LESSON 5 SOCIALIZATION 1.

Fill in the blanks with one appropriate term from the list below: face work Ivan Pavlov feral children role taking significant others biological urges John B. Watson looking-glass self peer group personal relationships gender socialization Primary socialization significant others adult socialization mass media losing face social laws Secondary socialization core identity George Herbert Mead generalized other Lawrence Kohlberg social situations occupational mobility moral principles anticipatory socialization Agencies of socialization Socialization cooperation preparatory family genes emotional justice male game interaction superego conditioned rules reward isolated identification play attention Resocialization ego social face female id language Behaviorism punishment adults schools Religion id love ego superego culture resocialization fairness masculinity femininity

_____________________ refers to the ways in which people learn to conform to their societys norms, values and roles. _____________________ consists of the ways in which the newborn individual is molded into a person who can interact with others according to the expectations of society. _____________________ occurs in childhood and adolescence; primarily through schooling, and _____________________ refers to the ways in which a person learns the norms associated with new statuses. Among the most basic questions in the study of human socialization is that of nature versus nurture. To what extent does the development of the person depend on genetic factors, and to what extent does it depend on learning? The first social scientist to develop a theory that addressed this issue was Sigmund Freud. Freud believed that the personality develops out of the process of socialization through which the infant is

gradually forced to control its _____________________. He divided the personality into three functional areas: the _____________________, from which unsocialized drives arise; the _____________________, which incorporates the moral codes of elders; and the _____________________, or ones conception of oneself in relation to others. In the growth of the personality, the formation of the _____________________ or social self is critical. According to Freud, this takes places in a series of stages in which conflict between the demands of the _____________________ and those of the _____________________ is always threatening to disrupt the functioning of the _____________________. _____________________ asserts that all behavior is learned. It originated in the work of _____________________, who showed that behavior that was thought to be instinctual could in fact be shaped or _____________________ by learning situations. This line of research was continued by _____________________, whose experiments revealed the ability of conditioning to shape behavior in almost any direction. Studies of _____________________, who have experienced extreme isolation or have been reared outside human society, show that such children are able to learn but that they do so far more slowly than children who have not been _____________________ in early childhood. Other studies have found that normal development requires not only the presence of other humans but also the _____________________ and _____________________ of adults. Children raised in orphanages and other nonfamily settings are more likely to develop _____________________ problems and to be retarded in their _____________________ development than comparable children who are reared by their parents. The role of _____________________ in shaping traits such as intelligence and sexual orientation is a subject of continual research and controversy. Interactionist models of socialization stress the development of the social self through _____________________ with others. One of the earliest interactionist theories was Charles Horton Cooleys concept of the _____________________, the reflection of our self that we think we see in the behaviors of other people toward us. This concept was carried further by _____________________, who emphasized the importance of culture in the formation of the self. He believed that when children play, they practice _____________________, or trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person. This ability develops through three stages. During the _____________________ stage, they play at beings others who are significant in their lives. During the third stage, the _____________________ stage, they develop the ability to take the role of the _____________________ that is, to shape their participation according to the roles of the other participants. In playing the roles for which they have been socialized, people adhere to the rules of interaction known as _____________________. They seek to present a positive image of themselves, their _____________________ and to avoid being embarrassed or _____________________._____________________ proposed a three-stage sequence of moral development in which the childs moral reasoning evolves from emphasis on _____________________ and _____________________ to the ability to distinguish between _____________________ and _____________________. Other sociologists especially Carol Gilligan, have challenged this theory on the ground that it does not distinguish between moral reasoning based on _____________________ and

_____________________ (most common in males) and moral reasoning based on _____________________ and _____________________ (most common in females). Research has shown that by better understanding what goes into emotional intelligence one can vastly improve ones _____________________ and ones understanding of why others react as they do in different _____________________. Studies of the environments in which socialization occurs have found that normal development requires the involvement of one or more _____________________ in the care of the child, as well as public policies that promote such involvement. _____________________ are groups of people, along with the interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a persons social development. Within all agencies of socialization one finds a great deal of _____________________, in which the individual plays at a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life. After the _____________________, the most important agencies of socialization are the _____________________. Other socializing agencies in the community include day care centers, churches, leagues and other associations. _____________________ may be involved in socialization in different ways throughout an individuals lifetime. The dominant agency of socialization outside the family is the _____________________, an interacting group of people of about the same age. Such groups exert a significant influence on the individual from adolescence on. The _____________________ are another significant agency of socialization in American society. The roles a person plays over a lifetime are influenced by _____________________ change and by changes in the _____________________ of his or her society. Socialization after childhood often occurs as a result of _____________________ and the influence of _____________________. A persons _____________________ shapes that individuals responses to new situations and challenges. _____________________ may occur at any time during adulthood. Sometimes people undergo _____________________ to correct patterns of social learning that they and others find detrimental. Erik Erikson focused on _____________________, the social process whereby the individual chooses adults as _____________________ and attempts to imitate their behavior. An important aspect of socialization is _____________________, or the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of _____________________ and _____________________. Gender identity is an individuals own feeling of whether he or she is a _____________________ or a _____________________. 2. For each of the following terms, identify the correct definition and enter the appropriate letter in the blank in front of the definition. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. socialization id superego ego behaviorism conditioning feral child j. generalized other k. agencies of socialization l. agents of socialization m. anticipatory socialization n. peer group o. resocialization p. total institution

h. role taking i. significant other

q. identification r. gender socialization

___ 1. a child reared outside human society. ___ 2. the ways in which we learn our gender identity and develop according to cultural norms of masculinity and femininity. ___ 3. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that is the individuals conception of himself or herself in relation to others. ___ 4. a theory that states that all behavior is learned and that this learning occurs through the process known as conditioning. ___ 5. a persons internalized conception of the expectations and attitudes held by society. ___ 6. the processes whereby we learn to behave according to the norms of our culture. ___ 7. according to Freud, the part of the human personality from which all innate drive arise. ___ 8. an interacting group of people of about the same age that has a significant influence on the norms and values of its members. ___ 9. individuals who socialize others. ___ 10. any person who is important to an individual. ___ 11. the social process whereby an individual chooses role models and attempts to imitate their behavior. ___ 12. the shaping of behavior through reward and punishment. ___ 13. socialization that prepares an individual for a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life. ___ 14. according to Freud, the part of the human personality that internalizes the moral codes of adults. ___ 15. intense, deliberate socialization designed to change major beliefs and behaviors. ___ 16. trying to look at social situations from the standpoint of another person from whom one seeks a response. ___ 17. the groups of people, along with interactions that occur within those groups, that influence a persons social development. ___ 18. a setting in which people undergoing resocialization are isolated from the larger society under the control of a specialized staff. 3. Encircle the correct answer to each question, from the answers provided below. 1. Socialization that occurs when the child leaves the family for schooling and comes under the influence of adults and peers outside the household is known as: a. primary socialization b. secondary socialization c. adult socialization d. resocialization 2. The theory that asserts that all behavior is learned is known as: a. sociobiology b. biological determinism

c. behaviorism d. identity theory 3. In Freuds model of the personality, the functional area that incorporates the moral codes of adults is called the: a. id b. ego c. superego d. identity 4. Cases of feral children, or children who have been abandoned or isolated in infancy, show that: a. isolation in childhood does not affect later socialization b. socialization is unnecessary for a person to lead a normal life c. socialization is a purely biological process d. none of the above 5. Comparisons of children raised in orphanages and other group settings with children raised in conventional families demonstrate the crucial role of which of the following aspects of socialization? a. initial intelligence b. early-childhood education c. nurturance and love d. none of the above 6. The concept of the looking-glass self was developed by: a. Lawrence Kohlberg b. Jean Piaget c. George Herbert Mead d. Charles Horton Cooley 7. A person who is an important figure in another persons social environment is referred to as a (an): a. significant other b. generalized other c. agent of socialization d. peer 8. The the: a. b. c. d. individuals conception of the expectations of society and its demands is called ego superego significant other generalized other

9. An example of face work would be:

a. b. c. d.

what a model does before appearing before the camera the universal language of facial gestures the grim looks of basketball players who are losing an important game interaction in a small group designed to make a person feel better after spilling a dish in her lap

10. Perhaps the most influential researcher of moral development was: a. Ivan Pavlov b. B. F. Skinner c. Erik Erikson d. Lawrence Kohlberg 11. The groups of people that influence a persons social development throughout his or her lifetime are: a. a peer group b. agencies of socialization c. the generalized other d. resocializing agents 12. Situations in which an individual plays at a role that he or she is likely to assume later in life are known as: a. adult socialization b. anticipatory socialization c. peer socialization d. primary socialization 13. The primary agency of socialization is the: a. family b. school c. peer group d. mass media 14. The attitudes and values of adolescents tend to be most strongly influenced by their: a. teachers b. siblings c. peers d. parents 15. Erik Eriksons theory of personality development emphasizes the concept of: a. conditioning b. identification c. delayed gratification d. symbolic interaction

4. TRUE or FALSE: T/F 1. Today it is generally recognized that biological factors have little effect on the formation of the personality. T/F 2. Sigmund Freuds theory of personality is based on the belief that the individual acquires a self by observing and assimilating the identities of others. T/F 3. Behaviorism traces its origins to the work of the Russian psychologist Ivan Pavlov. T/F 4. Lawrence Kohlbergs theory of moral development emphasizes the cognitive aspects of moral behavior. T/F 5. The mass media have been shown to have little effect on childrens behavior.