Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian

Period C 2/11/09

Review Questions 225

1. Reading Focus
a. What caused discontent in Latin America?
i. During this time period discontent was caused in Latin America. The
discontent was rooted in social, racial, and political system that had
emerged during 300 years of Spanish rule. Other reasons included
ethnic and social hierarchy, enlightenment ideas and Napoleon
Bonaparte. There were many differences between the classes, they
distrusted and feared one another. Napoleon Bonaparte was the spark
that ignited widespread rebellion in Latin America. HIs invasions
made people discontent.
b. How did Haitians, Mexicans, and people in Central America win
independence?
i. Haitians, Mexicans, and the people in Central America won
independence. They gained their Independence from strong leaders,
hard work, and not giving up. They pushed and pushed until the
country governing them gave in.
c. How did nations of South America win independence?
i. The nations of South America won independence. In Brazil Dom
Pedro had a large impact on gaining their independence. He
followed his father’s words to achieve the goal. The king states, “If
Brazil demands independence proclaim it yourself and put the crown
on your own head.” The nations of South America also fought hard
for they were tired of being bullied around by the Spanish.
2. Identify
a. Toussaint L’Ouverture:
i. An intelligent and skillful leader. He was a self educated slave.
L’Ouverture was a brilliant general and an inspiring commander. He
led the revolts of Haiti’s slaves.
b. Miguel Hidalgo
i. A creole priest in Mexico. He rallied a ragged army that marched to
the outskirts of Mexico City.
c. El Grito de Dolores
i. Hidalgo’s speech on September 15. This startling urgent appeal
rallied a ragged army.
d. Jose Morelos
i. A priest that picked up the banner of revolution. He was a mestizo
who called for wide-ranging social and political reform. He led rebel
forces to improve conditions for the Mexicans.
e. Tupac Amaru
Villalobos Eamon Barkhordarian
Period C 2/11/09

i. He claimed descent from Incan kings. He led the strongest challenge

to Spanish rule by Native Americans. He led a Native American
revolt.
f. Simon Bolivar
i. An educated creoles that admired the French and American
revolutions. He was known as “The Liberator.” He led many
uprisings and his new republic led to a civil war.
g. Dom Pedro
i. Son of the Portuguese king. He became emperor of an independent
Brazil.
3. Define
a. Peninsular
i. Those that could hold top jobs in government and the Church. They
were Spanish-born and they dominated Latin America political and
social life.
b. Creole
i. The European-descended Latin Americans who owned the
haciendas, ranches, and mines.
c. Mestiz
i. People of Native American and European descent.
d. Mulatto
i. People of African and European descent.
e. Truce
i. Temporary peace