Drilling & Evaluation Services Training

Prepared for the Iraqi Ministry of Oil by Telecom/Telematique, Inc. November 2008

Seismology and Surface Logging The topics to be discussed are:

2-D 3-D

seismic seismic well seismology

Cross 4-D

seismic logging

Surface

Reflection Seismic

Allows to image changes in the subsurface geology Induce an acoustic near the surface Listen to echoes from deeper stratigraphic boundaries Much like ultrasound images in medicine

2-D Seismic
Recorded using straight lines across the surface Acoustic energy provided through explosive charges (see figure 1) or vibroseis trucks (see figure 2) Sound travels in a spherical wave Reflected signals are detected by geophones (accelerometers) The final processed date is know as stacked data (See figure 3)

2-D Seismic Data Acquisition

Using Explosives Reflective Boundary

Figure 1 Courtesy of Mustagh Resources Ltd.

Vibroseis Truck Compare to car for size!

Figure 2

Stacked 2-D Data

Figure 3 Courtesy of Schlumberger

3-D Seismic

Record many lines of receivers in an area know as a patch Source lines usually laid orthogonally to the receivers Sequentially record a group of shots or salvo Useful data in a circle with a radius equal to the maximum useful offset (See figure 4) Move the patch and record more state to overlap previous data

Circle of Useful Data from the Salvo

Figure 4 Courtesy of Mustagh Resources Ltd.

Quality of Data

Build statistical reputation for each subsurface reflecting area (bin) by getting overlapping data. Quality is related to statistical diversity The more observations the more successful the data

Multiplicity of Fold of Data

3D image quality is sensitive offset squared and controls the line grid density The fold for 2-D and 3-D methods is given by the following equations:

Number of traces per record 2

Fold

2D

Receiver Interval Source Interval

Maximum useable Offset Source Interval

Fold 3D

Useful Surface area of Patch 4 Souce Line Spacing Receiver Line Spacing

OR

(Maximum useable Offset) 2

4 Source Line Receiver Line

3-D Seismic Design

3-D image quality is sensitive to offset squared Factor of prime importance Controls the grid density
Economics

of the program Image Quality (See figure 5)

Illustration of Image Quality

Not enough data Sufficient data

Figure 5 Courtesy of Mustagh Resources Ltd.

Average Costs 2-D vs 3-D

Data from the Western Canada Basin 1997
Play Type High Res Shallow Paleo U/C D-3 Deep Foothills Typical Costs of 2D Seismic Offset Fold Source CDP (depth) % Interval Size 500 680 960 1400 2000 4000 50 20 12 14 20 40 10 34 80 100 100 100 5 8.5 10 12.5 12.5 12.5 Cost (per km) $7,500 $6,500 $5,500 $5,000 $5,000 $30,000

Play Type High Res Shallow Paleo U/C D-3 Deep Foothills

Typical Costs of 3D Seismic Offset Fold Line Bin (depth) % Spacing Size 500 700 1000 1400 2000 4000 20 10 14 18 20 10 100 200 240 290 400 1120 5 15 20 25 30 40 x 100

Cost (per sq km) $700,000 $40,000 $24,000 $18,000 $12,000 $8,000

Courtesy of Mustagh Resources Ltd.

2-D vs 3-D Estimated Results

Data from the Western Canada Basin
2D versus 3D Estimated Results (1997) 2D Wells Drilled on Seismic Drill Density Seismic Costs /Well Est. Completion Rate Quality of Production 3000 1 per 10 km $50,000 60% Fair 3D 8000 1 per 3 sq km $52,500 80% Good

Courtesy of Mustagh Resources Ltd.

Unified Seismic Interpretation and Geologic Modeling

Figure 6 Courtesy of Schlumberger

3-D Seismic Case Study

North Sea Well Placement

Figure 7 Courtesy of Schlumberger

3-D Seismic Case Study

North Sea Well Placement Risk

Figure 7 Courtesy of Schlumberger

Cross Well Seismology

Down hole source with broader frequency Down hole multilevel array with 3-axis geophones Several times higher frequency than surface seismic data Data can indicate the geological structure between wells clearly

Cross Well Data Acquisition

Figure 8 Courtesy of China Science & Technology Company

Cross Well Seismic Example

Figure 8 Courtesy of Geophysical Corner

Trade Reservoir Coverage for Resolution

Figure 8 Courtesy of Geophysical Corner

Time Lapse (4-D) Seismic

Use of 3-D seismic at different times in the productive life of a reservoir (See figure 9) Objective is to determine changes occurring as a result of:
Hydrocarbon Injection

production

of:

Water Gas Steam

Time Lapse Surveys

Figure 9 Courtesy of Schlumberger

Time Lapse Surveys

Subtract survey 1 from survey 2 The difference should be zero except where reservoir changes have occurred Time lapse will vary considerable
From

two weeks to monitor pressure changes of first oil To many years in a large Middle East carbonate reservoir

4-D Analysis and Interpretation

Figure 10 Courtesy of Schlumberger

Surface Logging
Rate of penetration from bit Detection and analysis of gas Analysis of drill cuttings Mud data Detection of oil stain and cut Description of cuttings

Grain

size shape Lithological content Porosity

Surface Logging Unit

Figure 11

Example Surface Mud Log

Lithology Porosity Depth Lithology Coding

Rate of Penetration

Formation Description

Mud Data

Fluorescence

leach

Basic Gas Interpretation

Figure 12 Courtesy of GWB Consultants

Additional Services Available

Well site whole rock chemistry Early warning system

Mud

flow into formation Early kick detection

Flow monitor H2S gas monitoring Gas monitoring and evaluation