Lecture 3

Total Charge: Line, Surface and Volume Integrals

Sections: 1.8, 1.9, 2.3 Homework: D2.4; 1.23, 1.27, 2.14, 2.16

LECTURE 3

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Line Elements 1 metric increment due to a differential change in position along a line

ay

dya y dl b ax a dxa x

a d a b a dl d a

d
dl = dxa x + dya y
LECTURE 3

dl = d a + d a
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Line Elements 2 line increment is a vector has direction: point of integration moves from point a to point b each of its components is a linear increment (in meters) RCS: dx, dy, and dz are linear by default dl = dxa x + dya y + dza z CCS: d and dz are linear, d is not angular increment d corresponds to linear increment d dl = d a + d a + dza z d 6 d SCS: dr is linear, d and d are not dl = dra r + rd a + r sin d a
LECTURE 3

d 6 rd d 6 r sin d
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Line Elements 3 SCS: z dl = dra r + rd a + r sin d a

dl
dr a

ar

rd
d

r
d

y
r sin d

r sin

x
LECTURE 3 slide 4

Line Integration: Charge on Lines 1

Q = l dl
A

the direction of integration does not matter: charge is scalar

EASY SPECIAL CASES: CHARGE ON PRINCIPAL GRID LINES xB straight line: choose RCS Q = l ( x)dx axis along charged line
xA

-line in CCS: circular charges in the x-0-y plane -line and -line in SCS

Q=

A
B

l ( ) 0d
B

Q=

l ( ) r0d Q = l ( ) r0 sin 0d
A
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LECTURE 3

Line Integration: Charge on Lines 2 GENERAL CASE curved line: needs line equation in parametric form

r (u ) = x(u )a x + y (u )a y + z (u )a z

dl = dr = dxa x + dya y + dza z

2 2 2 2

dl dx dy dz dl 2 = dx 2 + dy 2 + dz 2 = + + du du du du 2 dl dr dr dr dr dl dr d r dl = du = = du du du du du du du du

LAB =

uB uA

dr dr du du du

B
dr

r (u )

dr dr du Q = l (u ) du du uA

uB

y
x

LECTURE 3

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Surface Elements 1 The surface element is defined by two line elements:

ds = dl1 dl 2

dl 2

ds

dl1
dx
dy z = a / 2
z

surface elements in the RCS principal planes

z = const plane: ds = dxdya z x = a/2 y = const plane: ds = dxdza y dy x = const plane: ds = dydza x dz

0 y dx x 2 2 x = a / 2 / / a a = z = a / 2 y y=
a
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dz

LECTURE 3

Surface Elements 2 surface elements in the CCS principal planes

= const plane: ds = d dza = const plane: ds = d dza z = const plane: ds = d d a z

z
z = const a zd a d a dz a dz d d

= const

st n o c =

LECTURE 3

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Surface Elements 3 surface elements in the SCS principal planes

r = const surface (sphere): ds = r 2 sin d d a r

= const surface (cone): ds = r sin drd a = const surface (circular plane): ds = rdrd a

LECTURE 3

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Surface Integration: Charge on Surfaces 1 We will limit ourselves to SPECIAL CASES charges on principal coordinate planes charge on a plane Q=
y 2 x2 y1 x1

Q = s ds
S

y2 y1
y
x

s ( x, y)dxdy

charge on a circular disk or ring

2 2

x1 x2

Q=

1 1

s ( , ) dd

2
LECTURE 3 slide

1
x

10

Surface Integration: Charge on Surfaces 2 charge on a cylinder Q=

z 2 2 z1 1

s ( z, ) 0 ddz

z2

1 2

0
z1

charge on a sphere z

1
r0

0 2
1
x

Q=

2 2 1 1

2 ( , ) r s 0 sin d d

2
LECTURE 3

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Surface Integration: Charge on Surfaces 3 charge on a cone

2 r2

Q=

1 r1

s (r , )r sin 0drd

r2

1
r1

NOTE: If you set s = 1 in the above formulas, you can compute the area of the respective surfaces.

LECTURE 3

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12

Volume Elements 1 The volume element is defined by three line elements

dv = (dl1 dl 2 ) dl 3

RCS: dv = dxdydz

dl 2

dl 3 dl1

LECTURE 3

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Volume Elements 2

CCS: dv = d d dz

LECTURE 3

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Volume Elements 3

SCS: dv = r 2 sin drd d

LECTURE 3

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Volume Integration: Volume Charges parallelogram Q=

z 2 y 2 x2 z1 y1 x1

v ( x, y, z )dxdydz
Q = v dv
V

cylindrical volume
Q=
z1 2 2 z1 1 1

v ( , , z ) d ddz

spherical volume Q=
2 2 r2 1 1 r1

2 ( r , , ) r sin drd d v

NOTE: You can find the volume of the element by setting v = 1.

LECTURE 3 slide 16

Volume Integration: Example

A light source shines onto a hemispherical dome of radius a = 5 m, and makes a round spot 2 m in diameter, d = 2 m. What is the volume of the light cone from the light source to the dome? Work in SCS. Assume the z-axis is along the axis of the symmetrical conical light beam. The sine of half the subtended angle of the beam is d /2 sin = = 0.2 cos = 1 sin 2 = 0.9798 a
V = dv =
V 3 2

a 53 V = 2 (1 cos ) = 2 0.0202 = 0.21, m3 3 3 Homework: Find the area of the dome lit up by the beam. A = 3.173, m 2
LECTURE 3 slide 17

=0 =0 r =0

r 2 sin drd d

You have learned how to

find the total charge along a straight line or any other curved line find the total charge on any portion of the surface of a plane, disk, cylinder, sphere, cone find the total charge on any portion of a parallelogram, cylinder, sphere, cone use integration to find length, area and volume

LECTURE 3

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