Two Dimensional Elements

1 Spring 05 AME 463
Two Dimensional Elements

Ara Arabyan
Weeks 9 and 10
2 Spring 05 AME 463
Two-Dimensional Problems
q Two-dimensional problems in structural mechanics occur in a variety
of circumstances
q The most commonly encountered two-dimensional problem is that of
thin plate subjected to in-plane edge loads
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Two-Dimensional Elements
q Two-dimensional problems are typically modeled
using triangular or quadrilateral elements
Triangular
elements
Quadrilateral
elements
Two-dimensional
domain
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Constant-strain Triangular Element
q One of the simplest two-dimensional elements to
formulate in FEA is the constant-strain triangular
(CST) or the linear triangular element
x
j
X
i
j
q
i
v
j
v
i
q
j
x
i
p
i
u
j
u
i
k
u
k
v
k
p
j
q
k
p
k
Y
x
k
y
i
y
j
y
k
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CST Element (contd)
q The CST element is assumed to have three corner
nodes (i, j, k) with two translational DOF at each node
(6 DOF for the element)
q The nodal displacement vector for the element is
defined by
q The locations of the nodes are defined by x and y
coordinates relative to a global reference frame
q The triangle can have arbitrary proportions as
defined by the locations of its nodes
T
i i j j k k
u v u v u v
1
]
u
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CST Assumed Displacement Field
q To use the Rayleigh-Ritz method we need to assume
displacement fields in the x and y directions such that
we have exactly six undetermined coefficients
q Complete displacement fields with six undetermined
coefficients are
q Note that both functions vary with x and y
( )
1 2 3
4 5 6
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y
v x y a a x a y
+ +
+ +
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CST Displacement Field (contd)
q These relations can also be written as
q More concisely
( )
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 1 ,
a
a
x y a u x y
x y a v x y
a
a

1
' ; ' ;
1
]

( ) ( )
u x X x a
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CST Shape Functions
q Since the assumed displacements must equal the
nodal displacements at the three nodes we have:
q More concisely (as with other element types)
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
i i i
i i i
j j j
j j j
k k k
k k k
x y a u
x y a v
x y a u
x y a v
x y a u
x y a v
1
1
1
1
' ; ' ;
1

1

1

1
1
]
Xa u
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CST Shape Functions (contd)
q This results in
q Substituting in the displacement field expression we
obtain
where N(x)=N(x,y) is the shape function matrix for the
CST element
1
a X u
( ) ( ) ( )
1
u x X x X u N x u
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CST Shape Functions (contd)
q The shape function matrix that results is given by
where is the area of the triangle and
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
, 0 , 0 , 0
1
0 , 0 , 0 , 2
N x y N x y N x y
N x y N x y N x y A
1
1
]
N x
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
1 2 3 3 2 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 2 2 1
1 2 3 2 3 1 3 1 2
1 3 2 2 1 3 3 2 1
, , , N x y x y N x y x y N x y x y
x y x y x y x y x y x y
y y y y y y
x x x x x x

+ + + + + +

( )
det A X
CST Strain Vector
q The relationship obtained thus far can be written in
concise form as
q Recall that strains in a two-dimensional domain are
given by
or
( ) ( )
u x N x u
( )
( )
0
,
0
,
x
y
xy
x
u x y
v x y y
y x
1

1
' ; ' ;
1

1

1
1

]
( )
u x =
CST Strain-Displacement Matrix
q Applying this definition to displacement field for the
CST element we obtain
where
( ) ( ) ( )
u x N x u B x u =
3 1 2
3 1 2
3 3 1 1 2 2
0 0 0
0 0 0
N N N
x x x
N N N
y y y
N N N N N N
y x y x y x
1

1

1
1
1

1
1
1

]
B
CST Strain-Displacement Matrix (contd)
q Performing the required differentiations B is
obtained more explicitly as
where and have the same definitions as those in N
q Clearly the strain-displacement matrix B is a constant
matrix (no dependence on x or y)
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
0 0 0
1
0 0 0
2A

1
1
1
1
]
B
i

CST Strain Energy
q The strain energy of the CST element can now be
formulated
q If the element has thickness t at any point across its
area dV = tdA
q Since B and E are constant matrices and assuming t is
constant throughout the element
1 1 1
2 2 2
T T T T
V V
dV dV
_

,

Ee u B EB u u ku
T T T T
V A A
dV tdA t dA tA

B EB B EB B EB B EB
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
q Recall that for a state of plane stress
and for a state of plane strain
2
1 0
1 0
1
1
0 0
2
E

1
1
1
1
]
E
( )( )
1 0
1 0
1 1 2
1 2
0 0
2
E

1
1
1

1
+
1
1
]
E
Performance of CST Element
q The CST element is found to perform poorly in modeling bending
stress and associated deflections
q It is thus not included in the libraries of any professional FEA
programs
Linear Strain Triangular Element
q A higher order but still simple two-dimensional
element is the 6-node linear strain triangular (LST) or
the quadratic triangular element
X
i
j
v
i
p
i
u
i
k
Y
l
m
n
LST Displacement Field
q Complete displacement fields for the LST triangle are
q This field results in a shape function matrix N that is
quadratic in x and y
q The quadratic shape function results in a strain-
displacement matrix B that varies linearly with x and
y
( )
2 2
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 2
7 8 9 10 11 12
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y a x a xy a y
v x y a a x a y a x a xy a y
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
LST Stiffness Matrix
q Applying the same procedure as before for a constant
thickness element we obtain a 12 12 stiffness matrix
given by
q The integration shown is in general laborious to
perform analytically; as a result a numerical method
such as Gaussian quadrature is used to obtain the
matrix
max max
min min
12 3
12 12 3 3 3 12
y x
T
x y
t dxdy

k B E B
LST Element in ANSYS
q The LST element in ANSYS is called the PLANE2 2-D
6-Node Triangular Structural Solid Element
q The shape functions of the PLANE2 element are
given in terms of natural or area coordinates
Area Coordinates
q Area or natural coordinates are defined in terms of area
ratios
1
A
2
A
3
A
1
1
2
2
3
3
1 2 3
A
L
A
A
L
A
A
L
A
A A A A
+ +
i
j
k
l
m
n
Quadratic in L
1
, L
2
, L
3
Area Coordinates (contd)
q The area coordinates defined for a general triangle vary
between 0 and 1 as the point P moves from an edge to an
arbitrary point in the interior of the triangle (see Figs. 7.8 and
7.9 in Moaveni)
q The shape functions can be expressed in terms of only L
1
and L
2
since the three coordinates are not independent
q This transforms the expression for the stiffness matrix to
1 2 3
1 L L L + +
1 1
1 2
0 0
T
t dL dL

k B EB
Plane Quadrilateral Bilinear Element
q The 4-node quadrilateral element is the simplest
four-sided two-dimensional element
x
j
X
i
j
q
i
v
j
v
i
q
j
x
i
p
i
u
j
u
i
k
u
k
v
k
p
j
q
k
p
k
Y
x
k
y
i
y
j
y
l
u
l
l
v
l
q
l
p
l
y
k
x
l
Bilinear Displacement Field
q The assumed displacement field for this element is
or
( )
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
,
( , )
u x y a a x a y a xy
v x y a a x a y a xy
+ + +
+ + +
( )
( )
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 0 0 0 0 ,
0 0 0 0 1 ,
a
a
a
x y xy a u x y
x y xy a v x y
a
a
a

1

' ; ' ;
1
]

Note that the
assumed
displacement
field is not
complete
(neither linear
nor quadratic)
Bilinear Displacement Field (contd)
q Writing these expression more concisely and
performing the usual operations we obtain
where N(x)=N(x,y) is the shape function matrix for the
the plane quadrilateral bilinear (PQB) element
Xa u
1
a X u
( ) ( ) ( )
1
u x X x X u N x u
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
, 0 , 0 , 0 , 0
0 , 0 , 0 , 0 ,
N x y N x y N x y N x y
N x y N x y N x y N x y
1
1
]
N x
PQB Strain-Displacement Matrix
q The strain in this element can now be computed from
where
( ) ( ) ( )
u x N x u B x u =
3 1 2 4
3 1 2 4
3 3 1 1 2 2 4 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
N N N N
x x x x
N N N N
y y y y
N N N N N N N N
y x y x y x y x
1

1

1
1
1

1
1
1

]
B
PQB Strains
q Note that because of the assumed displacement field
q This strain distribution may be unsuitable for some
applications
( )
( )
( )
,
x x
y y
xy xy
y
x
x y


PQB Stiffness Matrix
q Using this matrix the stiffness matrix for a constant
thickness h PQB element can be computed
q The integration is complicated and is performed
using Gaussian quadrature
max max
min min
8 3
8 8 3 3 3 8
y x
T
x y
h dxdy

k B E B
PQB Element in ANSYS
q The PQB element in ANSYS is called the PLANE42
2-D Structural Solid
Natural Coordinates
q ANSYS (and most other FE programs) use natural
coordinates to define shape functions
Natural Coordinates (contd)
q Natural coordinates for quadrilaterals are defined as
X
Y
s
t
1
1
s
t
+

1
1
s
t
+
+
1
1
s
t

1
1
s
t

+
1
2
t +
1
2
s
Natural Coordinates (contd)
q This transforms the expression for the stiffness
matrix to
q Additional mathematical operations required to
transform strains and stresses from natural to global
coordinates
1 1
1 1
T
h dsdt

k B EB
Axisymmetric Stresses
q When circular geometric and loading symmetry exists in a
three-dimensional structure it is reasonable to assume that
stresses are independent of the coordinate
Axisymmetric Stresses (contd)
q In axisymmetric stress cases the meaning of the x and
y stresses changes to radial (
r
) and axial (
z
) stresses;
shear (
rz
) is still assumed to exist
r
i
j
w
j
w
i
u
j
u
i
k
u
k
w
k
z
u
l
l
w
l

Axisymmetric Stresses (contd)
q When PLANE2 or PLANE42 elements are used to
model axisymmetric stresses the output stresses SX,
SY, and SXY must be interpreted as
r
,
z
, and
rz
,
respectively. The output stress SZ must be
interpreted as the hoop stress
q It can be shown that the hoop stress can be calculated

from
Eu
r

Example 1: Beam Model Using 2D Elements
q A cantilevered beam 1 m long, 0.1 m wide, and 0.2 m
high is loaded by an end load of 1000 N. The Youngs
modulus for the material is 200 GPa. Model a section
of the beam using PLANE2 and PLANE42 elements
and compare the maximum stresses produced with
the exact solution.
1 m
1000 N
0.1 m
0.2 m
Example 1 (contd)
q The maximum stress in the beam using exact
methods is
q The maximum deflection (at the free end) using
exact methods is
( )( )( )
( )( )
,max
3
1000 1 0.1
1.500 MPa
1
0.1 0.2
12
x
Mc
I

( )( )
( )
( )( )
3
3
5
max
3
9
1000 1
2.5 10 m
1
3
3 200 10 0.1 0.2
12
FL
v
EI


Example 1 (contd)
q When the beam is modeled as a set of plane stress elements the
load at its end must be divided by its width to produce a load
per unit width; thus the load applied at the end must be
(1000/0.1 = 10000 N/m)
q Using PLANE2 elements and mapped meshing (with an
element side of 0.05 m) we obtain in ANSYS
Example 1 (contd)
q ANSYS produces the following solution for this
model (contour plot of SX on deformed shape)
Example 1 (contd)
q The maximum axial stress predicted by this model is
1.68 MPa, which is 12% higher than the exact solution
q Similarly the maximum deflection predicted by this
model is 2.59 10
-5
m, which is 3.6% higher than the
exact solution
Example 1 (contd)
q Using PLANE42 elements and mapped meshing (with an
element side of 0.05 m) we obtain in ANSYS
Example 1(contd)
q ANSYS produces the following solution for this
model (contour plot of SX on deformed shape)
Example 1 (contd)
q The maximum axial stress predicted by this model is
1.51 Mpa, which is 0.7% higher than the exact
solution
q Similarly the maximum deflection predicted by this
model is 2.58 10
-5
m, which is 3.2% higher than the
exact solution
q Note also that the x-direction stresses vary only in the
y direction in each element
Example 1 (contd)
q The PLANE42 element provides a better
approximation with fewer elements and DOF than
the PLANE2 element in this case because the stress
variation in the y direction is linear in the exact
solution
q The PLANE2 element may provide a better
approximation in instances when the bending
moment varies quadratically or at a higher order in
the x direction
Example 2: Axisymmetric Model of Pressure
Vessel
q Using axisymmetric modeling determine the stress
distribution in a pressure vessel made of aluminum
tubing of outside diameter 8 in and a wall thickness
of in subjected to an internal pressure of p
i
= 5000
psi. Compare FE results to the exact solution.
p
i
Aluminum
pipe 8
Example 2 (contd)
q The dimensions of the pipe are such that it has be
considered a thick-walled vessel
q The exact solution for the radial stress is given by
resulting in maximum and minimum values of
2 2
2 2 2 2
16
1 16,333 1 psi
i i o
r
o i
p r r
r r r r
_
_

,
,
max
min
0 psi (at outer fiber)
5000 psi (at inner fiber)
r
r

Example 2 (contd)
q Similarly the exact solution for the tangential or
hoop stress is given by
resulting in maximum and minimum values of
2 2
2 2 2 2
16
1 16,333 1 psi
i i o
o i
p r r
r r r r
_
_
+ +

,
,
max
min
37,667 psi (at inner fiber)
32,667 psi (at outer fiber)

Example 2 (contd)
q A model of the pipe wall using axisymmetric PLANE42
elements is shown below
The pressure is applied as a
pressure of 5000 on nodes
The top and
bottom nodes
are
constrained in
the y direction
only to ensure
that all
displacements
are only in the
x direction
The left surface of the cross
section must be 3.5 from the
origin of reference from to obtain
correct results
Example 2 (contd)
q A contour plot of SX (corresponding to
r
) is shown below
Example 2 (contd)
q The FE results predict the maximum and minimum
radial stresses as 8.363 psi and 4987 psi, respectively,
which are not too far from the exact results
q The contour plot shows clearly that the maximum
stress occurs at the outer fiber and the minimum at
the inner fiber
q The FE results predict a linear increase of the radial
stress from the inner to the outer fiber; the exact
solution predicts a quadratic variation
Example 2 (contd)
q A contour plot of SZ (corresponding to
) is shown below
Example 2 (contd)
q The FE results predict the maximum and minimum
hoop stresses as 37,653 psi and 32,659 psi,
respectively, which are very close to the exact results
q The contour plot shows clearly that the maximum
stress occurs at the inner fiber and the minimum at
the outer fiber
q The FE results predict a linear decrease of the hoop
stress from the inner to the outer fiber; the exact
solution predicts a quadratic variation

Two Dimensional Elements

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1 Spring 05 AME 463

Two Dimensional Elements

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q It can be shown that the hoop stress can be calculated

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