Packing of uniform spheres

Cubic packing

Orthorhombic packing

least compact (f = 47%)

most compact (f = 26%)

Diagonal

Diagonal
Front view

cross-section

cross-section

Front view

Porosity relation with density

and velocity
Rock

Matrix

Fluid

Vp

Vm=Vb-Vp

Vb

rb(f) = rf f + (1-f) rm
a: P-wave velocity
r: Density
f: Porosity

1 / ab(f) = f/af + (1-f) / am

b: whole rock (bulk)

f: pore fluid
m: solid matrix

Porosity Relation to Density and P-wave Velocity

P-wave velocity

5000

Density
4000
3000

Density (kg/m ), P-wave Velocity (m/s)

6000

2000
1000
0
0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5
Porosity

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

Estimation of VNMO
X
Best
VNMO

T0

Low VNMO

NMO
High
VNMO

Before
NMO

After

DTNMO(X) X2 / (2T0 VNMO2)

True
T-X

Comparing velocities
X
T2

True T2-X2 curve

VRMS (tangent to true T2-X2
curve at X2 = 0)
Vs (best-fit line to true T2-X2
curve )

True T-X curve

VRMS (tangent to true T2-X2

curve at X2 = 0)

Vs (best-fit hyperbola to true T-X )

X2

Determination of layers interval velocity, thickness,

and depth from true T-X data
(1) There are three ways to find the interval velocity VN in the Nth layer given the true T-X
curves of the top and bottom interfaces (N-1 and N):
A. Using VS:
1. Fit two separate hyperbolas to the small-offset traces of the N-1 and Nth true T-X
curves.
2. This gives us the stacking velocities VSN-1 and VSN.
3. Apply Dixs formula to calculate VN from VSN-1 and VSN and T0N and T0N-1.
B. Using VNMO:
1. Perform NMO correction to the small-offset traces of the N-1 and Nth true T-X
curves until these curves are completely horizontal.
2. This gives us the NMO velocities VNMON-1 and VNMON.
3. Apply Dixs formula to calculate VN from VNMON-1 and VNMON and T0N and T0N-1.
C. Using VRMS:
1. Fit high-order polynomials to the small-offset traces of the N-1 and Nth true T-X
curves (e.g., fitting a 3-term polynomial: T = C 0 + C 1 X 2 + C 2 X 4 ).
2. Compute the RMS velocities VRMSN-1 and VRMSN C1 of the N-1 and Nth best-fit
curves.
3. Apply Dixs formula to calculate VN from VRMSN-1 and VRMSN and T0N and T0N-1.
(2) Determine the thickness of the i-th layer as: H i = V i D T 0 i / 2 , where i=1,2,,N.
N

(3) Determine the depth to the bottom of the N-th layer as: Z N =

H
i =1

7
y = 9.425E-08x + 7.080E-01
6

R2 = 9.947E-01

T2

y = -3.434E-16x + 1.107E-07x + 6.662E-01

R2 = 9.994E-01
1

0
0.0E+00

1.0E+07

2.0E+07

3.0E+07

4.0E+07

5.0E+07

6.0E+07

X2 2

VS 2 =
V RMS

9 . 425 10
=

-8

= 3257 m / s .

1
1 . 107 10

-7

= 3005 m / s .

Correct model parameters are:

Layer
(i)
1
2

Vi
(m/s)
2000
4000

Hi (m)
600
400

True RMS Velocity (m/s)

2000
2646

Zi (m)
600
1000

7.0E+07

T(X)
0.800
0.800
0.801
0.802
0.803
0.805
0.808
0.811
0.814
0.818
0.823
0.828
0.833
0.840
0.847
0.855
0.864
0.874
0.885
0.898
0.913
0.929
0.949
0.972
1.001
1.036
1.083
1.151
1.261
1.504
1.548
1.600
1.664
1.742
1.843
1.979
2.178
2.512

X/Z
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.9
3.3
4.0

X2
0
2390
9581
21635
38661
60813
88298
121380
160391
205741
257933
317585
385455
462474
549803
648894
761588
890256
1038004
1208984
1408895
1645788
1931476
2284090
2733121
3330301
4176294
5499020
7959060
14716460
16154152
17931220
20189203
23162340
27269066
33339279
43291253
62816368

T2
0.640
0.640
0.641
0.643
0.646
0.649
0.653
0.657
0.663
0.669
0.677
0.685
0.694
0.705
0.717
0.731
0.746
0.764
0.784
0.807
0.833
0.864
0.901
0.945
1.001
1.074
1.174
1.324
1.590
2.261
2.396
2.562
2.768
3.035
3.395
3.915
4.744
6.310

y = 9.425E-08x + 7.080E-01
R = 9.947E-01

T2 2

X
0
49
98
147
197
247
297
348
400
454
508
564
621
680
741
806
873
944
1019
1100
1187
1283
1390
1511
1653
1825
2044
2345
2821
3836
4019
4235
4493
4813
5222
5774
6580
7926

y = -3.434E-16x2 + 1.107E-07x + 6.662E-01

R = 9.994E-01

0
0.0E+00

1.0E+07

2.0E+07

3.0E+07

4.0E+07
X22

5.0E+07

6.0E+07

7.0E+07

CVS

Check-Shot Survey
S
Z3

Z2

Z1

R1
R2

Layer 1

R3

(V1, H1)

Layer 2
(V2, H2)

Layer 3

(V3, H3)
Z

Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP)

Concept
X0

S
T

Z1
R1

Reflected

Z2

R2

Direct

Z3
Layer
(V, H)

R3

Sonic Well Logging

Tool

Tool (sonde) used for

conventional sonic well logging
(after Sheriff and Geldart, 1995)