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Plant Structure Growth and Development

Chapter 35

Three Basic Plant Organs

Roots

Anchors a vascular plant Absorbs Minerals & Water Stores nutrients

Stems

Alternating system of nodes and internodes


Axillary buds Terminal Bud

Apical Dominance

Leaves

Main photosynthetic organ


Blade & Petiole Monocot & Dicot vein patterns differ

Three Tissue Systems

Dermal Tissue

Outer protective covering


Epidermis in non-woody plants Periderm replaces epidermis in woody plants

Vascular Tissue

Plumbing

Transports materials (water & nutrients)between roots and shoots Xylem: conveys water from roots to shoots Phloem: conveys organic nutrients from where they are made to where they are needed

Ground Tissue

The rest (everything that isnt Dermal or Vascular Tissues)


Pith is internal to the vascular tissue Cortex is external to the vascular tissue Ground tissue is often specialized in storage, photosynthesis and support

Plant Structure Growth and Development


Chapter 35

Common Types of Plant Cells

Parenchyma Cells

Thin & flexible primary walls Most lack secondary walls Protoplast has a large central vacuole typical plant cells not very specialized Perform most metabolic functions including photosynthesis Generally retain the ability to differentiate into other types of plant cells Alive at functional maturity Grouped in strands or cylinders Useful for supporting the young parts of the plant Unevenly thick primary cell walls and no secondary cell walls They are flexible Alive at functional maturity Also function in support Thick secondary walls strengthened with lignin Very specialized for support Dead at functional maturity: the skeleton remains after the cell dies Sclereids Shorter than fibers and irregular in shape These impart hardness to nut shells, seed coats, and give pear fruit the characteristic gritty texture Fibers

Collenchyma Cells

Scerenchyma Cells

Usually arranged in threads Long slender and tapered Often used for commercial purposes (for rope or cloth, for example)

Water Conducting Cells of the Xylem

Tracheids

Dead at functional maturity Found in xylem of all vascular plants Long thin cells with tapered ends Water moves from cell to cell through pits Dead at functional maturity Generally wider, shorter and thinner walled than tracheids Aligned end to end, forming pipes called vessels Ends have perforations for water to flow through

Vessel Elements

Plant Structure Growth and Development


Chapter 35

Sugar Conducting Cells of the Phloem


Alive at functional maturity Sieve Cells

in seedless vascular plants and gymnosperms in angiosperms Members make up Sieve Tube Lack organelles such as nucleus, ribosomes and vacuoles Ends of the cells have sieve plates with pores that allow fluid to flow Sieve Tube Members have generally have fully functional cells associated with them called Companion cells

Sieve Tube Members


Nucleus and ribosomes serve both cells

Plant Growth: Meristems


Primary Growth produces the primary plant body Secondary Growth thickens the plant generally occurs only in woody plants

Root Primary Growth

Primary Growth of Roots


The tip of the root is covered with a root cap Protects the tissue below called apical meristem Root cap also produces a slime that helps the root push through the soil Growth occurs just behind the root tip

Three Zones Zone of Cell Division Zone of Elongation Zone of Maturation Lateral roots originate from the pericycle

the outmost layer of the vascular cylinder

Primary Growth of Shoots


Shoot apical meristem is not covered by a cap Rapidly dividing cells in the terminal bud Leaf primordia & axillary buds develop below Form shoots later in life

Plant Structure Growth and Development


Chapter 35

Secondary Growth

Growth in thickness Produced by lateral meristems Occurs in Woody plants Simultaneous with Primary Growth
But in different areas

Process is similar in Roots and Stems

Secondary Plant Body

Tissues Produced by

Vascular Cambium

Adds secondary xylem (wood) Adds secondary phloem Adds a tough, thick covering Mainly cork cells

Cork Cambium

Vascular Cambium
One cell layer thick A cylinder of meristematic cells Produces Xylem on the inside
Becomes wood

Phloem on the outside

Usually less phloem than xylem

Secondary Xylem: Wood


Older layers of xylem no longer transport water and minerals

(xylem sap)
This xylem is called heartwood

Outer layers still transport sap This xylem is called sapwood

Secondary Phloem
Only the youngest phloem carries phloem sap (sugar) This phloem is closest to the vascular cambium Older phloem is sloughed off as the diameter of the root or stem expands

Plant Structure Growth and Development


Chapter 35

Cork Cambium

Produces two tissue types


phelloderm to the inside Cork cells to the outside called suberin Functions as a protective barrier

Cork cells make a waxy substance


Cork Cambium and all these two tissues it prodcues are cumulatively called periderm

Periderm replaces epidermis Periderm is air- and water- tight

Bark

Cork cambium does not continue to divide


No increase in circumference It splits as the stem or root expands Then loses its meristematic activity A new cork cambium forms to the inside This is what we generally call bark Bark is actually all the tissues external to the vascular cambium

Older layers of periderm are sloughed off


Vocabulary These are some terms that I expect you to know from this chapter.
Please DO NOT assume that these are the only terms you should know. I selected the terms listed here because they have a considerable probability of appearing on one of my exams.

Root Taproot Node Internode Terminal Bud Axillary Bid Fibrous root system Apical dominance Leaf Blade Petiole Veins Tissue Epidermis Periderm Cuticle Xylem

Phloem Vascular cylinder Pith Cortex Ground Tissue Parenchyma Collenchyma Scerenchyma Primary Growth Secondary Growth Herbaceous Vascular Cambium Cork Cambium Root Hair Leaf Primordia Stomata Guard Cells

Palisade Mesophyl Spongy Mesophyl Bundle Sheath Secondary Phloem Secondary Xylem Heartwood Sapwood Tracheids Fibers Vessel Elements Sclereids Vascular Tissue Dermal Tissue Ground Tissue Sieve Tube Members Bark

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