You are on page 1of 22

A Conformal Mesh Generating Technique for Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (CFDTD) Method

Tao Su, Yongjun Liu, Wenhua Yu and Raj Mittra Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory, 319 EE East The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA

Abstract: The article presents an efficient conformal mesh generating technique suitable for the Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (CFDTD) technique. We describe the mesh generation for different types of objects including planar structures (patch antenna and microwave circuits), as well as for arbitrary 3-D structures created by using AutoCAD, GID or other commercial solid modelers. The versatility of the mesh generation tool is illustrated through several examples. Keywords: Mesh Generation, Computational Electrocmagnetics, Conformal FDTD I. INTRODUCTION

Field solvers based on the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method [1], which is one of the most powerful and versatile computational electromagnetics tools, have been successfully applied to simulate electromagnetic phenomena in a variety of devices widely used in engineering applications. The FDTD engine is simple to develop and has the added advantage that it operates on a Cartesian grid, which has a relatively simple mesh structure. However, the original Yees scheme does not produce accurate results for objects with curved edges or surface--owing to the staircasing approximation--unless a fine mesh is employed to mitigate the error introduced by the staircasing approximation. A mesh generation technique for the conventional Yees scheme has been described in the literature [2]. The conformal FDTD techniques [3-6] that offer an alternative to fine discretization, require somewhat more complex mesh information to describe the curved edges or surfaces without resorting to staircasing, yet their demands on the mesh generation schemes are still relatively simple compared to those required by the MoM [7] and FEM [8]. In this article, we present an efficient mesh generation technique for the Conformal FDTD technique described in [5]. It can interface with commonly used commercial software packages such as I-DEAS, PATRAN, AutoCAD and GID, and generates a group of output files based on the geometry of the object and the application of the Yees scheme. It provides the intersections of the object being simulated with the Cartesian coordinates. The mesh generator is not limited to the conformal algorithm in [5], and can be applied to other conformal techniques such as the ones described in [3, 4] as well. We discuss the mesh generation procedure for two classes of objects, viz., planar and arbitrary 3-D structures. Most patch antennas and microwave circuit configurations typically have a complex shape only in one plane, and are often uniform in the direction normal to the plane with the exception of a few simple geometries such as cylinders, spheres, and waveguides. Such arbitrary 3-D objects are typically drawn by using

commercial software packages, and the triangular patch modeling of the object is an option often used in these softwares. The article presents a technique that can be applied to calculate the conformal mesh information based on the objects with a triangular patch model and Yees grid. Compared to the MoM and FEM methods, the conformal FDTD technique only requires the intersection between the surface of the objects being simulated and the Cartesian grid, while retaining the Yee format for the grid, be it uniform or non-uniform, both in the interior of the and exterior of the object. The mesh generation technique is described in the following sections, where two illustrative examples are also included to validate the proposed mesh generation scheme. II. CONFORMAL FDTD TECHNIQUE

2.1. The Conformal FDTD (CFDTD) technique In the section, we briefly describe the conformal CFDTD technique presented in [5]. Figure 1 shows the geometry of the intersection between a curved PEC object and the FDTD mesh.

Fig. 1. 2-D configuration of intersection between a curved PEC and Cartesian mesh. The conventional Yees FDTD method can introduce significant errors due to the staircasing approximation, unless a relatively fine mesh is used. The conformal FDTD (CFDTD) technique, described in [5], can be used to obviate this problem and to improve the accuracy of modeling the curved boundaries. In this technique, the electric field update algorithm remains unchanged from that in Yees scheme, but the magnetic field is updated differently. For instance, for the Hy component we use
z (i , j , k )E zn (i , j , k ) z (i 1, j , k )E zn (i 1, j , k ) (1) x 0 (i ) z 0 (k ) 2 (i , j , k ) + t n n y (i , j , k ) x (i , j , k 1)E x (i , j , k 1) x (i , j , k )E x (i , j , k ) + x 0 (i ) z 0 (k )

Hy

n+ 1

(i , j , k ) = H y

n 1

In contrast to Yees scheme, the magnetic field update equation above requires the geometrical information pertaining to the intersection of the object surface with the Cartesian grid. 2.2. Curved Dielectric Surfaces In common with curved PEC surfaces and edges, the conventional FDTD can also introduce significant staircasing errors when dealing with curved interfaces between two dissimilar dielectrics. The conformal FDTD technique has been generalized in [6] to improve the simulation accuracy of such geometries. This method also requires the mesh truncation information of dielectric objects to calculate the effective dielectric constant along the deformed cell edge, whose geometry is shown in Fig.2.

Fig. 2. Mesh truncation of a dielectric object. The article presents a conformal mesh generation technique that can be applied to produce the conformal mesh information involved in both curved PEC and dielectric objects. III. MESH GENERATION FOR PLANANR STRUCTURE

In the conformal FDTD algorithm, the magnetic fields in the partially-filled cells are updated by using (1), while retaining the location of the H field at the center of the cell, just as in the conventional FDTD method. For each partial cell, we need to obtain the equivalent cell size for a PEC object or the equivalent material constants for dielectric ones. These can be determined if we know the intersections of the grid lines with the object surface and can uniquely distinguish between the interior and exterior of the object. The intersection points are determined relatively easily when a geometrical description of the object is available. Hence the outstanding step that remains to be attended is the identification of the interior region of the object.

To explain how we address this problem we begin with a two-dimensional one, shown in Fig. 3. The 2-D object is described by a polygon, which is a piecewise linear approximation of a curved edge. This polygon represents the interface between the interior and the exterior of the object. To determine which grid points are inside a polygon, we move from one end of a grid line to the other. Each time it intersects with an edge of the polygon, the side changes. In our algorithm, we first find the intersections between a grid line and the edges of the polygon, sort the intersections by their coordinates, pair them, and find the grid points located between each pair of intersections.

Fig. 3. Inside and outside region for a 2-D object represented by a polygon. In the determination of the intersection of the grid lines and the polygonal edges, there can be some special cases if one or both ends of an edge fall on the grid line. If one end of an edge is on the grid line, as is the case for the lines ab and bc shown in Fig. 3, we need both this edge and its neighboring edge to determine whether or not this point is crossing into the object. If both ends of the edge are on the grid line, for instance, the edges gh and de in Fig. 3, we need to utilize the information derived from both of the neighbor edges to determine whether or not the grid line crosses into the object. In Fig. 3, for example, a grid line along y crosses into the object after intersection with the edge gh, while the corresponding line that intersects the edge de stays outside the object after intersection. To distinguish between these special cases, without modifying the algorithm extensively, we introduce the virtual grid lines, shown as the dashed lines in Fig. 4. For the grid line defined by x=xi, the virtual grid lines are at the locations x=xi and x=xi+, where is a very small distance. If a grid line crosses with an edge in the middle, both virtual lines are declared as crossing. On the other hand, if one end of the edge is on the grid line, only one virtual line is found to cross. Also, if an edge overlaps the grid line, neither of the virtual lines is interpreted as crossing. When all of the intersections have both been identified and tagged, we determine the interior region for both the virtual lines,

recognizing there is an OR relationship between the two set of interior points, i.e., the grid points declared inside on either of the virtual line are inside. We then repeat the process for all of the grid lines so that the interior and exterior regions can be separated and the exterior dimensions of the partial cells can be calculated.

Fig. 4. Virtual grid lines. A planar structure created from AutoCAD is shown in Fig. 5. The thickness is manually added. The mesh generation technique described above is used to generate the conformal mesh for this structure (see Fig. 6). We display the conformal mesh by connecting the partial cells to its neighborhood so that we can recover the boundary of the object. This is explained in more detail in the next section.

Fig. 5. A planar structure created from AutoCAD.

Fig. 6. Conformal mesh of the planar structure. IV. MESH GENERATION FOR ARBITRARY 3D OBJECTS

In the three-dimensional case, we begin by describing the surface of an object using triangular patches, as illustrated in Fig. 7. We first intersect the object by using different grid planes. For an enclosed object, the trajectory on the grid plane will be one or more polygons and we can use the 2-D technique to determine the interior and exterior regions. We denote the edges of the polygon as segments in order to avoid confusion with the edges of the triangles. The segments fall in the following three categories: (1) the common edge of two triangles; (2) the connections between two edges of a triangles or (3) the connection between a point on one edge of a triangle and the opposite vertex. For the latter two cases, we are certain that the grid plane crosses into the object. For the first case, however, the relationship may depend on the locations of many other triangles. Similar to the 2-D approach, we solve this problem by utilizing the concept virtual grid planes, as illustrated in Fig. 8.

Fig. 7. Meshing of a 3-D object.

Let us suppose that we are looking at a grid line (xi,yj) in the z-direction. We first determine the relationship between all of the triangles and the grid plane defined by x=xi. If a triangle intersects with the grid plane, both the virtual grid planes at x=xi+ and x=xi- are declared as crossing. Alternatively, if only one edge of a triangle is inside the grid plane but the opposite vertex is not, we conclude that only one virtual grid is crossing. If the entire triangle resides in the plane x=xi, neither of the virtual plane is crossing. Next, we determine all of the intersecting points and segments and this leads to one or more polygons in the y-z plane. The 2-D approach is then applied and the crossing points are determined for the virtual grid lines (xi, yj). Once the interior regions have been identified for the four virtual grid lines, they are combined by using an OR operation to determine the interior region for the actual grid line.

Fig. 8. Virtual grid lines in 3-D. To examine the effectiveness of the mesh generation algorithm, we have developed an interactive program to display the conformal mesh. We first output the cells inside the object, as well as the cell size for the incomplete cells on the surface, and then connect the four neighboring cells in the same grid plane, forming a polygon for the incomplete cells, or a simple rectangle for normal cells. The display program, powered by the OpenGL graphics library, processes all the polygons or rectangles and generate a 3-D view of the FDTD mesh, as shown in Fig. 9. We use different colors to represent the cells in different grid planes, viz., red, green and blue to correspond to the y-z, x-z and x-y planes, respectively. By examining the figure, we can easily identify the position and length of each partial cells and the overall shape of the object. Figure 9(a) is the mesh for the step structure shown in Fig. 7. The coordinates are carefully chosen so that the first step does not overlap with a grid plane. The OpenGL enables the easy implementation of shading of different polygons, so that we can observe the half-cells on two sides of the structure. The user is also able to rotate the 3-D graphics to view the object from different angles. Figure 9(b) shows a very coarse mesh of a sphere. Although such a mesh is not sufficiently fine for the conformal FDTD simulation, it nonetheless exhibits the mesh structure clearly, especially for the partial cells.

(a) Rectangular step

(b) 3-D mesh examples Fig. 9. 3-D mesh examples. To further demonstrate the capability of the technique, a triangular patch model of human head, which is shown in Fig. 10(a), has been downloaded from the website http://gts.sourceforge.net/samples.html. Since the mesh generation technique requires the object to be closed, we manually added some triangular patches to enclose the head model at the eyes and neck positions. The conformal mesh, generated by our algorithm, is shown in Fig. 10(b). Figure 10(c) is a helix antenna created from FEMAP and saved in the triangular patch format. Figure 10(d) shows the conformal mesh of the helix antenna mounted on a PEC circular plate. The PEC circular patch is created from the graphics interface of our CFDTD package. Although the wire thickness is only 2~3 unit cell size, the curved surface can still be correctly modeled.

(a) Human head model

(b) Conformal mesh of the human head

(c) Helix antenna model

(d) Conformal mesh of a helical antenna on a circular PEC plate Fig. 10. Conformal mesh examples.

A demo of our CFDTD software package, which has a built-in module for the conformal mesh generation, is available on-line at our websites: http://www.rmassociates.biz and http://www.personal.psu.edu/faculty/w/x/wxy6/. The triangular patch model files, obtained from different software packages may have slightly different formats, and the input format required by this demo package needs to be converted into the following:

Fig. 11. Triangular patch format required by the CFDTD software package. V. CONFRMAL MESH FOR THIN PEC STRUCTURE

Thin PEC structures are often encountered in electromagnetic simulations. Such structures cannot be handled in the conventional FDTD algorithm unless it coincides with the grid plane, or is approximated by using a staircase approach. However, the conformal FDTD algorithm, given the effective cell size on both sides, is able to simulate thin PEC structures, as shown in Fig. 12. The electric field components Ex(i,j) and Ey(i+1,j) are separated by the thin PEC, dividing the space into regions I and II. The fields in the two regions need to be updated separately. Thus we define the magnetic fields HIz(i,j) and HIIz(i,j), and electric fields Ex(i,j), Ex(i,j+1), Ey(i,j) and Ey(i+1,j) are also redefined for the two regions. The update equation then becomes: x I ( i , j + 1, k ) E xI ,n ( i , j + 1, k ) x I ( i , j , k ) E xI ,n ( i , j , k ) x0 ( i ) y 0 ( j ) t I ,n + 1 I ,n 1 H z 2 (i, j, k ) = H z 2 (i, j, k ) + y ( i , j , k ) y I ( i , j , k ) E yI ,n ( i , j , k ) y I ( i + 1, j , k ) E yI ,n ( i + 1, j , k ) + x0 ( i ) y 0 ( j )
(2)

and a similar companion equation may be written for Region II. Since the electric field components Ex(i,j+1) and Ey(i,j) do not contribute to the magnetic field in Region II, their corresponding values are set to be zero in this region. For the field components such as Hz(i,j-1), that resides outside of both regions I and II but are still affected by the partial cell, we use the effective value of the electric field: E I (i, j, k ) x I (i, j, k ) + E xII (i, j, k )x II (i, j, k ) eff Ex (i , j , k ) = x (3) x0 (i, j, k )

Fig. 12. Conformal FDTD mesh for thin PEC structures. By updating the fields separately in both regions, we can perform the FDTD simulation for thin PEC structures. However, there is a concern regarding to the implementation of this algorithm because the conventional FDTD storage structure is spoiled and the field update equations become more complex. To overcome this problem, we leave the original E- and H-field storage locations unchanged, but rename them as E0 and H0. In addition, we introduce a new block of memory to store the field in different regions. We then perform the following operations in each iteration step to obtain the field values: 1. Update the global electric field E0 by using conventional FDTD update equations in the entire domain. 2. Restore the H- field in Region I to the global H-field, let HI => H0, and then update EI. 3. Repeat Step 2 for Region II. 4. Calculate the effective E-field for the partial cells using (3), and store them as the global E field, by letting Eeff => E0. 5. Update the global magnetic field H0 using conventional FDTD update equation. 6. Restore the E-field in Region I to the global E-field, EI => E0, update HI. 7. Repeat Step 6 for Region II. In this approach, the original FDTD storage structure and update equations remain the same. The field update in both regions is only performed for the partial cells, that are located either on or close to the PEC surface, and thus its order of complexity is lower by one dimension than that of the entire domain. Consequently, the penalty in CPU time to perform the updates in the two regions is negligible compared to that needed to solve the entire problem. To store the field components in different regions, we also need to store

their location and the effective cell size, but the increase in memory requirement is also negligible. The mesh structure for thin PEC objects is also different from normal 3-D objects, as shown in Fig. 13. In this figure, the cells connecting the black dots are in Region I, and those connecting the white dots are in Region II. However, since the two regions are topologically connected, we cannot use the approach in the previous section to separate the two regions. The only property we can use to separate the regions is that the cells in different regions do not connect to each other. Thus, we first find all of the intersections of the grid lines with the thin PEC surface, and then declare the two grid points corresponding to the partial cell as in different regions. After all such cells have been identified, we further examine the connectivity between those special grid points. If two such grid points can be connected by a complete cell, they are marked as in the same region.

Fig. 13. Two sides of a thin PEC structure. To illustrate the above procedure we show the mesh of a slanted PEC plate in Fig. 14(a). The common boundary of the two colors shows the position of the plate, where the conformal cell size in each region is represented by the colored polygons. This plot provides a clear picture of all the field components that need to be split. Note that this mesh generation algorithm is not limited to the two-region scenario; in fact, it can be applied to any number of regions separated by thin PEC structures. The FDTD algorithm is also not limited to two regions, since the steps (2, 3) and (6, 7) in the above updating scheme can be extended to any number of regions. Figure 14(b) shows the mesh for two PEC plates positioned in a T shape. To demonstrate the mesh generation algorithm we have chosen the positions and orientations of the plates such that they do not coincide with the grid planes. The space is now divided into three regions where the fields need to be updated separately. This is shown by three different colors in the plot.

(a) Slanted PEC plate with zero thickness

(b) T-shape PEC plate with zero thickness Fig.14. Thin PEC mesh examples. VI. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES

In this section, we present two examples to validate the mesh generation code described above. These examples are simulated by our Conformal FDTD software package [4], and the mesh generator code is a built-in module of this package. The inputs to the conformal mesh generator are the uniform or non-uniform grids and the information pertaining to object geometry. The procedure is as follows: (1) the user draws a 2D or 3D object using the FDTD interface, AutoCAD or GID; (2) next, he generates either a uniform or non-uniform grid from the FDTD interface; (3) following this he calls the conformal mesh generator to create the necessary mesh information for the FDTD algorithm; (4) finally, the user specifies the boundary conditions and the excitation source and executes the CFDTD solver. The examples in this section include a circular horn antenna and a zero thickness PEC plate.

6.1. Circular horn antenna The first example is the so-called Potter horn design [9], shown in Fig. 15, which has a very low sidelobe level.

Fig.15. Circular horn antenna. The mesh code is used to generate the conformal mesh required by the CFDTD. Three colors in Fig. 16 show the deformed dx, dy and dz distribution.

Fig. 16. Conformal mesh distribution of the circular horn antenna. The excellent result obtained via the Conformal FDTD package is shown in Fig.17.

Fig. 17. Far field pattern of the circular horn antenna on the E plane. 6.2. Thin PEC plate We simulate the radiation problem from a finite line source above a square PEC plate. At first, we let the plate overlap with a plane in the Yees grid, as shown in Fig. 18(a), so that the problem can be solved by using the conventional FDTD. The side length of the

plate is 1m and the length of the line source is 0.2m. We measure the time domain electric field at points 1 and 2, and derive the far field pattern as well. Next, we rotate the plate as shown in Fig. 18(b), while keeping the relative positions of the source and observation points unchanged. The second problem is then solved by using the conformal algorithm with the thin PEC mesh. We compare the near fields at the observation points 1 and 2 in Figs 19(a) and 19(b), respectively. The solid curve corresponds to the first configuration while the dashed one is computed by using the conformal FDTD, and the agreement between the two sets of fields is seen to be very good. The comparison between the far field patterns in the E plane at 200MHz is shown in Fig. 20, which shows that the two results are in excellent agreement.

(a) configuration 1

(b) configuration 2

Fig. 18. Thin PEC test case: line source radiation above square plate.
1

0.5

0 Ey1 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0

50

100

150

200 Time step

250

300

350

400

(a) E field observed at point 1

0.02

0.01

Ey2

-0.01

0
-0.02 -0.03

-0.04

50

100

150

200 Time step

250

300

350

400

(b) E field observed at point 2 Fig. 19. Near field computed using the thin PEC mesh.

90 120

20 60 15

150

10 5

30

180

210

330

240 270

300

Fig. 20. E-plane far field pattern computed using the thin PEC mesh. To test the stability of the conformal algorithm, we slightly vary the position of the slant plate and repeat the above simulation. The plate is shifted in x-direction by 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 cell, and the near fields at the two observation points are plotted in Figs. 21(a) and (b). We can see that the variations due to the direct incidence and plate reflection at point 1 are very small, while the diffracted fields received at point 2 are a little more deviated. This is reasonable because the diffracted field is sensitive to the path from the source to the edge then to the observation point. In addition, the level of the field received at point 2 is approximately 50 times lower than that at point 1, and has very limited effect on the consequent computations.

0.5

0 Ey1 -0.5 -1 -1.5 0

50

100

150

200 Time step

250

300

350

400

(a) E field observed at point 1


0.02

0.01

Ey2

-0.01

-0.02

-0.03

-0.04

50

100

150

200 Time step

250

300

350

400

(b) E field observed at point 2 Fig. 21. Received near field when the plate is shifted 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1 cell in the x direction. VII. CONCLUSIONS

In this article we have presented a mesh generation technique that can be used to produce the conformal mesh required by the conformal FDTD method. Even though the examples presented in this article are associated with the algorithm described in [4], the meshing technique can be readily generalized to adapt to other conformal FDTD algorithms as well. AKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors wish to thank Dr. Nader Farahat, Dr. Hany E. Abd El-Raouf, Dr. Kai Du, and the Ph.D. students in the EMC lab including Junho Yeo, Lai-Ching (Kit) Ma, Yoonjae Lee, Bing Wang and Kyung Dae Ko for their assistantce in the testing of software package. Two (Wenhua Yu and Raj Mittra) of the authors also thank Dr. Terry J. Hilsabeck of SPAWAR System Center and Dr. Peter Chow of Fujitsu Laboratories of Europe Limited for their helps in the testing of software package.

REFERENCES: [1] [2] K. S. Yee, Numerical Solution of Initial Boundary Value Problems Involving Maxwells Equations in Isotropic Media, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 14, pp. 302-307, May 1966. Y. Srisukh, J. Nehrbass, F. L. Teixeira, F. F. Lee, and R. Lee, An approach for automatic grid generation in three-dimensional FDTD simulations of complex geometries, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Volume: 44, Issue: 4, August, 2002, Page(s): 75- 80. T. G. Jurgens, A. Taflove, K. Umashankar, and T. G. Moore, Finite-Difference Time-Domain Modeling of Curved Surfaces, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 357-366, April 1992. S. Dey and R. Mittra, A Locally Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) Algorithm for Modeling Three-Dimensional Perfectly Conducting Objects, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol.7, no.9, pp. 273-275, September 1997. Wenhua Yu and Raj Mittra, A Conformal FDTD Software Package for Modeling of Antennas and Microstrip Circuit Components, IEEE Antenna and Propagation Magazine. Vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 28-39, October 2000. Wenhua Yu, and Raj Mittra, A Conformal Finite Difference Time Domain Technique for Modeling Curved Dielectric Surfaces, IEEE Microwave and Guided Wave Letters, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 25-27, January 2001. R. F. Harrington, Field Computations by Moment Methods, MacMillan, New York, 1968. Jin-Fa Lee and R. Dyczij-Edlinger, Automatic mesh generation using a modified Delaunaytessellation, IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine , Volume: 39 Issue: 1 , Feb. 1997 Page(s): 34 45. P. D. Potter, A New Horn Antenna with Suppressed Sidelobes and Equal Beamwidths, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-15, pp. 307-308, 1961.

[3] [4]

[5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

Biographies
Tao Su received his Bachelor's degree from Tsinghua University, China in 1996, majoring in Electronics Engineering. He obtained his MSE and PhD degrees from the University of Texas at Austin in 1997 and 2001, respectively. Since Sept. 2001, he has been working as a postdoctoral research associate in the Electromagnetics Communications Lab at Pennsylvania State University. His research interests include physics-based signal processing in electromagnetics, antenna mutual coupling and array signal processing, and advanced numerical modeling techniques.

Yongjun Liu received his Bachelor degree in Electrical Engineering from Tsinghua University, China, in 1991, Master degree in Electrical Engineering from Beijing Broadcasting Institute, China, in 1994, respectively. From 1994 to 2001, he worked in Beijing Broadcasting Institute as an associate professor. He has jointed the EMC lab of Pennsylvania State University since September 2001. His research interests include the computational electromagnetics and its visualization techniques and visual languages.

Wenhua Yu is a Visiting Professor in the Pennsylvania State University Department of Electrical Engineering. Dr. Yu received the BS degrees in Physics from Henan Normal University, XingXiang, in 1984, MS in Electrical Engineering from Beijing Broadcasting Institute, Beijing, in 1989, and PhD in Electrical Engineering from Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China, in 1994, respectively. Dr. Yu worked in Beijing Institute of Technology as a Postdoctoral Research Associate from February 1995 to August 1996.

He worked in the Pennsylvania State University Department of Electrical Engineering as a Research Associate from May 1999 to August 2001 and a Postdoctoral Research Associate from September 1996 to April 1999. He has published 43 technical papers, 27 proceeding articles and one book chapter. Dr. Yu has also developed two software packages for modeling MMIC, RF antennas and microstrip circuit components, waveguide and cavity. He is a Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. His research interests include the areas of Antenna, RF circuit design, RCS prediction, packaged software development, computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic modeling and simulation of electronic packages, EMC analysis, frequency selective surfaces, microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits, and satellite antennas.

Raj Mittra is Professor in the Electrical Engineering department of the Pennsylvania State University. He is also the Director of the Electromagnetic Communication Laboratory, which is affiliated with the Communication and Space Sciences Laboratory of the EE department. Prior to joining Penn State he was a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Illinois in Urbana Champaign. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, a Past-President of AP-S, and he has served as the Editor of the Transactions of the Antennas and Propagation Society. He won the Guggenheim Fellowship Award in 1965, the IEEE Centennial Medal in 1984, and the IEEE Millennium medal in 2000. He has been a Visiting Professor at Oxford University, Oxford, England and at the Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark. Currently, he serves as the North American editor of the journal AE. He is the President of RM Associates, which is a consulting organization that provides services to industrial and governmental organizations, both in the U. S. and abroad. His professional interests include the areas of RF circuit design, computational electromagnetics, electromagnetic modeling and simulation of electronic packages, communication antenna design including GPS, broadband antennas, EMC analysis, radar scattering, frequency selective surfaces, microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits, and satellite antennas. He has published over 500 journal papers and 30 books or book chapters on various topics related to electromagnetics, antennas, microwaves and electronic packaging. He also has three patents on communication antennas to his credit. For the last 15 years he has directed, as well as lectured in, numerous short courses on Electronic Packaging,

Wireless antennas internationally.

and

Computational

Electromagnetics,

both

nationally

and

You might also like