Contributions Of: Planck = said "light is made up of bundles of energy called quanta.

Energy carried by light depends on the color of frequency: E = hc/wavelength = E = (h)(frequency). Also said "light is in little bundles; photons (ie, waves, have some particle character). Rydberg = developed mathematical relationship for hydrogen spectral lines. Maxwell = developed a scientific theory to explain electromagnetic waves. Hertz = verified Maxwell's thoery and discovered the velocity of electromagnetic radiation = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s = c excited state = electrons in higher energy level than necessary due to absorption of light ground state = lowest energy level permitted for that electron Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle = The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is the statement that locating a particle in a small region of space makes the momentum of the particle uncertain; and conversely, that measuring the momentum of a particle precisely makes the position uncertain. So, we cannot know both the location and momentum of an electron simultaneously. de Brogile = particles have some wave character; wave-particle duality of nature(objects, such as light, tend to behave like a particle at some times, and a wave at others; everything in nature has a little something of both) Bohr = The Bohr model of the atom, the theory that electrons travel in discrete orbits around the atom's nucleus; The shell model of the atom, where the chemical properties of an element are determined by the electrons in the outermost orbit Pauli = Pauli Exclusion Principle (PLE) - no more than 2 electrons can be in any orbital; each electron spins in opposite direction. Hund = Hund's rule states that all oribtals of equal energy aquire 1 electron before any orbital accepts 2 electrons Aufbau Principle = fill lowest n levels 1st (except d + f are delayed filling); each electron occupies the lowest energy orbital available. waves = transferring energy from place to place without matter (solid, liquid or gas) being transferred. wavelength = horizontal distance between crests/peaks frequency = the number of waves that pass a given point in one second amplitude = the height of a wave from the origin to a crest or from the origin to a trough crest = highest point trough = lowest point speed of light = 3.0 x 10^8 m/s spectrum = A band of colors, as seen in a rainbow, produced by separation of the components of light by their different degrees of refraction according to wavelength spectrometer = is an instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum, typically used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. electromagnetic radiation = a form of energy exhibiting wavelike behvaior as it travels through space; can be described by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and speed and included visible light, microwaves, x rays, and radio waves. quanta = quanta is plural for quantum; the minimum amount of energy that can be gained

of lost by an atom photon = a particle of electromagnetic radiation with no mass that carries a quantum of energy. quantum model of atom = an atomic model in which electrons are treated as waves; also called the wave mechanical model of the atom. wave-particle duality = wave-particle duality of nature(objects, such as light, tend to behave like a particle at some times, and a wave at others; everything in nature has a little something of both) uncertainity principle = we cannot know both the location and momentum of an electron simultaneously. principle quantum numbers = n, which the quantum mechanical model assigns to indicate the relative sizes and energies of atomic orbitals. orbitals (s, p, d, f) = shapes of orbitals = electron spin = the electron's electromagnetic field angular momentum paramangetic = weakly attracted to a magnet; due to atom having atleast one unpaired electron diamagnetic = feebly repelled by a magnet; due to atom have all paired electrons. ionization energy = the energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom; generally increases in moving from left-to-right across a period and decreses in moving down a group. valence electrons = the highest n s + p electrons isoelectronic = the same electron configuration as... ex. Na^+ is isoelectronic with Ne since its electrons is 10