--.a..J.L.

3
tn-tlG
Letter 5

COOLI NG CALCU I-A1'IONS plants at how

In

[-etter are

-l we used

lookr:d on board

at

differc!}t ships. f or

tyfles l.Je are these

of now

rclrcl going ' the

ucLirct-ion to To lock

that, we go these

gas

at-)ou{- dc'i ng cal-culations There main

calculations j-s of ls, factor for in Sreat

plants for

understand car8o

importance the the

strj.p's

operationsthat is .the

example, deciding

plants loading

coQLLng tine

capacity for the shi-p

USE OF TI{E MOLLIER

DIAGRAM

E1-1closed in the ,,MoIlier

. { ! J . \ + . . 6

this

letter -

you Thrs

will

find is the

blg an

cur'/e irnportant

diagram h':Iping in a

caLled aid

diagram" clear and

diagran

'cnr. makine

understandrng

processes

reliquet
t

faction

plant

(cooling

PIant) -

FindtheMol}ierdiagrau.Ifyouhavenotusedsucl-radiagram before, now look you wiII at the probably di-agram think and the 1t- is a bit over*helning' it =r\le= ' Let us

( ( (

information

This

diagram a "LoE

applies p-h

only

to

(pure) -

propane, "Log that (or P" i-s

anc mea.:s the

ls

in

fact it has scal-e the horia '

calJ-ed

floIJ.ier for

diagram"

t'llat '''ertical

Iogarithmic whilst zontal the scale

scal-e "h"

pressure for

(p) '

stands

ental-phy

energy)

artd

ic

\ ( (

'',',; Note use right that the when you scale at read top in of this values off this in diagran kJ,zke) ani '
that the You scal-e

nust
on side we. are the

the

(enthalpy

( ( ( ( (
I

side

(pressure the to bottoru use in

MPa) - The scales the diagran are

on the trnglish

left-hand units fhat

and along not going

course'

'l,r+

L C

,-rr.Jl. -lntc Letter

t
COOLING CNLCULATIONS

,Ir that

Letter are

3 rre Iooked used on board

at

different sh|ps

types - tle are

of

reliqllefaction to

plants how

tas

now'go'ing plants

-l-ook at

we go about

doing

calculations

for

these

- To understand

for the shj-P's cargo imPortance is of great these calculations : _ ' capacity cooling the plants for example, There is, ,operations: the loadj-ng time for the shj-pin decj-dint main factor is.the ,that
i

2 '

: !

USE OF THE MOLLIER DIAGRAH

Enclosed the for

in

this

letter -

you This

wil-I

find

a is'an

big

curve inrportant

diagram hetping in

called aid

"Hollier naking

diagram" clear and

diagran

understandj-ng Plant) -

the

Processes

a relique-

faction

plant

(cooling

Find

the

Mollier you at wi]I the

di.agram - If probably diagram

You it

have not is

used

such

a diagram Let
US

before, now Iook

think and the

a bit.

overwhelning. it gives -

infornation

Thj-s calLed

dj.agram a "Log

app)-ies p-h

onJ-y

to

( pure)

propane, "Log p" is

and

is

in

fact it has a sca1e, hori*

Hollier for

diagram"-

means that the

logarithnric

scale

pressure

(P),, :that

verti-caland is the

whilst zontal
j r

the

"h"

stands

for

entafphy

(or

energy)

scale"

Note use right and not

that the

Llhen you scale at

read top in of this

values

off

this in

diagran, kJ,zkg) and

that the

you scale

must on the side Lte are

the

(enthalpy HPa) the

side along going

(pressure the to bottorn use in

The scales are

on the English

left-hand units Ehat

diagran

course.

'At*

. 1 .

Drrl.tG

---l

-..a J.. Letter

y.

The ask wi_ll they

pressure you not are to

scale Hrrte to

is lbar think

acr mentioned r.rhere .i L 5ai,s about =

in

Pll,a (Hega so

I'a:jcal- ) , t hat to rL later " bar'. says

and

Lre

have to 4bar

0 , 1HPa. thtl e -A.

you Hnen
O , 4MI)A

changrrrg lbai-);

be.used etc-

wi-l-l- be

(O , l H P a

unl_ ts where

l"Jhen you to mark

begin of f the the

to

use

th( - d l a g r a m ,

you

should diagran

va-l-ues,/positions course, and is to

use a soft is to be

penc:-I use.d

throughout

- The

be usec

regular_lv-

fn

the

left

and the

]ocrer

sack

are

marks

saturati.on"r::*"n":;:'"^

a "sac}<"

is

drawn.

rh

the

same Hay'

the

, :^::".
line:or r-ine sack right fcr is boiling liquid saturated

o," ;:"::;. ::'= ;:;: ]

right 's
!

hand side on the and the vaPour. left

shows the of to the the

propane,

and the

propane.

undercoored of the sack is to

area

Thc area (subcoo-led) lrqui.d superheated vapour is ln

that

propane {
I

The phase

change

propane the sack _

from

J_iquid

Let gone

us

n o L J l o oo kk

ar t

_q fce

problems

through

i -rn a r ca c n n e c t ij . o n

riit rh w

'w kh _a -t

we

have

uxamole !: Use the Holli er diagran at for 2bar propane, (0,2Mpa)

Phase change

and

(sack)

draw

.l_ine through as figure

th_"

pressure,

1 shours
t (

{ 1 { ( l r ( i

fr
(

s(
(

Gt'
0'('

Dni{G

...r.9. Letter
I

: : Pressure (bar)

2rO

lr6o

B70

Enthalpy Fle. 1

( kJ,/kc

Later you

Hhen you make guch'sketches consequently as bar, the botton ngrk

yourself

,. it

an advantage T found on the values ]efton

if

the.prgss-ur9?,-you,havq you.nark 3S the off the

hand slde scale at

and that ln

enthalpy shotJs.

kJ/ke,

figure

Let

us

now find ls for

out a

how large of

the

enthalpy

content propane at

(heat/energy 2bar satur-

content) atlon

kilo.

boiling,Liquld

pressure

Bolling mentloned "A". your

l1quld

propane

at

different part of

Pressures the sack. Up the of

is In

found our

as at point

on the

left-hanil "A"

case on the

Go frou dlagran.

pol-nt Here kllo at

and vertically flnd

scale ca.

tOP of

you uill of

a value in

zr60kJ./k8- This (boiling :

means that Ilquld content

each

propane saturatlon

the,given Pressure) niJ.I;

state

propane of

2 bar lO kllo

has an enthafpy concain:

/r6OkJ.

propane

therefore,

1 0 ' 4 6 o k J/ k e = _ ! 9 9 9 8 J

:'*

:]MG

*rr J.. _frr Jl: . Letter

I I

Next, for

we shal l t r y t o f saturated to go of vapour at

ind

'out

how

J"arge

th<,- errtllalpy pressure wltich and rs

contclnt ( 2bar ) on the

is Nou

t-he same up the from

saturatron "ll" poilrt

He lrave hand off slde

vertj-ca_l-.1- y the s.ick, to

rig.t)t-

e:ntha.l-py

scale,

trere

r-re read.

aTOkJ/ke.

(
E

h'e willdiagram' and

now As

contj-nue we is have in the the

with al-ready sac!:.

aore

practice the out thcre of -

r.n the phase

usc

of

the

Molli,-r lj-quid phase drawn are is tol

saj-d, To find

change or few -

bettween wet thrs

vapour is

trow dry are the o,z , a

change

in

different to right o, 1

stagcs, the sides o,1 of

curves

approximately ]-abe-lled. say O,9 tha't parts from "o , 1" of

paralleJ.l-eft to

sack o.3

These etc-

lines Thrs

with

''reans

parts

vapour
i?..t,r ,.."r

and ,

theref

pre,

1iquid

-l)nl-y Nts:

Another, phase has

and

i-mportant is the

piece

{ of infornation that to in ' ' the that substance we get ( the in the t ( { ( syste', and have both rrqui-d t t ( usrng ( { propane) rs .

change

temperature changes over is

when the

liquid the

vapour - This the

temperature

constant

rihilst

substance

phase change -

rf

we have

the in

propane this

in

a crosed (as

and vapour

in a cargo tank), we are positiontofindtheIiquidtemperaturebyusingtheVapour pressure, the liquid each and converseJ-y we can l'ie say find that the the vapour pressure are pressure

system

l-n a

temperatureother

-ld.temperature in equilibriun

folIow and in

when the system

liquid

and vapour

a closed

\ f'he te'perature val-ues i.n your and are Mol-Lier giwen to on diagran the are gi_ven in rines oc when op in you {, ( ( ( . (
t

(.

'(degrees the are ture ,the sack phase

trahrenheit), cfrangethe goes and in

horizon'tarthem Note the to

Arways

rerneqber on

change

plotting curve sack,

temperatures approximately a curve

a dlagrarnup the

how the left_hand side

tenpera_ side of of the

verti_carly

do.wnwards on

right-hand

: DntlG

frf#ter
Exanple
i

' : I

a t

2: now show on a sketch of the l1olller

I ho:w we nark off

tte shall take out

the

: values

i i

i we

that

dlagran.
.,...,1

Let

us

noel first (part

conslder

that.se

have

kilo

of

proPane the

ln

phase change pressure is 635kJ is

1s vapour, and the

and part enthalpy of

1s llquld), the

saturatlon rnixture

7,Sbar,

vapour./Iiquid

HoH much of also the

the

propane of

is the

J.i-qui-d, and how much liquld,/vapour.

is

vapour.

Find

tenperature

:
. t

Pressure ( bar')
7r,

85
Enthalpy
E'J p 2
I

(kJlkg)

1 By "plottlng"
)
t

the

pressure'at the says

7,5bar polnt o,2,

and the

enthalpy

at ls in

; 635kJ,zks on tie :h? .

i(see fle"

2),

lre fLnd that where 1t

of lntersectl'on whfih rneans' tiat of vapour

)
!

"'durprra== n1xture of liquid,/vapour ; parts of llquid. tte also 'parallel to the pressure that (If for +6ooF. If not

curve"

we have O,2 parts f J.nd that li.ne for the

and so o , B that runs .i.s

teruperature saturation

line

7,Sbar

pressure

you.convert with 3

6OoF to Celclus, this conversion,

you tet

+15oc-

you are for

faniliar

you can use the find Che teEpera-

table ture

proPane in'Letter

where you wiII

l.n Celciu's , Fahrenhr- - c .q?g_Kelvln

DnHC

T"i;' Letter
f'o find ttre tank you pressurer(arso must fronr real-isc the

G S
llnown as

e
manomecer pressure at'ospheric pressure : @ g 6 6 6. 6 6 ( ( (

overpressure) must

that-

the

be subtracted pressure

N o r r n a - r -o a r o = is. IO13 mr-Ll-ibar (lO13mb = l.Ol-lb.lr), and noserious mistake is made ir i,je subtr_act 1 (one) from the satur _ ation pressure to get the tank pressure, for siuprrcityrf the : saturation pressure (of ten car-red the abso_r-ute p."==,r..) j-s / ')oar, as in our exarapre, then we can use the tank pressure as A a ' )a oHa^ r- ' i-f nothi-ng erse .r-snenti_oned about the atmospheric pressure ptreric
I
1

sar-uracion

pres'surc.

#
' I4e have previously . said that in a phase change both t-he vapour -n-_

and ' ,

riqr,id

are

at

the

sa'e

tetrpe.ature, we have you wirl

and i.n the

that

q
& q
{

this.

which vapour pressure '::tto"= r= correct, but in practice top of the tank than in (in the the

tempe.arure ;;r=' in a;=

cr-osed systen the vapour

see

that

doqe)

has

often

temperature vapouiase into has ' rhe

a si-gnifi-canrry doHn in due the to

higher-

q
(

riquid words, and

tenperature

other

tank - The the heat

e r-eak- e

been superheated ,r.""'ll.l . ;;

( c t
T

not , however , e infr-uence ""* the pressure in the tank that, is d ecided by the rem p'erature G of the i'iquid (rea-l-lv the temperature at the liquid surf ' The vapour over the F liquicl surface is at the same temperatr.".::) A S E the liquio surface, and it is here that the phase change takes Aci Next : look at the curves gravity) given on the - These uhits Morlier curves 1b,/fr3 all the

tank

(sun

( (

-G'
^ ,.j R q

(ear-l-ier rrghr

diagran

for

thc

called

density th. ).

go graduarly (pounds varues

and are in

j.n rhe

up towards

i'Je sharr
.i

o...ror.;;a, He find

the

meantime

frou r b 7 1 a 3 t o k g , z m 3( k i 1 0 s p e r c u b i c neter). on the curve for ' '1'0 rb/ft3 we find a convbrsion factor for this nunber that is 16,02- That is to say that I ru7;13 1= the sane as 16 i rf we find ,o2.vg7,.3. the densitv ar, for instance, o,3 toltt3, ic wir-r ' becoqe 4,8o6 kg/m3 (o,3 -16,02 =.4,806)

convert

( .^:ri \' (

5 ql \', q
gi

( ( ( ( (

*'

q
A-

n '',i

( (

ttl

L
(

.t

'nlvlc

,.#J. s
' Exanple He s11I us flnd saturatlon , 3: no*, show an exa'Ple the density pressure for of of thl use of the density vapour of curvewith a

'
Let

a superheated 0,95bar enthalpy

propane

and a temperature for this Propane

r-lrc)oc wiII also

.(+12OoF) - The specific ibe founo-

vapour

, Y6l#
\rP-/

Pressure lnan) ,
t

( -1r 3,toc ) 0'95 ,

l

:
r

F1B. 3 EnthalPy
,.
r t t

(kJ/ke)

I
i , ' l

i.

,9yplot}i'gthepolnts-of,intersection(seefiSure3)betweenthe for iurve for O,95bar and the:-tetrperature Ilne pressure

+49oC

a-

(+12ooF)'Hefindthatthepointoflntersectionliesinthe therefore' will, The denslty curve for o,1 Lb/tt3. denslty ln our example vapour f or t-he superheated L,6kE/mr this Point is '(o,l'L6,o2RE/m3 = 1,6kg,/83)' The enthalpyat ' as PJQvlously '( about loookJ/ke ) ' :

be

found

Asyousee,wealwaysuseprop"".j.nourexamples.Thereasonfor
i

thlsisthatlfyouhave'learntthethermodynamj-csforonegas' youunderstandthethermodynamicsforalltheothergases. Concerningthetherrnodynamicproperties,itisonlythevalues thatarechangedfrongastosas.Anotherirnportantreasonfor curves less is that course only one gas 1n this using and

':1 "-

- -.r
DnHG
-+ 12. ' -ra,J;. Letter 5

' ro q,
f lri' ci t Ic

q
q

dlagrarus

are

needed -

In

Lec'ter

3 set

under of

.,U:jIJ

Qt; DATA given ior :

PAGES AND CURVES.., a propane only-

conplete

dj-agrz:ms,/

cablcs

rs

e
We have nor-r looked diagram gives, at all for the informatron Thls cttat. our one value MoIIj.cr j-s a curve (S) is q. 6i except one valuefor

known as "enthropy" J,/ke-K not (Joule per

(S) - The unit kilo and t(elvin) further about

specific

enthropy for
on

- We shall, this value of to

thc
this gas
v ^

neantimc.
course wiJ.J- follow

bother to

oursel-ves mention that

a
6

except the

an ideal that goes

compression steepll' up

a
^

curve

(adiabatic)

ri eht
4 b r r e

of

the

Oiagram?

You have continue introduce tables.

now used to use it of

the

Hollier

diagran, course can

ior

a while but it is

nri

\/-r J " -

2 rp

i-o

later the

i-n the you

now time

to
r-

q
(
I

nore Find

values

f: nd

1n t.he

1-hprmnclrzn.ami

the Letter

tabl-es 3 !

" T H E R H O D Y N A H I CP R O P t r R T I E S I i O R S A T U R A T E D

( ( (

PROPANE" in

( ( (

Most can

of be

the f ound

information in the table

you

have

extracted

from

1-he Molfier You mj-ght now

_

diagran asf: !
l

with

great

accuracy.

Hhy it

is

necessary -uake out

to

use

the

diagranthe

The'answer line the

is (the

simplesack)

l'Je in a

can only tahlc

values no

fron

saturation frou (tg the

'{

anri

thereforc or the

infornation alea

undercool-eC and rrght to "see" the the table of the -

(subcooled) sack) process very going that is

superheated it is

l-eft

givenwj-thout

Also such

extreme-l-y difficult On the other

coolin.l is

a dj-agram.

hand,

useful to use

when rre. require the frou tabl-e the

accurate can

values, be used,

and we are, to correct

therefore the wal-ues ..'

when it

we get

diagran

In

the

next

exanple them highest

we are on

goilg

to

use

the in

table order

for

accurate an

values answer

and put of the

a J.og p-h accuracy-

sketch

calculate

( ( ( t ( (

LttG

...a.JI, Letter 5 , 1n a tank at a teiperature and tank Further, and vapour liquld is of -zOoC- t'Je wi-sh to totttttately as o= f'tnd as the the denslty

ll

Exanple t^te have the flnd : posslble

4: propane

saturation at thls of (Ah)

pressure tenPerature-

p..t=,rt" He wiII as sell

and enthalpy difference vapour tlquld i 'Draw the

the

Iiquid the

etiLhalpy tf" the gaomb' from '

between liquid

and vapour' at the

t'le assurte that as is

above the 1n thls a sketch Hith

surface and that the values

satre temperature pressure the values diagran

exanpJ-e, and nark

the on

atrnospheric it. Compare the

table

those

y9t

would

Eet

from

Mo}lier

;Enter

the

table off the

using

the

llquid

temperature under the

(in

this

case -2OoC), Pressure-

rand read

vaLuQ.2,44526bat

saturation

'

The tank Saturation

pressure pressure

ls

cal'culated

thus: pressure
Tank pressure I , zr6526bar

- Atrnospheric O, 9 8 o b a r

2,4/t526bar

Under under liquld

the the is

column vapour

for

the

lj-quid we find f or

density

we find

O,55zr48kE/L' for the

and

denslty and

5'60kg/n3' is

EnthaLpy

476 ,2kJ /kE

vapour =

a76 , BkJ/ke q)O,2)kJ/ke = 4OO'6kJ7ke

The enthalpy

difference'(dh)

(876,8

: Pressure 3 1:(hal)'
j : t ' ' I

2,ltltr26
-

1 fl 6 ,2
FLF. lt

---Ah = \00,6
Enthalpy ''rf*

gil,O

( kJ,zkg )

--+!..

'

!
l (

DntlG

Tdtt*t

(
a

trXEIt.CISES (Answers on page '/.3 )

( ( ( (

1a)

t"Jhat ki lo

is
of

the

enthalpy Iiquid

content

(sPecifrc at 3bar

enthalPy ) satural-ion

for

one

boiling

Propane

Pressurel

b)

t"JhatistheSpecificenthalpyforSaturatedpropaneVapour at 3bar saturati.on Pressure?

what
' rFran

is
t h-

the

saturation j-c

pressure for

of the

boilj-ng liquicl

Iiquid is

prol

specif

enthal-py

51okJ /kc?

d )

K I

I O

is

the

saturation

Pressure content

of of

s aturated 900kJ /ktr?

ProPane

vaPol

rri

fl-r

a specifi-c

enttralPY

o )

glhat

is

the at

enthalPy a saturatlon

content

for

7 of

l:i l o s 5bar?

of

boilj-ng

Iiqui'

proPane

Pressure

L O )

tJhat 'tank

is

the

saturation ning ProPane

pressure whcne

and the

tan!<

Pressure

rn

contai

liquid

tcuPerature

,.nOr-2

t-\ )

l,Jhat is the tank

tne

r-emPerature

of
I )

tiquid
{ r L
r J v e L

ProPane
-

in

tank

where

Pressufe

readi-ng

(l-r:r?

c)ThetellPeratureofatiquid,/vapourmixtureofPropanej-n phasechangeib-1OoC'ThemixtureconsistsofO'3parts wha*' is the is liquidof vapour (gas) and che rest nixture? for the Iiquid'/vapour enthalpy specific

i (
t

-rf 'Jl'

f,lG

Letter

, 1 3

lir, d) rf He put
(j-n

a ,oano'ete"
the closed read?

{he
system)

vapour
in

pocket

over
2c,

the
will

liquid the

question

rrhat

ruanoneter

3-

In

propane

tank

the

}j-quid

has

a temperature

of

+15oCI

TheatmosphericpreSsureis103onb.Makeafogp_h sketch ansLrers and to find the out as accurately questions: as possible the

fol-lowing

I
the propane?

a)

t,Jhat is
a

ttre

saturation

Pressure

for

b)

tlhat

is

the

tank

Pressure?

c)

{.lhat j-s the

liquid

densitY?

d)

t{hat

is

the

i.rrpo,-r" density

above

the

liquid

surface?

e)

t"lhat is erature taken

the of

vapourdensity this the vapour Moll-ier is

in

the

done,

when the

temp-

+3ooc?

(The answer

rnust be

from

diagran)?

Hhat :, c)
J

is

the

liquid

enthaLPY?

gJhat is

the

vapour

enthalpy

jusc

above

the

]iquid

surface?

h)

tlhat

is

the

vapour

enthal-py

i-n the

done?

i)

what i.s the and the

enthalpy just

difference

(dh)

between the surface?

liquid

vapour

above the Iiquid

''.liP

Drrllc

H..r

: SINCLE STNGE DITTECT IIEiTRICEITATIOT{ we lrave nor"tcome so of rerlquef action far lthat we can bcgin Lo looll .)L tle srmprcs ref -

plants is

, ot=o-.arrccl catled a

singre

riLagc <llrcct

rlgeration a Llor" agairtst

- The prant the

"singlb 1n

s Larje dircct oae s tatc

ref rigercirrec t_ly i.

i

because

vapour

1s compresscd most

sea water '

Fi g - 5 s h o w s t h e

i'por-Lant

coruponents

suclr a sys tem L i q u i ds e p a rta or C o a p r e :r ;

t'

r-'ondcnser

N - r

iectl v?r

Regulatin vg alve

a a , - ^ Lo1 Ev

+ . - : L.ltj.

I;i

q.

fhe

points

A to

F on

the

1og

p-h

sl:etch

are

foun<l

this

way

Pressure (bar)

( (
t

\. ( ( i;ig - 6
En thalpy ( kJ /k{.: )

( (

C :
('

rDnl'rG )

r5

The process is as

ro .n{ heaL F" f i c a k i r r u i r ) r _ oL h c c a r g o tank' sone or tn. ,[, r.ritr o"{t . o fr \ " s a r u r a r - e d v a p o u r /rjquid (B) - rhis boir-orf tr"n""f ) uses neur\rhar i\ ."0"r, rrom rhe /orrows
Iiquid, tank will vapour tank so that remain "{re" *. tne o" {.ro,r. {ane this .'o\o.,., If .\ Iiqrrid in the Inore cempcrat"+teakage, rhis is \. tt\ w\strct< out

than

{t e..t.r.\.o

urirr decrease\ into th\

\n.o. nasic!r1y,

renpe\ture

i.n the r.le

coot-ir,\r,rocess. [g, rne v\pou,

suck vapour the

compr!==o"

at/point r/ n.=

has in

in "I=\slightrr\q.."ased pressure in relation t\ tne o{cause ir na\ passed \tanr /o."=u,r.. through pipes, varves, tt,{/.,,to =.po.ut\. c:tc. uero\ ir is \..,o=\ :" sucked trl. the comp..==\" ,/ \ // \ \ rn the the

meantime, been =\.rn.\*-

fo*e..==or vae{ur co'es

tne out

vafour t"/^ .n.

i{

n".==urised at

tef..r, ,/,

$orbressor

.,-,..gy) / and with a nrJ". (c) . o.A^ point

pressure\"o

er.ot.,

Atharpy

/.["rr"\nan-a(otnt

( D) tn" .rlN ur en{L^a. the- Jl" -".".-.oor"o

the the high vapour way untit ,bressure t{ reaches achieled the in the .f),r1..in" vatve

.onu.n=" /;":r:";;;.
r2lnains al-I -r,
con<lcnses sea the Lrater to

conpressor

The vapour lieuid ture vapour

I
decibes

"" f when copled

hieh in

pressur)!

l V
(and

teroperature), rt is the

the//ondenser.

tenpera-

that

wr.at;6nperature

and pressure

propane

condenses

The condensed ")

E

liquid

propane

corrects Ieve1

in is

the

liquid

recelver by the

(E) regul-

Fron ating

the

liquid this

receiver relativery pressure

(tnos.

controll-ed expands

varve) to

Harm tiquid through the

froru a val-ve of g)

high (F) - In decr-eases riquid consu'es

pressure
t

a low the

regulating (right side

this )
J

instance the tank off thaL

condensing (left

pressure side of in F),

to

pressure to the

and some of This the

the

boils heat

due is

reduction from the

pressureand

boj.r-off

renoved

liquid,

liqu-icl

teruperature

'al *-

-!

-*

J.. *tr Ji. 5

tr
. , 't a q

DnHG

Letter

,
decreases Remember f roro tt)at that pressurc t-n the' and Iiquid pgssivcr Lo t l t i - tt . clilc
lr

q
of Lttc L.-tttl'.

q q

tcnperafllrc:

foll-ou

ottrcr

ns

describd

the the co

condc:nsatc tant--) vapour

( that

run:t prluarily

Lhrougtr of [hc

t. rc

rc8uf

a c int

q
g
g,

vaive wilt The Iiquid we

bacl-. to boil-off arnount that

consists on its can upon

lrqurd,

bu1- some valve the that

Hay bc

Ehrough

rcSu]ating 3 O " , / .o f conditions

- ;

vapolises dependj-ng at "l-a1-er'.

betwecn dif'f

LO''i and ererrt

aruount, look

several

F 3 6

shall

As we understand. the and the the coppressor, at tlie

we have whilst

sucked

f OOti vapour this back in It effect is Che is

frotn

i-hc tank

int-o

wc deliver as the

as 70 f o 9OZ li-qulc .he -anl:- f'his return of is of, tanl:

sa&e temperature "rel-iquefaction that but gives on the

lrquid

t
{
t

so-catfed condensate

process"cooling it

noL the (rcd iction

the

tenperature), of I wittr the

contrary that glves

comprcssor

that "'apoulef i-cct. tlre cooling

we sucl:

{
I

-I'lro

q i nnl
J L _ y

oq

fOfm

fO:-

e e , n l i n o

n F

. 1 propane *

cargo
ai

would

be to
LJr- wou]

suci:
d , t n

(
I

of ith-is the

( or

reaII;r comc of

rele:se down :o lt t,:,e excest at

thc

vapour

to

the

-roq nhr-no

way , casc

c-urriospheric tould
t.rnloc

pressure to
npl )

on

the

cargo,

and

ln

propane with

correspond
Fnr nrnn.1 Y^ "r

:'r tr-mr).)r-,-rt.ltre Of
L u s . H v ^

UndeI-

-42oC use

(check

';e can, i-a could with

of

course

Lhrs

nethod to

].n an
- k ^ Lll(.j

emergerlcy,

as
n n r l - L i'vr

be rather cargc .

expensive

arrj-ve

A ; - ^ h - F . ' . i n r r L-lI>Urlcrr L>rtt1-

Loo I itti-e

tJe shallare

once aore the

loof:

at

thc

two

lasC

figures, He would

but read

this off

tine the

we

Lo use

tenprature j-n real .life

and pressure on board-

process

plant

t.

( ( ," (

nHC

LeltEr

L7

Example 5: Use the follouing data:

I '
Propane -1Oc)c 2 , tr|:bar -), /r5abs 3,1r0abs

Cargo: Tank temPerature:

f artk Ilressure: Coupressor Conpressor Conpressor Compressor suction suction delivery dellvery Pressure: temPeraure: Pressure: tenPerature :

2, zrObar + SoC 7 ,60b.rr +60oC

( t-J , (r()abs - )

First given. find ture

drag In thb of

a diagram addition,

of

the

process

plant

and PIot pressure, uhi-ch is

oI) the

values

using

the

condensation (+2L C) ' '

(B,6obar). the tenPera-

condensation the llquld ln

tenperature the l1quld

recelver

ItObar

7,6obar

2 , l t5 b a r

- looc 2,lrlbar hoPane

- r0-c

t 3 "B

-! t

Fle. 7

)
!

fhereafLcr f lg:re A-

Plot

aIl

these

va].ues

on

log

p-h

dialirant

5ee

'?f F-

(
rlnflc

;Sfrer

'( t ( { (

f
rressure (bar)

+lrn-/-

( (

B,5o

+2loc *5oc

3,!5 3 , t r o- -

- looc

a a a a
g

Enthalpy

trie-

( I : J/ x g 1

& &
r
He etc coul_d but we f ind sha-l-l

As you

undersl

and

indirectly, .].eave these

such to

much rtrore inforraation as entha_lpy vat.ues,

densi t j-es

there

is

* * * ( (
I

you

as

exercj-ses

frotr about

exaruple +11oc,

5 it since

can the

be seen

that

the

sea

water

condensation condensers bet'een of the is

teuperature is +zrocmace so (sea

i_s I^lecan

-say this temperature and the

tenperature this type

because

most

q 4
F
i I

difference

are

that

th_

condensation

(propane)

coo-r-ing medium at about lOoC

water)

( (

Ihe than

condensate the cooling -

.is,

in

other

words,

looc gone

higher through

uedia

i n teEperature the heat

after'having

exchanger

( {
1.

..rlJl..

r_9

DnMG

Letter
t

CALCULNTION OF TI}IE

USED

ExamPIe r.Je shaLl-

6: now rook at an exar'pre Hhere lJe ',ish to calculate

the

timeusedtodecreasethetemperaturesetnumberofdegreesfor ignore we shall 'a gas cargoof sinplj.city sake For the

heat

Ieakage insulation to cool

into

the

tank

and tank the cargo

-ueII atnosPhere'

as

u= tltlt5-tltn9le shall only

tarnk shel]

'

'

use one coEpressor

tank'

The following Piocess Cargo: Cargo Tank

data Plant:

are

known: Sin81e ProPane stage dj'rect coolin ( Pur-e )

quantity: temPerature: suctj-on suction delivery delivery sucking Pressure: tenperature: Pressure: tenPerature: volume: "' cooled .

1000f17 -5oc 3, OObar +6oC 6,95bar +55oC 35Om3,/hour lOOOmb down t o : - 1 o o c rs tempera-

. ComPressor ConPressor ComPressor ComPressor ConPressor AtmosPheric Temp- _ I

Cargo

Pressure' is to be

a'

9te first ) 1r,o6bar

l

find (tank

that

the

saturation is 3'o6bar)

pressure by using

of

tl'te cargo cargo

pressure

the

b
1..

! j

ture.Thecondensationtemperatureis+lsocatthecorresponding (we can''' therefore' piessUre'Of-Z,g56ar'i: condensatlon +BoC) is'about tenperature the sea water

assume that

?
a {) {)

ThereafterLJetakeouttheenthatpyvaluesforboilingliquidat for saturate( as the enthalPy'values -Soc and +l8oc as well -looc, of the suPerheated need the density Lte also at -Socvapour vaPourat+6oc/4'obar(abs)whichHetakeoutoftheMollier diagrarn

9
t

,5*

,"L

:
."+lr J;.

-.<rJl. Letl,er 5

Dnltc
t

'I

Oq

ir lt

+1Boc
?

Ir3

,e o^ U L

s"r*t*
T 1

_ag.c.-lrl
.1

\
t Q, ) ' Y'o,lZ\--)'

; I I'L'

_,

lr5

-)

Presgure (bar)

l rr 0 6 -l+,OO

.o^ v

/---/

3,u5

-y)
/l
I

/ t I l

I E93,2

!5tt,6 ,10,2
I

\99,j Ent hal-py (kJ /ke)

t s t q
- F '

a r

Note the b

that diagrarn

He have with for

marked ht,

off

certa.in This is

points so
!

of

interscction

cn
-

h2 etc-

tha c rnese
! L ^ - ^

posr-ctons
^ ^ ^ i !

can

identified

various

cal-cul-ations

etc -

T1 fnr

stands ttra

for
ve.gtse,

the

cargo we

temperature wi]-]. frawe

before after

:ooIing, off

and the

T2 cargo

c-uancs'

romnop3tsps

cooling

l'lhen !-re are -5oC to

to

calculate H must The

the first

cooling calculate

time

to

cool

the

cargo

fr5

-10oC, to

how nuch

heat

(enthafpy) T2 shows

LIe are us . to

renove. heat

enthal-py

differ:ence fron -soc cool each to down

between kil-o of

T1 and propane

how nuch reduce

we tnust. renove fron to

cargo, how -'i,

the

teruperature LJe are

-1ooc-

t^le a.l-so know

many kilos

,of cargo

( l O O O t ' l T = 1 O O O O O Ot i t o ' )

The calculati,on Heat to

wiIl

L>e: (A) = (511,6 499 ,5 ) kJ,zl:S lOOooookg

I.

be removed

12100000kJ ( ( t. ( {

-r!!G

-.{0J1. Letter

,. 2l

tle

non

knos

holr m u c h h e a t from

lenperature deterrnine

tnat -Soc to -looc

heat we can

has

to

be removed

to

re<luce

the

(rzloooookJ), remove per tine

and have unit

now to hour)

how much

(per

by uslng'our

coolin8" Plant
net cooling
o

The

formula

for

capacity

(Qnet)

looks

like

this:

6net = vs' [s -Atr

Qnet Vs.
6 >

stands stands stands stands vaPour before

for for for for after the

net. cooling compressor densltV the

1

caPacitY volume the vapour on suction betseen boiling hzr) side saturated liquid ., ,.

P-

of
'

Ah

enthalpy phase

difference change (hf and

the

expansion

val-ve

We will

calcu]-ate
p

the

net

cooling

capacity

in

our

exarnple:

Qnet

vs- ts'ul ,./ = : s o n 3 l n o u r ' B , i k g , r t : ' ( 8 9 3 , 2 - 5 7 o, 2 ) k J / k e

= 93431skJ/hour

A.

I^le have

now c o m e f a r time _ -

enough

to

calculate removed caPicity

the

cooling

time:

Cooling

Heat to be Net. cooling

=+_
onet _ 12100000kJ 93a315kJ,/hour

====!?+2-=!99::
Before accurate Instead from for you go f urther, to find w shall the look at for for Letter a sinplerand superheated this more vapour

method of using use

density diagram page in

the the

Mollier curve

noH on,

you can, purPose' , ' "rhe density 3 called :

superheated

vapour

propane"

:n*

Dnflc

--rr l. . . -rd li.

-{ (
5

Letter

:l (

You

use

the

curwe of the

by

entJring

it

at vapour

the

rower (r6oC in

scal-e our

with case), to

the and

( ( (
a the

temperature then

superheated up to the the

8cl verti-carl-y pressLtre and side then

curve superhea

that ted f rom the

corresponds v<tpour this

the Make on -

saturation InarK here,

f or go

( 4 , OObar ) to ttre scal-e

hor j-zonta1ly r.rirr find

( {
I

L<=ft-hana

r.rhere

you

dr=nsity

(B,2skg/m3)

At

the

end

we must to

mention calcul-ate of

smarL tlie

mistake

that

we do 'I'he

r-n the appears we are

written durlng using reason density ature of heat ture the in

method the snall for of

coolirrg and is

time-

mrstake when

calculation temperature the the mistake suction

"Qnec"

-l-nslgnrfrcant. S 10

intervals is that both and If

(e-g. the h

Cegrees). volune, as the rne

The the temperaccura The )y

suction walue

vapour -

change to

the

tank

decreases H tanks

we Here have to

increase average

calcu]-ations, to the

wourd aLsc

use

val-ues-

leakage of the

changes

w:-th

deci-easjns

remnar:,

cargo-

t
( f

I a

t.

I I

l}!G

...odl" Letter

EXERCISES (Answers
!

on Page 45)

I .

LPG ship ' and with You are on board a se:li-pressurised on board you are to cooling three Plants help of all propane-i of the cargo of (pure) Iower the ternperature readings aI1 the manometer Pressure Renember that pressure etc- ) are oVr-:pressures' (suction The fol.J-owing data is given:. . '.,."'"'-":. stage Single Process plant: z4OOlfT : Cargo quantitY: +4oC Tank temperature: 4,3bar Press-: Compressor suction +l1oC t e m P , : s u c t j o n Conpressor delivery Pres-s.:,.: 8, lbar combressor +gtjoc tenP - : deliverY Compressor Cargo to be cooled doun to:i.;..-2Pg,-.. 2gomr'/trne Suck j-ng vol . Per compressor: lOOOmb AtnosPheric Pressure: on a 1"g dia1am i direct plant

a) ] b) c)
d)

tlrite

aII

the

values

e-l

(sketch)

9lhatj.sthecondensationteBperatureofthepIant? tlhat wou].d you assuEe the lj-quid sea water'temperature enthalpy in the tank to be?

{.lhat i-s the cooling?

specific

before

e)

t^fhat r.li]-l- the cooling? after t{hat j-s the the tank?

sp<=cific

liquid

enthalPy

be in

the

tank

f )

vapour

enthalpy i

af ter

the

phase

change

l-n

s)
h)

FIow Inuch heat

n0ust be removed from

. . 1 t

the

tank

(c)?

i)

Renember be (Ong1)? capacity the net cooling What will tomultiplythesuctionvolume*j.thttre;correctnumber use! 1,, of compressors .in wtren we cooling, be needed f o r [toH many hours will e t c ? t a n k t h e i n t o the heat leakage ignore
-. . " 1

i)
k)

t{hat

was the the

tank tank

Pressure pressure

before

cooling? cooling? ':

il

{.lhat uiLl

be after

'lf dF

q
. l

-+Ji.. -.c.ti.

DnHG

Letter

i 2L' i
i

TWO STNGE DIRECT we the direct important shall one nor.l look ln plant the

REFRIGERNITON at a more

PLNNT reliquefaction j-s ca].led trigure a plant ttrarr

6 1
I I

aOiancea plant

r
I i l
i

last

sec tj,<>n- The 'inter irr mediate siJcir a

"tlro-stage the ruost

with

cooJ.er" pJ-ant:

1O shows

cotnponents

e ;

a
I inrrirl

CoEpressor
lI. 5LdEC'

InterueCiate cooler

lpressor Cc
l? <irerl

i.

f
(

ts
f

uuil,r:ll>i1

:t1rC!

I
G 1 r ' - - , " . i 1| i n , , i n feceiver

ReguIa t ing

t
( ( ('

F -! i / -s.

r v

t n

Points (see

A to figure

are

again

found

on

log

p-h

diagrarn

ln

this'ray

(
I

11):

Pressure (bar;

Enthalpy

(kJlkg)
I

trie - 11

t, ;\
{ {

iC

#
$j r
b,1:
gl
.(
t

Dil'G

Letter

The process the suck tank the is

I
'orks boiled into in to the forl0wing (B) Haydue to of sone the the of heat the riquid in(c), (D)(A)
I

i.

vapour the first vapour into

leaking

tJe and This

vapour the

stage with

coopressor pressure

fleliver

superheated dosn is

a higher in the

t$

vapour where The

is the

pressed vapour in to the

the to

riquid

internrediate as thg

cool-er ri-quid.

L.
1

coored

the

same te'perature has

riquid

),
j

internedi-ate

coor.er pressure,

a tempera ture

corre_ to

sponding the

the

t,
il.

interruediate fron

which stage-

agai_n corresponds

del_ivery

pressure

the

L
( ). I li, .'
I

first

The saturated
a

vapour
the

in

the

internediate
of the

coorer
cotrpressor

(above the
(E) and

riduid)
is

is

sucked

into with

second

stage

delivered water.cooled removed from the

a high condenser. the

pressure rn the

.pnd terlperature condenser.,the

(tr)

to.the.sea i-s first change froq

superheat

from

vapour, to

and thereafter 3S the'excess

begi_ns i.s enthalpy

phase is

i
] .t

vapour vapour-

back

riqui.d,

removed

i
The liquid tive ,ater collects in the liquid receiver ca. of (c) with a .orp"""l sea , hi8h'tenperature tenperature) goes first is (nornalJy tOoC higher riquid in from than tne the - The nain flow riquid cooler, the

receiver

through'th.lcoil sub-coored
(H):

the interrrediate temperature

sub-coore.d to tant<

where the riquid

pressure goes (I), shourd the

to

a rower

than

indicate regurating

Thereafter''the and,decreases

riquid pressure l

through

valve

and thereafter

al.so to

tank, temperature.

sone of the regurating .'ver this

riquid valve

flow into

from the

liquid

receiver coorer (J)to

goes through:i a The pressure

the internediate farl frou high uill

varve

sill

pressure forror.l

intermediate ( crosed

pressure,

and the

te,operature
in

the pressure

liqui-d,/vapour

slstem

equlibriurn

! ) -

':f d*

E
DnHC
_--u,rly,. --"6.Jl.
( i l

Letter

I t

is

the

_Liquid valv<:

lewel for in to

in return

dr,. of

regulati-ng the liqu icl

Iiquid tIj-quid

rece-iver back.to cool-er

(
that the ttrat controls tank, controls and the

(
r.t is the

Ievel val-ve

the this

intcrnediate receiver -

regulatirrg

a
Q {

Exaruple tie a shall-

'7

at both our figr_rres pressure once more, and we shall get j-n now an

Iook

realisti.c

use

temperature on

and

tliac

we would

actual

situation

board -

e ,
?

t{e sha1l

use

the

following

data:
-

e
P r^ n n r ^o v t _ t r . r s

Cargo: Cargo Suction Suction Deliwery Delivery Delivery ternperature: pressure temperature pressure temperatu_re pressure stage 1: I, 1: 1: .,/ u -4 00C O, lbar "50c 4 , 5bar+ 5ooC 10,9bar +78oC stage state 3

(t
i

stage Z:

E i
{ (

stage

Dellvery

tenperature

scage Z:

out frora the inter_ ruediate pressure cooler coj_J.:

l'Je first drawing (fig' p.-ot of the

Tenperature

r
i

+11oC

e'.
simplified { ( p-h diagr{

the

tank

temperature plant (f ig-

oi

-,+aoc on

the

process

1-r.)a.d

on the to

iog

12) - The tank of for abtthe for pressure in the

tpmprature (tank is for

corresponds pressure 1,10bar this

pressure pressure tenperature 'del-'very

a saturat'on The suction the -250c. to llence sucti_on The a riquid

1,11bar first this at

o,11bar). abs, stage and is

t
( { {

stage stage stage is 1

(s,5bar) cool_er the znd

corresponds of +5oC. is

tempel:ature pressure (5'5bar (+Jgog) and abs is

inter4ediate for

the

suction (

tpmperature at +50c)plotted.

stage

known for stage 1

The derivery

tenperature

e
i q t
( { ( { ( (

also

t
C

-.rl.Jl.

DnHG

Letter
I

S For the

27

Thereafter 2nd that stage

lJe n o t e (lf ln the

the

dellvery

pressure

and

te'pcrature

we have to the

Ilquld

temperature i +ZeoC) - The condensate c o r r e be *32'oc' wl'rlch wltl recelver pressur.e ( l1';9bar 'abs'' )-' -' :

sponds

condehsation

------j-l---:
l -

O,

'l 'l trar

FiE.

1,1

+'JBoC

I1,9 ('

h6 h9

+3\oc

Pre s s u r e ( b ar )
/ t /

+rloc

ffi
h

)
I

\
I , l l
rI
t

{n

58

-lr6oc

hI

tt v n -

,8 551
FLE. L2

8 5 3, 3
EnthalPY (kJ./ke)

By looking that the

at

the

condensating .:"tO"tuture

sea uater

rJe can say tenperature, (+34oC) = 1Oc,c). i s a b t - + 2 4 o C( A t

':1 d*

;j '\l

=ti;.
DnMG Letter 5
1 . ^ ^ ^ r a n - n l c o ii L

'

2Q

g
The (ptllquid h7) is tenperature +l1oc,
' 9bar

after the
- )

and
abs

intermedial-e-cooler as Pressure is the 'same c|e

how LJe p]-ot thc

g
f or

rn

the

condenser

( 1l

Note

tenPcrature

q
6

the

sub-cooled

liquj-d

af ter

the

coil

'

The

temperature change to aS in

line the

rises MoIIier the

vertically diagram, enthalpy ln

on and pt '

the

left

side

of

thr=

a { C (

(
i'

phase it

the..Iittte h7 which out the

trick..nrakes has the same from

easrer

take pt.

out h9we

enthalpy

cqn,

therefore,

tape

enthalpy

t h e t a b l e f o r p t . h g , a n d r e g a r d i t a S t h e e n t h a l p y j . n p t . h T . 6 r As you. see, it would have been theoreticarly possj-ble to sub-cc { , {

t h e l i q u i d i n t h e c o i l d o r r n t o + 5 o C ( w i t h a n i n f i n j - * u e l y l o n g . coi]-),whichistheteuperatureofthetiquj.dintheintermediate{ sub-cool to nanaged however ' in our example - l^le have, cooler Ij-quidfrom+34oCdownto+lloc,andthatisaboui-thelinitthat c a n b e m a n a g e d w i t h s u c h a p l a n t ( t i s a b t . 5 _ o o c b e t w e e n s u b _ cooledliquj-dinthecoilandliquiciinther.nter-mediatecooler)rn vaPour ot the suc--ion Qr..1 , H take the density which (h9) in pt - h1 and h7 (2,35kC/n3) , and the enthalpy
i t

the

To calculate pt. are hr

respectively

8 5 3 ' 3 R J/ k t r

and

5 5 L ' B K J/ k E
had beel 5OOrn3,/hour caPacit .__

Ifthesuckingvo]-umeforthiscompressor under would these be as ' Onet conditions, follows: a 6S - '.( A l r nr . ' Z,35kg/w3 the calculation of

net

cool;-ng

= VS

5OOn3,/hour

(853,3 -

55r,8)!'Jlkc

==22!?-9?5J4!eg:
t{hen we load a gas shiP ' it is the cooling ca pacitY
.4-

that

normalll from the ( { (

t

iinits

the

foo*!t-g-=-f'=ga'

The

heat

that

Eusc

be

rem oved

Ll
(

-.i'alil,

DnHG

Let:
t
r

29

,loaded 'rro*keeps

car'o, Let

15, calculated
'

fi. ttr.g saEe trhere l.ani-fold lte

Lray aa lJe have are Eo ]oacl shore

done

up: lo that

u5; look

at

an exanplt o'/er the

propane

a teEperature, the eventual ls to

(the

tank Pipes) roacling

temperature -32oC) 9f bl'using I return

lptu" rThe

hea.-- Ieakag:-into. be cooied donr to

the -39oc

Ioading during is

carto

the three , arr to shore'l.le ,on 'to

cooling

Plants

"-:r board - There

no

vapour

I shall board load calculate flowj-ng loOoHT hox nuch cartz. using he.:t that i log must be removed for f rom lle the are

p-h.sketch

help'

:
i

: Pressure (bat ) r s ' rs / /

1,16

h3z,trlrhB,5 Fier3
Enthal;'.t (kJ /ke)

I
pt.
1

,.H,t stands

for

the nairifo-J for

liquid

iondition

( X - o v e r ) , ano The calcul-

"T'rt stands ations will

as earlier

the --ank liqui-d

condition'

be as follogs:
: m A
A .

tleat

to

be

removed

iut)

n ( /r4B ' 5 432 '4)RJ /kE

= IOOOOOOkg

= 16loooookJ
= 16l00HJ :
'lf d*

q
-'|'1<. -.ra.g.

DNflG

!"':
Thls heat quantlty if vapour is is (161OOLJ) there return is no He in from must cooling shorevapour The plant, tJith that

s
le ity reqoved f or wlth val)our to shore tanks the the shlp's to fhe cai-8o loadlng oHn rc]turn ol

rq q

c
q

f acimean.r

return cargo back

generated reuurneci

the the

ship's ship

durrnt shore

q
t
A

vapour the

to

plant

through

vapour

nanifold

connection'

{
It : is
u e a r s t

worth

noting of

that -32oC, rate

even the is of

when tank not excess

the

cargo

coBes at that

on

board time

at wil-l be

( {

ternor-ratrrre lf the plant

t.lnPerature higher heat than (the

any

-390C cOOling

Ioading can

which

the differenc

remove

entfralpy

( { (.
1

L'
('

'{'ll'
JN}'G

t"t': .
EXERCISES ( answers on page

31

I
47')

1--

The

following

data

is

given: Propan

Cargo: . Process plant:

Two stage j-ntermed.

dlrect, cooler

Carto Tank

quanti-ty: temperature pressure tenperature pressure tenperature pressure stage : : . , ,i : 1:

. Suction Sucti-on Delivery Deli.very Delivery Delivery

6OOOllT -37oC , O,2bar

stage stage t, , 1: 5,2bar +62oC 1l,5bar 2: +84oC

stage state 2:

temperature out from (inter per

stage the

Temperature rnediate Suction

inter +15oC S2om3ltine

cooler volume

coo-l-er):

coEpressor:

a)

Draw al-l- the

vaLues

on a Iog

p-h

sketch-

' ' :

O) '

tJhat

is

the

tenperature

in

the

intermediate

cooler?

nt

rqL

uv

Jvu

gv^vtl

ultg

-gq

wqusl

uguu

; 1
. .

e)
v ,

flor.l nuch

heat

nust

be renoved

fron

the

cargo,

if

r.re are

io

reduce

the

tetrperature

to

loc?

f)

l'log long plants

r.rill in

it

take

to

do this

cooling

if

all

three

are

operation?

..tfrt*

_.t g. -.6.J1.

Dnitc

Letter , daca r

3(

-)l

The

followlng plant

ls '

glven: T.wo stage Propane w,/interco,-. i-('r

Process Cargo: Cargo

quantity: pressure:

a200rlT 1OOOmb _39OC X-over: stage 1: 1: 1:

1

Atmospheric Tank

temperature: at

Temperature Suction Suction Delivery

De l* 4 v -i 1 ro Y

-330C I 5Omb -340C 4 ,5bar + 59oC See sea Hater temp-

pressure

Cemperature pressure
n\r f

stage .stage
e Stagg

e^ J

-u^p'I-

6hn

dtuf

Delivery

pressure

stage

2:

(At = looc)
Delivery Sea water tempcracure temperature: after coil : stage 2

+B5oC +2rac +1OoC 92orn3,/hour None

t (

TeEperature

Suct j-on volume Vapour return

per to

compressor:

shore:

{
ca. )

Draw ali

the

v a l - u e s o n a 1 o e D - . - )s k e c c h

(
(ftto

t-Jhat sation

i_s the

delj.very )?

pressure

: rr

qt;-ri'-

{
COnC::t-

pressure

c)

Calculate are to

the

I vn i ll; nq r q rur !i a

fL I iu g ma

" Ht I- l- -1 .

aII
n s

l ' 1r o a

nrn-pqq
t ' r

v v v v v

n > n f u _ g . r u J

be run

for

the

whol-e l-oa : i

npri
r ^

nrJ

( (
q

t
(

...a.9. DnfiG Lettqr 5

:t3

I
CHOICE OF SINGLE OR TI.IO STAGE OPERATION

9fe have stage there

nou

looked' Plant. the that to

at

the-.operation ftany plants a can

of- both be run to the be

a 'single in both

and modes'

tuo ""1 the always l condj'-

coolinEi is of often mode

need is to the

for be

decisj.on before in the

made, concerning It . if is the

: )
j '

type an

used

operationmode,

advantaBe

run

plant

one-state

tions

are

right suck

for at

it the to

(the

suction |n in

volume parallel, series)

will

be greater of one

if

,two

cylinders cylinder

sami: tine the other

instead -

delivering

Th.e conditions

that

must

be

satisfied

for

such

a decision

are:

Cargo

type (the cargo teuperature)

Tank pressure Sea water

i i

l (1st stage) ( 1st i

temperature pressure of coupressor of

Maximum delivery

Haxi-num dj-fferenci-a}

pressure

cotrpressor

stage)

Let

us

nake

it

clear of

with

a temperature The sea water

-zOoC

tfe shall an example. .; (corresPonds to a t3nk at the loadint area

load

propane of In tt*ittt is the

wi-th 1,4bar) the

pressure is +7oCthe

temperature (the for

instruction delivery (Bbar stage

t .J
t

book pressure

shi-p's the first

manual) stage

r-rd'fj-nd that of the

compressor for

Tbar first I i
I

abs- ), is

and as

the. naxirqum differencial 6,5bar delivery (the difference

Pressure

given.

pressure

and the

pressure)

between the suction ::. - [Je assume the conge{lser

tenperature
as follows:

difference

(At)

to

be tdoc,

and use a

'Iog

P-h sketch

'lf tJ-

{
DnHG

ter

-5

"6t

7,7
Pressure (bar)
l.r 'l

irI t-L

Condelsa te telp. andpressure

Sea ua ter
- ?nq-

1-

Carqo r e l p . a n dp r e s s u r e

Enthalpy { l a l q

(kJ/kz)

( (
I
l r

t'Jlth a sea temperaure 7 '7bar ' pressure get (7 '7 the our

l ,
water of tenperature of +7oC He can to expect +L70c, a condensat pressure manometer tie r-rhich corresponds i-s abr-e to i on'
olt

(
(

a saturation up to is Tbar

co'pressor saturation

de-r_iver so in

(gbar pressure

pr-essure), as 5,3bar is as welr 6,Sbar.

this our the

sufficient.

difference and that

t
A

example maximumpressure in other in words , our

2,4

= 5,3), which and get

under

dif f erence "line up"

rJas given ready for

tJe can,

a single-stage

operation

6
h

e x a m p J - e-

Let

us

noH consider the Journey, out at

that coor what

e
after the tank the cargo ship oo*. is fron and roaded, -zooc He shalr-, to -4l,,c. we

durlng wieh to

find to

temperature

presaure

change erature will-

tuo-stage the

LJe muet

cooringloadlng

as at

show this:

He assutre the sa'e sea water Lemp_ area (+7oc)- n.eL{ log p_6 sKetch

E q
q

e e( ( a : e fB t
f-i

DnHG

-rlJl.

Letter

3S

1,1

+ l?oc

: Pressure (bar)
1,2

;
I

Fie.

15

Enthalpy

( kJ,zkg)

The sea

water

temperature the down

gives

the

condensation

temperature at 7,7bar is

+17oc and,' therefore, ['le can (1,2bar coor the cargo which the the this

at (abs.1

condensation.pressure unti]. the to tank a tank

pressure

o,2bar of -3goc.

abs-), to fron From use

corresponds is port that

tempreature

The answer operatj'on to -38oc'

question loading

Lre can run the further tank

a single-stage ternperature to _1rroc, drops w

until and

temperature operation-

donn

have to

a tuo-stage

'if r:-

:
-'ir

DntlG

J:.

Ttt..
I:XERCISES (Answers 1

-t

't

i
( ( ( (

oe page i.rr

A semi-pressurised and ready to

LpG ship

j-s at

the

port

of

l-oadirr:< data a.e

(
I

comnence roading-

The forlowrn6

\ I
i

givcn:

Cargo: Tank Sea llax Haxpressure Lrater during loading:

Propane t
t
L , L U A t

rt---

temperature: pressure of conpressor of corlpre:;sor

+1OoC 7.,Bbar 6bar

4

deJ-j-very differential-

pressure

A I

'Jhat

tank

.eaperature

wilr

the

ship

keep

during

: r-oad rn4? 4
A

t{hat

wi-Il

the

condensation for che

remperature to be

be? lOoC)

(l^Jeassume dt

condenser

a I
!
/l

,: i

c)

t^/hat condensation

pressure

wi-l-r this

i esurt

in?

a
d)

Can

the

pl-ant

be

run

at

single-stage

operation

/ r ' - i u u 1

^ a 1 l 5

< (

loading? Explain why, and shou it on a log p-h ske tcir .

i
t
{
i.

I
{ ( ( ( .: ( ( ( (

\ \ ( :

DnllG

"+'Jl. Letter
t

l 37

COMPLETE

LONDING

TIME

CALCULATION

smaller vapour shore

roading in tanks on return with

teruinars during a carto due to

have t-oaoingthat the

normalry ff

no possibirity is

to

receive

thre ship

has ,oax.

a higher. alrouabre

co ,-ooo ,.ort--'-: : temperature than that pressure Besides in trre J.argo

accepted
1

board,

tank, type,

the fn.
ab-

cargo

must

be coor-ed paraneters

duri.ng are

J-oading-

the loading

cargo rate:

forlowing

inportant

for,the

The carto The tank loading -

temperature atmosphere

at

the

ship,s and

tenperature

over|)r_Z / condition before ' "-/'

cross

c. d" e-

The pressure

in

the

cargo

!.nti

during

loading Y// '

The capaci.t y of The surrounding

the' reLiquef tenperature

acLi;. (sea,

;a;"a=r._ air ) - ..the J_oading period of the tank

'

The heat

balance

for in

the the

cargo forlowint

tanks

during

can be described insul"ation, surroundings cargo

r-ray: cooring pJ_us heat

sherr-,

and tank

atnosphere

leakage prant-

from the

= heat removed by the'reriquefaction

time

Loading

can

be

calcur-ated

with

the

foll0wing

formur_a:

o T + o I + Q L + o A Loading time
r\ *net

\,.TR

[.lhere GI A1 = Anount of heat heat heat

heat heat time

removed fron removed fron

the the

tank

she}l.r

,l

1 1

oL
O -lr ^

= Amount of = Amount of
= Amount = Amount plant .. " of of per the

insuration-,

= i'mcunt of heat

Gtn 6net
I{ith

removed frorq the cargo liquid. removed f roru the tank atmosphere.leaked that unitthe varues are given in units of time. is into the tanks by the pef tirne,rnitI ., removed reriqur:faction

above

syrnbor

'i1 d-

Dnt'IG

'*':r l"'

tttter
Further, Af= I DT c.f ( tf _ tZ)

ar = m1 on = VT

c1 ta

o,5 .dha

(tr

- tz)

The symQols stand

for:

\t6T c1 *Ft c1

LJeight Specifi"c

of

tank heat

material of the

tank rnaterial_.

= =

l.Jeight Specific Volume r:^nthalpy and the

of

j_nsulatignheat of between the tanks enterr-ng at the at end cargo of at rr-}e cross oVr the j_nsulation_

VT. = { }rt=

of

tank dif

ference in in

cargo

J_oading. of loadrngat the

Za 4hR=

= cargo The start of

density enthafpy of

vapou.

form

the the ln

start tank

difference and the

between cargo

atmospher-e forur a1- the

l0ading

riqu:-d

end

Ioading_ temperature ternperature of of the the tank tank sherrshe1l before at the loading end of loadi-ng -

11

The Ihe

1:2 =

The is

amount found by

of

heat

that

must the of

be nass

removed of the

from tank

the

tank

sner-rwith

(o1 ) the

multiplying capacity is

nateri-ar and then shell

speci-fic it with

heat AT, and

the

tank

nateriar, 1n the

nulti-pJ-yin_g tenperatu-

which after

the

difference

tanl:

before

loading.

a1 is

(the found

amount by heat

of

heat

tl.rat the for

Eust nass the

be of

removed the

from

the

insul-ation) the

rnul-tipryan1 capacity

insul-ation and then

with

specific

( (

insu.r-ation,

mu-r-tipr-ying

it

with

Ar

(which

is

the

difference - Finarry since the the

in

the

insul-ation

remperature by is is (o,5 at ( (

before to the at 8et

and after an average

loading) value,

we ruur-tipry insicle outside

Lhe resurt layer layer tu_

insulation insulation

cai'go the

temperature,

whj-Ist

surrounding

tpmprature-

I
| (
j

t
j

r'

a{Jl'

. i .'. :: 5
I
t i

Jnltc
)

.
r

Letter

39

The been

amount

of

heat

that

caLculated the be

earller mas,s of (n

rnust ber removed ' f r o u t h e c a r g o ( o L ) . * . = in this course_ The'value Ls found by

the cargo with

mult1pJ-ying that is to

the

enthalpy

difference

removed

' d hL):

The
t

amount is

of

heat

that

is

to that by at

be

renoved at first

fron

the

vapour most values

phase comprexon that .,.1-og the This

)
i

(on)

probabry simplify Let

the the us

varue probl'era

6ee,os the the actual

l'le can p-h tank

putting an

sketch.

no!, Iook

example(vapour) before this of

tJe consider before loading,

atmosphere

contains

propane of +l5oC

loading.

vapour pressur.. liquid -23oC

has a tenperature of O,1barat After a tank 16) -

and a tank.. recondensed'to of

loading, pressure

vapour

is

propane (see

1, lgbar

and a tenperature

figure

I l :

t.ressure lbar;

o ts6-

I {tr I

: : ; ,)
\69,7

: Fie-

16

Enth;t]-py

( kJ,zke)

l
.t
?

'}le f lnd , before

the enthaf py d1f ference loading) and pt -

between

pt.

,!Arr (Lank in the tank

aturosphe af ter

)
t
a

,1irr ( liquid

propane

: Ioading):

\
l

dna = (94O The density I,95kg,/rn3. of

469,2)

the propane vapour

kJ,zkg = 47O,8 kJ/ke at pt- ,.A.r is read off

as

) )
':f d-

(
._-J J.. .

-...1 .
t ^ f + n F

(
e \

DnMG

( (
volume)

I
If the vapour as volume (tank

1s

looomf,

thc

c a I c u - La t l o n { {

wj.-l-l- bc

f oll-ous:

oa

V1-

fn

A hA
L,95kg/m3

lOoOm3

47 0 , BkJ,/kg

(
a

= 91BO6OkJ

=_919,-QqUJ

{ ( {

The cooling in the course: = Vs

capacity -ts

(Onec)

is

calculated

as

we did

earlj-er

C.,.t

dn

a1R f rom get

(transuj-ssj-on the the curve average loadingin

heat kl.J,

or (see

heat

leakage

into and

the muliaply

tanks) rt 1n

is

t.aken to

f igr_r;-e L7) into i', =

wi1_h O, S the tank(s)

heat

leakage that

the LJ,/s_

liquici

q q' qr q(

duri-ng

Remember

d
c'

d d
F(

sl

q
q
^l

q
q
q
( * \ (

(-

& b F F
('
4l f

toalgfJri

{(;
I

FI E A-T

:rfrANsD'',l

:rSSToi\r

:ro

cAr<'j(:)

-llANr<5

l i t i

,,,ii.\,-!
. . , . 1 . . . '

:''.1"' t-.!.i'' ='--1''' :-| - i'.'l= --:: .''1,,' l t1[.\ai "'';-'"-'i

mto

.;;:

--,,i

" ;;rr"*" ::ili:: i il: li:';j*.llrl ri. ini* j'ilkti"$*: :: JII;I' ni:li::il*;'I :h{il Fri,,
i'lj'

(heat leakase) find the total hea[transnission

lilllli H+aII

telperatur ses,ater describinc.thl, Ilne the

gl';,$ii,rli: ;:n,il"

ffi}.I,t**.*,lIki:l:*'l;l' 'i .i=:rl#i

*, ***

ffiffiiffi r' :i ..'' :l.:I l::i l' HIE'ifT'I

Eie. l7

t i:rL#j,i; l,'i i,'J"el ii if, i iili

' 'ift-

,-s "i.!
rIJ

--<r9.'

tlltt*r
Dnf'lG

EXtrRCISES ( ansulers Qn

i Page SO )

q q
q

given: Ioading [rropane l'roPane v<]Pour

The Tank

f ollowing atuosPhere tYPe: return tank

c l aL a

are

; 6
: i 1 i

b<=fore

Cargo VaPoLrr Cargo Loaded Sea

to

sfrore Pcs

f{one 52oorn3 27 07t17 +lloC

volume

tnass: telnPerature:

Hater

Tank Tank . Cargo Tank --/

Pressure

before at

loading: loading: manifold: loading:

o, lbar + lBoc
, 1 nO/f t w t.OC

rz
I
-t a

temPerature temPerature temPeratur-e of heat of cargo

before the

during tan!:s: f or

( \
t
I

7 iOYT

s, t'Jeieht SPect"Jeight

-..--/ ---

caPacitY irrsulation:

steel:

^ / a o t . U ,'+r 7N

/ V ' \a b. K

t ( ( ( (
dir

L4 ,l't1T

of the Spec - heat- capacity (3 identical): Process Plant ComPressor ComPressor ConPressor ComPressor Suction suction suction deliverY delivery Per Pressure:

insulation:

^ U ,

6 / t - - ( o q N J

/ V a - K / ' \ b

5ingle 3,15bar
t L v

stage

{
c

temPeracure: Pressure: temPerature: colnPressors:

7 ,6bar
+ J 9

. c nOr-

atom3,/time i.u00utb

volume

AtnosPheric

Pressure:
that that is is to . to be L b^ e removed Le r ro em m. o:v dd from i f 'r o u (

a)

Calculate tanks the Cal-cu1-ate

b)

quantity heat the (Of ) snell " quantity heat the

;;;-insuration c) Calculate the cargo

(or) quantity that must urust the (onet' be renoved be removd

the heat (06) '

o)
ei

that the heat quantj'ty Calculate vapour phase 1oA)' ;;. _ ( a:. 1 R ) i n c o l e a k a g e h e a t t h e L,-ind L7)' curve (figcalculate t.nt coolins capacitv tlrne load1ng pro't"f

from ' : from

t :a n K 5 u s j _ n g r h e for*ooe plant: ,

( t ( {

f)

e)

CaJ-culate.the car ) relique;";;;;"

using Jtrine

(identir;e e :, ." ;, th e: t ; :t"h aII j'ne period trre ioad

-rfJl,

DnHG
' i

Letter

/.3

I
ANSWER TO THE EXERCISES ON PAGtr 12

1a)

Specific at 3bar

enthalpy stauration

for Iiquid presaure:

propane abt

399KJltss

b)

Speciflc enthalpy for saturated propane vapour at 3bar saturation pa.==.i", liquid -. propane

abt- 9915J45e
abt - 199!
abt

c ) Saturation pressure for boiling propane uhen h - .51OkJ,/kS:

d)

Saturation pressure for saturated vapour when h = 9OOkJ,/kg: EnthaLpy content propane at Sbar for 7 kllo boi]-ing saturation pressure: = S29kJ/ke.7kS
. , i "

Sbar

e)

tiquid
'71r|1!g
. J / V J N J

2a)

Saturation Atmospheric

pressure pressure

for

propane

at

-4ooc

= =

l, Lbar 1.Obar

Tank pressure

====9+193!
(loonb) 1 ,Sbar
1 . Obar
2.Sbar

b)

Tank

pressure pressure pressure propane at

+ ntmospheric Saturation

Temperature of the liquid 2,Sbar saturated pressure c) d) )

,t

abt.

-19oC

Specific

enthalpy: pressure pressure (Hanorneter pressure) for propane at _1OoC

a b t- 9 1 9 5 J 4 5 e
= = 3,Sbar 1. Obar

Saturation Atmospheric Tank

pressure

====3+!99!

':f *-

r -+,L.

Dnl'icl

&+l.ter

.'{ J.j'

Slr

a
't t

3a) b)

Saturation fank

presaure:

pressure

Sat -

\ pres -

Atmosph1 , O 3 Ob a r

pres

9glQ =!o?";2-,=: s q
tr , 2992i bar@ G t E /

7,3292Lbar Ll-quid

den:;j.ty:

g , : g _)3krz./L
= = = = = =

d )

Vapour Density at

density of

(saturated

propane

vapouri:

==L =

a-

.'o

,/mJ

\,

e)

overheated and +3ooc =

( specif

propane

vapour

6
, ') 3/ , m ? = = ! ' ) :- !
=tY!:cr 2e_?_,
i . \: f / V o

7,3bar

(o ,9 - Lt.,o2) kslm3
ic ) : :

6:l

u''

6
S

f )

Lj-quid Vapour

enthalpy enthalpy entt al-py

(specj-fic) in the

a 1 ?

a a = L

'- J

,/ A.<,

h'l

Vapour Enthalpy and

dome: between 562,3)kJ the /kg liqu;d

-

9 4 2?,

e
q
,/ r,r_

i)

djfference

(dh) -

vapour

{973,2

JJL',

, ::\J

E
q
q

q
q q
{ t

e
F

q
q
*

fr ft

( ( ( ( (

\ \

Qq
*

e
(

tr,r.(

DnHG

-rJl. Letter

/.5

NNSWERS TO EXERCISES

ON PACb

23

la)

g,I

*23oc

Pressure t 3 6 (bar, ^ ^ )' j '

) ; J U - - '

*fr,
ll
/ /

/l

I r

*t3oc ,.rru*

+lloc

"y*
I'.

| -2"c

'
I

I
rSJlt ,l t
al-

l,

[,

l i

r ,

go2,2

'.t ll1,t)

';U! U ,
QnthaIPY (kJ,/ke)

b) Condensation c) d) e) f) ' ,! ; . t 1 '. Sea water Liquicl Liqtrid Vapour

tenPerature: (approx): (+23 1O)oC

+23oC = +13oC

temp-

enthalpy enthaIPY enthalpy must

before'cooling: af ter after cooling: phase change: = ur 'Ah -

!1X.1\l4EE !!9+9EJ4Es 29?.?\J-1\q

519,o)kJ,/kg

E) lleat

that

be renoved

(O)

2,4'ro6ke'(534,1

i
-i i :

=-?9,?9j q9\J
P fs 'dn' h) 6,ret = Vs - 3'29on3/r.'LL ,2kE/m3' (9o2,2

583,8 )kJ/ke

'i

.-1L9.?/:99,-q\{1!

T=2oL=-;{tt;=
) i

':f

tt-

*.N,i; '

'MG

L*te.r

i )

cooling

tirn<:

Qnet

Ze-Z':::=l-g:Rl
3, 1- 106k.-Tlt)

s
( s , 3 s B - 1 ' o o o ) b a r = 1. f !QQcr

!!.2=!gg::
j ) Ta.nk pressure before cooling:

# I 6
*

k)

Tank

pressure

after

cooling:

(4,466

1,OoO)bar

3,1999cr

Q q

tu
E
E i

& {
E i
G i

s ;
s (
e i
. ,

q q

t ' q
G \ '''

_ 1

(
i

C (
{ (

c (
$

{
n

'
(

...f.rlil.

/.7

rn!lG

Letter , ON P A G E ' 3 1 . ANSI.JERS T O E X E R C I S E S

1a)

.Blroc

'

,6zoc

12,' Sauater
l

6',2

Pressure (bar)
I .26 I ,20

\rJlj

l--l;"
3'l ,0 |
I I

nc,f. o

l r 2 ' l, B

562,5 Enthalpy

(kJ/ks)

b ) Temp. ln

the (corresponds

lnterroed ' cooler saturation ;;-;'iu"t temPerature: saturatj.on to iz'SU"t

mlnus

L2"=9 pressure) I:9:9

c)

Condensatlon (corresponds

pressure)

-C

d)

Sea water temPerature: telBperature (Condensati;;.

22:=2=929
looc)

e) A = n'dh = g - t o 6 k g ' ( 4 3 7, o

4 2 7 ' B )k J / k s

z=22*?-=L99EJ=
t

f ) 6r,..
\

= Vs' /t'dh (856'9 = 3 - 5 2 o n 3/ \ ' r . 5 5 k g . / n 3 ' = L,L7.LO6KJ/A

s62,s)kJlkc

Cooling

time:

o
Qnet

=
I ) )
i

i,17'ro6kJ/h

1=!!t?=\99:9
.59*

q
*ir }i. <{1.Jj[.

Dnl{G

Letter

AT { ( (

2a)

l l , ' l

+ looc

SaHa te r

Pressure (bar)

< ( i

/,-,

-3goc
I , t o 1 <

l r3 2 , l r i 5 t r 9, 3
T I

9 5 1, 5
(kJ /ke) { steP:

lrlr6,2

trnthalpY

b)

Deli-very

Pressure to

2nd

19r199I ( rr
ternp of +31oC

lbar ( sea

abs - ) tenP.
+1OuC)

Corresponds

a condensation

t
f

c )

Loading

time = --+
rt

{
I

Qnet

m'drr
-,,{h - ? UI' LS

2 - 4 1 2

3-g2on3/h'2 ,55ktr/n3
1.1 3 16- 106kJ

( 8 s 4 , s- s 4 e , 3 ) k J l k s

2 , L5 -.106kJ,/h
.:,') '7 hnt lrq

( I ( ( f. I

C I (

_..r:ll. Dnl'lc Letter

I

49

ANSWERS TO EXERCISES

ON PAGE

36

la)

Tank temPerature (Corresponds to a saturation pressure of

-=!?29 3,2 abs')

b) Condensatlon

temoeratur: (Sea temperature + At = looc

Pressure: be operated b.7,4bar be 5,2bar as (nax(nax.

!?9?9 +1ooc) (8,4abs )

c)

Condensation pl-ant

Z-!U1\.
a single TrgP?f ), 6 bar) stage-

d)

The

nay will

.Ihe delivery pressure dif-

pressure ferehce

and the

will

]
I

:n*

*t.
*tla'

(
< tt -

Dnl{C

Letter

I
^NST.JERS TO ITXERCISES ON PAGE .42

{
I

1a)

aT

: =

mT-c1- (t1

iZ) 269)K

74Q- 103k4 - A,4LskJ /kg. K- (29L

a a t
I (

==g*?=1995J=
b) aI tZ) .0,S = LI+,4.1O3kg -O,a4kJ/kg.t(. (2gL _ mI-cr - (rr

269)l(.0, 5

==9 r13: tg9Eqc) QL

C
s14,O)kJ/kz

= m'Ah - 2,707 -106kc. (s49.3 = 95,56-1O6kJ =========:===

.a

6 6
slc)kJ /ke
,

d )

QA = vT' f6 - dno = 52Oon3' 1,95kg,/rn3.(t qS -

== !t ? z _ = L g= 95g
a j )

6 i

otR= 19kw'0,5 = 9,5kw - 9,SkJ,/s - 9,SkJ,/s - 36OOs,/h

t = = = = = = = :

s r
' r , ,
578,3)ilJ,zl.lg

= o, o34- Lo6t.f ,zn

L )

unet

= Vs-8=-4r,
= 4 1 o n 3 , Z h . B , B k g / 6 3' ( 8 9 4 , 2

==1:11=199594!=
6 '

E , ,

Loadi-ng

time

QT + QJ"+

OL + en

t-- ,

6 n e r - or R
(6.82

r
+ O.13 + .(3-1,14 + 2,.37t-1O6kJ 0,O34) - 106kJ,/h 95.56

( (
t

= 3L.6 hours = == =========

\ ( (
I
4

e C.

-"oJl.

DnllG

Letter

5r 'E >< E R.c I S E . S

I
COR.R,ESPOI\I (Angwers are to DENCE be sent to the school

for

marking)

1)

Draw a sketch the

and

shour: of liquid to
for when parts

a ) I,Jhat is saturation
b) tlhat is

tenperature pressure is

propane be 3,Sbar?

in

a tank

where

the

found

the in

specific the phase

enthalpy change, and is Tbar 0,6 -

a liquid,/wapour the of mixture lj.quid -

mixture of

of

propane O,4 the parts

consists fhe

of

vapour

pressure
!

j-n

cl-osed

system

c)
!,t'

The. temperature -zooc. gJhat is

of the

liquid

propane

j.n a tank of

is

found fiquid?

to

b'e

saturation

pressure

the

.l i'i 1 t

L i..

I
i )
t,
Pt.

In to

a tank

containing

propane, tank

w.e have

found

the

tank

pressure the

be 2,1bar. to

From the

we suck'propane vapour of the the

vapour in the

into dome the

cotrpressor

recondense. and has

The propane

superheated fo).lot"ling a ) {,lhat is b) c) tJhat is

a tetnperature al,I of

+SoC.

AnsHer

;,t

questi-ons, the the saturat.ion temperature

and shos pressure of the

wal-ues propane in the

on a sketchin tank? the tank?

!:,' li

:: |. .
rl-

liquid

F,

propane vapour in the l^lhat i-s the density of the superheated done? (Use the curve l-etter no 3 - here) " in fig. no 16 l.lhat is l.Jhat is surface tthat is surface the the _of enthalpy tepperatur' the J-iquid? of the of Iiquid the j.n the tank? just above the

d)

I'

e)

propane

vapour

f'.:' ti
E:{
'-f,t j

t.!.

f)
l

$'t' t..
' !

'

of the enthal.py of the liquid?

the

propane

vapour

just

above

the.

i
in the dome (vhich

ra!

J: I!:: 4:
i: el:.r J

g)

tlhat is the enthalpy of the p r o p a n e v a P o u r rre suck into the compressor)? is the vapour

*::
1:

te.
t::

t; i' ni' t\- .

'li*

.-.,c\\
__-J

'_<r t - E_v. i:ter

l<.

,-\

1}'1G

!{

E
3) onboar<lagclsslrrploQdedr.rit-lrpi-opar)eande<luippedwitha singleStagedirectreij.qubfactj-clnplar]1-.rJel)aveobservt-d the FoIIouing dal-a:
.-Or-'

E
&
* w)

Tank Tank

tenprature: Pressure: Pressure: suction suction delivery delivery Pressure: temPerature: Pressure: tinPerature:

3, O6bar I OOOnb 3 , OObar

, tor-

6 6 6 ej I 6
' 6 \t
t-- -' i

AtmosPheric ComPressor ComPressor ComPressor Compressor

B,3bar
. -oOc

Drawalogp-hsketch'andansvJerthefollowingquestions pressure) to use absolute (reuember of tne t>Iarlt? vs? ( tlesremDer tire the llquid ta b l e )

(; V
a

\ { ( l {
t

a ) b ) c)

L.lhat Hf\at What

is do is

the you the

condensation recl'ion Iiquid vaPour the

tenperature sea vJater rn just

tenPerature the tank? above

enthalPY enthalPY

surface

d ) I"lhat i s t h e the t a n k ?
e) l^Jhat is pressor? gihat the
g )

tne

vapour

enthalpy

where

it

is

sucked

rnto

the

coltrf

f )

*uhe v a p o u r is tank'?
q !i J tne

densi-tY

just

above

the

liquid

surface

in

r r H - { Lw t l d

vapour

densitY

where

it

is

sucked

into

tne

compressor ' l^lhat is is the the vaPour vapour density entftalPY out out of of the the

comPressor? comPressor?

i)
i )

what

of tJhat. Percentage the expansion after present di agrarn ) ?

vaPour ::.':::i1.:= i"1-Yl:.,F1"3;:"?: var

t. {, (

...0 Ji.

nHG

Letter
t

5.1

4)

The foll-owi-ng Process cargo: plant:

data

.r.

,r.r.*, single stage direct

, quantity:

propane: lTOOltT _L2oC pressure : 2,J.Obar _ZoC

) ) i
t .

Cargo

Tank temperature: Coupressor Coropressor suction suction

tenperature:

, )

Coxtpressor delivery Conpressor Conpressor Atnospheric delivery suction

pressure: tetrperature: volune :

6,9bar +62oC 4lOn3,/hour lO3onb

pressure:

'l

) Plot all ': j ' )" ]

's

al-I the

the

gi-ven values that you

on

a log-p-h fj.nd

sketch

together to

with

va].ues

nust

(indirectly)

the

cooling

time-

calcul_ate ,

b)

l'that wil-L teEperature

the

cooling -12oc

tine to

be uhen -L7oc

you

are

to

tower one

the pJ,ant?

frou

wj-th

he].p of

cooling

t, 5) :

You are called a

on

board

an

atnospheric

pressure

LpG ship is

(earLier to load and (We

ful-Ly

refrigerated There three is

LpG ship) no vapour

. The ship return during the tank to

4SooMT of . i ,r you are to the

propane. use heat all

shore, loading-

cooling'plants cooling of

ignore

leakage,

sheLr- etc-)-

') -.;
)

The loading , I under the

.

must

be done so set to keep

that point the,

the that tea s.n l^ k

tank is

pressure 0,25bar, at
,

is

always have,.

safety-valve decided

and you -3BoC,

therefore,

s um l t p e r ao tge ture

i ,

which corresponds -tnospheric

to.p

tank

pressure

of

ca. o,2rbar

at an

pressure

of lOOOub-

.'ili*.

*+ !".

DnMG

--rC.Ij.

LcEter

The

folJ.owing plant:

dat.a

ls

g t 1v e n , Two stage direct, with inter-

Process

mediate Cargo : Cargo Tank quantlty: ternpcrature: at X-over: stage l: 1: l: 1: Propane 4500MT _3BOC _3SOC O, L9bar -290C 4,7bar + 5BoC 9 ,3bar 2: + Booc + 12oC

cool-er

E q E
h

6'
( 19Omb)

Temperature Suctj-on Suction Delivery Deliwery Delivery De).ivery

prel;sur-e temi)erature pressure

fr
I d &
\ .

stage stage

temperature pressure temperat.ure after each

stage st.age 2:

stage coi]: conpressor:

Temperature Suction vol.

< 5om3,/t ine

e
a) Plot all the vaLues on a lot p-h sketch.

s
E
loaded cargo?

b)

How nuch

heat

nust

be refioved

from

the

s
s .';
d
4
be por t(b
' t

c)

Calcul-ate

the

loading

ti-ne

e
6) A semj,-pressurised plant cooled is running to in -35oC LPG sh1p a single before i.s underway mode. at with The the a cargo is The, to stage arriving cargo

down

discharging

Decide at

what

tank

pressure

and t.'mperature following

we have to data are

rt q r=,( cha " o-t

over to two stage

tnode, when the

given:

t
t
\

Cargo: Tank tenperature: telqperature: pressure: di-f f erenCcl :

Propane -goc +5oC 7, Obar 5, Obar

I
!
{ I

:,

Sea water

Max- delivery Max - pressure

( I ,,( I
f

-+Jl.

DnfrG

Letter

55

7 -

The

f ollorring

I
clata is given i

Tank Cargo

atmospherg type: return tank to

before

Ioading:

Propane Propane

vapour

Vapour Cargo Loaded

land: (6pcs- ):

None 6OOOm3 33 1oMT +2ooC toading: loadint: nanifold: 1oadlng: the O,2bar +z5oC -220C -300c 78OMT for steel: O,419kJ,/kt.K 14,9MT for insulation: 0, B4kJ,/kg. t( Tr.ro stage direct plant, w,/intermed i-ate cool_er O,6bar - 140C 5,4bar +46oC 9, Bbar + 74 o C +l6oC saon3/tine lO2Omb :.

volune

rtrdSS: temperature: before

Sea water tairk Tank Cargo Tank

pressure tenperature

before at

tetrperature temperature of loading heat

during tanks:

Weight

Spec1f ic tJeight Specific Process of

capacj-ty

insulation: heat capacity (3

plant

sinilar): pressure ternp. 1st 1st stage:

Compressor Compressor Conpressor Compressor

suction suctj.on delivery deLivery

state: lst stage:

pressure temp. 1st

stage:

Delivery.pressure Delivery Liquid tenperature terup. out

2nd stage: 2nd the stage: internediate

fron

cooler coil: Suction volume each compressor:

Atmospheric
'1

pressure:

a)

Calcu].ate tank shell_

the

amount

of

heat

that

l-s to

be removed

from

the

\ ,'
I

(01) the anount of heat that is to be renoved fron the

b)

Calcr:l-ate insuJ.ation

(O1). the amount of heat that has to be renoved fron the

l " ) :

CaLcul-ate cargo

(01) -

'lf

$P

---{ .1.,

ir;rMG

L6fter

q
56 {
has Lo bc rerlloved from the

d )

Calculate vapour

the phase

amount (oA) Ieakage

ofr heat -r (Afn) to

that

s
q

4 6

,=l

Find ( f ig -

the

heat

into

the le

tanks -ueen

using t he

.the

curve

L7 ) -

Remember curves the the net !

interpolate

se<rwater

temperature carculate

cooring time

capacity when plants

\6net) to the

for use

one a]r

prantthree peri-od

c)

carculate (sinilar )

}oading

we are duri-n1;

6 6 6 q I q
A; td.

reriquefaction

Io.rding

s
G

E
- --,r

t
g

'*

s s
6

&

q q & q
&
6r

\tr

s (_
q
* ( (

e(
( (