TOP 18 OTHERS

1. Quality Assurance (QA) focus upon doing it right A systematic process of organization-wide participation and partnership in planning and implementing improvement methods to understand and meet customer needs and expectations emphasis is on maintaining minimum standards of care tended to be REACTIVE rather than proactive involves such methods as: o chart audits o reviewing incident reports o determining whether performance conforms to standards. 3 TYPES: process 2. Structure Evaluation evaluating the physical setting Process Evaluation evaluating how the nursing care is rendered Outcome Evaluation evaluating the demonstrable changes brought by the nursing

Total Quality Management (TQM) focuses on doing the right thing aka Quality Improvement (QI)/ Process Improvement (PI) QIs emphasis is upon identifying real and potential problems participation and partnership in planning and implementing improvement methods to understand and meet customer needs and expectations. tends to be PROACTIVE instead of reactive. General Principles of TQM: o quality is achieved through the participation of everyone in the organization o improvement opportunities are developed by focusing upon the work process o the improvement of the quality of services is an ongoing (continuous) process o decisions to change or improve a system or process are made based on data (not majority rule) uses such methods as o building quality performance into the work process o meeting the needs of the customer proactively. Principle benefits o viewing every problem as a possible opportunity for improvement o involving staff in how the work is designed and delivered (improves staff satisfaction) o empowering staff to identify and implement improvement resulting in increased patient outcomes o increasing the customers perception that you care by designing health care processes to meet customer needs, as opposed to the health care providers needs. Quality Assurance Doing it right Reactive (after) Maintaining standards of care Reviewing incident reports Evaluation Audit Total Quality Management Doing the right thing Proactive (before) Identifying real and potential problems Building quality performance into the work process Meeting the needs of the customer proactively

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PROCESS A set of causes and conditions that repeatedly come together in a series of steps to transfer inputs into outcomes EXTERNAL CUSTOMER are those people who are outside the (health care) organization and receive the output of the organization such as patients regulatory agencies (Joint Commission, the Department of Health) the community the organization serves private practitioners INTERNAL CUSTOMERS are those people who work within the organization and received output of another employee Nurses Pharmacists hospital chaplains therapists. The plan-do-study-act (PDSA) cycle, a process improvement tool, begins with starts with three questions: 1) What are we trying to accomplish? 2) How will we know that a change is an improvement? 3) What changes can we make that will result in improvement? FOCUS methodology uses a stepwise process for how to move through the improvement process. 1) Focus on an improvement idea, 2) Organize a team that knows the work process, 3) Clarify the current process,

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4) Understand the degree of change needed, and 5) Solution, select a solution for improvement. 8. 9. SENTINEL EVENT an unexpected incident involving a death or serious physical or psychological injury to a patient Related common-sense skills that help one to use their time in the most effective and productive manner possible are called: time management

10. PARETO PRINCIPLE 80% of unfocused effort results in 20% of outcome results The Pareto principle is based upon the prioritization of work effort through such measures as managing ones time effectively. The basic premise is that 80% of unfocused efforts results in 20% of outcome results or that 20% of focused efforts results in 80% of outcome results. 11. STEPS IN A QUANTITATIVE STUDY A. CONCEPTUAL PHASE (1) Identify the problem (2) Determine purpose of the study (3) Review the literature (4) Develop a theoretical/ conceptual framework (5) Identify the study assumptions (6) Acknowledge the limitations of the study (7) Formulate the hypothesis or research question (8) Define study variables/ terms B. DESIGN and PLANNING PHASE (9) Select the Research Design the plan for how the study will be conducted; concerned with the type of data that will be collected and the means used to obtain these data (10) Identify the population (11) Designing the sampling plan (12) Select the sample (13) Conduct a pilot study C. EMPIRICAL PHASE (14) Collect the data (15) Organize the data for analysis D. ANALYTIC PHASE (16) Analyze the data (17) Interpret the findings E. DISSEMINATION HASE (18) Communicate the findings (19) Utilize the findings 12. RIGHTS IN RESEARCH*** a. SELF- DETERMINATION: The person has the right to control his or her own destiny b. PRIVACY: The person has to determine the time, extent, and general circumstances under which private information will be shared with or withheld from others. Be left alone (i.e., freedom from intrusion) Determine bodily integrity (to consent to or refuse treatment) Control how personal information is shared c. d. e. f. ANONYMITY: Data collected will be kept confidential. FAIR TREATMENT: The person should be treated fairly and should receive what he or she is due or owed. PROTECTION FROM DISCOMFORT AND HARM: Based on the principle of beneficence (one should do good and, above all, do no harm) the person should be protected from physical, emotional, social, and economic discomfort and harm. INFORMED CONSENT: The person understands the reason for the proposed intervention and its benefits and risks, and agrees

13. BENCHMARKING is a continual and collaborative discipline of measuring and comparing the results of key work processes with those of the best performers and uses those best processes (practices) to improve work design and patient care delivery. 14. VALUE is a function of quality outcomes and cost The repercussions of quality improvement for patient care can be measured by the overall value of that care. Value itself is a function of both quality outcomes and cost. For example outcomes can be a patients return to functional status or mortality/morbidity, and the cost is a combination of both the indirect and direct patient care needs. 15. SYSTEM are independent groups of people, processes, or items with a common purpose or goal. Organizations are made up of various systems such as different departments (i.e., radiology, laboratory, and cardiology) or processes (i.e., QI or risk management departments). 16. 3 components of health care systems are: 1) Structure - (resources or structures required to deliver health care) 2) Process - (quality activities, procedures, and tasks performed to deliver quality health care)

3) Outcome - (the results of good health care delivery) 17. COHESIVE GROUPS substitutes for leadership substitutes for leadership are variables that eliminate the need for leadership or nullify the effect of the leaders behavior. These include cohesive groups, work experience, intrinsic satisfaction, formal organizational structures, professionalism, indifference to rewards, routine tasks, feedback provided by the task, rigid adherence to rules, role distance, and low position power of the leader. 18. Nurses Assigned in Rural Service (NARS) Project Launched by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo last 9 February 2009 during the Multi-Sectoral Summit on "Joining Hands Against the Global Crisis" in Malacanan Palace, Manila. Program Coverage With valid nurse license issued by the PRC Not over 35 years old Resident of the identified municipalities No nursing-related practice for the past 3 years Nurse applicants who are dependents of workers affected by the Global Crisis based on the list provided by the DOLE Regional office shall be given priority in the selection. P8,000.00 per month during training (P366.00 per day for a forty (40) hours training/workweek.) The stipend of P8,000 may be increased if the host LGUs will offer a counterpart of say P2,000. Corporations may chip in by providing shirts, insurance, vitamins, etc., making the program a national enterprise with private equity. Nurses will be deployed at an average of 5 per town in the 1,000 poorest municipalities, for a sixmonths tour of duty. Another batch will be deployed for the second half of the year. These nurses will undergo training and development for competency enhancement in accordance with the training program designed by the DOH in collaboration with the PRC-BON. The training program will cover both the clinical and public health functions. Unemployed nurses will be mobilized in their hometowns as warriors for wellness to do the three I's: Initiate primary health, school nutrition, maternal health programs, first line diagnosis Inform about community water sanitation practices and also do health surveillance Immunize children and mothers. They shall likewise serve as roving nurses for rural schools.