sidhdrah, s. Chand^ri, S. Mihrah, 202. Sidhdrah, s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 296. Sadhwa, b. FattuUbad, 8. Bengal, 132. I^adkarah (Tappah), see adkharah. 8adkliarah (oar. Tappak 8adkarah),

6. Dipalpur, 8. MtdUn, 113, 882. 8adkichal Kota, see 8adkich41 Koiiyi. 8adkichil Kotija, s. Ma^mddibid, 8. Bengal, 188. 8admapara {va/r. Pampur), b Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 o 8. Sadrpur, s. Shl^irabad, 8. Audh, 98, 177. 8afed K6h (White MoontainX 8. Kabnl, 405. 8af^ddn (vor* 8afiddn), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 287. Safiddn, aee Safeddn. Sagar, see Eai, 8. Sigar, 066 8indk 8agar. 8ag4i (var. SagriX s. Jaunpur, 8. Allab^bdd, 89, 164. Saghat, 8. Ghorighat, 8. Bengal, 186. 8aghaull, s. Monghir, 8. Bah&r, 155. Sagri, 866 Sag^i. 8aha, aee 8ahia. Sahajrao (dot. Sajhrao, 8anjrio), 8. Bachnau Ddib, 8. L4hor, 821. SahaU, 8. Gujarat, 242. 8ahili, 8. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 178. 8ahan8ari, 8. Baotanbhor, 8. Ajm^r, 275. 8ahanspur, 8. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Sahaysd, s. Bhadrak, 8. Orisea, 148. 8ahar, see Akhir Sahir (8irkar), 8(. Agra, 96, 160, 195, 309 u 8. 8ahar, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. 8ahar, 8. 8i^, 8. Agra, 96, 160, 195. / 8ahar (da^), 8. 8ahar, 8. Agra, 96.

8ahiiranpdr (8irkarX 8. Dilhi, 105, 160, 291. 8aharanpdr, 8. 8ahiranpdr, 8. Dihli, 105,292. 8ahir B4ba Haji, 8. 84rangpdr,

8.Malwa,208. 8ahirkal (oar. 8arharkal), s. Fatl^b4d, 8. Bengal, 182. 84ha8, 8. Khalffatdbad, g. Bengal, 184. 8aha8pdr, 8. Khalifatabdd, b. Bengal, 184. 8ahaur (oar. 8ahawar), s. Kanaaj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. 8ahawar, see 8ahaur. 8ahia {va/r. 8aha, 8ah8ia, Sahaa) (mountains), 228. 84himal6t, s. Jalandhar, 8. Labor, 110. Sihir, see Bajwa^ 8. Sahiswan, sae 8ah8aon. 8ahjan, b. Chand^ri, 8. Malwa, 202. 8ahl6r, s. 8indh 8igar Ddab^ (Birdn i Panjnad), 8. L4hor, 326u 8ahnah (town), 8. DihU, 281, 286 %2. 8ahrah, s. Bahir, 8. Bahar, 154. 8ahrind, aee 8irhind. 8ah8a, see 8ahia. 8ah8aon (oar. 8ahiBwan), s. Badtoi, 8. DihU, 104, 288. 8ahsaraon, s. Bohtas, 8. Bahir, 157. 8ah8ia, see 8ahia. 8ahspdr, 8. 8ulaimanabad, 8. Bengal, 140. 84hd Mali, s. Labor (Eaohnau Ddab), 8. Uhor, 110, 820. 8ahwi, 8. Ghittagong, 8. Bengal, 139. 8ai (river), 165, 171, 173. 8aifib&d, 8. Kibdl, 400 o L 8aighan, see Talikin. 8aiU, 8. Ghenhat Ddab, 8. Lahor, 322. 8ainbhdm, 8. Madiiran, 8. Bengal 141. 8ainkherah, s. Kherlah, S. Barar, 283.

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St John, Bee Sttnjin. Sifpdr, 8. Lakhnaa, 8. Audh, 93, 178. S&ir-i Mawasi (vor. Saira'l Mawari), B. Kashmir, 8. Kibnl, 867, 868, 371. Saira'l Mawasi, eee S4ir-i Maw&zi. 84jiri, eee Deoli, 8. Sajiwaad, a. Kibul, 8. Kabul, 406. Sajhiio, eee 8ahajhU>. Sakari, 8. Sonirgaon, 8. Bengal, 138. Sakatpdr, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Saket, eee 8akhet Mandawi. Saketh, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185, 309, 809 u 3. Saketh (Dastur), s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96. Sakhadeh, s. 8onirgion, 8. Bengal, 138. Sakhan, s. Alwar, 8. Agra, 96, 192. Sakhar, eee Kanak, 8. Sakharbhum, see Shergarh. 8akhargio9, s. Sonirgao^, 8. Bengal, 138. Sakhit* 8atg&09. 8. Bengal, 141. Sakhet Mandawi (var, Saket and Mandi) s. Beth Jalandhar Ddib, 8. Jjkhar, 317. SikhmiU, eee Ganj, 8. Sakhrasinf, s. Munghfr, 8. Bahar, 155. 8akhwa, s. Sonargao^ 8. Bengal, 188. Sakhwarah, eee Dant}, 8. Sakkar Kh^rlah! a. Mahkar, 8. Barir, 287. 8akla (river), 190. 8akot&, 8. Satgaov, 8. Bengal, 141. 8akrao9, 8. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. Sakras, s. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Salbahan, eee Kot, 8. Saldah, s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 142. Sal<^r (fort), 8. Gujarat, 251. Sal^sarbahi (vwr. S^lesari), s. Khali fatab&d, 8. Bengal, 134.

8il68ari, eee SaMsarbahi. Salgiram (river), eee Gandhak.

Silibariya, s. Ma^mudibad, 6. Bengal, 133. 8alfmiib&d, eee 8ulaim4nib4d. 8alimb4d, s. Ba^lah, 8. Uhor, 110. 8alimabad, s. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 157. 8alim Partib Bizu, s. Bazohi, 8. Bengal, 138. 8alimpur, s. Mahmudib^d, 8. Bengal, 133. 8altmpdr, s. Sdtgio^, 8. Bengal, 141. 8alimpdr, 8. Son^rgao^, 8. Bengal, 138. 8alfmpdr, b. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 156. 8alimpdr, b. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. 8aliBari, b. Soniirgaoy, 8. Bengal, 138. 8al6d, eee 8al<$r. 8al<$i, 8. Kherlah, 8. Barar, 234. 8al6n, 8. Manikpdr, 8. Allahb4d, 90, 165. Sal6r (var, 8al6d), s. Gawil, 8. Barar, 232. Salor, B. Kallam, 8. Barar, 235. 8alt Mountains, 823 a 8, 405 a 2. 8alvar Bara, eee 8an6lad B^rah. 8amadAni, eee 8amdwdni. SaxnkU 8. BahiT, 8. Bahir, 154. 8amaj (road), 8. Kabul, 392. 8amili, eee Man, 8. 8aman (var, Biman) (lake), b. Bijagarh, 8. Malwit 204. 8anUnah, s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296. 8amanah (Daatdr), s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105. 8amani 8arai, 8. Kiibul, 347 o 3. Samarkand (country), 220 o 5, 388 a 1, 401 4, 404, 408. I 8amaml, s. Hinffah, 8. Malwah, 207. 8amar Sanhas, s. Madiran, 8. Bengal, 141. Samauli, s. Gwalior, 8. Agra, 187. Samiwani (var. Samadani), s. Na^irpdr, 8. Multan, 341. Sambal, eee 8anbal.\ Sambala (var, SadQ|p), s. Udn^r,

8. Bengal, 130. '

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8ft

Sattbalh^ri, am Sanbftlri. Sambh&l, see Sanbal. 8ambhar s. Ajm^r, 8. Ajm^r 217 u 2, 273. Samel (var. S^mbal), s. Ghit6r, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274 Sami, s. PaUan, 8. Gujarat, 254. 8am6ni (var. Sfmaiinl), s. Kilinjar, 8. Allahibad, 90, 166. Somrdn, b. Ohampiran, 8. Bah^r, 155. 8amd, see Karyat Bae 8amd. 8ani, s. Kanauj, 8. Malwa, 200. 8aBiai, s. Mando, 8. Malwah, 112, 207. 8ana8 Mandeh, see Sonasi Mand^hah. 8anawar, Bijigarh, 8. Milwah, 204 8anbal (var. 8ambhal) (Sirkar), 8. Dihli, 105, 160, 281, 289. 8anbal (var. 8ambhal, 8ambal), 8. Sanbal, 8. DiUi, 105, 281. Sanbal {va/r. Sambhal) (Daatdr)^ 8. Sanbal, 8. Dihli, 105. Sanbal (vor. Sambhal) (Haveli), 8. Sanbal 8. Dihli, 105, 281. Sanbalhera, aee Sanbalfi. Sanbalfi (var. Sanbalhera, Sambalh^ri, SanbaltariX s* Sahiranpar, 8. Dihli, 105, 292. Sanbaltari, see Sanbalfi.

Sinbhar, 8. Ajmer, Sk Ajmer, 102. Stochdr, 8. Sirdhi, 8. Ajmer, 276. Sandabad, see Ghenab river. 84n4ah, 8. Bahar, 8. Bahar, 154 Sandal, see Akbarshahi. Sandaram (river), 8. Kashmir, 8. Kibol, 355 o 1. Sandari, 8. Ajm^r, 8 Ajm^r, 273. Sandarsi, 8. Sarangpdr, 8. Milwah, 204 Sandharbiri, s. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal* 137. Sandheri, see Bandhan, 8. Sandhwal (txir. Sandhwan, Sindhiiwan), 8. l^or (Bari Ddib), 8. Labor, 1^19. Sandhwan, see Sandhwal.

Sin^i, 8. Ehairiibdd, 8. Audh, 9^ 177. San4l, 8. Lakhnao, 8. Andh, 98, 178. Sandilah, e. Lakhnau, 8. Audh 98, 178. Saydip, (var. So^dip), 8. Fat^^bid, 8. Beng^ 182. Sandri, 8. Chitor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274 Sanddmi, 8. Khandes (Dindes, 8. Khandes, 225. Sangdwir, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Sanghauli, a. Solaimaniibid, 8. Bengal, 140. Sangkalkara, 8. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 13L Singdr, see Sankdr. Sangdri, s. Bijigarh, 8. Malwah, 205. Sangror, s. Allahabad, 8. AUahibid, 89. Sanhas, see Samhar, 8. Sanhata, see Senthhah. Sdinhipdr, s. Qfaoraghat, 8. Bengal,

186. Sa^husiri, 8. Banthanbor, 8. Ajmer, 102. Sinia, see Kamari. Saniar 8a8a, see lUmari. Saniba, see Kamari. Sanila, see Sambala. Saniy& (var. Snneyi), s. Badaoa, 8. Dihli, 104, 289. Sanjan (var. Sanjana, Schechana, St. John), 8. Gajarat, 242, 243, 243^8. 84njaali (river), 287. Sanjhanli, b. Bharaich, 8. Audh, 93, 176. Sanjbauli (va/r. Sanjholi, Sinjholi), 8. Jaonpdr, 8. AUahibdd, 89, 157, 163. Sanjholi, see Sanjhanli. Sanjdli Tadii, 8. Tirhat, 8. Bah4r, 157.

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8ikab4U, Me Bwi Sabakb^U. BMikar, b. Bhakkur, 8. Mnlt^n, 884. fiankarbanot, aee Sahimalot. Sankirdal (or Nizimpdr), 8 Barbakibid, 8. Bengal, 137. Bankardija, s. Ma^mddibid, 8. Bengal,'l88. Bankatd, s, Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 187. Bankatodiya, Bee Sankodiya. BankbiU, see Ban 8ibakbaU. Sankbina, s. Narnol, 8. Agra, 97. 8ankbi Arwal, s. BiriDdiib, 8. Uhor, 319.

Bankbashaliar, see Sikhsbahar. 6ankodiya(iHu*.8aiikatodiyaX b. Lakbnanti, 8. Bengal, 132. 8ank6r, {var, Siugdr), s. Mand6, 8. Malwah, 112,207. 8ankiidhr, see Dbirbi. 8ankddbar (vor. Beyt) (island), 8. Gajarat, 248. Bankdrah, s. Tattab, 8. Mnltdn, 340. 8an61ad Birab (var, 8ownlapara, 8alTar Bara), s. Batialab, 8. Barir, 288. 8an6t, s. Babar, 8. Babar, 154. Bin^hidiri, a. Tijarab, 8. Agra, 96. 19J. Bantbil (ParganabsX 8. Bengal, 116 u 1. Ban'win, see Bayanwin, Beanw&n. Bi^wirgbiti, m Bi^wirkbiti. Bi^warkbiti (iMtr. Baywargbati), 8. Cbit6r, 8. Ajmer, 102, 274. Banw^r, a. Ujjain, 8. Milwab, 112, 198. Banw^s, s. Cbimpan^r, 8. <}a]ar^t, 250. Sanybet, see Bentbbab. Siodi, 8. Kbandes (Dindes), 8. Kbandes, 225. Bar, see Bati, 8. 8arada (teihple), a. Kasbmir, 8. lUbnl, 866. Barab, see Birab. Barab (riyer), 168.

Seana, see Birai. 8ar6i, see Gbegban, 8. Biran (Sirkar), 8. Bahi^, 155. Barangpdr (SirkarX 8. Milwab, 112, 208. Birangpdr, s. Kanauj, 8. Milwab, 200. Birangpdr, (Haveli), s. Sirangpdr, 8. Malwab, 208.

Baraon, s. AUababad, 8. Allabib^d, 89, 161. Baras, see Sarsi. Barasgio^, s, (Hwil, 8. Barar, 282. Baraswati {var. Barasvati) (river), 120 4, 120 a 5, 125 u 2, 158, 239, 239 u 6, 281. Bar^wah (vor. BarwirabX 8. Dibli, 8. Dibli, 104, 287. Barayd (river), 228 o 4. Barbddablpdr, s. Lakbnauti, 8. Bengal, 182. Barbana, see Cbanki. Barban^ab, a. Gwalior, 8. Agra, 187. Sarbbdn, a. Sdrat, 8. Qnjarat, 257. Sardabi, a. BobUa, 8. Lt^or, 110. Bardbanab. see Birdbanab. Bardbir, a. Bora^b, 8. Gajarit, 244, 244 ul. Bardiyd, a. Fat^bdd, 8. Bengal, 182. Bar^si, 8. H&jipdr, 8. Babar, 155. Bareabta, s. TirUHt, 8. Babar, 156. Sarbarkar, see Babarkar. 8arbarpdr {vcur, Bnrbarpdr), a. Jaanpur, 8. Allab^bad, 89, 164. Barbind, see Birbind. Baril {wur, Barai), s. Boratb, 8. Gujarit, 258. Bariaani, s. Fat^b&d, 8. Bengal, 182. Bariydnab, see Hajipdr, 8. Barjani, aee Bb^rkbanab. Sarjd, see Bard. Sarkar, see Bbergarb. Barkarara, 318 u 2 (2). Barkban^al, a. SyJbet, 8. Bengal, 189. \ Barkbdni, see Bberktii^b. Sarkbecbi see Barkbej.

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Sarkhej {var. SarkheohX S. Gnjarit,

241. Samain, Bee Amar, S. 8ar6hi, $ee 8ir6hi. Sarohi, s. Munghir, 8. Bengal, 155. 8ar6n, s. Lakhnan, 8. Andh, 98, 178. Saronj, s. Chand^ri, 8. Malwah, 202. 8ar6r (var, Birdr, 8erw6r), s. Kananj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. 8ar68i, s. Lakhnan, 8. Andh, 93, 178. 8ar6t, see 8arwit. 8arotiyi, s. Ma^ddabid, 8. Bengal, 138. Sarsibad, s. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 181. Sarsariya, a. Ma(Lmudibid, 8. Bengal, 188. Sarsiwah, s. Sah^ranpur, 8. Dihli, 105, 292. Sarsawah, (var, Sdr8iwali) s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. 8arsi, see 8arii. 8arBi (var, Saras), s. Bohtas, 8.Bahar, 157. 8arsi, (var, Sirsi), s. 8anbal, 8. Dihli 105, 290. Sarsiah, s. Baisin, 8. Milwah, 112, 199. 8arB6n, s. Giwil, 8. Barar, 282. Sarsdp, s. Banthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. 8arsuti (var. 8ara8wati) (riverX l^t 242,246. Sara (var, Sarju) (riverX 157, 171, 172, 176, 805. Sardp 8ingh, s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 180. 8ardr, see Bhfn, 8. 8arwa, see Barwa. 8arwdpali, s. Andh, 8. Andh, 98, 174. 8arwar, s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 278. Sarwirah, see 8artiwah. 8arwAt (var, Sarot), s. 8ah^ranpnr, 8.DihH,105,m QAah6T, B. PinjJah, 8. Bengal, 187.

Sitalm^r, s.^Uipdr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276.

8atalpdr, s.F^tfan, 8. Gnjarit, S54 8iitanpdr, b. Andh, 8. Andh, 98, 174. 8atanpdr, b. Lakhnan, 8. Andh, 94, 178. 8atanpdr, s. 8itgio^ 8. Bengal, 141. 8ata8i Mnndiyi, see 8ona8i Mandehah. S^tgaon (portX 8. Bengal, 120, 125. Sitgiov, (8irkarX 8. Bengal 125, 125 u 2, 140. 8itgao9, B. 8atgao9, 8. Bengal, 14L 8atgarah (oar. 8atgarha, 8atgbara) 310, 310 o 1, d26 u L 8atgarha, see 8atgarah 8atheU (var. 8ithU, 8athilaX * 8. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. SathiU, see 8atheU. 8ati 8ar, (diBtrictX s. Kashmir, 8. Kibnl, 380. 8atlaj, see 8ntlej. 8atner, s. Kherlah, 8. Barir, 233. 8^t6r, B. Matmindabid, 8. Bengal 188. 8atpdr, b. Kashmir, 8. Kabnl 864. Satpdra (monntainsX 223 a 2, 228 b% 251 u 3. 8atrakah (var, 8atrikah, 8afcrikh), 8. Andh, 8. Andh. 98, 174. 8atrikah, 8atrikh, see Satrakah. 8atrdnjah (var. 8atmnjaya), (hill), 8. Gnjarat, 247, 247 u 2. 8atmnjaya (hill), see 8atmnjah. Satsanga, see 84t8iki. 8itBik4 (var, Satsuiga), b. 8nlaimina bdd 8. Bengal 140. 8atwi8, B. Hinfiah, 8. Malwah, 207. Satyiri, b. Mnnghir, 8 Bah&r, 155. 8anrakh, see 8e6nrakh. 8aYamamati, see 8ibarmaUi. 8awad, see Qwit, 8awail (or JaUlpdr), b. FatLtibad, 8. Bengal, 132. 8ayyidpnr, see 8idhor. 8ayyidpdr Namdl, b. Ghazfpdr,

8. Allahab&d, 90, 162. . 8chagnnpoor, see 8dganpdr. 8chechina, see 8anJMu Sebelgehrya, see Selkha^iya. , .

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Seedhore, lae Sidhoi". Seekenpoor, Bee Sdganpdr. Seernoor, see Serhwar. Sehamarli, see Tamumi. 8eh6r, b. Gohdwan^ Qujarit, 244. Sehra, b. Godhii, S. Gujarat, 258. Sehrend, 326 u 2. S^hwin, 8. Mnltdn, 387, 337 a 4, 388, 346. 8ejestan, eee SejiBtan. 8eii8tan (tw. Sejestan) (territory), 8. Kibal,344u2, 414 !. Selak (var. Silak), b. Audh, 8. Audh, 93, 174. 8elkhariya (var. Sablgiria, Sebelgehrya), b. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 131. 8^mbal, see Samel. S^na, see Bhima, 8. Senargam (Soniirgao^), 8. Bengal, 124 u 5. SencUr, s. Gigr6n, 8. M41wah, 209. 8endh, see Bawan, 8. 8en4ha (far. 8ih6ndiX Kilinjar, 8. AUahaMd, 90, 166. flengarh (fort), 8. Gujarat, 251 2. 8enj4ni, see 8anjan. 8^n6r, s. Baroda, 8. Gujarat, 255. Sentah, see 8enthhah.' 8enthhah {var, 8entah, 8enhata,

8anyhet), b. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 287. [290. 8eohara, s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, Seojil (vdr, 8abarchal), s. 8onargionf 8. Bengal, 138. 8eokherah, b. Mar68dr, 8. Milwah, 908. 8e61i, see 8e6ni. 8e61i (var. 8heoli), Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96,185. 8e61i, 8. P^thri, 8. Barir, 286. 8eo9, ^ ^^^f S. H^ni, B. BatUlah, 8. Bardr, 238. 8e6ni (var, 8e<$li), s. Hinfiah, 8. Malwih, 207. 84Qiii (var. Sorli, 8oorety, 8eorli, Surati), b. Pithri, 8. Barto, 286. 18

Seonkar Beonkri, b. Agra, 8* Agra, 96, 183. Seonkri, see 8eonkar, 8. 8ednrakh (var, 8aurakh, 8onarka, 8ewbnrgeh), s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96,185. 8eopur, see 8idhar. 8eopdri, see 8eorpdrf. Se<$r, 8. Bahir, 8. Bifair, 154. 8eorihi, b. Multan (Birdn-i Panjnad), 8. Multan, 331. Seor^n, s. Hifar Firdeah, 8. Dihli, 294. 8eorinah, b. Bfjigarh, 8. M^lwah, 205. 8eorli, see 8^oni. Seorpdrl (var. 8eopdri), s. Narwar, 8. Agra, 190. 8era, see Chegban, 8. 8era, 8. Eibul, 347 u 3. 8erU, see Kafbah, 8. Seres (country), 118 o 2. Serhwar (var. Sirapour, Seemoor),

8. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. Serik^ (country), 118 2. Serot, Seroot, see Jalalpnr Barwat. Serpdr Morehah, see Sherpdr. Serwer, see 8ar6r. Sesahr^, s. Tijpdr, 8. Bengal, 135. Sesdd^, 8. Ajmer, 269. Seth, fee M^tth. S^uola, see SheoU. Sewah, eee Barah, 8. Sewah, b. Eherlah, 8. Barar, 234. SewaU, 8. M&hdr, S. Barir, 236. S^wana, s. Jodhpdr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 276. Sewanbdrha, a. Pan^r, 8. Barir, 238. Sewani, s. Hifar Fir6zah, 8. Dihli, 295. 8^wini, 8. Baisin, 8. IkUlwah, 113, 199. Sewburgeh, see 8edni^h. 8^we, see Siwi. |\ 8ewi, 8. Bhakkar, 8. M^n, 384 ^ 6, 336, 387, 346,

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90

Bewistan, s. SewistAn, 8. Mnlt&n, 340. Sewist^n (vor. Siwistin) (Sirkar), 8. Multan, 180 u 5, 326, 828 a 1 d87,3d7Q4,888, S40.. Shidarah, a. Kashmir, 8. lUbol, 869. Shidi-ibad, s. Jannpore, 8. AllahiUd, 89, 164. Shadfpdr, 855 a 1. ShAdlpur, 8. Kalinjar, 8. Allahabad,

90,166. Shah, see Malik, 8. 8hahabad, see Vemag. Shahab&d, s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 296. 8hahibti'ddinpdr, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 864. 8hahajiyal, s. Ma^mddiLb^d, 8. Bengal, 188. 8hdh Ajiy^l BiiKu, s. BAzohA, 8. Bengal, 188. 8hahar, see 8ikh, 8. Bhihbdla, s. Lakhnanti^ 8. Bengal, 181. 8hahbiizpdr, s. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal, 182. 8hahbazpdr, s. Lakhnaati, 8. Bengal, 131. 8hah Hindin, see 8h^hmandawi. Shihi, see M\Ap 8. 8hahi, see Bahadur b. 8h4hi, see Bali 8. 8hahi, see Bazu FauUd 8. 8hahi, see Bizn Zafar 8. 8hahi, see Dadd 8. Bhihi, see ^usain 8. 8hahi, see Ma^Lmnd 8. Shiihiy see Manohar 8. 8hahi, see Mihmin 8. 8hahi, see Musjid Hnsain 8. 8hahi, see Mufaffar 8. Shahi^ see Nafrat 8. 8hahi, see 8ulaiman 8. 8hihi, see Td^ 8. Shahi, 8. Safibhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. ^ 8hAhjehan4bid,^t6e Dihli.

8hah Kibul (hill), s. Kibol, 8. Kibol, 403, 403 g 5, 404. 8hahk6t (mountain), s. Kashmir, 6. Kabul, 861. 8h6hlalsari, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 131. 8hhbandawi (var. 8hih Hindui), 8. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 182. Shahpdr, see Dakhan, 8. Shahpdr, see Utar, 8.

8faahpdr 8hahpdr, 8hAhpdr, 8hahpdr,

(city), 8. Barar, 229. s. Kiilpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184 s. Kanauj, 8. Malwa,.200 b. Labor (Bari Daub), 8.

Labor, 110, 811 n 2, 819, Shihpdr, s. Madaran, 8. Bengal, 141. Shahpdr, s. Baisin, Malwah, 112, 199. Shahpdr, s. Tajpur, 8. Bengal, 185. Shahr Mri (gardens), s. Kibul, 6. Eibul, 404. Shahzadah Baloch, see 8. Baloj. ShahzadiOi Baloj (va/r. 8. BalochX s. Dipalpdr, 8. MulUn, 118, 338. Shahzidah ETajrau, s. Dipalpdr, S. Multan, 113. Shibzidah Hinjrao, see 8hi|izdah, H. Shahzadahpdr, s. BogU, 8. Bengal, 134. Shihzadahpdr, 8. Irij, 8. Agra, 96, 188. Shahzadahpdr, s. Lakhnauti, 8. Bengal, 18L Sh&hz^dah Banjr^, see ShAnadah Hinjrio. Shaikh B4bd, see Pitar, 8. B. Shaikpdr, see Sulaimanpdr. Shaikhpdr, s. Jalandhar, 8. Labor, 110, 317. Shakamag (spring s. Ka^mfr, 8. Kabul, 361. Shakarpdr, s. DihH, 8. Dihli, 104, 287. Shakarpdr, s. Hazirah (Jecb DdibX 8. Labor. 110, 822. 8hal, 8. J^Iandabar, 8. Kabul, 397. Shalahmir (waterfall), s. Kaeindr, 8, Kabul, 861.

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Shalesari, 6. LakhnautS^ S. Bengal, 132. Shamsabad, aee Sharashibad. Shamidiabad (var. Sharosiibad), s. . Hazarah (Sindh 86gar Ddab), 8. Uhor, 111, 816, 324. S h a m s h abad, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96,185. Shamsh Khani, s. Udn^r. 8. Bengal, ISO. [138. 81ian>8hpdr, s. Sonargao^, 8. Bengal, 8han Chang, $ee Banian Chang. 8handah Dih^t, 8. Hifir Firozah, 8. DihU, 105, 295. Shanzdah Hinjrao (var. Shihzadah 8anjrar, Sfhihaidah Hinjrio> Shanzdah Sinjrao), s. Bachnau Ddab, 8. Uhor, 321. 8hanzdah 8injrao, ee 8. Kinjrao. 8harffbid (8irkar), s. Bengal, 125> ia9. 8battadar (txnr, Sydrns), Sutlej river, 310, 310 o 2. SheoU (var, S^nola, s. Namalah, 8. 8. Barar, 234. 8heoli^ $00 8doli. Sheopnr, tee 8fdhor. 8hergarh (ttar. Sarkar,), s. Jalandhar, 8. Labor, 110, 317. 8h^rgarh, s. Katak, 8. Orissa, 144. 8hergarh (or 8akharbhdm), s. Madaran, 8. Bengal. 141. Sh^rgarh, s. Multan, (Beth Jalandhar Ddiib), 8. Mnlt&n, 329. 8her Khan, see 8herkhanah. 8h^rkhanah (var. Sher Khan, 8h^khani, Sarjani, 8arkhAni) (pass), 8. Kabul, 391, 392.

Sherkol, 8. 8anibhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Sh^rpdr, see Karyit, 8. Sh^rpdr, 8. Barbakabad, 8. Bengal, 137. 8h^rpdr, s. Bari DoAb, 8. Labor, 319. 8herpdr (Mihman 8hihi) (var. 8erpnr Morchah), s. Bazob^, S. Bengal, 138.

8herpdr, s. Lakhnaatt, B. Betigal, 131. 8herpdr, s. Ma^ddibid, 8. Bengal, 138. 8h^rpdr, s. Namalah, 8. Barar, 284. 8herpdr, a. Udntfr, 8. Bengal, 130. Sherpdr At4i, s. 6harii4b4d, 8. Ben^ gal, 140. 8herpdrbari, 8. Maf^ddibidy 8. Bengal, 138. Sherpdr Koibiri, 8. Ghora^^t, 8. Bengal, 136. Shershihi, s. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 180. 8hevaki (plain), 404 o 2. Shiber, 8. Kibnl, 400 a 1Shibertd (pa88), s. Kabul, 8. Kabul, 400, 400 1. Shikarpdr, 8. Barbakab4d, 8. Bengal, 137. Shikarpdr (district), 8. Kabul, 884 1^ 1, 402 B 3. Shikarpdr, s. K61, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Shiken, see Dendan, 8* Shillong (district), 119 a 18hiriiz, 146. Shirpao, 8. Kabul, 411 u 1. Sh6r, 8. Hazarah, (Rachnau Ddib), 8. Labor, 111. Shdr, 8. Multan, 326, 836. Shorabak, s. ^^dahar, 8. Kabul, 897. Shorbhdm, see Dawar, 8. Sherpdr, s. Hazarah (Jech Ddab), 8. Labor, 110, 322.

Shnjaapdr, s. Sdrangpdr, 8. Milwab, 204. Shukroh, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 1362, 370. Shukru, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 363, Ol. 8humsibad, 8. Ajmer, 271. Shupiyon, 8. Kdbul, 347 a 3. Shuster, see Tustar. Sialgoga, see Sialkol^. Sialkokah, (var. Sia^roga) (island^ 8. aujarit, 245. Sialkot, 389 u 1.

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Siilk($i, 96e Maakoknor, S. 8iilk<$t (Sirkir) (Bechnau Ddab), 8. Lfthori 110. Siilkdt, 8. 8ialk6t, (Bachnau Ddih), 8. L4hor, 110, 321. 8iioi, 8. Gujarat, 242. Sibah, 8. Beth Jalandhar Ddiib, 8. lAhoT, 317. Siberia (country), 363 u 3* 8ibi, see Siwi. SIdhawa, s. Bijigarh, 8. Milwah, 205. [295 8fdhinukh, s.Hifar Firosab, 8. Dihli, 8idbor {var, Sayyidpur, 8eopur, Sheopur), 8. Lakbnau, 8. Audh, 98, , 178. 8idhpur, 8. Gujarat, 242, 246 u 8-

8idhp6r, (RidbdpdrX 8. K61, S.Agra, 97, 186. Sidbpdr, 8. Ldbor (Bachniu Ddab), 8. Ubor, 110, 320. Si^hpdr, (var. Sf dhApur), a. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93, 170, 178. 8idbpiir Panchnagar, (var. Bijnagar), 8. Labor (Becbnau Duab), 8. L&hor, 110. Sidhdpdr, gee Sfdbpdr. 8Sdi $66 8abdi. 8ib6iida 866 8endba. Sihonda, 176 o 2. 8ikandarib&d, s. Abli, 8. Dihli, 104 287. ' Sikaudarpnr, s. AUahibad, 8. AUahabad, 89, 161. 8ikandarpdr, 8. Jauitpur 8. Allahab&d, 89, 164. Sikandarpur, (Dastdr), 8. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 96. Sikandarpur Atr^ji, (var. Atr^ji), 8. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 99, 185. 8ikandar Bao (Sikandrah Bao), s. K61, 8. Agra, 97, 186. 8ikandrah Bao, gee 8ikandar, B. 8ikandrapdr O^u, s. Kanauj, 8. Agra, 185. # 8ikh Shabai^ Birbakabad, 8. Bengal, 137.

Sikhabahar {vckr. Sabtakah, Beehddi, 8ilahbabar, Sankhaabahar), a. Ghorighit, 8. Bengal, 186. 8ikri, eee Fatehpnr, 8. Agra, S. Agra. Sikri Bbukarh^ri, eee BhukarbeH s. Sahiranpdr, 8. Dibli, 105, 292. Silababahar, eee Sikbabahar. Silak, eee Selak. Sllbaraa (var. Barak, Sabalbaraa,

Sabalbarak), s. Bisohi, 8. Bengal, 138. 8ilpur, 8. Cbanadab, 8. Allah4bad, 90. Slid, a. Panir, 8. Barar, 283. 8ilwirab, a. BIjigarb, 8* M^wah, 205. Simauni, eee SanuSni. Simauni, 176 o 2. Sinai (country), 118 u 2. 8ind, eee Kali, 8. Sind, eee Sindb. Sindb {var. Sind), 8. Gujarat, 249, o 2, 250, 268. 827, 327 o 3, 334 a 1* 385, 336 u 1, 837 u 2, 338 u 2, 341 U 1|344, 344 2, 345 1, 346, 88S, 888, 898, 398 u 2. 8indb (river), 202, 310, 311, 812. 325, 326 a 2, 827, 827 g 1, 328, 355 qI, 359 u 2, 864, 365 u 1, 381, 405 u 2. 8indbdwan, eee 8andbwaL Sindb Sagar (valley), 8. Ldbor, 311, 315. Sindb 8agar Ddab (Sirkir), 8. Labor, 322. Sind Sagar Dddb, a. Multan, 330. Singb, eee Fat^ 8. Singh, eee Quaain, 8. Singh, eee Manmani, 8. 8ingb, eee Sardp, 8. Singbinah Udaipdr, a. Namol, 8. Agra, 182, 194. Singraur, a. lUbibae, S. Allibabad, 161. 8injhauli, eee Sanjboli. 8ipab, a. Saran, 8. Bahir, 156. Sipra (river), 195, 196. Sirab, (iMM*. 8arah), s. Khairab4d, 8 Audh, 93, 177.

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Siiii, s. Kherlah, S. Baiir, 234. Sfrali, 8. Basoha, 8. Benffal, 137. Stran, 8. Katak, S. 0ri88a, 144. Sirapour, see Serliwar. Sir Daria (Jaxartes) (river), 119 u 1* Sirdhaoah (oar. Sardhanah), s. Saharanpdr, 8. Dihli, 105, 292. Sirdhani^ (txir. 8ardhanah), (DastdrX 8..8ahiranpdr 8. Dehli, 105. Sirhata, s. Ghoraghit, B.Bengal, 136. Sirhind (Sirkar), 8. Dihli, 105, 295, 302 u 1, 808, 310, 326. Sirhind (var, 8ahrind, Sarhind), s. Sirhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 281, 281 o 4, 296. Sirhind (Dastdr), s. Sirhind, 8. Dihli, 105. Siri (Port), 8. Dihli, 279. Siriyi Kandi, s. Ghortighat, 8. Bengal, 136. Sirmar (Mils), 246 o 3. Simal, 8. AJI^madibad, 8. Gujarat, 253. 8ir6hi (<x*r. Sarohi) (Sirkar), 8. Ajmer, 102, 270. 276. Sirohi, 8. Gujarat, 251. Sirohi, s. Sirohi, 8. Ajmer, 276. Sirsi, 8. Hi^ar Firozah, s. Dihli, 105, 281,294,326 2. Siraeni, s. Gwalior, 8. Agra, 187. Sirsi, see Sarsi. Sirsi Jam, s. Tattah, 8. Multan, 340. 8i8t4n (territory), 395, 396, 412, 413. Sitalpar, 8. Kanauj, 8. Malwa, 200. Sithla, tee Satheli. Sitpdr, 8. Ghorighat, 8. Bengal, 136. Sitpiir, 8. Multan (Biran-i Panjnad), 8. Multan, 331. Siwan (Taalluk of)> s. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. Siwi (var. Sibi, Sewe), (town), 8.

Multan, 328, 328 ol. Siwi8tan, see 8ewi8tdn. Siyamgafh, s. Hin4ifth, 8. Malwah, 207. Siyanah^ s. Dihli, 8. 104, 287. Siyar, see Langahtiyar.

Sfyar, s. Chakarhilah, 8. Multin, 341. Siyari, s. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 142. Siyor, 8. Sora^h, 8. Gujarit, 258. Sobehe, 8. AUahab&d, 8. AlUthabid, 161 u 3. Sobhnith, s. Khalifat&bdld, 8. Bengal, 134. 86drah, see Sudharah. 8oer8aman, see Soparsaman. So^thah, see ^riyit Swetab. Sogdiana (country), 119 o L . Sohan {var. Sowari, Sowii, Soi), (river), 328, 323 o 5. Sohandi, 8. Beanwan, 8. Agra 189. Sohat, 8. I^otri Pariyab, 8. Malwah, 209. Soi, see Sohan. Sojhat, see Sdjhat. Sokrah (fort), s. Jal^8ar, 8. Ori88a, 142. Solah, see Bandar, 8. 8olomon'8 Hill, s. Kaahmir, 8. Kabul, 888. Soltara Ajiyal (or Koma), s. MaJlunddabid, 8. Bengal, 133. Soltara Koma, see Soltara Ajiyal. Somandi, see Kahe6d. Somnath, see Pattan, 8. 8omnath,8. Gujarit, 246, 246 o 2, 263ol, 280o. Son (river) (var. Soane), 8. Bahar, 150, 150 ol, 151. Sona Bazii, a. Bazoha, 8. Bengal, 138. Sonaghiti Bazd, 8. Bazoha, 8. Bengal, 138. Sonamarg, s. Kashmir, 8. Kibul,

359 2. Sonargao^? (Sirkir), 8. Bengal, 124, 138. [138. Sonargao^, s. Sonirgaov, 8. Bengal, Sonarka, see Seonrakh. Sonasi Mand^hah (var. Sanaa Mandeh, Satasi Mundjf a), s. Badaon, 8. Dihli, 104, 288. ^ 8o^dip(wr. Sa4^dip)VFat^bad, 8. Bengal, 132.

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Bongarh, 8. Gujarat, 251. Sonhal, s. Qigron, 8. Malwah, 209. 86nipat {var. Sonpat), s. Dihli, 8. Dihli 104, 287. 8<mitpara (city), 215 a 2. 86ni7a, s. 8harifabad, 8. Bengal, 140. 8o|ij,, s.Kanaaj, 8. Agra, 96, 185. 8onkh^r ah, s. Chimpan^r, 8. Gujarat, 256. 8onpat, $69 8onipat. v, ^ / ^ 8oorety, $ee 8^iii. "'^ ^ 86par, s. Beth Jalandhar Ddab, 8. Lahor, 317. 86par8aman {par. 8<Br8aman, Sarsamftn), s. Kashmir, 8. iUbal, 869. 8opar, iee 8iirapara. 8oran, 8. Beth Jilandhar, 8. Lihor, 317. 86ranpalri, tee 8draiipalri. Soraon, 8. lUhibdls, 8. Allahabad, 161. 86rath (8irkar), 8. Gujarat, 242, 243, 243 5, 252, 258. Sorath, s. 8orath, 8. Gujarat, 248 a 3, 249, 250, 258. 8ora|h, new, 8. (8irkar), 8. Guja-

rat, 244, 245. 8ora)h old (8irkar), 8. Gujarat. 244. 8ordhar, 8. Gujarat, 244. 8orli, see 8^oni. 86ro9, 8. K61, 8. Agra, 97, 186. 868n^r, s. 8arangjtydr, 8. Malwah, 204. 8owai, 906 8ohan. 8ow4ri, 866 8ohn. Sownlapara, fae 8an61ad Barah. 86yam (var. 8uhoyum), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 365, 365 2. 8rinagar(var. 8rmagari), s. Kashmir, 8. Kibul, 355, 355 a 2, 856 3, 368,384. 8rinagar, 8. Uhore, 311. Sripirvatta, 313 u 2 (35). 8ripat Kirij {TiJJLuk of), (vor. 8ripat Kabraj, 8np^ lUraj), s. Khalifatabad, 8. B^al, 134. .8ripdr, s. Pdili^ah, 8. Bengal, 184. Sririjpur, s. 8&tgio9, 8. Boigal, 141.

8rirampnr, s. Bogla, 8. Bengal, 184. 8rirang (TadUlu| of), s. KhaLifat4b4d, 8. Bengal, 184. 8n8aila, 313 u 2 (26). Siiaken (townX 121. 8ubeha, 9ee 8upahah. Suchi, 314 u 2 (82). 8ddan, Me Ghat, 8. Sddharah (vwr. 8odrah), a. 8i^Ukot, (Eechnau Ddib), 8. Lahor, 110, 311,321. 8uez (town), 121 a 8. 8ugandhi, 813 o 2 (3). 8dganpdr (va^, 8ohaganpoor, 8eekenpoor), s. Kalpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. 8uhnah, s. Bewiri, 8. Dihli, 105, 293. Suhoyum, eee 86ym. 8di 8dpar, $ee 8di 8dpar. 8di 8dpar {var, 8di 86par), 8. Banthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. 8djpdr, s. Li^hnauti, 8. Bengal, 133, 8dj4pdr, 8. Tajpdr, 8. Bengal, 135.

Sdjhat (var. Bojhat), s. Jodhpdr,8. Ajmer, 102, 271, 276. 8ukhar Nai (river bed), 826 u 2. 8ukhdehra, s. Munghir, 8. Bafaar, 155. 8ulaim^n, aee Koh-i 6. 8ulaimin, aM Takt-i 8. 8ulaimin (mountains), 887 o 4. 8ulaimiUiiib6d, s. Ajmer, 8. Ajmer, 102, 273. 8ulaiminabid (8irkr), 8. Bengi^. 140. 8ulaimanb4d, s. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104. 8ulaimanib^d, s. Khalifatibid, S^ Bengal, 134 8ulaimanabad, 8. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 137. 8ulaiminabiid f^aveli), s. 8nlainiabid, 8. Bengal, 140. 140 u 7. 8ulaiminab4d {tfor, Sidimabid), s. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. 8ulaimanpur (or Shaikkpdr), s. Ohit^ tagong, 8. Bengal, 189.

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dulaimin 61i4hi, s. Sbftrifftbid, S. Bengal, 140. Sttlftimiui Bhahi, s. Udner, 6. Bengal, 130. Snltin BAzu, . B4zohi, 8. Bengal, 138. 8nltanpoar (var. Nosohahra),

826 u 2. Sul^npdr, s. Audh, S. Andh, 93, 174. Sultanpdr, s. Bahraioh, S. Andh, 93, 176. 8alt4npur, s. Ghorighiit, S. Bengal, 136. SuUinpur, B. Jalandhar, S. Labor, 110, 310, 317. Snltanpdr, s. Lakhnanti, 8. Bengal, 131. SnHanpnr, e. Nafarbir, 8. Milwah, 208. Snltibipdr, s. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 137. [134. SnlUnpdr, s. Pdrniyah, 8. Bengal, Snltiinpdr, s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296. Snltinpdr, s. 8orath, 8. Gujarat, 244, 258. Sul^npdr, s. Snlaimanabad, 8. Bengal, 140. 8alt^npdr Ajiyil, s. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. Bnl^pdr Bilrhah, aee 8ultanpdr, 8. DihH. 8ambal (village), s. Kashmir, 8. lUbnl, 364 a 3. Bnmmemj, see Tamumi. 8undar, eee Riyira, 8. Snndarbans (ooat*Btrip), 8. Bengal, 116 3. 8aney4, eee 8aniya. 8unnam, s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 105, 296. 8npa, s. 8drat, 8. Gajarit, 257. Bupabah (mr . 8abeha), s. Audh, 8. Audh, 98. 174, 174 3. 8upar, aee 8ui, 8. Sdrah (Kabbah), a. M^hor, 8. Bar^,

8nrajgarh, s. Munghir, 8. BahiF, 155. Sdrajkand (village), 8. Audh, 173.

Bdranpabn, b. 8ahiranpdr, Dihli 105, 292. Surapura (var. 8opar), b, Kaahmir, 8. lUbnl, 356 8. Surasbtra, eee Sorath. Sdrat (Sirkir), 8. Gkijarit, 243, 256 8drat, b. 8drat, 8. Gujartit, 195 q 1, 243, 251, 251 2, 257. Snrati, eee 8^oni. 8nr^8wari Ketra, S. iUbul, 371 d 6. Surharpdr, eee 8arharpdr, 8urkh-rdd (river), 8. Kibul, 405 o 3. Siirsaman, eee Soparsaman. Sursiwab, eee Sarsiwah. 8urnppdr, s. Ma^Lrnddib^d, 8. Bengal, 133. 8urdr, eee Behin 8. 8uryaBar (8pring), s. Kashmir, 8. Kiibnl, 361. 8utle3 (river), (wr. Heeidrus) 121 u 2, 278, 295, 296, 310. 311, 312, 325 O2,326,326o2,330o2. 8wit (w*r. 8ua8to8, 8uva8tn), (river), 311 n 8, Swat (var, 8awid), (8irkirX 8. Kibul, 311, 311 ft 3, 347, 891, 391 g 7, 392. 8wetah, see Raryit, 8. 8ydruB, eee 8hatMidar. 8ylhet (8irkar), 8. Bengal, 124, 124 ft 6, 189. Sylhet (Haveli), s. 8ylhet, 8. Bengal,

Ta'alluk Afimad SlUn, 000 Aftmad or AfpnadSb^Tdbi, eee Tili. Tabk&r, eee Tankar. Tibriz (country), 408. Tabsal, eee Natil. Tichahal, s.Ghoragl^, 8. Bengal, 136. Tadri, eee Sanjoll, TV\ Tagore, see Pakor. ^ Tagr^ta, 8. Uhore, 314 g 1.

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fiihm, tee, JHdTi,T. f ihirpur, 8. B&rbak&bid, 8. Bengal, 137. Tahrwirfth, b. Pattan, 8. Gajartit,254. Tahwi, s. N4d6t, 8. Gujarit, 254. Tahsariy see Khatfcar. Tajpur, tee Jash. Tajpur, 8. Sonirgion, 8. Bengal, 138. Tijpur (Haveli), s. TAjpiir, 8. Bengal, 135. Tajpur, 8. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 156. Tajpur, 8 Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. Tik, tee Desht. Tik, see Pagdwir. Tak^i, 8. Pinjarah, 8. Bengal, 137. Takht, i 8nliman (monntains), 8. Kabul, 355 2, 856 o3, 371 g 6, 384 ul. Tal, B. Mardsdr, 8. Malwah,208. Tila, 8. Khallfatibad, 8. Bengal, 134. TaUd, 8. Banthanbor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. TiUg^oy (vor. Milg^o^O <9- ^l^ittagong, 8. Bengal, 139. Talain, 8. 8&rangpur, 8. iKUlwa, 203. Tal^ji, 8. Sorath, 8. Gujarit, 244, ' 247, 247 B 5, 258, 259. TaUlpur, 8. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104. Talang, eee Lalang. Talbarod, tee Telrdd. Til Bar6dah, s. Chfcid^ri, 8. Malwa, 201. Talb^gampur, tee Tilb^gampiir. Tildwir, 8. Tijpiir, 8. Bengal, 135. Tilgra^w, tee Bilgrio^. Talhanfi, 8. M4nikpdr, 8. AUabibad, 90. Talhani, tee Belheti.

Talhi ivar, Balhati, Talhati, Balai) 8. Badi09, 8. Dihli, 288. Tili, tee Binhas, T. TaU (river). (tHw. Tibi, Mili, P41i Piti), 222, 228. Taligao^, 8. KaMam, 8. Barir, 235. Tilikin (tKr^ikan), 8. Kabul, 400, 400 ul. ^ Taliya, s. Jallsar, 8. Orissa, 142.

Talkwirah, s. Niddt, 8. Gu jarit, 254. Talner, tee Thalner. Talokehiwand, s. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 156. Tal<$n, (vof. Taiwan), s. Tilandhar, 8. Lahop, 110, 316. Tal6ndi, 8. Rechniu Duab, 8. Labor, 320. [341. 7al8arah, a. Naffrpdr, 8. Multan, Taiwan, tee Talon. Talwirah, tee Malw^ah. Talwirah, b. Bin Duab, 8. Lahor, 818. Tamldk, tee Tanbdli^. Tamsa, 8. Mih6r, 8. Bartir, 235. Ttoukbdli, tee Ban 8bakb4U. Tamumi, {vcur, Summemj, Sehamarli), b. Mahkar, 8. Barir, 287. famumi, s. Telinganah, 8. Barir, 237. Tanauli, b. Udn^r, 8. Bengal, 130. Tanbdlak (txir. Tamluk), s. Jal^aar, 8. OrisBa, 142. Tin^i, tee Udn^r. Tiin4i (Haveli), s. Udner, 8. Bengal, 130. Tin^ah, tee Khifpur, T. Tin^ah, b. Chanddah (Chanir), 8. ' Allahibid, 90, 165. Tandah (Sirkir), 8. OriBBa, 340 u 8. T^dah, 8. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 156. IVindah Bhagwto {var, BhagwAn, TMidah Phuginah), 8. Dihli, 8.

DihH, 104, 286. Tandah Phugtoab, tee Tandah Kiagwin. Tinekbiri, tee Nirangwari. Tangi, 8. Kabul, 411 g 1. Tangtalah (pasB), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 347 e 3, 348. Tanil, tee Natil. Tinkali (vor. B4ncali, Bongally), s. Pithri, 8. Barir, 286. Tankar (vor. Tabker, Batkar, Banker. Bangar), 8. Kanauj, 8. Malwah, 199, Tankir^ {var. Tekira), S. Gfijarst, 242.

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VI

t^xAAvi (seaport), S. Otijai^it, 243 a4. Tinkli. we Barsi T. Tanna, aee Thin4. Tanur, a. Munpfhir, 8. BahaP, 165. Taoru, s. RewAri, 8. Dihli, 106, 293. Tapal (ir. Tappal), e. Kdl, 8. Agra, 97, 186. Tappal, 9ee Tapal. Ti^ti {vat. Timi) (river), 222 o 5, 223, 224, t24 e 2, 226, 239, 243, 257, 257 Taragaon, we Trahgam. Tanh, Bee Barab. Taraajiyil, s. Mahmudabad, 8. Bengal, 183. Tarakina, s. Ma^ddabad, s. Bengal,

183. Taral, s. Hazarah, (Rechnau Doib), 8. Labor, 110, 820. Tar&ni, s. Tirbut, 8. Babar, 166. Taripdr, 8. Gujarit, 243. Tiraspdr, a. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 364 8. Tarfn (territory), s. Kandabar, 8. Kibul, 898. TMrk Ohanda {va/r. Bark Cband, Bark Hind, Barkebond, Narectcband), 8. KaHam, 8. Barar, 285. Tark^aar, s. Babrocb, 8. QujarAt, 255. Tarkb^ri, b^ Akbarabid T. Tarkt, s. Sonargioy, 8. Bengal, 188. Tark61, a. Jal^sar, 8. Orissa, 142. Tark Pari, see Akbbarabad Tarkb^ri. Tarli, ee Kbarli T. TfctrtnaH, see Pati T. Tarsdn, s. Tirbut, 8. Babar, 156. Tartary (country), 118 q 2. Tartary (Grand) (Country), 118 b 8. Tartuk, see Kalat T. Tasboli, s. Ma^mddabad, 8. Bengal, 133. Tatar, eee Baepdr T. Tatarpur, s. Jalandbar, 8. Labor, 816. Tatou, see Pakin. Tatta, see Tattab. 18

tiattah {wvr. Tatta), (Sarkar), 8. Mut tan, 325, 826 9 2, 327, 386, 389, 841, 845. Tattab, s. Tattab, 8. Miiltan, 387, 387 1,888, 889, 840 uL Tdvi (river), 320 11. Tiwali, Bee Area T. 8^tgaoii. Taxila, 8. Labor, 296 u 1* 824 2. Taykebra, see Patkebra. Teerood, see Telrdd. I Tekrar, 8. Pattan, 8. Ghijarat, 254. I Tekira, see Tankara. ' Tekbra, see Patkebra. T^Uri, 8. Sdrat, 8. Gujarat, 257. T^lbati, 8. Fat^bad, 8. Bengal. 182.' j Telbi, (vor. Balai, Balbati), 8. Badaon, I 8. Dibli, 104.

I Teliagarbi (paas), 8. Bengal, 116 n 1. ! Telinginab (Sarkir), 8. Barar, 288, 228 2, 280, 287. Telkam (Kanuij Traci), s. Kasbmir, 8. Kabul, 871. ; Tel Kulz^m (Bed 8ea), 121 3. I Telpdr, s. (^rakbpdr, 8. Audb, 98, I 176. Telr6d {va/r, Talbarod, Teerood), s. Maroaor, 8. Malwa, 208. T^mba, s. 8drat. 8. Gujarat, 257. Te68ah (wur. Botossa, Betuseb), s. Gawil, 8. BaranJ^. Tewari {var. Lawiri), s. Cbakarbilab, 8. Multan, 341. Tbad, see Tbid. Tbal, Bee Bddab T. Tbilner, (tww. Tabier) 8. Kbandes, 224, 226. [252. Tbaraanab, s. A^madabad, 8. Gujrat, Tbana {v<w. Tanna), di8tricti>8. Guja* rat, 243 a 3. Tbanab, see Cbir T. Tbanab, see Beo T. Tbanab, see Kbora ka T. Tbanab, see PiK T. Tbanab Bbadao^, s. Av'*db, 8. Audb, 93, 174. \^ Tbanab Bhawan, s. Sabaraupdr, 8. Dibli, 106.

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Timuah Bhim, s. Saharanpur, SDihli, 106, 291. Thanah Farida (dastiir), s. K61, S.

Agra, 97, 186. Thanah Farida, s. K61, S. Agra, 79, 186. Thanah Mir Khan, 8. Raisin, S. Milwah, 112, 199. Thancjot, s. Batalali (Bari DuAb), 8. Lahor, 110. 318. Than^sar, s. Sirhind, S. Dihli, 105, 281, 296, 300. Than^sar (Dastiir), a. iSirhind, S. Dihli, 106. Thanessar, a. Dandes (Khande), fcj. KhandeH, 226. Thank i, see Chanki. Thanwarah, 8. Chand^ri^ 8. Malwah, 201. Tharah, 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 106, 296. Tharah (Dastur), s. 8irhind, 8. Dihli, 106. Tharchak Dami {ixMr. Bharchak Dami), s. 8indh 8agar Duab, 8. Lahor, S23. | Thatabariyar, s. Chand^riy 8. Milwa, 201. 1 Thibet, see Tibet. Thid {var. Thad), (village), 8. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 31. Thdgaoy, s. Gawil, 8. Barar, 232. Thungy, see Chanki. Tibet (country), 11, 118 b 2,304, ' ' 347, 360, 350 u 3, 351 ^2, 365, 368, 359 n 2, 360, 363, 364, 378, 383, 386, 387, 388, 390. Tigara, see Patkehra. [192. ' Tijarah (Sarkar), 8. Agra, 96, 160, Tijdrah, s. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Tila (mountains), 316 u ! Tilah Bilnith, {va/r. Balnath ka Tila, Gorakhnath ka Tila), 316, 316 u 1. Tiladah, s. Bahar, 8. Bahar, 164. Tilb^gampiir Jft^or. Talb^gampur), s.

Dihli, S.^iili, 104,286. Tilhandi, sTManikpiir, 8. Allahabad. 164.

Tilhanl, (var. Belheti, Talhoni), s. Jaunpiir, 8. Allahibad, 163. Tilpat, 8. Dihli, 8. Dihli, 104, 286. Timi, see Tapti. Tipperah (district), 120. Tipperah (mountains), 124 q. 4. Tirath, see Bhal ka T. Tirhut (Sirkar), 8. Bahar, 166. Tirhut, 8. Tirhut, 8. Bahir, 149, 162, 166. Tirhut (Haveli), s. Tirhut, 8. Bengal, 156. Tlrth, see Chikar T. Tiyaghati, s. Ma^roiidibad, 8. Bengal, 133. Toda, 8. Banthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102, 275. To4a (Dastur), s. Ranthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102. Todah Bhfm, s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 181, 188. Todri, 8. Bantanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 276. Toghla^piir, s. 8aharanpur, 8. Dihli, 106. Tohanah, s. Hifar Ffrozah, 8. Dihli, 106, 2 94. Tonk, 8. Banthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102,275. Tora, 8. 8onargao9, 8. Bengal, 138. Tori, 8. Banthanbhor, 8. Ajmer, 102. Tortariya, s. 8atgao9, 8. Bengal, 141. Toshim, s. Hiyar Firozah, 8. Dihli, 105, 294. Trahgam (village), (vaar. Taragion), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 366, 866 u 1* Transoxiana (country), 179, 220 g 6, 303 a 2. Tribeni (three streams), 120. Triga^hi, see Pattan.

Tri-Kalinga (Province), 228 2. Trimab ( Jhelum valley), 825 b 2. Trimbak, 228, 228 a 6. Tripura, 318 a 2 (15). Tri^rota, 313 ft 2 (16). Tschanokd^ou, see Changdco. Tschekliliret, see Chikar Tirtli.

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Tschena, see Jesa. Tschetanr, see Chatiawar. Tschetia, aee Jethi. Tschetor, aee Jantor. Tschinarghar, s. Ghanar, S. Allahabad, 90 1. Tschinor, see Jan6r. Tshandoar, see Janwar. TughlablUd, 8. Dihli, 279, 279 q 2. Tughla^pdr, s. Saharanpdr, 8. Dihli, 292. Tugow, 8. Kabul, 406 ft 6. Tul (pass), S. Kabul, 399, 400. Tulambah, s. Multan, (Bari Duab), 8. Multan, 329. Tulja (Turja) Bhawani, 313. Tulmiila, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 364. Tukighat, s. G-horighat, 8. Bengal, 136. Tiimun (village), 8. Malwa, 196. Tumdn, s. Ghand^ri, S. AUlwa, 201. Tiink^gosha (var. Tunkragosa village) 8. Gujarat, 245, 245 o 6. Tunkragosa, see Tankagosha. Turak, see Kalat Tartuk. Turin (country), 115, 278, 300,385, 399,401. Turangzai, 8. Kabul, 411 a 1. Turja Bhawani, see Tulja B. . Turkestan (itot. Turkish tan), (country), 304, 312, 348, 352, 368, 390, 391 ft 2, 392, 404. Turkey (country), 240, 241.

Turkey European (country), 125. Turkishtan, see Turkestan. Tusina (var. Bossina), s. Ajr, 8em. Ajmer, 102, 273. Tustar, Kabul, 413.

Ubaurah, s. Sind 8agar Duab, 8. Multan, 331. (7ch, 8. 8ind Sagar Duab, 8. Multan, 304, 326, 326, g 2, 380 u 2, 331, 339. (Td, see Od. IJdahu, see 8ikaudrapur U. Udaipdr, see Singhanah U.

TJdaipar, 8. Agra, 182. Udaipdr, s. Ghand^ri, S. Malwah, 201 . Udaipdr, s. Ghitdr, 8. Ajmer, 102, 268 a 3, 273. Udangao^, s. Batialah, 8. Barar, 237. I7dar, s. Ban Duab, 8. Labor, 318. Udn<^r (vor. Tin^a) (8irkar), 8. Bengal, 129. i Udyina (districts), 8. Kabul, 891 ft 7. I Ugasi, see Aguasi. Uguasi, see Aguisi. I Ujain, see Nashipdr. I Ujain, see Ujjain. I Ujaina (var, Ujinah, s. Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 192. U jhari, s. 8ambhal, 8. Dihli, 105, 290. Ujinah, eee Ujaina. Ujjain (city), s. Ujjain, 8. Malwah, 196, 196 ft 1, 210, 215 ft 2, 259 ft 2. Ujjain (Haveli), s. Ujjain, 8. Malwah, 112, 198. Ujjain (Sirkar), 8. Malwah, 112, 198. Ujjayani, 818 ft 2 (18). Ukala, 318 ft 2 (10). ITkra, s. Satgaoy, 8. Bengal, 140. Ula, 8. Sulaimanabad, 8. Bengal, 140. Ulah, s. Telinganah, 8. Barar, 237. Ulai, s. Kalpi, 8. Agra, 97, 184. Ulwar, see Alwar. Umara Umari {var, Umra Vmri), a.

Tijarah, 8. Agra, 96, 193. Umari, see Umara U. Umarkot, a. Na^rpdr, 8. Multan, 389, 341. Umarpur, s. 8ulaimanabad, 8. Bengal, 140. (319. Uminabad, s. B4ri Duab, 8. Labor, Umraoti, s. Kallam, 8. Barar, 235. Umra Umrl, see Umari Umari. Umrsai, 8. Kabul, 411 ft 1. Unah, see Un^. Unam, see Onam. Unchah Giov> s. Lakhnau, 8. Audh, 93,178. ' Unchod, s. Hin^iah, S. Malwa, 207. Un4, {var. Unah), s. Sb^ath (new), 8. Gujrat, 244, 247.

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tee

Ungachhi, s. 0dn^r, S. Bengal, 130. Ungli, aee Angali. Uniiri, we Uniyar. Uniyara {var. Uniara), s. Bantbanbhor. 8. Ajmer, 102, 274 Untgar, s. Mancjla^r, 8. Agra, 190. Urf^da, KAbul, 396 o 6, 401 ^ 2. Uri, 8. Kabul, 347, b 3. ITrmal, b. Gagron, 8. Malwab, 209. Ush, Transoxiana, 303 o 2. Ufmanpdr, see Dakhan U. Iffm&npur, see Utar U* Usmanzai, 8. Kabul, 411 b 1. UtarkhaiK}, s. Tirhut, 8. Bahar, 156. Utar 8bahpur, 8. 8onargaov, 8. Bengal. L88. Utar Usmanpur, 8. bouargao^^, 8. Bengal, 138. Utmankhail, b. Kabul, 407.

UsHuatpdr* s. 8harifabad, 8- Bengal, * 140. V Vahula, 313 b 2 (12). Vaidyanatha, 313 b 2 (7). Vakreflfvara, 313 u 2 (45). Varanasi (Benares) (city), 158 b S, 31B n 2 (22). Vej Brara (vor. Panjbrarah, Bij Beara) (village), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul. 356, 356 n ^. Ver, tee JQ^ambar V. V^r, 8. Kashmir, 8. Kibul, 311, 861, 370. Yemag (stream), 8. Kabul, 356 b 2, 361. Yeshau (stream), 8. Kabul, 362. Yibhasha, 313 n 2 (36). Vidharbangar (city), 8. Malwah, 210, Yihi, B. Kaelimir, 8. Kabul, 357, 368. Y ijipara, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabid, 3563. Yindhya (plateau), 157 b B. Virata. 313 b 2 (50). Yrindavana, 318 b 2 (31).

Wachhi. s. GhtfRgliat, 8. Bungal, 136. Wahaiby see Wahrib.

Wahan, see Kao\i W. Wahrib {var. Wabaib), 8. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. Waigao^, s. Kallam, 8. Barar, 235. WaigiQV, 8. Kherlah, 8. Buir, 234. Wakar Hazir, s. Ghoraghat, 8. Bengal, 136. Wala, see Walak. Walak (var. Wala) (8irkar), 8. Gnjrat, 244. Waldah, s. Kherlah, 8. Barar, 234. Waliyan, s. Kabul, 400. Wan, 8. 8ialkdt (BeolHiatt Diiab), 8*

Labor, 110, 321. Wankddn (var. Dangdoun, Danuikdun), 8. Bharaioh, 8. Audh, 93, 176. Wantipar, s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 b3. Warangal, 8. Barar, 230 b 1Warda (river), 228. Wardatal (Barar) (8ubh), 228. Wasa, 8 Pathri, 8. Bai^r, 236. Watar, see Hasti W. Wazirpdr, s. Agra, 8. Agra, 96, 183^ Wasirpur, s. Barbakabad, 8. Bengal; 137. Wisah (Disah ? j, 8. Pa^an, 8. Gujrat# 254. Wular, 8. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 358, 369. Wun (district), 8. Barar, 229 b 5. Wurdwun, a^ Maru W.

Yaduvati (tract), 250 b 1Ya^r, see Chand Y . Y^kiib, see Deh-i Y. ' Ya^ub, see Maulana Y. Charkhi Yangi-yuli (pass), 8. Kabul, 400, 400 b1 Yarkand (district), 348 b ^* YaiBtarldk, 9ee IJMl Y. Yugiidya,318Ba(18.). Ydnt Lohara {var. Nonitok>haraV NuiiitlowharH, \uetloliara, NobatLobar, 8. Kaliam, 8. Barar, 235.

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101

Yusaf, gee Basar-i Y. Ynsfani, see Lakhi, Y. Yus^ni, see Lakhi Loskini. Yu8uf, 8. Tajpur, S. Bengal, 135. Yuaufpar, s. Fat^Md, S. Bengal, 132. Yasuf Shihi, s. Bisohi, B. Bengal. 138. Z TSfyd^ Me Ghaznin. ZitoHstin, s. lUbnl, 115, 347, 391, 408. Zafaribid, s. Jannpnr, S. Allah^Ud, 89a 164. Zafa,r Ajiyal B4zd, s. Bizobi, 8. Bengal, 138. Zafarpdr, S. Multan, 326. Zafar Sbihi, see Bizu Z S. Zafarwaly see Pati Z. Zafarwil (town), 8. Allah^bid, 168,

I Zaburab^d, h. Obi^zfpur S. AllabiiI bid, 90, 162. Zambil, see Rambal. Zamin Dawar, 8. Kibul, 394 n 4. Zerpur (village), s. Narnol, S. Agra, 194. Z^wan, 8. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 858. Zimbal, see Bambal. Zinahkar, s. Kashmir, 8. Kibnl, S70. Zinahpdr, b. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 369. [203. Zirapdr, s. Sirangpur, 8. Malwa, Zohik, 8. Kibnl, 8. Kibnl, 409. Zohik (fortress), 8. Kabnl, 409. ZohikBimiin, s. Kabnl, 8. Kibul, 412. Zonnbara, see Jobnair. Zukru {va^. Znknr), s. Kashmir, 8. Kabul, 356 3. 362 Q 5.

Zukur, see Zukru. Zdrmat, s. Kabul, 8. Kabul 407 n 4

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