QUESTION 2 Iodine does not dissolve well in water so it is dissolved in potassium iodide solution Iodine is added in the conical

flask and sodium thiosulfate from the burette The colour of the solution is pale brown, starch is added towards the end so that the last remaining iodine present reacts to form a blueblack colour which suddenly disappears when last of iodine is reduced If it is added too early, the iodine concentration is still high and iodine is absorbed strongly onto the starch and does not redissolve as more thiosulfate is added from the burette QUESTION 8 Cr3+ is green Cr2+ is blue Cr2O7 is orange Cr042- is yellow QUESTION 10 Transition metal ions surrounded by six same ligands forms an octahedral shape, (the ligands are monodentate) Transition metal surrounded by 4 chlorine atoms forms a tetrahedral Transition metal surrounded by four ligands other than chlorine is always square planar Transition metal surrounded by 4 ligands but the ligands are of two different types are always square planar and will show cis-trans isomerism Transition metal surrounded by 3 same type of bidentate ligands (ethane-1,2-diamine) forms an octahedral shape but is capable of showing optical isomerism QUESTION 11 When light falls on a complex ion the d-orbitals split in energy and absorb light complementary to the blue light causing electrons to move from low energy d-orbitals to high-energy d-orbitals. During this process the blue light is transmitted through which is observed QUESTION 12 Benzene does not decolourise bromine water as the electrons are delocalised in the pi electron ring In alkenes the electrons are localised around the double bond so the electrons are of high charge density to cause the polarisation of the Br2 molecule Benzene requires a halogen carrier to react with bromine so the carrier will be FeBr3 Phenol reacts with bromine water to form 2.4.6-tribromophenol (white precipitate)

QUESTION 13 Phenylamine/amines accept H+ ions to form ionic salts which make them very soluble QUESTION 15 The formation of azo dyes occurs in 2 steps, step 1 is the in-situ formation of nitrous acid (HNO2) Sodium nitrite is reacted with HCL to form nitrous acid. Nitrous acid +HCL + phenylamine = diazonium ion Step 2 is diazonium ion + phenol = azo dye and under alkaline conditions QUESTION 16 Acyl chlorides react with primary amines under nucleophilic addition-elimination reactions to form amides QUESTION 19 Amino acids always exist as zwitterions with strong attraction between molecules and are very soluble in water QUESTION 22B Steam distillation is used for aromatic molecules which break down at high temperatures. Steam is passed through the mixture which lowers the boiling point of the aromatic compound. The mixture is heated by distillation and the aromatic compound with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first