Basic elements of a medical word

:Medical word elements Specialized vocabulary used by health care practitioners A medical word consists of : 1. 2. 3. 4. word root combining form suffix prefix

Word root
the core of medical term contains the fundamental meaning most are derived form Greek or Latin Ex. Greek word derm and Latin word cutane both refer to the skin. Example of word root Greek or Latin word Nephros (Gr) Oris (L) Renes (L) Dermatos (Gr) Word root Nephr Or Ren derm meaning Kidney Mouth Kidney Skin

Combining form word root to which vowel is added enable two element to be connected Example of combining forms Word root Gastr Hepat Immune Oste vowel O O O O Combining form Gastr/o Hepat/o Immune/o Oste/o Meaning stomach Liver Immune,safe Bone

Suffixes word element placed at the end of the word or root that change the meaning of the word A suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech.

Example of suffixes Combining form Gastr/o suffix -itis -megaly -oma Prefixes Word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root A prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, direction, or negation. Medical word gastritis Gastromegaly Gastroma Meaning Inflammation of stomach Enlargement of stomach Tumor of the stomach

Example of prefixes prefix Hyper- (above normal) Intra- (in, within) Word root Therm (heat) Muscul (muscle) suffix -ia (condition) -ar (relating to) Medical word hyperthermia intramuscular Meaning Condition of excessive heat Within the muscle

Basic rules Defining medical words Building medical word

Defining medical words: Rule # 1= define the suffix or last part of the word Rule # 2= define the first part of the word ( word, root, combining form, or prefix) Rule # 3= define the middle of the word

Example of defining rules "gastreoenteritis" Combining form Gastr/o Stomach Rule # 2 middle Enter/ Intestine Rule # 3 Suffix -it is Inflammation Rule #1

Definition = inflammation of the stomach and intestine Building medical words Rule # 1= a word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel

Ex. Hepat/ + -itis = hepatitis inflammation of the liver Rule #2 =a combining form links a suffix that begins with a consonant Hepat/o + cyte = hepatocyte liver cell

Rule # 3= use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word Oste/o +chondr/ +itis = osteochondritis inflammation of born and cartilage

Exercises 1. Hematology
Hemat (R)= blood O (V) logy (S)= study of Study of blood

2. gastroenterology
gastr (R1)= stomach Logy (S)= study O (V) enter (R2)= intestines O (V) Study of stomach and intestine

3. electrocardiogram
electr (R1)= electricity O (V) cardi (R2)=heart Gram (S)= record Record of the electricity in the heart O (V)

4. subgastric
Sub (P)= under gastr (R)=stomach ic (S)= pertaining Pertaining to heart

5. cardiac
cardi (R)= heart ac (S)= pertaining to Pertaining to heart

6. Transgastric
Trans (P)=across gastr (R)= stomach ic (S)= pertaining to Pertaining to across the stomach

7. retrogastric
Retro (P)= behind gastr (R)= stomach ic (s)= pertaining to Pertaining to behind the stomach

8. adenoma
aden (R)= gland oma( S)= tumor Tumor of gland

9. arthritis
arthr (R)= joint itit (S)= inflammation Inflammation of joint

biology bio (R)= life logy (S)=study Study of life cephalic cephal (R)= Head

10.

11.

ic (S)= pertaining to Pertaining to head

cerebral cerebr (R)= large part of brain al (S)= pertaining to Pertaining to large part of brain cystoscope cyst (R)= urinary bladder O (V) scope (S)= instrument to visually examine Instrument to visually examine of urinary bladder cytology cyt (R)= cell O(V)

12.

13.

14.

logy (S)=study Study of cell

dermatitis dermat (R)= skin itis (S)= inflammation Inflammation of skin entritis entr(R)= intestines

15.

16.

itis (S)= inflammation Inflammation of intestine

gastroscopy gastr (R)= stomach O (V) scopy (S)= process to viewing Process to viewing the stomach gynecology gynec (R)= woman disease O (V) logy(S)= study Study of woman disease hematoma hemat (R)= blood oma (S) =tumor Tumor of blood

17.

18.

19.

hepatitis hepat (R)= liver itis (S)= inflammation Inflammation of liver laprotomy lapr (R)= abdomen

20.

21.

O (V) tomy (S)= cut into Cut into abdomen

Nephrectomy Nephr (R)= kidney ectomy (S)= remove Remove of kidney neurology neur (R)= nerve O(V)

22.

23.

logy (S)= study Study of nerve

oncologist onc (R)= tumor O(V) logist( S)= specialist study Specialist study of tumor Ophthalmoscope Ophthalm (R)= eyes O(V) scope (S)= process of viewing Process of viewing eyes psychosis psych(R)= mind O(V) sis (S)= abnormal condition Abnormal condition of mind rhinitis rhin(R)= nose 28. Thrombocyte Thrmb(R)= clothing

24.

25.

26.

27.

itis(S)=inflammation Inflammation of nose O(V) cyte (S)= cell Cell for clothing

arthralagia artha (R)= joint alagia (S)= pain in Pain in joint

28.

hyperthyroidisim hyper(P)= excessive thyroid (r)= thyroid gland isim(S)= condition Condition of excessive oh thyroid gland dermatosis dermat(R)= skin O(V) sis (S)=abnormal condition Abnormal condition of skin hypodermic hypo(P)= below derm(R)=skin ic(S)= pertaining to Pertaining to below skin

29.

30.

31.

32. cardiology cardi(R)= heart O(V) logy(S)= study Study of heart 33. pericarditis peri (P)=around cardi(R)= heart itis(S)= inflammation Inflammation around the heart 34. neuroplasty neuro(R)= nerve plasty(S)= surgical repair Surgical repair of nerve 35. leukocyte leuk(P)= white O (V) cyte(R)= cell White cell

Structural organization of the body

Atom

system

Molecules

Organism

Organs

Organelles

Tissues

Cell

Level of organization A. cell The cell is the fundamental unit of all living things. Cells are everywhere in the human body- every tissue. Every organ is made up of these individual. Major parts of the cell: 1. cell membrance 2. nucleus 3. chromosomes

4. cytoplasm 5. mitochondria Type of cell: 1. Muscle cell 2. nerve cell 3. epithelial cell 4. fat cell B. tissues A tissue is a group of cell working together to do a specific job. A histologist is scientist who specializes in the study of tissues. Type of tissue: 1. Epithelial tissue Epithelial was originally used to describe the tissue that covers the outside of the body and lines the inner surface of internal organs. 2. Muscle tissue: Voluntary and involuntary. 3. Connective tissue: Example: are fat (adipose tissue), cartilage (elastic, fibrous tissue attached to bone). 4. nerve tissue: Conduct impulses all over the body. C. Organs: Composed of several kinds of tissue. D. System: Systems are groups of organs working together to perform complex function. Body cavity A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs. 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Cranial cavity Spinal cavity Dorsal cavity Thoracic cavity Diaphragm Abdominal cavity Pelvic cavity

8) Abdominal pelvic cavity 9) Ventral cavity Division of the abdomen into quadrants: a) Right upper quadrants (R.U.Q) b) Left upper quadrants(L.U.Q) c) Right lower quadrants(R.L.Q) d) Left lower quadrants(L.L.Q) Region of the thorax and abdomen: Right hypo-chondriac region Left hypo-chondriac region Epigastric region Right limber region Left lumber region Umbilical region Right iliac region Left iliac region Hypogastric region Division of the back (spinal column) 1. cervical vertebre 2. thoracic vertebre 3. lumber vertebre 4. sacrum 5. coccyx Positional and directional terms planes of the body

The skeletal system

The major structure 1. bones --------- oss/e, oss/i, oster/o, ost/o 2. bone marrow --------- myel/o 3. cartilage --------- chondr/o 4. ligaments--------- ligament/o 5. joints --------arthr/o Function of the skeletal system 1. bones act as the frame work of the body 2. bones support and protect the internal organs 3. calcium is stored in bone 4. red bone marrow is located in the spongy bone ,has an important function in the formation of blood

There are 206 bones in the adult human body, the skeleton is divided into axial and appendicular skeletal systems. 1. axial skeleton

The axial skeleton (80 bones) protects the major organs of the nervous , respiratory. And circulatory systems. The axial skeleton consists of the skull, spinal column, ribs and sternum. 2. appendicular skeleton The appendicular skeleton (126 bones)makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestive, excretion, and reproductive.

Thoracic cavity is made up of the ribs, sternum ,and thoracic vertebrae. 3. Ribs

-There are 12 pairs of ribs, called costal. -The first 7 pairs of ribs, called true ribs. Are attached anteriorly to the sternum -The next 3 pairs of ribs, called false ribs, are attached anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum. -The last 2 pairs of ribs called floating ribs, are not attached anteriorly. 4. Sternum It is divided into three parts: 1) The Manubrium

2) The body of the sternum

3) The xiphoid process Spinal column: The spinal column is also known as the vertebral column which consists of 26 vertebrae. The function of the spinal column are to support the head and to protect the spinal cord. The term related to skeletal system: Arthalgia Pain in the joint Arthrosclerosis Is a stiffness of joint Arthritis Is an inflammation of one or more joint Lumbago Is low back pain kyphosis Is an abnormal increase on the out ward curvature of the thoracic Lardosis is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lower or lumber spine Scoliosis Is an abnormal lateral curvature of spine Ostealgia Is any pain within the bone Osteomalacia Is the abnormal softening osteomylitis Is an inflammation of the bone and bone marrow Arthrocentesis Is an a surgical puncture of the joint arthroscopy Is the visual examination of the joint

The muscular system Major structures 1. muscles ------- my/o, myos/o 2. fascia -------- fasci/o 3. tendons ------- ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o Function of the muscular system Muscles hold the body erect and make movement possible. Muscle movement generates nearly 85% of the heat that keep the body warm. Muscles move food through the digestive system muscle action moves fluids through ducts and tubes. The structures of the muscular system: The body has more than 60 muscle made up of fibers. Covered with 1. fibers muscle The muscle is composed of long, slender cell known as muscle fiber. Each muscle consists of group of fibers held together by connective tissue. 2. skeletal muscles Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones of skeleton and are the muscle that makes possible body motion such as walking and smiling. Skeleton muscle is also known as striated muscles. Skeleton muscles are also known as voluntary muscle. 3. smooth muscles Smooth muscles are located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands. Their function is to move and control the flow of fluids through these structures. Smooth muscles are also known as unstriated muscles. Smooth muscle is also known as involuntary muscle. 4. cardiac muscle Cardiac muscle also known myocardial muscle: myo mean muscle cardi mean heart al mean pertaining to The muscle is also known as myocardium: myo mean muscle card mean heart ium mean tissue

Cardiac muscle is like striated muscle in its appearance, but like smooth muscle in its action. 5. fascia Fascia is the sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscles. Medical specialties to the muscular system An orthopedic surgeon treats injuries and disorders involving bones, joint, muscle. A rheumatologist treats disorders that involve the inflammation of connective tissue including muscle. A neurologist treats the cause of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function. A specialist in sports medicine treat sports- related injuries of the bones, joints and muscle. Rang of motion

Term related to muscle term Fascitis Tenalgia tendonitis Muscle atrophy Myalgia Myolysis Myomalacia Myosclerosis A spasm Brady kinesis Dyskinesia Hyperkinesias Paralysis paraplegia Quadriplegia Hemiplgia Meaning Inflammation of fascia Pain in tendon Inflammation of tendons Weakness of muscle tissue Muscle tenderness Inflammation of muscle tissue Abnormal softening of muscle tissue Abnormal hardening of muscle Sudden involuntary contraction of muscle Slow in movement Impairment of voluntary movement Abnormal increase activity Loss sensation and voluntary muscle movements Paralysis of both legs the lower part of body Paralysis of all four extremities Total paralysis of one side of the body

The respiratory system Major structures Nose -------- nas/o Sinuses ------ sinus/o Epiglottis ------ epiglott/o Pharynx -------- pharyng/o Larynx --------- blaring /o Trachea ------- trache/o Brocnchi ------- bronch/o, bronchi/o Alveoli -------- alveoli/o Lungs ------ pneum/o Functions of the respiratory system: Bring oxygen rich air into the body for delivery to the blood cell. Expel waste products (carbon dioxide and water). Produce the air flow through the larynx that makes speech possible. Structure of the respiratory system It is consist of 1) The upper respiratory tract consist of Nose which contain - nasal cavity - nasal septum - Mucous membrane (mucus, cilia, olfactory receptors). Mouth which contain - Tooth - Tongue - Gum Pharynx which contain - nasopharynx - oropharynx - laryngopharynx epiglottis which contain - orophaynx and laryngopharynx - epiglottis larynx which contain

- voice box - larynex - glottis trachea which contain windpipe or airway mucous membrane lining with cilia smooth muscle with c-shaped cartilage rings divided into tow branches no gaseous exchange

2. The lower respiratory tract consist of - bronchial tree - lungs Medical specialties related to the respiratory system A pulmonologist is a physician who specializes in diagnosis and treating disease. A respiratory therapist (RT) provides treatment of breathing problems. The common terms related to respiratory system term Asthma bronchiectasis Epistaxis pertussis sinusitis pharyngitis Laryngitis bronchitis Pleural effusion hemothorax hemoptisis Pulmonary edema tuberculosis Meaning Chronic allergic disorder characterized by breathing difficulty coughing and wheezing Chronic enlargement of bronchi Bleeding from nose Whooping cough Inflammation of sinuses Inflammation of pharynx Inflammation of larynx Inflammation of bronchial wall Abnormal escape of fluid into the pleural cavity Accumulation of blood in the plural cavity Spitting of blood Accumulation of fluid in lung tissue Infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis

pneumonia Tachypnea bradypnea Apnea dyspnea cyanosis bronchscopy

attached to lung Inflammation of lungs the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid Rapid rate of respiration more than 20 breath per minute low rate of respiration less than 10 breath per minute Absence of respiration Difficult of breathing Bluish discoloration of skin caused by lack of oxygen Visual examination of the bronchi

The cardiovascular system Major structure Heart ------- card\o, cardi\o Arteries ------ arteri\o Capillaries ------- capill/o Veins -------- phleb/o, ven/o Blood ------- hem/o , hemat/o Function of the cardiovascular system The term of cardiovascular means pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. Its function is: Supply all body tissue with oxygen and nutrients to transport cellular waste products to the appropriate organs for removal from the body. Structures of the cardiovascular system The major structures of the cardiovascular system are the - heart - blood vessels - blood The pericardium Is the walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. The walls of the heart The walls of the heart are made up of three layers Epicardium: it is the external layer of the heart also is part of the inner layer of the pericardium. Myocardium: it is the middle and thickest of the three layers consist of cardiac muscle. Endocardium:It is lining of the heart, from the inner surface of the heart. The blood vessels: There are three major types of blood vessels in the body these are the: 1. the arteries The arteries are the large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all the body. It is the high oxygen blood 2. the capillaries

Capillaries serve as the anatomic units connecting the arterial and venous circulatory system. 3. the vein The vein a low pressure collecting system to return the waste filled blood to the heart. Medical specialties related to cardiovascular system Cardiologist specialties in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, disease and disorder of the heart. A hematologist a specializes in diagnosing and treating disease of the blood. Diagnostic procedures of the cardiovascular system Angiocardiograpy Angio------- means blood vessel Cardio------ means heart Grapy------ means the process of recording Cardiac catheterization (C.C) it is a procedure in which a catheter is pulled into a vein or artery and is guided into the heart Electrocardiogram (E.C.G) or (E.K.G) is a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium Medical terms related to the cardiovascular system 1. Defibrillation: is the use of electrical shock to restore the heart normal. Rhythm this can be performed extremely as an emergency procedure or a device may be implanted to control severe arrhythmias 2. A pacemaker: is an electronic device that may be attached externally or implanted under the skin, with connections leading into the heart to regulate the heart beat. Pacemaker is used as treatment for bradycardia or arterial fibrillation. 3. An atherosclerosis: is hardening and narrowing of the arteries. 4. Ischemic heart disease (I.H.D.) means insufficient supply of oxygenated blood to heart. 5. angina pectoris: is a sever episode of is a clinical syndrome characterized by paroxysms of pain spasmodic or feeling of pressure in the anterior chest

Other terms Terms carditis Pericarditis Myocarditis Endocarditis Meaning Inflammation of the heart Inflammation of the pericardium Inflammation of the myocardium Inflammation of inner layer of the heart

The endocrine system Major structures Adrenal glands-----adren/o Gonads ----gonad/o Pancreatic islets---- pancreat/o Paratheroid glands ----paratheroid/o Pineal gland ----- pinal/o Pituitary gland ---- pituit/o, pituitary/o. Thymus ---- thym/o Thyroid---- thyr/o, thyroid/o The function of the endocrine system 1. regular electrolyte level, influence metabolism, and respond to stress .(adrenal gland) 2. regulate development and maintenance of secondary sex chatacteristics . ( gonad gland) 3. Control blood sugar levels and glucose metabolism. (pancreatic gland) 4. Regulate calcium level through the body. (parathyroid gland) 5. Influence the sleep- wakefulness cycle. (pineal gland) 6. control the activity of the other endocrine glands.(pituitary gland) 7. plays a major role in the immune reaction ( thymus gland) 8. Stimulate metabolism growth and activity of the nervous system. (thyroid gland) The structures of the endocrine system 1. One pituitary gland (two lobs). 2. one thyroid gland 3. four parathyroid glands 4. two adrenal gland 5. one pancreas 6. one pineal gland 7. two gonads (ovaries in females, testes in males) Medical specialties related to the endocrine system An endocrinologist: specializes in diagnosis and treating disease and malfunctions of the glands of endocrine system Diagnosis procedures related to the endocrine system Urine and blood testing: are used to measure endocrine hormone level. Medical terminology related to endocrine system term Hyperpituitarism Hypopituitarism Hyperthyroid Meaning Excessive secretion by the anterior lob of pituitary gland Reduce secretion by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland Excessive thyroid hormone in the blood

goiter hypothyroidism Parathyroid gland hypocalcaemia hyperparathyroidism Hypercalcemia parathyroidectomy adrenalitis Diabetic ketoacidosis (D.K.A) thymitis Thymectomy pinealopathy pinealectomy Hypergonadism Hypogonadism

Abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland Deficiency of thyroid secretion Insufficient or absence secretion of parathyroid gland Abnormall low level of calcium in the blood Over production of the parathyroid gland Abnormal high concentration of calcium in the blood Surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands Inflammation of the adrenal gland Sever insulin deficiency Inflammation of the thymus gland Surgical removal of the thymus gland Disorder of the pineal gland Surgical removal of the pineal body Excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands Deficient secretion of hormonal by the sex glands

Nervous system Coordinates many activity of the body. - senses changes in internal and external environment - interprets these changes When the brain ceases functioning, the body dies. Structures Nerve is one or more bundles of impulse carrying fibers that connect the brain and spinal cord with body. 1. neuron divided into: A. Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord). B. Peripheral nervous system (cranial nerves and spinal nerves) C. Atomic nervous system (ganglia on either side of the spinal cord). 2. neuralgia 3. brains divided into: - cerebrum - cerebellum - diencephalons - brainstem Medical terms related to nervous system - facial paralysis - epilepsies and convulsion - arteriosclerosis - cerebrovascular accident (C.V.A, T.I .A.) hemi paresis, hemiplegia, aphasia) - Parkinson's disease - multiple sclerosis - Alzheimer disease - intra cranial tumors - tremors Diagnosis procedure 1. cerebral angiography 2. echoencephalography(C.C.G) 3. myelography 4. computed tomography (C.T scan) Surgical therapeutic procedure 1. cryosurgery 2. spinal puncture, spinal tap 3. vagotony Some abbreviations - EEG: electro encephalon gram - LP: - Lumber puncture - MS: multiple sclerosis - CNS: Central nervous system

CVA: cerebra vascular accident ICP: intra cranial pressure MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging ANS: autonomic nervous system CP: Cerebral palsy CT Scan: computed tomography TIA: transient ischemic attack

Female reproductive system The structures of female reproductive system are: 1. ovaries - Tow almond shaped organs on either side of the uterus. - Contain hundreds of thousand of ova. - All ova are present at birth - Each ovum is surrounded by a single layer of cells comprising a follicle. - Ova are the female gametes 2. fallopian tubes - oviducts, uterine tubes : salping/o - extend laterally from each side of the uterus supported by the broad ligament - outer ends of the tube are open to receive released ovum - fertilization occurs in the fallopian tubes 3. uterus: - pear shaped organ with very strong, smooth muscle walls with a mucosal membrane lining called the endometrium - hyster/o, metr/o, uter/o - endometrium responsive to hormonal changes - ante flexion (normal position) - cervix 4. vagina Tubular structure extending backward and upward to the cervix. Lined with mucosa Colp/o and vagin - salpingitis - urethritis

Sexually transmitted disease - gonorrhea - oophortitis - dysuria - cystitis Diagnostic procedures - endo vaginal ultrasound - amniocentesis - electronic fetal monitor - hysterosalpinggram - papanicolaou test - pelvimetry - colpscopy - laparoscopy

Disease elated to female reproductive system - dysmenorrheal , metrorrhagia - premenstrual syndrome - endometriosis - pelvic infection - vaginal infection Terms related to reproductive system

terms Menstruation Labor Pregnancy Child birth Menopause postpartum

Meaning Menstrual phase, lacteal phase Stage of dilation Gestation, parturition Ante partum, post partum Amenorrhea Natal, lactation

Blood lymph and immune systems Functions of immune system 1. to protect the entire body from a varity of harmful substances pathognic microorganism allergens toxin malignant Function of lymph system (lymph/o) - Drain fluid from tissue spaces and return to the blood. - Transport material (nutrient, hormones, and oxygen) to body cell. - Carry away waste products to the blood. - Transport lipids away from digestive system - Control infection Medical term related to blood lymph and immune system term Meaning RBC Erythrocytes WBC Leukocyte Platelets Thrombocyte Leuko White Erthro Red Cyte Cell Hemoglobin Blood Reticulocyte Immature erythrocyte thrombocyte Made in bone marrow essential to blood coagulation