Modernism's reactionary stance against the thought of the Enlightenment lead to an

upheaval of all societal constructs of the time. The influence of Modernism

particularly spread in the early 20th century. The fascinating effect of this
movement are significantly demonstrated in Freud's psychoanalysis, Nietzschean
philosophy, the art of Salvador Dali, as well as nearly every other aspect of culture
surrounding this time period.

The Modernist movement of the early 20th century could be defined as the cultural revolution
against the principles, traditions, and ideals that came as a result of the age of
Enlightenment. The focus of this movement was primarily the acknowledgment and
celebration of the subjective and irrational nature of man. This transformation undermined all
previous assumptions about the presence of objective truth and the use of reason as a means
to attain it. Modernism’s intense focus on subjectivity led to an introspective age in art,
literature, philosophy, and scientific study. This reformation of thought manifested itself in
every aspect of culture and the effects are still felt today throughout all of humanity.

Among the leaders of the Modernist movement, Sigmund Freud, a psychologist, had a
particularly significant impact. Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theories were very
foundational in the scientific study of the self and proceeded to shape many of the Modernist
ideals. Freud did not glorify this movement like some of his peers in early Modernism, such as
Friedrich Nietzsche. He was simply an observer of the human psyche and took a scientific
approach that had never been seen before. Freud’s most widely known theories are analysis
of the human consciousness.

In Freud’s Outline of Psycho-Analysis, he explains his theory that the human mind is
controlled primarily by unconscious impulses which help in determining the majority of our
actions. Freud divides the self into three parts: the id, ego, and super ego. The id “contains
everything that is inherited, that is present at birth, that is laid down in the constitution –
above all, therefore, the instincts.” This is the determining factor in many of our actions, as
well as where the majority of unconscious human impulses and desires stem from. The ego,
Freud states, is the “intermediary between the id and the external world.” The ego stores our
experiences and helps us adapt to our circumstances. The job of the ego is to control and
prioritize our instincts, as well as seek pleasure. The super ego is purely a matter of external
influence on the self. Freud states that the super ego is shaped mostly by parental influence,
but also “later successors, teachers, and admired social ideals.” Freud states that the id, ego,
and super ego work together and regulate every aspect of the human brain.

Freud’s emphasis on the significant control of the irrational, unconscious desires of man are
very contradictory to the philosophies of the Enlightenment. These philosophies focus mainly
on human reason as the guide to truth. If Freud’s theories are correct, the Enlightenment’s
emphasis on human rationality must be misguided because humans are fundamentally
irrational. Another large basis of the Enlightenment philosophy was based on the innate
goodness of mankind. Freud contradicts this view, stating that if the self is controlled by our
most primitive urges, man cannot be inherently good. Freud states that these impulses are
irrational and self serving. Also, the Enlightenment philosophies stated that man lived by his
own free will and significantly influenced his own outcome. Modernists, such as Freud,
contradicted these ideas, theorizing that humans are, for a large part, products of their
environment and experiences. Freud’s controversial ideas raised very important questions
about the human condition which helped spur the revolution against Enlightenment thought.

The general consensus of these ideas among Modernist thinkers of the 20th century began a
shift away from the strict rules of reason and towards a concentration on the self and the
psyche. Modernists sought to reinvent culture through embracing the subjective. There was
an uprising in the focus on human emotion. The Modernists began to probe the bizarre and
mysterious nature of the human mind using every possible medium. The Modernists would no
longer let the inflexible rationality of the past have priority to imagination. Reason, they
believed, had the ability to asphyxiate the imaginative and emotional side of humanity. In
turn, the belief in absolute reality of the Enlightenment was being replaced with a subjective
and relative reality. This new view of reality embraced introspection and denied external,
physical reality as the sole guide to truth.

Modern artists also reflected these changes in thought, broke free of classical styles, and
completely redefined art. Art was becoming less of a reflection of one solid reality and more a
reflection of how the artist viewed reality. Classical art merely depicted images as they
appeared, while Modern era artists relied much more heavily on creative spontaneity
stemming from the artists mind. Ironic mockery of the past ideals also emerged in both
literature and artwork.

The Surrealists, a largely influential group of Modern artists, introduced a completely

unprecedented form of artwork that strongly reflect these Modernist ideals. Andre Breton, a
leader in the surrealist movement, wrote in Le Manifeste du Surrealisme that with the
abandonment of “absolute rationalism” the human imagination would be “on the verge of
recovering its rights.” The artwork digs deeply into the imaginative, examining the great
mysteries of what is above and beyond the reality to which human perception is limited. The
surrealist artwork was incredibly focused on the psyche, most of it being dream oriented with
a strong focus on altered states of consciousness. The surrealists were influenced greatly by
Freud’s ideas and created artwork portraying a combination of objective reality and the
unconscious, bizarre reality of the mind. This manifestation of Modernist thought
revolutionized artwork by creating a focus on individual perspective like had never been seen
before.