SPE

~p~ j~~~~

Acoustic Static Bottomhole Pressures

by J.N. McCoy,* Echometer Co.; A.L. Podio, U. of Texas; and K.L. Huddleston* and B. Drake, Echometer Co.
q SPE Members

Copyright 198S,Sociityof Petroleum Engineers Thispaparwasprsssntad at theSPE 1985Production Operations Symposium heldinOkIShOMa Cky,Oklahoma, Maroh10-12, 1985.Tha material is subjsct tomrraction bythaauthor. Perrniaaiin tocopyisraatrbtsd toanS&tractofnotmorethan300worda. WriteSPE,P.O. Sox833836,Richardson, .,exail . . . . -.,lm.. ,. . . . . -1-d... ,. .. . . ~ananaem= , .,.,... , . ma, .. ..

AESTIUCT

Acoustic instruments have been used routinely for many years as an aid in analyzing well performance of normal-pressure oil producers.l Recent developments in equipment and techniques now permit more-accurate calculations of acoustic static bottomhole pressures at surface pressures up to 15,000 psi in corrosive (C02 and H2S) environments. Equations and charts are presented herein for determining static bottomhole pressures from acoustic and well data. Also, a special technique is recommended for shutting-in a well which in most casea will yield more-accurate results. ThLs method has been programmed for an inexpensive, portable notebook-size computer which can be used in the field to easily perform these calculations. INTRODUCTION The liquid level in a well may be determined acoustically by generating a pressure pulse at the surface and recording the ethos from collara, obstructions, and liquid level. A blank cartridge was the conventional source of pressure pulse until development of the modern References and illustrations at end of paper.

On wells having less than 100 psi, the gas gun volume chamber ia pressurized to approximstely 100 psi in excess of well pressure. The gas ia then rapidly released into the well to create the pressure pulse. On wells having pressures in excess of 100 psi, the volume chamber in the gaa gun is bled to a pressure leas than the well pressure. Then, a valve is rapidly opened to permit wellhead pressure to expand into the volume chamber and create a rarefraction pressure wave.

gas gun.

A microphone converts the pressure pulses reflected by collars, liquid, and other obstructions (or changes in area) into electrical signals which are amplified, filtered, and recorded on a strip chart (Fig. 1). The liquid level depth can be determined by counting the number of tubing collars to the liquid-level reflection. Changes in cross-sectional area are also recorded. When these changes are known, they can be used as depth references to determine liquid-level depth. Also, the distance to the liquid level can be calculated by travel time from the acoustic chart and acouatic-velocity data. Acoustic measurements were generally obtained by shooting down the casingitubing annulua in packerless completions (Fig. 1).

ACOUSTIC STATIC BOTTOMHOLE PRESSURES

SPE 13810

However, equipment haa been recently developed for shooting down the inside of close-makeup (flush) tubing at big-npressures. In most of the deeper, high-pressure gas wells, the casing/tubing annulus is isolated from the production string by a packer. Thus, a static bottomhole pressure must be obtained by ahooting down the inside of the tubing. Weeka2 discusses a high-pressure gas gun (Fig. 2) which will operat= up to 15,000 psi and can be operated through needle valves already installed on the well. This gun utilizes gas in the well to generate the initial pressure pulse. Neither an external gas supply nor a blank is necessary and the gun is suitable for wells having high concentrations of H2S and C02. PRESSURE DETERMINATION The static bottomhole pressure ia the sum of surface pressure, gas column pressure, and liquid column preasure. The accuracy of each of th.e~epre~~.~r=~deter~i~~e~the a~~~raey of the static bottomhole pressure. The principal uncertainty in the calculated bottomhole pressure generally arises from errora in the determination of the liquid column pressure. Such errors can be minimized by a shut-in procedure suggested herein. The surface caaing pressure can be measured with a calibrated pressure gauge or more accurately with a dead-weight teeter. In moat cases, the casing pressure is a high percentage of the static bottomhole pressure and an accurate measurement ia desired. The pressure due to a gas column is usually determined by equations and charts using gas gravity andlor gas composition, temperature gradients, surface pressure, and depth. Techniques are offered herein for determining the gas column pressure in most wells. Liquid column gradients are given herein with corrections for dissolved gaa, pressure, and temperature. A comprehensive manual published by the3 Canadian Energy Resources Conservation Board also presents useful information for determining downhole pressures. Podio4 discusses a small portable computer to determine bottomhole pressures even in deep, high-temperature, high-pressure wells. The computer and software also calculate the gas column pressure in wells which contain nonhydrocarbon gaaes. TUBING NEAR CASING PERFORATIONS In a conventional oil well, the tubing intake la located near the casing perforationa. When such a producing oil well (liquid level at the

tubing intake) is shut-in, the liquid fill-up in the casing annulus will be the same ratio of oil and water that ia normally produced by the well (Fig. 3). If a producing oil well haa liquid above the pump before being shut-down, the liquid above the pump in the caaing annulus is oil. If gas is bubbling through the oil, the actual amount of oil present in the gaseous column can be deter-5 mined by6techniques discussed by Swaim & Gipson or McCoy . If the caaing and tubing of this producing well are shut-i~ additional liquid will often flow into the casing annulus. This additional liquid will also be the same ratio of oil and water that ia produced by the well. The total oil at static conditions will be the amount of oil originally present in the casing annulua, plus the amount of oil that flowed into the wellbore after shut-in. The remainder of the liquid column will be water
(Fig. 3A).

ANNULUS GAS A special shut-in procedure ia recommended for wells producing gas up the casing annulus. 1. Close the caaing valves and continue to pump the well. 2. The casing pressure will increase and generally stabilize. Shut-down the well and close the tubing che c~!+l?l~ ~~~SSU~6! ~fi. d Iiqcid stabilize.
until

3.

ValVt2

4.

Then, run the acouatic survey.

I During casing pressure buildup (step 2), the producing bottomhole pressure will increase as gas flow from the caaing annulus is stopped. The increase in casing preasure depresaea casing annulus liquid into the pump, reduces the pump capacity to formation fluids, and results in a higher producing bottomhole pressure. Note, in a producing well which has gas and liquid flowing into the wellbore, the liquid level is at the tubing perforations when the well is produced with the casing valves closed, i.e., gas collects in the casing annulua and depresses the liquid level to the tubing perforations. Often, Mquid doea not flow into ~he wellbore after shut-down (see Brownscombe ). Thus, the static bottomhole pressure is simply the aum of casing pressure and gas column pressure (if no liquid ia above the casing perforations). If liquid buildup occurs, the ratio of oil and water present in the liquid column will be the same ratio that is normally produced by the well (Fig. 4).

SPE 13810

JAMES N. MCCOY, AUGUSTO L. PODIO

KENETH L. HUDDLESTON, BILL DRAKE Determine the height of the oil column in the casing annulus. Oil may extend below the tubing into the caaing. The remainder of the liquid column will be water. ANNULUS NOT VENTED

An SBHP Calculation Sheet is enclosed to facilitate calculating acoustic bottomhole pressures in wells which have the tubing intake near the caaing perforations and have the liquid level at the tubing intake when the well is shut-down.. TUBING ABOVE CASING PERFORATIONS In a producing well which haa the tubing intake located a considerable distance above the ~=ei?=~Perfer=tie~&~,~ ~~~.~m_-a ~f L.*UAU l~-..~a-a+G*.... i~, the casing that ia approximately the same ratio of oil and water aa that produced by the well. When such a well intake) is shut-in, a generally occur which oil and water that is (liquid level at the tubing fill-up of liquid will ia also the same ratio of produced by the well.

If gas is not vented from the caaing and a liquid column does not exist above the pump, shut-down the well. Monitor the casing pressure znii~or li~uid level to determine wnen the fiuida have stabilized. Determine the total volume of liquid present in the casing and casing annulus. The amount of oil present in the well is equal to the total volume of liquid multiplied by the ratio of oil to total liquid produced by the well. The oil will exist in the casing annulus and possibly extend below the tubing intake into the casing. The remainder of the liquid below the oil will be water. If the well does DQ~ vent ~SS SEd li~diti is present above the tubing intake, the liquid above the tubing intake will be oil without gas bubbles. The caaing (between the caaing perforations and the tubing intake when the well ia producing) contains water and oil in approximately the same ratio that is produced by the well. Determine the volume of oil present in the caaing at producing condition. When the well is shut-down, additional liquid will flow into the well. Determine the volume of liquid flow into the well after shutdown . Determine the amount of oil present in the after-flow by multiplying the after-flow volume by the ratio of oil to total liquid. Determine the total volume of oil in the well by adding (1) the original oil above the tubing intake (casing annulua), (2) oil that was present in the caaing between the tubing intake and the caaing perforations, and (3) the
,.41 AA 4.. Au -k... L,..= .S*---=I aLLs& -.. I.LUW.

The oil originally in the casing and the oil in the after-flow will migrate to the top of the liquid column. This oil will be in the casing annulus unless the oil volume exceeds the capacity of the casing annulus above the tubing intake. In that caae, the oil column will extend down into the casing. Water will be below the oil to total depth (Fig. 5). If liquid exists above a high-pump intake in a producing well, the liquid will be oil. If gas is vented at the surface, the column will be gaseoua. When this well ia shut-down, the after-flow will also be the same ratio of oil and water that is produced by the well. Thus, the total oil will be the original oil in the caaing annulus above the tubing intake, plus the oil in the casing between the tubing intake and the caaing perforationa, plus the oil in the after-flow. This oil column will exist in the caaing annulus, and too may extend below the bottom be of the tubing into the caaing. Water will below the oil (Fig. 5A). -US GAS VENTED

If the well is venting gas up the casing annuius, a shut-in procedure is recommended. 1.
-..ae..-

Close the casing valve and allow the

iECiE~SS Uiltil stabilized.

C&2Si?.g I-..GZSC3IAL~ t~

The oil will be located in the casing annulua the unless the caa ing. Water will extend from the oil to the caaing perforations.
oil ~xt~P.ds ?)~lQF tk t*~bip.~ i~.t~

If a gaseoua oil column existed above the pump, the oil will be depressed to the tubing intake. 2. After the increased casing pressure has stabilized, shut-down the well. Observe the casing pressure to determine when static conditions are obtained. Determine the total volume of liquid that ia present in the caaing annulus above the pump and the volume that is present in the caaing between the formation and the pump. MultiplY _. the totai volume of liquid by the ratio of oil to total liquid (from well test) to determine the amount of oil in the well.

LIQUID COLUMN PRESSURE The pressure gradient of oil may be deterFig. 6 should be mined from Table 1 or Fig. 6. used to compensate for dissolved gaa and the effect of higher temperatures. The liquid pressure::is the average oil column pressure. The specific gravity of produced water can be determined by hydrometer. The water gradient is 0.433 psilft x specific gravity x correction factor. The correction factors for temperature, dissolved gaa, and pressure are given (Fig. 7).

4 GAS COLUMN PRESSURE

ACOUSTIC STATIC B(

:OMHOLE PRESSURES

SPE

The gas column pressure as a function of specific gravity, surface pressure and depth ia given in Figure 8. Assumed conditions are a surface temperature of 60F and a gradient of 0.015F/ft. Figure 8 can be used with good accuracy for most cases unleaa pressure or depth limitations are exceeded, temperature conditions are abnormal, or non-hydrocarbon gases exist. The gas column pressure can be determined by the following equation also: P = 0.0188 gc (P) (sg) (L) ZT (1:

of column kicks per second. The acoustic velocity is obtained by multiplying the number of collars per second by the average joint length and then multiply again by 2 (round trip travel time). Enter acoustic velocity (Figs. 12 or 13) and proceed horizontally to the pressure. The specific gravity of the gas is indicated below. Settling of gaa due to gravity has been observed from acoustic velocity data in many wells. Gas specific gravity measured at the surface using a gas gravity meter may not yield a representative average value. COMPUTER 12 Huddleston discusses a portable computer for calculating acouatic static bottomhole pressures. Entered items include surface pressure, liquid level depth (or liquid level acouatic travel time), liquid production data, gas gravity (or composition including nonhydrocarbon gaaes), temperature gradient, and formation depth. The software determines the gaa-column pressure from gas-composition data (or acoustic velocity data), oil column pressure (corrected for dissolved gas, pressure, and temperature), and water column pressure (corrected for dissolved gas, pressure, and temperature). The computer will also calculate bottomhole preasurea in wells producing very high concentrations of C02 gas. The computer ia certainly more versatile than the equation and charta procedure presented herein. Software alao calculates depth from acoustic travel time when gas properties are known. FIELD DATA Field results of calculated acoustic pressurea vs. wireline downhole pressurea are given for several wells in Table 2. Some have extremely high pressures and environments of corrosive gaaea and high temperatures. Excellent results were obtained on almost all wells when gaa and liquid properties were known . Calculated pressures were within *1% of meaaured pressures. Expected accuracy is approximately that obtained with conventional wireline pressure recording devices. U4-I.------.-..<--s n c ~LIU --J W+ en ~llU --~ UL1l~I. -.L.11+$~, GL,G=ULLdL&UL, L ll~D non-hydrocarbon gases reduce the accuracy if settling of the heavy gasea occurs and collars ~re p.~tre~~rded a~~ Ch.e~gy to Che Iifltiid --m--level. Good results have been obtained on wells which produce very high concentrations of COZ when the gas is uniformly d surface to the formation. (14$tributed rem he

where: P= gc P ag preaaure due to gas column, pai . average gas column pressure, paia = specific gravity of gas (Air = 1.0)

z
L= T

. compressibility factor
length of gas column, ft. . average gas temperature, R (F. +460)

Below 300 psi, assume Z to be . From 300 to 2,000 pai, use Fig. 9. the Z factor correlation byhove Katz, 2000 et alY?: :: Figurea 10 and 11. Refer to the example problem shown with the figures. The pressure term and compressibility factor in the above equation should be at the midpoint depth of the gas column. The approximate pressure at the mid-point can be obtained by using Figure 8 if depth and pressure limits are not exceeded. If Figure 8 cannot be used, uae the casing pressure and Z factor at surface pressure and average gaa temperature. Calculate an approximate gas column pressure. Determine the mid-point pressure and then a new Z factor. Calculate a new gas column pressure. Iterate until the desired accuracy is obtained. In deep wells having a high bottomhole temperature and high gas gravity, the column should be divided into sections. See Bender and Holden14. The gas gradient can decreaae considerably downhole. Or, uae the computer. If the specific gravity of the gas column -.,74+., 4= ~e~a~e~ +,. is ?=QCkmnun .. .. . . .. , t,~ ~p=cific . 6&-A-J ~acoustic velocity. Fig. 12 presenta the specific gravity as a function of acouatic velocity for hydrocarbon gasea at 75F and Dressures . beIOW 1,000 psi. Fig. 13 gives the specific gravity at 75F and pressures above 1,000 psi. The acoustic velocity should be determined near the top of the acoustic chart at a depth environment of 75F. With the 11 point dividera aet on the collar kicks, determine the number

SPE 13810 REFERENCES 1.

JAMES N. MCCOY, AUGUSTO L. PODIO<

McCoy, J.N., Analyzing Well Performance XII, SPE 9750, 1981, available from Echometer Co., 5001 Ditto Lane, Wichita Falls, Texas, 76302-. (817) 767-4334. Weeks, S.G., et al., Fluid-Level Determination Through Internal Flush Tubing Without Depth, Temperature, or Pressure Limitations, SPE 12912, 1984. Calculating Subsurface Pressure Via FluidLevel Recorders, Energy Resources Conservation Board, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1978. Podio, A.L., et al., Low Cost Wellsite Determination of Bottomhole Pressure From Acoustic Surveys in High Pressure Wells, SPE 13254, 1984, The University of Texas at Austin, Petroleum Engineering Department. Gipson, F.W., and Swaim, H.W., The Beam Pumping Design Chain, 1980 Southwestern Petroleum Short Course, Texas Tech, Lubbock, Texaa. McCoy, J.N., Determining Producing Bottomhole Pressures in Wells Having Gaseous Columns J. Pet. Tech., Jan., 1978, p. 117-119. McCoy, J.N., Measuring Liquid Level with Acoustic Velocity, Petroleum Engineer, July 1975, pp. 66-63. Brownscombe, E.R., Afterflows and Buildup Interpretation of Pumping Wells, J. Pet. Tech., February 1982, pp. 397-412. Stegmeir, G.L., and Matthews, C.S., A Study of Anomalous Pressure Build-Up Behavior, Trans., AIMB, 1958, 213, 44-50.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10. Frick, T.C., Petroleum Production Handbook,

Volume II, SPE, P. 21-22. 11. Katz, et al., Handbook of Natural Gas Engineering, McGraw-Hill Book Company. 12. Huddleston, et al., Application of Portable Microcomputers to Field Interpretation of Acoustic Well Surveys, SPE, 1985 Computer Technology Symposium, Lubbock, Texas. 13. McCoy, J.N., et al., Acoustic Bottomhole Pressures in C02 Wells, 1985 Southwest Petroleum Short Course, Texaa Tech, Lubbock, Texas. 14. Bender, C.V., and Holden, W.R., Static Pressure Gradient Reversals in Gas Wells, SPE 13092, presented at the 1984 Annual Technical Conference in Houston, Texaa.

TABLE
OIL AND
API GRAVITY DEGREES 70 ~~ 60 55 50 48 46 44 42 40 36 36 34 32 30 28 26 20 15 10 FRESH WATER

I
GRADIENTS
LIQUIO GRADIENT PSI /FT 0.304 n ala= ., 0.320 0.329 0.336 0.342 0.345 0,349 0.353 0.358 0.362 0.366 0.3?0 0.375 0.380 0.384 n Xaa -. 0.405 0.419 0.433 0.433

WATER

LIQUID

GRADlENT,

PS1/FT

=o~~RE:~Apl+131 ~

TABLE
ACOUSTIC AND MEASURED

2
(BOMB) PRESSURE DATA

BOTTOM- HOLE DEPTH, FEET 10,600 10,600 9,736 13,792 9,359 . A.. O*Y3O SURFACE PR~~~~R~, PSIG 5,610 6,065 5,012 8,485 1,193 i, 440 ACOUSTIC 8gT?og - ,,hb blrll S PRESSURE, PSIG 7,565 7,864 6,005 10,294 1,467 -i, r60 PRESSURE, go~g ~G. ~ PSIG 7,563 7,874 5,954 10,347 1,459 (QUARTZ) I,751(OUARTZ)

80TTOM - HOLE PRESSURE , 8368 tic. 2 PSIG

10,425 -

WING HANDLE

F @=

PUMPING

TEE

? ,~fBLEED

VALVE/1

MICROPHONE ANO GUN

RECORDER & SHOT AT_

$-

COLLAR REFLECTION

T
STRIP CHART 4 I SEC. 11 MING MARNS

THRUST BEARING ROTATIVE RAMP

j&J
O RING m

l-E-lPRESSURE

VOLUME POPPET

CHAMBER VALVE

&

AvERAGE LENGTH JOINTS .IOUIO

II

JOINT X NO. _

Y
O RING

GAUGE

ELECTRICAL CONNECTOR L B

~ OEPTH 5

LEVEL

CONNECTION

TO WELL

1 I

.
l-LIQUID BY LEVEL ACOUSTIC DETERMINATION INSTRUMENT

F,
FULL SCALE
STATIC WELL CASING PRESSURE Is Is Psl (ASSUMEO) ~ 6A3 COLUMN

MICROPHONE DRAWING

FIGURE

FIGURE

2-

HIGH PRESSURE

GAS GUN

I % [

WELL 40%OIL 60 WATLZR CASINO

PRESSURE IS 0 ?s1 [AMwcD)

FIGURE

I
WmEn

r
5TA11 c WELL TuOINO IN

SMUTCM NG PRCSSIME Is 10 PSI ( ASSUMED)

CASING PRESSURE Is o Psl (ASSUMEO)

o
J m

PROOUCING WELL 40% OIL SO% WATER

ObS COLUMN PRESSURE . 3 PSI (aP?x)

Jzw

T%%,,

1000 of FILL-W

T
[ q4* BMP . Psl

4C0 or OIL .13S

PSI (MPX)

1000 OF flu-w
GOO or WATER . ~ q$l (A~)

+EilIN I
I

i OIL .
400OFOiL

1
~
r LL

300 Psl

Appx]

600OF WATER= 300 PSI(APPX)

m OIL
m WATER

BHP= 617 Psl

WATER

3-

DETERMINING

STATIC WHILE

BOTTOM LEVEL PRODUCING

FIGURE

3A-DETERMINING PRESSURES. EnD14Arlnkl rwnlmm I lull

STATIC LIQUID
Wull lvnl

BOTTOM LEVEL

HOLE

HOLE

PRESSURES.

LIQUID

ABOVE
E

AT FORMATION

0Dnn1161kl rnvuuvrmw.

r
VALVE OPnl 10 M)

PROOUCINQ WELL 40 % OIL 60 % WATER

Ifl :t%ER
IQ

PROCUCING WELL

CASINO

CLOSED VALVE CASINE PRESS(IRC Is 300 Ps!

x
FIL%P

#ATEB

d-

r I
11
-720 BHP= 763 PSI Inltln
, Lb.

STATIC WELL TUBING AND C4SlM SMUT-IN

CASINO PRES8URE IS eoo Pal ( ASSUUCD1

am COLUMN PRESSURE . 120 Psl (4 Pm)

PSI

40 OF OIL = 13 Psl (4PPX) *O OF WATER. 30 PSI (4PPx I

u u

OIL WATER

FIGURE

4-

DETERMINING PRESSURES.
WMFN ... ,k,
.

STATIC IMPROVED
I -,

BOTTOM

HOLE

TECHNIQUE
I F\/cl
Lk ,.I

12accnllc ..-. ..

Ic

ABOVE

PUMP

WHILE

PRODUCING.

PROOUCING WELL

STATIC WELL

PROOUCING WELL 2S% OIL 75% WATER

STATIC WELL

u
t[ ~

OIL

a WATER

~OIL WATER

N{ , : , :.;: ,, ... :.,,:. ~)J .:.. c,, :

Ill
OIL FROM OIL IN WA7E R

OIL

AEOVE

PUMP

CASING

AFTERFLOW

FROM

OIL

ANO

CASING ANO AFTERFLOW

wATER

WATER ~

!~
hi c ?OIL FROM IN ;OIL ......... .. . .. ...... .. -,. ... . .:..., :.: ::: ;,~: : ~< :.., .,-, .. ,.: ,,. .;:... :..,:..j..: Q WATER

CASING

AFTERFLOW

FROM

CASING ANO AFTERFLOW

FIGURE

5A-

DETERMINING HOLE LEVEL

STATIC

BOTTOM

FIGURE

5-

DETERMINING HOLE LEVEL

STATIC

BOTTOM

PRESSURES. ABOVE HIGH

LIQUID PIWP

PRESSURES. AT HIGH

LIQUID PUMP

OIL

QRAOIENT

- PS1/F1

FIGURE 6

-CHART

FOR ESTIMATING

OIL COLUMN

PRESSURE

GRADlENT
SNSRQY RESOURCES CONSCWATION SOARO

WATER

CORRECTION

FACTOR

TEMPERATURE,

FIGURE

.-

SW

/38)0

PRESSURE

EXERTED

SY

GAS

COLUMN

(PSI. )

0.60

0,70

O.io

O.&

GAS

GRAVITY

(AIR

= 1.0)

FIGURE l!!! !wlllll llllllm

GAS

COLUMN
lAllll

PRESSURE
btllll
llJ-rTllllll_Ll

llAllld/11111111

iYH+l-t+l+H

r 40

160 I 200 I 240 I 2803456789101112 I 120 60 I00 140 180 260 220 AVERAGE TEMPERATURE IN F

80

, , , , 111 1 1I 1 I 11 1I I 4 1314151617181920 AVERAGE PRESSURE IN 100 PSIG

FIGURE

9-

COMPRESSIBILITY

FACTOR

STANOING - KATZ

EXAMPLE

PROBLEMOF GAS COLUMNPRESSURE = 2000 PSIA = 0.70 = 70 F F = llO = 5000 Ft.

WELL CONDITIONS

Surf ace, Pressure Gas Gravity SurfaceTemperature FormationTemperature FormationDepth No liquidin well

Tc = 387 R (from Figure 10) Pc = 665 PSIA (fromFigure 10)

By Definition:

[(70+

110) ;21 +460

= ~ 42

r=r P rK=
Z = 0.72

387 2000 = 665 3.01

(note,Pr is enteredat

Fig.
top of Fig. 11)

10.

Gas gravity pressure and

vs. pseudocrit ical temperature.

Pgc =

0.0188 - 2000 . 0.7 . 5000 = 332 psi 0.72 . (90 + 460)

pressure at mid-point

Determine

2000 + ~

2166

Determinenew Z factor Pr=*

z = 0.715 ~ = 0.0188 . 2166 - 0.7 5000 0.715 0 (90 + 460)
pressure at mid-point

3.26

= 362

Determine

2000

2181

Determine

new

Z Factor

Pr =*

= 3.30

z = 0.715 p = 0.0188 . 2181 . 0.7 . 5000 0.715 s (90 + 460)

= 364

SBHP = 2000 + 364 = 2364 PS2A

Fig. Il. Compressibility factor for natural gases.

GAS

GRAVITY

AS A FUNCTION

OF

600

.6

.7

.8

.9

Lo

1.1 SPECIFIC

1.2

1.3 ORAVITY

I .4

1.5

1.6

1.7

1.8

FIGURE

12

GAS I700

GRAVITY

AS A FUNCTION VELOCITY

OF

ACOUSTIC

1600

u u ~ : L g tG 0 d > 0 E !!J 0 v a

1s00

!4QQ

1300

1200

1100

1000
.5s .6 .63 .7 .?s .8

SPECIFIC

GRAVITY

FIGURE

13

SBHP Calculation
Well Date Shut-in time and Date

Sheet*

-r

1. Casing Pressure, PSIG

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 6. 9. Static Liquid Level, distance trom surface. FT. FormationDepth (Pressure Datum). FT. Surface Temperature, F FormationTemperature, F Oil Gravity, API Oil Gradient, psi~ft use Table 1 or Figure 6 Water Specific Gravity Water Gradient 0.433 psi/ft, 0.433 psilft. 0.433 psilft. fo,
Au-rzIna ... ,w CZI. ~=

= x x x
I.i. Kz

psi n. S.G. Item 6 x x x

.~,

CorrectionFactor Fig. 7

CrdI IWIm Tarnnnrd, , ,,,,, , e!!,p,.a.,-

11. AcousticVelocity =

(Collarskec)

x x

(Avg.Joint Lgt.. Ft.)

x x2

2 Ff/Sec

12. Gas Specific Gravity (use Fig. 8 or 9) 13. Gas Column Pressure Pgc =
=

= psi

= P x x )x
14a

0.0188

S.G. Item 12

x x x

L Item 2

+ +
.

[~x [

0.0188

x x( BOPD =

x (Item 10 + 460) ]

x (j~i~g 14. Well Production:

i
BFPD =

x(
14C

)1

BWPD =
14b

15. Oil Column Pressure = Height of fiquidcolumn (Item 3 Item 2) ( 16, Water Column Pressure = Height of liquidcolumn (Item 3 ( SBHP = Casing Pressure Item 1 Item 2) ..._PSIG + +
)x

psi x x )x
x

Oil Gradient Item 7

Fractionof 011 in LiquidColumn Item 14C Item 14a +

osi Water Gradient Item 9

x x
x

FractionofWater inLiquidColumn Ifem 14b +

.

Item 14s

Gas Column Pressure

Item 13

+
+ +

Oil Column Pressure Item 15

+ + +

Water Column Pressure Item 16

ProducingLiquid Level fu Pump which is af Formation. Echometer Company 817-767-4334 5001 Ditto Lane Wichita Falls, Texas 76302