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Name of OER Developer : Pankaj Shirke Email: pankajshirke@vigyanashram.com Course: Water Conservation Subject: Water Conservation Topics: Water Conservation Methods Sr No 1 Sections Concepts Description Introduction,facts and definition of terms involved in watershed management Occurrence in nature and society Context and meaning - Need of water conservation - Types of water conservation - Watershed Management - Water flow measuring - Tools like rain guage - Groundwater Study Processes and Procedures Experiments Theories Applications Relationships Creative activities 2 Activities Learning activities Ilustrated Assignments Projects like - Construction of Vanrai dam - Contours preparation - Use of Dumpy level and Plain Table Survey - Selecting a site for construction of check dam/bund
Evaluation
Assesment of the practical done Questions on topics in watershed management Fact Findings post assignment
Introduction Water Resources on our earth are gradually decreasing on our planet.Total amount of freshwater available on earth surface is limited to hardly 2 percent.Now considering about Indian climatic conditions,the rainfall amount is quite good because even in drought prone areas,rainfall quantity is more than developed nations.There is need to conserve water because almost 60% of rainwater is drained through rivers into the oceans and as time progresses,need for water is more due to increase of population thus producing strain on agriculture and further on our countrys economy This document focusses on conservation of water resources,methods with concepts explained with practical assignments
Outline of the concept Concept of water conservation Study of various equipments used like rain guage,dumpy level,plain table survey Measuring flow of water Selecting a site for construction of dam/bund Practical :- To construct a contour Practical:- To build a check Dam/Vanrai bandhara/bund Objectives The learner will be able to select catchment site,building a contour, measuring water flow. The learner will be able to use equipments involved in building a contour,selecting catchment,building bund,check dam. The learner will be able to select a site for small dam/bund The learner will able to select appropriate water conservation methods and techniques suitable for his region Software tools used MS Powerpoint,MS Word ,Adobe Acrobat Reader , Media Player
Instructor Instructions Please read the powerpoint slides and pdf/word documents with this documents
Scenario Kanhur is a village situated around 35 kms from a major town and this village has very less source of water .Only one small stream is present and one canal situated 6 kms away.There is no problem till month of october.Other times,from october till june, people have to rely on wells and tube wells and irregular water supply from canals.Kanhur receives annual rainfall of 600 mm and major crops are jowar and literacy ratio is around 30% and total farm land in village is around 200 hectares Kanhur has population of 1100 with 250 houses . Vijay and Sanjay are two friends who are well educated are discussing about water scarcity problems faced by villagers and they see need for water harvesting in their village.They discuss about Farm Tank construction, building a check dam on the stream, conserving water collected from rooftop into a small tank. Vijay learns watershed development,catchment areas, tools like plain table for contour marking, construction of farm tank,Gabian type bund, Check dam,Rain water harvesting methods and calculating volume of rain water which can be harvested in a particular structure and measuring water flow After learning this techniques, Vijay after discussing with sanjay decides to implement it in the village to solve the water scarcity problem in his village and he explains it to Sanjay and other villagers.
Self assesment Questions 1) What are the causes of soil erosion 2) Landslides are caused due to Catchment Area Development True/False 3) Considering the above scenario,write a short note on selection of catchment area
Please click here for the following slide for Dumpy level usage.
Please click here for following slide for Maps and Plain table surveying
Thus with end of this session,the learner can use various tools like plain table survey,dumpy level for selecting a watershed site Self assesment Questions 1) What is transpiration processes in trees?What is the relation between high transpiration and rainfall? 2) How can soil erosion in catchment areas controlled? 3) Why should the catchment area not too big or too small? 4) List out the essential factors to select a catchment site
Question:
Area of a barren hill in kanhur is around 40 hectares having gentle slope of 35 degrees from base and highest point on this hill is 32 meters from ground and width of the hill is 100 meters.considering these measurements,design a hill structure and then design a cross secton of contour on paper .
Now with end of this OER,The Learner is familiar with techniques like -Watershed -Knowledge of selection of dam sites -Knowledge of using tools like A-Frame,Dumpy level and plain survey tables -Knowledge of various structures like Contours,Dams,Lake
Practical Assignments By Applying this knowledge,The Learner can do following things to expand knowledge base
1) Use of A Level/Plain Table/Dumpy level for preparing Contours 2) Perform Leveling of ground 3) Selection of catchment Area 4) Participate Constructing a Check Dam 5) Constructing a farm tank
Additional Activities
1) Prepare a 1 month water audit for a single house 2) Explore measurement of rain fall by use of rain guage.
Additional references
Ground water source strengthening unconventional techniques
The following slide from department of Directorate of Groundwater Survey Agency, Government of Maharashtra describes about unconventional techniques of groundwater drinking water sources strengthening, hydrofracturing Please click here to view the presentation from Groundwater Survey , Government of India for your additional references