Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fluid Mechanics Fluid dynamics Fluid statics Stress, Normal stress, Pressure Shear force, shear strain Newtons law of viscosity
Viscosity
dV = dy
Newtons law of viscosity
Shear stress is linearly proportional to the velocity gradient
dV dy
Types of fluids
Newtonian fluids
Fluids that obey Newtons law of viscosity A fluid whose viscosity doesn't depend on gradients in flow speed. Gases and low-molecular weight liquids are usually Newtonian fluids.
Non-Newtonian fluids
Fluids that do not obey Newtons law of viscosity A fluid whose viscosity changes when the gradient in flow speed changes. Colloidal suspensions and polymer solutions like ketchup and starch/water paste are nonNewtonian fluids.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
All Newtonian fluids are time independent Most of non-Newtonian fluids are time dependent
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Rheopectic
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Thixotropic
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Clays, honey
Blood, ketchup
Does not exhibit any shear rate (no flow) until Bingham a certain stress is achieved
Viscosity constant
Toothpaste, jellies
Unit of
Unit Pas / N/m2s / kg/m-s(SI) Ibm/ft-s (BG) Poise centipoise (cP) For water, = 1 cP (at 20oC)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
varies with T
= Ae
b T
(Andrade equation) b T
ln = ln A +
T = o To
(power law)
3 2
T To + S = o To T +S
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
(Sutherland' s equation)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Kinematic Viscosity
=
Unit m2/s (SI) ft2/s (BG) Common unit: centistoke (cSt)
2 2 1 cP -6 m 5 ft 1 cSt = = 10 = 1.08 10 g s s 1 3 cm
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Density
mass m = = volume V
Units : kg/m3 (SI) or Ibm/ft3 (BG) Density of liquids are slightly affected by pressure and temperature Density of gases are strongly influenced by pressure and temperature
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Density
Density of water at different temperatures:
Temperature (oC) 0 4 10 20 30
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Density
Density of gases can be calculated through ideal gas equation: PV = nRT PV = (m/M)RT m/V = PM/RT
= PM/RT
where R = gas constant = 8.314 m3 Pa/mol K
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Specific volume
Specific volume,
1 V = = m
Unit: m3/kg (SI) or ft3/Ibm (BG)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Specific weight
Specific weight,
weight W = = volume V
Unit: N/m3 (SI) or Ibf/ft3 (BG) Related to density through:
=g
where g = local gravitational acceleration
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Specific gravity
Specific gravity, SG of liquid and solid
SG =
substance
Throughout the course, specific gravity referred to water at 4oC is used Unit: Dimensionless
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Specific gravity
Specific gravity, SG of gas
SGgas
gas = air
at same T and P
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Class Example 1
A reservoir of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) has a mass of 500 kg and a volume of 0.315 m3. Determine the CCl4: a) Weight b) Density c) Specific weight d) Specific volume e) Specific gravity Take gravitational acceleration, g = 9.81 m/s2
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Solution
a) Weight, W= mg = (500)(9.81) = 4905 N = 4.905 kN
b) Density, = m
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Class Example 2
The volume of a rock is found to be 0.00015 m3. If the specific gravity of the rock is 2.60, determine its mass and weight.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Solution
S.G =
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Class Example 3
Nitrogen gas occupies a volume of 100 L at 120 kPa and 100oC. Determine its specific volume and specific weight.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Solution
V = 100 L = 100 10-3 m3
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Fluid Properties
Week 2
Viscosity & kinematic viscosity
Density, Specific volume, Specific weight, Specific gravity Surface tension, Pressure
Clays, honey
Blood, ketchup
Does not exhibit any shear rate (no flow) until Bingham a certain stress is achieved
Viscosity constant
Toothpaste, jellies
dV = dy
1 V = = m
SG =
substance
SGgas
gas = air
at same T and P
Surface tension
What is surface tension?
An effect within the surface layer of a liquid that causes that layer to behave as elastic sheet.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Surface Tension
B
liquid
In the bulk of liquid, A is pulled equally in all directions by neighboring liquid molecules, resulting in a net force of zero At the surface of the liquid, B is pulled inwards by other molecules deeper inside the liquid which can be balanced only by the resistance of the liquid to compression. This inward pull tends to diminish the surface area, and in this respect a liquid surface resembles a stretched elastic membrane.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Capillarity
Capillary attraction,
or capillarity, is the ability of a liquid to flow in narrow spaces without the assistance of, and in opposition to external forces like gravity
Depends on
the relative magnitudes of the cohesion of the liquid and the adhesion of the liquid to the walls of the containing vessel
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Application: Capillarity
Liquids rise in tubes if they wet (adhesion > cohesion)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Capillarity
Perfect wetting
liquid spreads as a thin film over the surface of the solid Mercury on clean glass
Case of no wetting
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Capillarity
Capillary rise, h can be calculated using the equation:
cos Wetted perimeter h= Cross sectional area
h = height of capillary rise = surface tension = contact angle = specific weight
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Capillarity
For circular tube: cos d 2 h= d
cos d 2 cos = r =
d = diameter of the tube r = radius of the tube
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Capillarity
Capillarity is important when using tubes smaller than about 3/8 inch (10 mm) in diameter. For tube diameters larger than 1 in (12 mm), capillary effects are negligible.
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Outline
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Terminology
Gauge pressure, Pg
P of a system is measured by a gauge, which excludes Patm Its measured relative to Patm
14.7 psia
Pressure Conversion
Atmospheric pressure, Patm P exerted on the surface of a body by a column of air in an atmosphere Standard Patm (at sea level) = 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 760 mmHg
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Relationships
Pabs = Patm + Pgage Pabs = Patm Pvac 1 atm = 0 gage 101.3 kPa = 0 gage
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Temperature
Temperature scales: Celcius (C) Kelvin (K) Fahrenheit (F) Rankine (R)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Units
SI unit (International unit) English system (foot-pound-second, BG)
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Conversion
Length: 1m 1 ft = 3.281 ft = 0.3048 m
Mass:
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Class Example 4
A steel cylinder has a diameter of 5 cm and a length of 20 cm. It moves at a velocity of 0.5 m/s inside a tube of slightly larger diameter. Determine the clearance between the cylinder and the tube, if castor oil film of constant thickness is filled between the cylinder and the tube. Data: at room temperature SGsteel = 7.85 castor oil = 0.287 kg/ms
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Solution
dy
F dV = = A dy
F = W = mg = (V )g 2 F = (7.85 1000 ) (0.05) (0.2 )(9.81) = 30 N 4
Clearance, dy
Class Example 5
Determine the capillary rise of water at 10oC in a tube if the tube diameter is 1 mm. What will happen if the tube diameter increases by 50%? Data: water @ 10oC = 0.00742 N/m
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Solution
2(0.00742 ) cos 0 h= = 1.51 mm (1000 )(9.81)(0.001) if tube diameter increases by 50%
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
At the end of the chapter, you should be able to: 1. 2. 3. 4. Define the term fluid Determine various types of fluid Determine properties of fluid Solve fluid related problems using different unit conversions
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech
Quiz
MZA@UTPChemEFluidMech